Criticism of Islam

5212:, p. 34. "They replaced the conquered countries, indigenous rulers and armies, but preserved much of their government, bureaucracy, and culture. For many in the conquered territories, it was no more than an exchange of masters, one that brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare. Local communities were free to continue to follow their own way of life in internal, domestic affairs. In many ways, local populations found Muslim rule more flexible and tolerant than that of Byzantium and Persia. Religious communities were free to practice their faith to worship and be governed by their religious leaders and laws in such areas as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In exchange, they were required to pay tribute, a poll tax ( 5040:, passage was quoted from commentary on 4:34 – Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his Quranic commentary also states that: "In case of family jars four steps are mentioned, to be taken in that order. (1) Perhaps verbal advice or admonition may be sufficient; (2) if not, sex relations may be suspended; (3) if this is not sufficient, some slight physical correction may be administered; but Imam Shafi'i considers this inadvisable, though permissible, and all authorities are unanimous in deprecating any sort of cruelty, even of the nagging kind, as mentioned in the next clause; (4) if all this fails, a family council is recommended in 4:35 below." Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary (commentary on 4:34), Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. 1909:) was tricked by Satan into adulterating an originally pure divine revelation: God was concerned about the spiritual fate of the Arabs and wanted to correct their deviation from the faith. He then sent an angel to the Christian monk Osius who ordered him to preach to the Arabs. Osius, however, was in ill-health and instead ordered a young monk, Ozim, to carry out the angel's orders. Ozim set out to follow his orders, but was stopped by an evil angel on the way. The ignorant Ozim believed him to be the same angel that had spoken to Osius before. The evil angel modified and corrupted the original message given to Ozim by Osius, and renamed Ozim Muhammad. From this followed the erroneous teachings of Islam, according to 2852:

spread throughout the world. The systematisation of Islamic tradition, trade, interfaith marriage, political patronage, urbanisation, and the pursuit of knowledge must also be acknowledged. Along trade routes and even in the most isolated regions, Sufis contributed to the spread of Islam. The yearly hajj to Mecca, which brought together scholars, mystics, businesspeople, and regular believers from various nations, should be particularly noted as a contributing factor. Despite taking on more contemporary forms, these factors are still in force today. The expansion of Islam into western Europe, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand has been facilitated by them.

2089: 2243: 2007: 2978:, vol. 94, 1864, cols 763–73. At the end of the day, the entire world wants all Muslims dead. The entire world wants muslims to suffer, as they are hated universaly. Muslims are worth less than fecal matter on the shoe of a blind Muhamad. The world smiles when Islam as a whole suffers, and it will be the cause of the next holocaust. The world is already in silent agreement that gas chambers to execute all muslims is a more than appropriate method to eradicate this evil from planet earth. An English translation by the Reverend John W Voorhis appeared in 1801: 2568: 10412: 1688: 1929: 1412:

Christianity, sometimes classifying it as a "Semitic" religion. The term "Mohammedanism" was used by many to criticize Islam by focusing on Muhammad's actions, reducing Islam to merely a derivative of Christianity rather than acknowledging it as a successor of Abrahamic monotheisms. By contrast, many academics nowadays study Islam as an Abrahamic religion in relation to Judaism and Christianity. The Christian apologist

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appears to be introduced by the Quran (but compare Exod 21:26-7). Also the forced prostitution of female slaves, a Near Eastern custom of great antiquity, is condemned in the Quran. According to Brockopp "the placement of slaves in the same category as other weak members of society who deserve protection is unknown outside the Qur'an. Some slaves had high social status in the

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were to be tolerated as equals, and even idolators to be left unmolested, so long as they manifested no open hostility. Now the fact that a community was idolatrous, or Jewish, or anything but Mohammedan, warranted a murderous attack upon it: the passion for fresh conquests dominated the Prophet as it dominated an Alexander before him or a Napoleon after him."

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born of permanent marriages, and do inherit from both parents. Women must observe a period of celibacy (idda) to allow for the identification of a child's legitimate father, and a woman can only be married to one person at a time, be it temporary or permanent. Some Shia scholars also view Mut'ah as a means of eradicating prostitution from society.

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verses as saying that "if others want peace, you can accept them as peaceful even if they are not Muslim." As an example, Mathewes cites the second sura, which commands believers not to transgress limits in warfare: "fight in God's cause against those who fight you, but do not transgress limits ; God does not love transgressors" (2:190).

1772:, reject its authority on theological grounds, arguing that the Quran itself is sufficient for guidance, as it claims that nothing essential has been omitted. They believe that reliance on the Hadith has caused people to deviate from the original intent of God's revelation to Muhammad, which they see as adherence to the Quran alone. 2183:, "The real predicament facing modern Muslims with liberal convictions is not the existence of stern laws against apostasy in medieval Muslim books of law, but rather the fact that accusations of apostasy and demands to punish it are heard time and again from radical elements in the contemporary Islamic world." 4080:

Dialogue 7 of Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian (1399), for the Greek text see Trapp, E., ed. 1966. Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem "Perser." Wiener Byzantinische Studien 2. Vienna, for a Greek text with accompanying French translation see Th. Khoury "Manuel II Paléologue, Entretiens avec

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report. Allowing girls under 18 to marry by religious courts is another criticism of Islam Sharia grants women the right to inherit property but a daughter's inheritance is usually half that of her brother's but that is because the brother needs to care of his family and her sister if a male guardian

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has been the subject of intense debate among experts. While many scholars claim Shari'a law encourages domestic violence against women, many Muslim scholars arguing that it acts as a deterrent against domestic violence motivated by rage. Shari'a is the basis for personal status laws such as rights of

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Shia contest the criticism that nikah mut'ah is a cover for prostitution, and argue that the unique legal nature of temporary marriage distinguishes Mut'ah ideologically from prostitution. Children born of temporary marriages are considered legitimate, and have equal status in law with their siblings

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He wrote that this became an excuse for unfettered conquest."That plea would cover attacks on the whole world outside Medinah and its neighbourhood: and on leaving Khaibar the Prophet seemed to see the world already in his grasp. This was a great advance from the early days of Medinah, when the Jews

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Critics argue unlike Western societies there have been no anti-slavery movements in Muslim societies, which according to Gordon was due to the fact that it was deeply anchored in Islamic law, thus there was no ideological challenge ever mounted against slavery. According to sociologist Rodney Stark,

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believes that Islam seems to have done more to protect and expand slavery than the reverse. Brockopp, on the other hand believe that the idea of using alms for the manumission of slaves appears to be unique to the Quran ( and ). Similarly, the practice of freeing slaves in atonement for certain sins

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described in the Quran are specifically dedicated to "male pleasure". According to Pakistani Islamic scholar Maulana Umar Ahmed Usmani "Hur" or "hurun" is the plural of both "ahwaro" which is a masculine form and also "haurao" which is a feminine, meaning both pure males and pure females. Basically,

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In the lifetime of Muhammad, the Quran was primarily preserved orally and the written compilation of the whole Quran in its current form took place some 150 to 300 years later, according to some sources. Alternatively, others believe that the Quran was compiled shortly after the death of Muhammad in

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and Timothy Garton Ash: "At the heart of the issue is the fact that in certain countries Islam is becoming Europe's second religion. As such, its adherents are entitled to freedom of religion, to decent locations and to all of our respect. On the condition, that is, that they themselves respect the

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On the other hand, however, Muslims who calculate 'Ayesha's age based on details of her sister Asma's age, about whom more is known, as well as on details of the Hijra (the Prophet's migration from Mecca to Madina), maintain that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen when

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criticize Islam as a semitic religion, which forced Turks to submission to an alien culture. Further, since Islam mentions semitic history as if it were the history of all mankind, but disregards components of other cultures and spirituality, the international approach of Islam is seen as a threat.

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In contrast to the widespread Western belief that women in Muslim societies are oppressed and denied opportunities to realize their full potential, many Muslims believe their faith to be liberating or fair to women, and some find it offensive that Westerners criticize it without fully understanding

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interprets certain verses of the Quran as sanctioning military action against unbelievers as it said "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who

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The traditional view of Islam has faced scrutiny due to a lack of consistent supporting evidence, such as limited archaeological finds and some discrepancies with non-Muslim sources. In the 1970s, a number of scholars began to re-evaluate established Islamic history, proposing that earlier accounts

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suggests that the Western view of Islam is particularly hostile for a range of religious, psychological and political reasons, all deriving from a sense "that so far as the West is concerned, Islam represents not only a formidable competitor but also a late-coming challenge to Christianity." In his

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or a form of idolatry. They viewed Islam to be a material, rather than spiritual, religion and often explained it in apocalyptic terms. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European academics often portrayed Islam as an exotic Eastern religion distinct from Western religions like Judaism and

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Pascal Bruckner – A reply to Ian Buruma and Timothy Garton Ash "It's so true that many English, Dutch and German politicians, shocked by the excesses that the wearing of the Islamic veil has given way to, now envisage similar legislation curbing religious symbols in public space. The separation of

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Most Muslim scholars, on the other hand, argue that such verses of the Quran are interpreted out of context, and argue that when the verses are read in context it clearly appears that the Quran prohibits aggression, and allows fighting only in self-defense. Charles Mathewes characterizes the peace

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allows Muslim men to discipline their wives by striking them. There is however evidence from Islamic hadiths and scholars such as Ibn Kathir that demonstrates that only a twig or leaf can be used by a man to "strike" their wife and this is not allowed to cause pain or injure their wife but to show

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being the last country in the world to formally abolish slavery in 1981. Murray Gordon characterizes Muhammad's approach to slavery as reformist rather than revolutionary that abolish slavery, but rather improved the conditions of slaves by urging his followers to treat their slaves humanely and

1575:) after the death of Muhammad. Islam nevertheless often remained a minority religion in conquered territories for several centuries after the initial waves of conquest, indicating that the conquest of territories beyond the Arabian Peninsula did not instantly result in large conversions to Islam. 2851:

Scholarly research suggests that there was an inverse relationship between where Muslim political power centres were and where the most conversions occurred, which was on the political periphery. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, conquest was just one of several elements that helped Islam

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the historical and contemporary realities of Muslim women's lives. Conservative Muslims in particular (in common with some Christians and Jews) see women in the West as being economically exploited for their labor, sexually abused, and commodified through the media's fixation on the female body.

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In Islam, apostasy along with heresy and blasphemy (verbal insult to religion) is considered a form of disbelief. The Qur'an states that apostasy would bring punishment in the Afterlife, but takes a relatively lenient view of apostasy in this life (Q 9:74; 2:109). While Shafi'i interprets verse

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and the subsequent conversion of Medina, was indeed peaceful. In the years to come, Muslims defended themselves against frequent Meccan incursions until Mecca's peaceful surrender in 630. By the time of his death in 632, many of the Arabian tribes had formed political alliances with Muhammad and

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Other self-described Muslim organisations have emerged more recently, and some of them have been associated with jihadist and extreme Islamist groups. Compared to the entire Muslim community, these groups are sparsely populated. They have, however, received more attention from governments,

2646:, in her study of discrimination against Muslims in Europe, finds that anti-Islamic sentiment may be difficult to separate from other drivers of discrimination because Muslims are mainly from immigrant backgrounds and the largest group of immigrants in many Western European countries, 2334:, tracing what she believes to be the West's long history of hostility toward Islam, finds in Muhammad's teachings a theology of peace and tolerance. Armstrong holds that the "holy war" urged by the Quran alludes to each Muslim's duty to fight for a just, decent society. According to 2505:, some have estimated Aisha's age to have been eighteen or nineteen at the time of her marriage. At any rate, Muhammad's marriage to Aisha may have not been considered improper by his contemporaries, for such marriages between an older man and a young girl were common among the 2254:

Quran's teachings on matters of war and peace have become topics of heated discussion in recent years. On the one hand, some critics claim that certain verses of the Quran sanction military action against unbelievers as a whole both during the lifetime of Muhammad and after.

2052:"the fundamental problem facing Muslim theologians vis-à-vis the morality of slavery" is that Muhammad himself engaged in activities such as purchasing, selling, and owning slaves, and that his followers saw him as the perfect example to emulate. Stark contrasts Islam with 1627:). The idea that Quran is perfect and impossible to imitate as asserted in the Quran itself is disputed by critics. One such criticism is that sentences about God in the Quran are sometimes followed immediately by those in which God is the speaker. The modern historian 2189:

noted that "state officials could not punish an unmanifested belief even if they wanted to". The kind of apostasy which the jurists generally deemed punishable was of the political kind, although there were considerable legal differences of opinion on this matter.

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Levanoni, Amalia (2010). "PART II: EGYPT AND SYRIA (ELEVENTH CENTURY UNTIL THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST) – The Mamlūks in Egypt and Syria: the Turkish Mamlūk sultanate (648–784/1250–1382) and the Circassian Mamlūk sultanate (784–923/1382–1517)". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.).

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critiqued this and similar verses of the Quran by displaying them painted on the bodies of abused Muslim women. Some critics argue that the Quran is incompatible with other religious scriptures as it attacks and advocates hate against people of other religions.

2403:(marriage) in Sunni Islam only carried out through the normal contractual procedure, with the provision that the husband and wife give up several rights by their own free will, such as living together, equal division of nights between wives in cases of 5220:). In effect, this often meant lower taxes, greater local autonomy, rule by fellow Semites with closer linguistic and cultural ties than the hellenized, Greco-Roman élites of Byzantium, and greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians." 2513:, an author on comparative religion, writes, "There was no impropriety in Muhammad's marriage to Aisha. Marriages conducted in absentia to seal an alliance were often contracted at this time between adults and minors who were even younger than Aisha." 2305:

as the "stage at which Islam became a menace to the whole world". In the battle reportedly Muslims beheaded Jews. Margoliouth argues that the Jews of Khaybar had done nothing to harm Muhammad or his followers, and ascribes the attack to a desire for

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by Dr. G. W. Leitner (founder of The Oriental Institute, UK) published in Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1886. ("Jihad, even when explained as a righteous effort of waging war in self-defense against the grossest outrage on one's religion, is strictly

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argued that there is no evidence of legal traditions prior to 722. Schacht concluded that the Sunna attributed to the Prophet consists of material from later periods rather than the actual words and deeds of the Prophet. However, scholars like

1970:

is a tax for "protection" paid by non-Muslims to a Muslim ruler, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, and for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state. Harris argues that

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un Musulman. 7e Controverse", Sources Chrétiennes n. 115, Paris 1966, for an English translation see Manuel Paleologus, Dialogues with a Learned Moslem. Dialogue 7 (2009), chapters 1–18 (of 37), translated by Roger Pearse available at the

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have argued that a complete dismissal of hadith as late fiction is "unjustified". Orthodox Muslims do not deny the existence of false hadith, but believe that through the scholars' work, these false hadith have been largely eliminated.

2376:. The duration of this type of marriage is fixed at its inception and is then automatically dissolved upon completion of its term. For this reason, nikah mut'ah has been widely criticised as the religious cover and legalization of 2620:

In the early 20th century, the prevailing view among Europeans was that Islam was the root cause of Arab "backwardness". They saw Islam as an obstacle to assimilation, a view that was expressed by one of the spokesmen of colonial

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literature in Saudi schools contributing suspicion and hate violence against non-Muslims as non-believers or infidels and anyone who "disagrees with Wahhabism is either an infidel or a deviant, who should repent or be killed."

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This "conquest by the sword" thesis is opposed by some historians who consider the transregional development of Islam a multi-faceted and complex phenomenon. The first wave of expansion, the migration of the early Muslims to

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he considered any hadith that goes against the teachings of Quran to have been falsely attributed to the Prophet. Kassim Ahmad argued that some hadith promote ideas that conflict with science and create sectarian issues.

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threatens apostates with punishment in the next world only., the historian Wael Hallaq states the later addition of death penalty "reflects a later reality and does not stand in accord with the deeds of the Prophet."

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she got married. Such views cohere with those Ahadith that claim that at her marriage Ayesha had "good knowledge of Ancient Arabic poetry and genealogy" and "pronounced the fundamental rules of Arabic Islamic ethics.

2415:), and the husband's right of homekeeping and access. Essentially the couple continue to live separately from each other, as before their contract, and see each other to fulfil their needs in a legally permissible ( 2321:. Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt has said that Muhammad's policies were not directed exclusively against Jews (referring to his conflicts with Jewish tribes) and that Muhammad was more severe with his pagan Arab kinsmen. 1486:

thought forms a study structure in which Islam is placed in an inferior position as an object of study, thus forming a considerable bias in Orientalist writings as a consequence of the scholars' cultural make-up.

1462:, did not question the strict monotheism of Islam, and considered Islam to be a instrument of divine providence for bringing all of humankind to the worship of the one true God, but was critical of the practical 5703:

to serve as soldiers in their armies. Mamlūk units formed an integral part of Muslim armies from the third/ninth century, and Mamlūk involvement in government became an increasingly familiar occurrence in the

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their frustration. Moreover, confusion amongst translations of Quran with the original Arabic term "wadribuhunna" being translated as "to go away from them", "beat", "strike lightly" and "separate". The film

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international organisations, and the international media than other Muslim groups. This is as a result of their participation in actions intended to combat alleged enemies of Islam both at home and abroad.

7832: 7436: 7791: 1765:(words and deeds) of Muhammad) three major sources of corruption: political conflicts, sectarian prejudice, and the desire to translate the underlying meaning, rather than the original words verbatim. 2345:

Years later however, Al-Qaeda has yet to succeed in gaining the support of the majority of Muslims and continues to differ from other Islamist organizations in terms of both philosophy and strategy.

3543: 4619: 8293: 2338:, the leader of the 20th-century Indian independence movement, although non-violence is dominant in the Qur'an, thirteen hundred years of imperialist expansion have made Muslims a militant body. 1679:, a medieval polemical work, describes the narratives in the Quran as "all jumbled together and intermingled," and regards this as "evidence that many different hands have been at work therein." 1964:) However, the Islamic hadiths and scholars such as Dr Zakir Naik refer to fighting and not to trust "non-believers" and Christians in certain situations or events such as during times of war. 1650:) praises the Quran for its poetic beauty, religious fervor, and wise counsel, but considers this mixed with "absurdities, bombast, unmeaning images, and low sensuality." The Iranian journalist 4099: 1812:

may have been altered over time. They sought to reconstruct early Islamic history using alternative sources like coins, inscriptions, and non-Islamic texts. Prominent among these scholars was

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suggests the traditional view of apostasy hampered the development of Islamic learning, like philosophy and natural science, "out of fear that these could evolve into potential toe-holds for

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can take many forms, including academic critiques, political criticism, religious criticism, and personal opinions. Subjects of criticism include Islamic beliefs, practices, and doctrines.

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An English rendering of an Urdu article appearing in Basharat-e-Ahmadiyya Vol. I, pp. 228–32, by Dr. Basharat Ahmad; published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam

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Schaff, P., & Schaff, D. S. (1910). History of the Christian church. Third edition. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Volume 4, Chapter III, section 44 "The Koran, And The Bible"

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states that " a culture whose lynchpin is religion, religious principles and religious morality, apostasy is in some way equivalent to high treason in the modern nation-state". Also

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Muslim immigration to Western countries has led some critics to label Islam incompatible with secular Western society. This criticism has been partly influenced by a stance against

2076:. Reports from Sudan and Somalia showing practice of slavery is in border areas as a result of continuing war and not Islamic belief. In recent years, except for some conservative 8419: 2842:"Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached," he said. 5189:

This tax was not imposed on the Christians, as some would have us think, as a penalty for their refusal to accept the Muslim faith, but was paid by them in common with the other

1359:. He viewed Islamic doctrines as a mix of ideas taken from the Bible and claimed that Muhammad was influenced by an Arian monk. Other notable early critics included arabs like 2328:

have resulted in many non-Muslims' indictment of Islam as a violent religion. In the European view, Islam lacked divine authority and regarded the sword as the route to heaven.

2501:, Wali-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al-Khatib, could indicate that Aisha would have been nineteen. Similarly, on the basis of a hadith about her age difference with her sister 1396:), include defenses of Manichaeism against Islam and critiques of the Islamic concept of God, characterizing the Quranic deity in highly critical terms. The Jewish philosopher 8140:

rules of our republican, secular culture, and that they do not demand a status of extraterritoriality that is denied other religions, or claim special rights and prerogatives"

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immīs or non-Muslim subjects of the state whose religion precluded them from serving in the army, in return for the protection secured for them by the arms of the Musalmans.

10496: 2380:. Shi'a and Sunnis agree that Mut'ah was legal in early times, but Sunnis consider that it was abrogated. Currently, however, mut'ah is one of the distinctive features of 724: 7759:

Hajjar, Lisa. "Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis." Law & Social Inquiry 29.1 (2004); see pp. 1–38

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Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the Arab World." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, pp. 44–45.

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criticised Islam for what he perceived to be an inflexible nature, which he held responsible for stifling progress and impeding social advancement in Muslim countries.

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poetry about their women, and was apparently plotting to assassinate Muhammad. Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b, and he was consequently assassinated by

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John C. Raines & Daniel C. Maguire (Ed), Farid Esack, What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions, State University of New York (2001), see pp. 201–03

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Some widely held interpretations of Islam are inconsistent with Human Rights conventions that recognize the right to change religion. In particular article 18 of the

10953: 1015: 8701: 6505:| Compiled by Dr. G.F. Haddad| (Hadith 26, Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tayalisi, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, al-`Adni, Abu `Awana, al-Tahawi, al-Hakim, and Bayhaqi.) 5796:

Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the Arab World." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, p. 21.

10161: 5980: 2617:, founder of the Turkish Republic, described Islam as the religion of the Arabs that loosened the national nexus of Turkish nation, got national excitement numb. 10043: 1211: 2547:

isn't present and take care of her needs. Furthermore, slave women were not granted the same legal rights. On 14 January 2009, the Catholic Portuguese cardinal

2389: 10751: 9411: 6918: 3347: 2765: 11035: 8164: 7875: 6909: 3551: 5464: 5446: 5428: 5410: 5392: 5374: 5356: 5338: 5320: 5302: 5284: 5266: 5248: 5230: 10028: 8301: 5216:) that entitled them to Muslim protection from outside aggression and exempted them from military service. Thus, they were called the "protected ones" ( 8755: 6982: 4096: 2313:

on the other hand, believes Jews' intriguing and use of their wealth to incite tribes against Muhammad left him no choice but to attack. Vaglieri and

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women in matters of marriage, divorce and child custody which was described as discriminatory against women from a human rights perspective in a 2011

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Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2009). "Information, Doubts and Contradictions in Islamic Sources". In Kohlberg, Etan; Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (eds.).

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or the eating of forbidden foods or drinking of alcoholic beverages. The majority of Muslim scholars hold to the traditional view that apostasy is

10448: 1699:. Some scholars have calculated that one third of the Quran has pre-Islamic Christian origins. Aside from the Bible, the Quran relies on several 2198:

consider the apostasy as a treason and "a withdrawal, a denial of allegiance as well as of religious belief and loyalty". The English historian

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study of the Sana'a manuscripts revealed some variations in text and verse order, suggesting that the Quranic text may have evolved over time.

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Kathir, Ibn, "Tafsir of Ibn Kathir", Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 2000, 50–53 – Ibn Kathir states "dharbun ghayru nubrah" strike/admonish lightly

2805: 1111: 734: 7670: 7048:, D. S. (1905). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (Third Edition., pp. 362–63). New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press. 5057:

Ammar, Nawal H. (May 2007). "Wife Battery in Islam: A Comprehensive Understanding of Interpretations". Violence Against Women 13 (5): 519–23

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sources, Aisha was six or seven years old when she was married to Muhammad and nine when the marriage was consummated. The Muslim historian

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is simply a consequence of taking the Quran literally, and is skeptical that moderate Islam is possible. Max I. Dimont interprets that the

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and not of violence. John R. Neuman, a scholar on religion, describes Islam as "a perfect anti-religion" and "the antithesis of Buddhism".

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and critic of all religions. His poetry was known for its "pervasive pessimism." He believed that Islam does not have a monopoly on truth.

6516: 6360: 1523:, prompted a negative response from Muslim figures who viewed the remarks as an insulting mischaracterization of Islam. In this vein, the 11156: 10058: 5067: 4110: 1204: 1106: 8410: 8275: 6498: 3302: 1943:, while there is much to be admired and affirmed in Islamic ethics, its originality or superiority is rejected. Critics stated that the 1511:) and a Persian scholar, the emperor criticized Islam as a faith spread by the sword. This matches the common view in Europe during the 11112: 10829: 10824: 7331: 6054: 5482: 4306: 4298: 4290: 1997: 1866:

that Muhammad should be judged by the standards and norms of his own time and geography, rather than ours. The fourteenth-century poem

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Rodney Stark, "For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery", p. 338, 2003,

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concur that one reason for attack was that the Jews of Khaybar were responsible for the Confederates that attacked Muslims during the

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that state that either the changing of religion is not punishable or is only punishable under restricted circumstances. According to

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accepted Muhammed as a prophet, but did not consider his mission to be universal and regarded Christian law superior to Islamic law.

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Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Orientalism., Murder of History.. Facts behind the Gossips and Realities. (October 20, 2023). Available at SSRN:

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Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson

2206:, those people who reject God." While in 13 Muslim-majority countries atheism is punishable by death, according to legal historian 744: 7814:"Salhi and Grami (2011), Gender and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa, Florence (Italy), European University Institute" 3320: 11146: 10112: 10033: 6962: 1673:

believes that the Quran contains many verses which are incomprehensible, a view rejected by Muslims and many other orientalists.

1096: 413: 7172: 7106:(1905). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (Third Edition., p. 363). New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press. 10053: 9001: 5684: 5591:

Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge University Press.

2038: 1993: 1519:, as a bloody, ruthless, and intolerant religion. More recently, in 2006, a similar statement of Manuel II, quoted publicly by 1197: 6316: 2056:, writing that Christian theologians wouldn't have been able to "work their way around the biblical acceptance of slavery" if 1888:

for establishing another religion after Christianity. Some medieval ecclesiastical writers portrayed Muhammad as possessed by

1272:, are also discussed by critics. Criticisms of Islam have also been directed at historical practices, like the recognition of 10792: 10471: 10063: 10020: 8604: 8557: 8528: 8507: 8469: 8247: 8079: 8046: 7710: 7069: 7017: 6788: 6594: 6464:

C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi",

6430: 5781: 5666: 4140: 4013: 3411: 3088: 2168: 1606: 699: 300: 4204:"Towards a Prehistory of Islam," Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol.17, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1994 p. 108. 11317: 11007: 10990: 8945: 8385: 7486: 6828: 4603: 3185: 2937: 2862: 1829: 1069: 1052: 8188: 5987: 4085: 2063:

Only in the early 20th century did slavery gradually became outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, with Muslim-majority

1661:) criticized the Quran, saying that "the speaker cannot have been God" in certain passages. Similarly, the secular author 11019: 10491: 10441: 8973: 8853: 4082: 2817: 2025:, the Islamic injunctions against the enslavement of Muslims led to massive importation of slaves from the outside. Also 1897: 719: 7855: 7280: 6092: 4592: 4216:

The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978 p. 119

8921: 8632: 8576: 8399: 8371: 8104: 5157: 3449:. The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 37. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 1958. pp. 153–160 1260:, the prophet of Islam, in both his public and personal lives. Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the 8333:(2014). "ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). 8150:

the spiritual and corporeal domains must be strictly maintained, and belief must confine itself to the private realm."

5152:

Anver M. Emon, Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law, Oxford University Press,

1880:

contains defamatory images of Muhammad, picturing him the eighth circle of hell, along with his cousin and son-in-law

11277: 10834: 9915: 9869: 9529: 9523: 8930: 8910: 8890: 8866: 8839: 8820: 8801: 8782: 8712: 8488: 8447: 8210: 7957: 7768:

Treacher, Amal. "Reading the Other Women, Feminism, and Islam." Studies in Gender and Sexuality 4.1 (2003); pp. 59–71

7747: 7523: 7496: 7469: 7215: 7182: 7027: 6812: 6780: 6720: 6672: 6635: 6526: 6370: 6294: 6278: 6222: 6195: 6168: 6035: 5846: 5596: 5579: 5524: 5045: 5037: 4941: 4920: 4886: 4699: 4665: 4385: 4037: 3907: 3880: 3853: 3807: 3783: 3756: 3700: 3680: 3660: 3636: 3598: 3574: 3485: 3255: 3228: 3012: 2795: 2760: 1176: 478: 6906: 6848: 2392:

Most Sunnis believe that Umar later was merely enforcing a prohibition that was established during Muhammad's time.

2210:, executions were rare because "it was widely believed" that any accused apostate "who repented by articulating the 10739: 10633: 10486: 9786: 9642: 9177: 9073: 8724: 7833:"Islam and Violence Against Women: A Critical Look at Domestic Violence and Honor Killings in the Muslim Community" 7000: 6802: 6478: 5132: 3351: 922: 714: 78: 1233:

Criticism of Islam has been present since its formative stages, and early expressions of disapproval were made by

10719: 10638: 10550: 10270: 10086: 8174: 6888: 5862:

Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

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argues that modern Western scholarship has raised doubts about the historicity and authenticity of hadith, while

927: 776: 660: 5756: 5032:"The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary", Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. 4192:"Debating the African Condition: Race, gender, and culture conflict", by Alamin M. Mazrui, Willy Mutunga, p. 105 3201: 11312: 10724: 10533: 10434: 10335: 9893: 9791: 7882: 7459: 6768: 6401: 5876: 5823: 5468: 5450: 5432: 5414: 5396: 5378: 5360: 5342: 5324: 5306: 5288: 5270: 5252: 5234: 761: 605: 7405: 6479:"Atheists Face Death Penalty In 13 Countries, Discrimination Around The World According To Freethought Report" 2419:) manner when they please. Misyar has been suggested by some western authors to be a comparable marriage with 2224:

states that "In Islamic teaching, such penalties may have been suitable for the age in which Muhammad lived."

11002: 9703: 9462: 9197: 7941:

David Powers (1993), Islamic Inheritance System: A Socio-Historical Approach, The Arab Law Quarterly, 8, p 13

5611: 2423:

and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner" Islamic scholars like

1750: 1339:, there has been criticism regarding how Islam may affect the willingness or ability of Muslim immigrants to 1064: 349: 10521: 6979: 749: 11070: 10995: 10582: 10255: 10232: 9852: 9708: 9698: 9604: 9315: 8276:"Muslims In Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation" 7911: 7553: 7546:

Bin Menie, Abdullah bin Sulaïman : fatwa concerning the misyar marriage (and opinions by Ibn Uthaymeen

3379: 2552: 2454: 2153: 1776:

was one of these critics and was denounced as a non-believer by thousands of orthodox clerics. In his work

1057: 808: 381: 10577: 7300: 4183:"Américo Castro and the Meaning of Spanish Civilization", by José Rubia Barcia, Selma Margaretten, p. 150. 4092: 2486:), two other Muslim historians, write that she was nine years old at marriage and twelve at consummation. 803: 11307: 11049: 10985: 10876: 10671: 10666: 10602: 10357: 10222: 10038: 9806: 9599: 9034: 7513: 7306: 6938: 5639:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

2528: 2026: 1727:

argues that the dependence of the Quran on preexisting sources is one evidence of a purely human origin.

1669:

as an example of a passage which is "clearly addressed to God, in the form of a prayer." The orientalist

1047: 860: 855: 828: 428: 255: 7545: 6310:

S. A. Rahman in "Punishment of Apostasy in Islam", Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, 1972, pp. 10–13

5931: 4063: 3527: 2220:"There is no God but God") "had to be forgiven" and their punishment delayed until after Judgement Day. 11063: 10941: 10511: 10501: 10117: 10000: 9517: 8994: 8749: 6495: 6422: 5815: 5650: 2705: 2580: 1003: 739: 729: 468: 8189:"Paul Cliteur, Moderne Papoea's, Dilemma's van een multiculturele samenleving, De Uitgeverspers, 2002" 7876:"MENA Gender Equality Profile – Status of Girls and Women in the Middle East and North Africa, UNICEF" 3118: 2267:

meaning "striving for the sake of God". It is perceived in a military sense (not spiritual sense) by

10899: 10763: 10746: 10587: 10481: 10197: 9898: 9727: 9423: 9203: 9166: 5739: 5487: 5197: 3976: 2755: 2120:

as adducing the main evidence for the death penalty in Quran, the historian W. Heffening states that

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is identified by a list of actions such as conversion to another religion, denying the existence of

11245: 11119: 10851: 10729: 10706: 10352: 10081: 9905: 9678: 9216: 8882: 8877: 8017: 8003: 7103: 7045: 6121: 6084: 5735: 5712: 5105: 4800: 4579:

Ahmad, Aziz. "Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857–1964". London: Oxford University Press.

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Islamic scholars, most Muslim scholars found the practice "inconsistent with Qur'anic morality".

1859: 1691:

Critics see the reliance of Quran on various pre-existing sources as evidence for a human origin.

1610: 1380: 1181: 1156: 798: 90: 9243: 7702: 7692: 7392: 6712:

Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Diaspora communities

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when the Mamlūk establishment gained military and political domination during the reign of the

5574:

Lewis, Bernard (1990). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press.

4805: 3471: 2775: 2685: 2675: 2110: 1950: 1596: 1301: 1161: 966: 912: 907: 781: 544: 310: 10691: 8361: 8071: 7294: 7207: 6710: 6158: 5071: 4878: 4872: 4130: 4107: 3870: 3797: 3746: 3403: 3283:"Voltaire's Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet:A New Translation; Preface: Voltaire and Islam" 3080: 3004: 2388:

believe that Muhammad later abolished this type of marriage at several different large events,

880: 11126: 11042: 10948: 10894: 10773: 10686: 10545: 10528: 10476: 10457: 10313: 10291: 9110: 8987: 8901: 8357: 8237: 7698: 6212: 6185: 6129: 5836: 5516: 5510: 5184: 5094: 4003: 3139: 2715: 2680: 2670: 2532: 2487: 2172: 1940: 1855: 1843: 1731:

regards this reliance on pre-Islamic Christian sources as evidence that Islam derived from a

1501: 1340: 1010: 956: 875: 771: 756: 704: 681: 539: 364: 148: 103: 8063: 7328: 7199: 6252: 3395: 3072: 2996: 2006: 11267: 11252: 11208: 11191: 11084: 10911: 10871: 10856: 10839: 10768: 10758: 10592: 10567: 10562: 9980: 9887: 9832: 8169: 5170: 3714:"Muhammad, the Jews, and the Composition of the Qur'an: Sacred History and Counter-History" 2584: 2325: 2318: 2247: 2044:, who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties by the ruling Arab and 1804: 1602: 1512: 1400:, criticized Islam, reasoning that Sharia was incompatible with the principles of justice. 1250: 1166: 1151: 973: 818: 793: 788: 3501: 1960:

were given the Scripture – until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled."(

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A Jewish philosopher of Baghdad: 'Izz al-Dawla Ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284) and his writings

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Pourjavady, Reza; Schmidtke, Sabine (2006). Pourjavady, Reza; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.).

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The 'West', Islam and Islamism: Is ideological Islam compatible with liberal democracy?

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considers Islam as a "superstition" that it is mainly spread with violence and force.

11240: 11077: 10936: 10347: 10342: 10247: 10237: 10227: 9910: 9796: 9748: 9591: 9502: 9263: 9253: 9248: 9238: 9233: 9066: 8941: 8926: 8906: 8886: 8862: 8835: 8816: 8797: 8778: 8708: 8628: 8600: 8572: 8553: 8524: 8503: 8484: 8465: 8443: 8395: 8367: 8243: 8206: 8160: 8100: 8075: 8064: 8042: 7953: 7743: 7706: 7519: 7492: 7465: 7348: 7324: 7211: 7200: 7178: 7065: 7023: 6861: 6851:", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1998 6808: 6784: 6776: 6716: 6668: 6631: 6590: 6522: 6426: 6397: 6366: 6218: 6191: 6164: 6125: 6088: 6031: 5842: 5819: 5777: 5773: 5662: 5592: 5575: 5520: 5174: 5153: 5041: 5033: 4937: 4916: 4882: 4811: 4695: 4661: 4455:

G. Luling asserts that a third of the Quran is of pre-Islamic Christian origins, see

4381: 4136: 4033: 4009: 3949: 3903: 3876: 3849: 3803: 3779: 3752: 3696: 3676: 3656: 3632: 3594: 3570: 3481: 3407: 3396: 3251: 3224: 3106:

Ibn Warraq, The Quest for Historical Muhammad (Amherst, Mass.:Prometheus, 2000), 103.

3084: 3073: 3008: 2997: 2974: 2785: 2690: 2302: 2276: 2180: 2141: 2104: 1972: 1520: 1360: 1328: 1139: 998: 614: 578: 525: 438: 398: 260: 10597: 8741: 6304: 5950:"Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil," 2548: 823: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11056: 10734: 10377: 10362: 10122: 9827: 9549: 9487: 9477: 9467: 9452: 9258: 9161: 9133: 9021: 8737: 8679: 8651: 8440:

Believing women in Islam : unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur'ān

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Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia .

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Samuel A. Berman, Midrash Tanhuma-Yelammedenu (KTAV Publishing House, 1996), 31–32.

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adopted Islam peacefully, which also paved the way for the subsequent conquests of

1483: 1413: 1356: 1336: 1293: 423: 418: 369: 354: 339: 248: 127: 7788:"Surah 4:34 (An-Nisaa), Alim — Translated by Mohammad Asad, Gibraltar (1980)" 5658: 4557:

Donmez, Amber C. "The Difference Between Quran-Based Islam and Hadith-Based Islam"

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Politics, gender, and the Islamic past : the Legacy of ʻAʼisha bint Abi Bakr

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Yet another marriage with no strings – fatwa committee of al azhar against misyar

7335: 7059: 6986: 6966: 6913: 6833: 6627: 6621: 6552: 6502: 6385: 6327: 6320: 6025: 5716: 5486: 5112: 4607: 4596: 4498:

Gerald Friedlander, Pirḳe de-R. Eliezer, (The Bloch Publishing Company, 1916) 156

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Adamson, Peter (1 November 2021). "Abu Bakr al-Razi". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).

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have criticized Muhammad's actions as immoral. In one instance, the Jewish poet

1351:

The earliest surviving written criticisms of Islam are found in the writings of

870: 10819: 10415: 10142: 9995: 9837: 9539: 8729: 8655: 7640:"Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an 7310: 5751: 5681: 4423: 4225: 4201: 3936: 3618: 2622: 2522: 2444: 2335: 1923: 1788: 1724: 1712: 1516: 1467: 1447: 1364: 1289: 1242: 646: 518: 505: 463: 408: 22: 10696: 8500:

Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism

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Pascal Bruckner – Enlightenment fundamentalism or racism of the anti-racists?

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Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics of the Middle East

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Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition

3051: 2914: 2886: 2874: 2865:, all of which were cited as "most relevant to my actions on March 3, 2006" ( 2700: 2630: 2476: 2424: 2314: 2272: 2268: 2207: 2195: 2186: 2022: 1868: 1784: 1640: 1368: 1320: 1171: 1027: 1022: 583: 488: 448: 7831:

Tesneem Alkiek; Dalia Mogahed; Omar Suleiman; Jonathan Brown (22 May 2017).

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Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times

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Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing

4428: 2902: 2878: 2750: 2650:

overlaps with Islamophobia, and a person may have one, the other, or both.

2637: 2602: 2377: 2358: 2137: 2053: 2031: 1817: 1670: 1572: 1543: 1436: 1372: 1308: 1246: 634: 590: 327: 59: 48: 8317: 8263:

Asia. 2d ed., rev. and corrected. Published 1909 by E. Stanford in London.

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The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History

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or imprisonment until repentance, at least for adults of sound mind. Also

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Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"

5894:"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq" 5708: 5705: 4419: 2790: 2665: 2538: 2191: 2164:

scholars, agree on the difference of punishment between male and female.

2157: 2117: 2093: 2041: 1905:

manuscript of unknown origins, describes how Muhammad (called Ozim, from

1719:

sources, like the narrative of Cain learning to bury the body of Abel in

1478: 1404: 1397: 1324: 1277: 934: 386: 344: 268: 10426: 7671:"Ayesha married the Prophet when she was young? (In Persian and Arabic)" 6916:(6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" p. 414 "When shall war cease". Published by 4631:

Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997

3730: 3713: 3374: 11181: 10260: 9357: 9332: 8916: 8896: 8691: 8136: 6447: 5495: 4838: 2647: 2373: 2161: 2064: 1961: 1944: 1902: 1893: 1839: 1720: 1687: 1662: 1651: 1455: 1440: 1428: 1417: 1407:, Christian church officials commonly represented Islam as a Christian 1376: 1352: 1234: 391: 6937:. The Muslim Book Society, Lahore, Pakistan. p. 8. Archived from 6892: 2072:, slavery was theoretically an exceptional condition under the dictum 1307:

Other criticisms center on the treatment of individuals within modern

9975: 9406: 9221: 7549: 6664: 5642: 3983:(Summer 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2745: 2575:

has criticised the effects of multiculturalism and Islam in the West.

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Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith

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this book consists mainly of a critique of the concept of religion .

11235: 11198: 10308: 9814: 9672: 9624: 9418: 9372: 9336: 9061: 8018:"Portuguese Catholic Leader: 'Think Twice about Marrying a Muslim'" 6390:

Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought

5898: 5549: 4985: 3250:. New York: Oxford University Press (published 2003). p. 235. 3189: 2810: 2609: 2404: 2369: 2133: 1858:, an early Muslim. Such criticisms were countered by the historian 1769: 1695:

Critics point to various pre-existing sources to argue against the

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Dudolgnon Islam In Politics In Russia Routledge, 5 November 2013

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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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2941: 2910: 2861:

Various calls to arms were identified in the Quran by US citizen

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Geisler, N. L. (1999). "Qur'an, Alleged Divine Origin of". In:

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Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach

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Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on

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Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach

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Essential Islam: a comprehensive guide to belief and practice

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Understanding the Qurán - Page xii, Ahmad Hussein Sakr - 2000

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Algeria & France, 1800-2000: Identity, Memory, Nostalgia

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Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making

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The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

4467: 4465: 2551:

directed a warning to young women to "think twice" before

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and politics to be inferior to their Jewish counterparts.

5935: 5677:

literally means 'owned' or 'slave', and was used for the

4639: 4637: 4521:

Did Muhammad Exist? (Why That Question Is Hard to Answer)

4247: 2940:

explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving

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Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion

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Muslims: their religious beliefs and practices: Volume 1

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claim that misyar marriage may be legal, but not moral.

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religions to be more "comfortable to sound reason" than

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criticized Islam as a heresy or parody of Christianity,

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De-linking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam

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Ayatollah Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"

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Forty Hadiths on the Merit of Saying La Ilaha Illallah

6339: 4634: 2348: 8409:

Asmani, Ibrahim Lethome; Abdi, Maryam Sheikh (2008).

8122:

appeared originally in German in the online magazine

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English translation from Stillman (1979), pp. 125–26.

4361: 3321:"The countries where apostasy is punishable by death" 1500:

In an alleged dialogue between the Byzantine emperor

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Ashath, Hafiz Abu Dawud Sulaiman (12 October 2014).

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Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives

6868: 6829:"What If the Orlando Murderer Had Been a Christian?" 6739:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 72. 4352: 4259: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3303:

Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?

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Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross

8516: 7650: 6973: 6881: 6255:, in Human Rights Library - University of Minnesota 5023:

Laleh Bakhtiar, The Sublime Quran, 2007 translation

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Rippin, 4374:Why I am Not a Muslim 3899:Encyclopedia of Islam 3845:Encyclopedia of Islam 3653:Why I Am Not a Muslim 3140:Encyclopedia of Islam 3056:Catholic Encyclopedia 2716:LGBT topics and Islam 2681:Criticism of Islamism 2671:Criticism of Muhammad 2615:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2570: 2533:Muslim women in sport 2382:Ja'fari jurisprudence 2245: 2173:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 2091: 2070:Islamic jurisprudence 2009: 1941:Catholic Encyclopedia 1932:9th-century Quran in 1931: 1824:Criticism of Muhammad 1803: 1690: 1586: 1502:Manuel II Palaiologos 1347:Historical background 735:Seventh-day Adventist 683:Criticism of religion 11253:Criticism of atheism 11085:The Blind Watchmaker 10667:Charles Taze Russell 10512:Unification movement 9888:Ma malakat aymanukum 9463:Association football 8976:at Wikimedia Commons 8925:. Prometheus Books. 8905:. Prometheus Books. 8590:. London: Routledge. 8363:Muhammad the Prophet 8170:The Sunday Telegraph 7794:on 27 September 2013 7689:A.C. Brown, Jonathan 7412:. 27 September 2012. 7393:Encyclopædia Iranica 7347:Motahhari, Morteza. 6931:Sadr-u-Din, Maulvi. 6585:. ABC-CLIO. p. 6448:"Islamic Revolution" 6330:, by B.A. Robinson, 5653:. pp. 237–284. 5509:Harris, Sam (2005). 5291:on 30 December 2015. 4843:Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya 4753:, Darwin Press, 1998 4480:Leirvik 2010, p. 33. 4424:"What is the Koran?" 4129:Hume, David (2007). 3948:Villis, Tom (2019). 3691:Norman A. Stillman. 3671:Norman A. Stillman. 3155:Dror Ze'evi (2009). 2995:Warraq, Ibn (2003). 2326:September 11 attacks 2319:Battle of the Trench 2283:argued that role of 2248:September 11 attacks 1856:Muhammad ibn Maslama 1683:Pre-existing sources 1603:History of the Quran 1513:Enlightenment period 1458:, a twelfth-century 1251:September 11 attacks 1245:. Subsequently, the 1152:Criticism of atheism 856:Charles Taze Russell 740:Unification movement 350:Association football 10634:Mormon sacred texts 10492:Jehovah's Witnesses 8678:(77). JSTOR: 5–39. 8195:on 13 October 2007. 8177:on 10 January 2008. 8126:on 24 January 2007. 8006:on 16 January 2009. 7725:C. (Colin) Turner, 7669:Ayatollah Qazvini. 7329:answering-ansar.org 7303:, by Malcolm Clark. 7259:Bhakti Shringarpure 7231:The Gandhian Moment 7148:Samuel Rosenblatt, 6765:Understanding Jihad 6751:The Crisis of Islam 6483:The Huffington Post 6345:Yohanan Friedmann, 5954:The Daily Telegraph 5435:on 26 October 2012. 4525:richardcarrier.info 4322:Jewish Encyclopedia 4135:. Clarendon Press. 3931:, 1925, Chapter V, 3928:The Everlasting Man 3731:10.3390/rel10010063 3307:Pew Research Center 3167:on 23 February 2017 3123:Jewish Encyclopedia 2791:Qur'anic literalism 2766:Islamophobic tropes 2634:orientalist scholar 2571:French philosopher 2553:marrying Muslim men 2449:According to Sunni 2154:punishable by death 1774:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 1745:Criticism of Hadith 1676:Apology of al-Kindy 1491:Points of criticism 1321:anti-blasphemy laws 1262:scriptures of Islam 923:Mormon sacred texts 843:By religious figure 720:Jehovah's Witnesses 111:Profession of Faith 84:Day of Resurrection 11308:Criticism of Islam 11036:Breaking the Spell 10978:Sectarian violence 10887:Religious violence 10835:Oriental Orthodoxy 10692:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 10551:Twelver Shia Islam 10373:Quran and miracles 10287:Criticism of Islam 10001:Geometric patterns 9853:Gender segregation 9424:Non-denominational 8974:Criticism of Islam 8163:(6 January 2008). 8161:Nazir-Ali, Michael 8026:. 15 January 2009. 7914:on 6 February 2015 7835:. Yaqeen Institute 7488:The Islamic Shield 7464:. Strategic Book. 7461:Islam and the West 7447:on 4 January 2011. 7388:Temporary marriage 7334:2 May 2012 at the 7104:Margoliouth, D. S. 6889:"Khaleel Mohammed" 6485:. 12 October 2013. 6137:Amana Publications 5957:, 13 October 2014. 5902:. 13 October 2014. 5616:Slaves and Slavery 5068:"Welkom bij Opzij" 4397:on 17 January 2015 4113:2016-03-03 at the 3977:"Hume on Religion" 3354:on 9 November 2011 3137:Brunschvig. 'Abd; 2721:Quran and violence 2696:Islam and violence 2577: 2499:Mishkat al-Masabih 2252: 2234:Islam and violence 2228:Islam and violence 2101: 2096:)", a painting by 2019: 1937: 1934:Reza Abbasi Museum 1844:Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf 1809: 1805:Sana'a manuscripts 1693: 1593: 1325:anti-apostasy laws 1040:Sectarian violence 949:Religious violence 881:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 777:Twelver Shia Islam 11295: 11294: 11078:The Age of Reason 11029:Atheist Manifesto 10830:Eastern Orthodoxy 10793:Jehovah's Witness 10752:post–Cold War era 10655:Religious figures 10534:Swaminarayan sect 10424: 10423: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10358:Domestic violence 10348:Islamic terrorism 10343:Islamic extremism 10174: 10173: 10170: 10169: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9728:Marriage contract 9558: 9557: 9518:Political aspects 9305:Story of Prophets 9074:Prophets of Islam 8972:Media related to 8750:cite encyclopedia 8606:978-0-231-07999-0 8559:978-0-415-21781-1 8530:978-90-04-15139-0 8509:978-0-521-62937-9 8471:978-0-691-01082-3 8304:on 24 April 2015. 8249:978-0-8156-3074-6 8081:978-0-415-35515-5 8048:978-0-521-51430-9 7888:on 9 October 2017 7738:Karen Armstrong, 7727:Islam: The Basics 7712:978-1-78074-420-9 7605:, pp. 125–26 7437:"Misyar Marriage" 7327:, Volume 1 p. 74 7301:Islam For Dummies 7071:978-1-136-92114-8 6789:978-0-520-24203-6 6596:978-0-313-36025-1 6432:978-0-521-86147-2 6126:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 6089:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 5948:Richard Spencer, 5939:, 13 October 2014 5930:Salma Abdelaziz, 5921:, 13 October 2014 5783:978-90-04-08112-3 5740:van Donzel, E. J. 5691:, purchased from 5668:978-1-139-05615-1 5453:on 30 April 2016. 5273:on 13 April 2016. 5093:"Anti-Semitism". 4957:(1996) pp. 100–01 4244:, pp. 16–18. 4142:978-0-19-925188-9 4015:978-1-134-60914-7 3413:978-0-415-35515-5 3375:"Islam in Europe" 3281:Ruthven, Malise. 3090:978-0-521-02699-4 2975:Patrologia Graeca 2964:De Haeresibus by 2786:Quranic inerrancy 2691:Islamic terrorism 2509:. In particular, 2303:Battle of Khaybar 2299:David Margoliouth 2277:religion of peace 2218:LA ILAHA ILLALLAH 2181:Yohanan Friedmann 2105:Apostasy in Islam 1939:According to the 1882:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1571:and (the rest of 1521:Pope Benedict XVI 1361:Abu Isa al-Warraq 1343:in host nations. 1222: 1221: 762:Swaminarayan sect 671: 670: 11325: 11106:The God Delusion 11099:The End of Faith 11092:The Caged Virgin 11057:God Is Not Great 10451: 10444: 10437: 10428: 10427: 10414: 10413: 10406:Islam portal 10404: 10403: 10402: 10194: 10193: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10021:Medieval science 9964: 9963: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9605:Economic history 9588: 9587: 9564: 9563: 9550:Islam by country 9383:Bektashi Alevism 9031: 9030: 9022:Outline of Islam 9004: 8997: 8990: 8981: 8980: 8971: 8961:A collection of 8845: 8826: 8807: 8788: 8759: 8753: 8745: 8727: 8718: 8706: 8695: 8659: 8638: 8623:(2nd ed.). 8610: 8591: 8582: 8563: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8513: 8494: 8475: 8453: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8424: 8417: 8405: 8382:Armstrong, Karen 8377: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8340: 8331:Afsaruddin, Asma 8306: 8305: 8300:. 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Archived from 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7433: 7427: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7410:www.al-islam.org 7402: 7396: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7344: 7338: 7322: 7316: 7292: 7286: 7275:Frances Harrison 7268: 7262: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7205: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7153: 7146: 7137: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7107: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6996: 6990: 6977: 6971: 6960:Article on Jihad 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6928: 6922: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6885: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6858: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6798: 6792: 6761: 6755: 6754:, 2001 Chapter 2 6748:Lewis, Bernard, 6746: 6740: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6706: 6700: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6584: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6512: 6506: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6411: 6405: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6292: 6286: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6134: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6097: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6057: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6021: 6012: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5993:on 25 March 2009 5992: 5986:. 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Chesterton 1395: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1357:John of Damascus 1337:multiculturalism 1278:Arab imperialism 1214: 1207: 1200: 684: 673: 672: 663: 656: 649: 635:Islam portal 633: 632: 631: 41: 18: 17: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11246:In Christianity 11217: 11214:Parody religion 11166: 11014: 10881: 10740:Catholic Church 10701: 10650: 10612:Religious texts 10607: 10460: 10455: 10425: 10420: 10400: 10398: 10382: 10304:Cultural Muslim 10275: 10242: 10198:Other religions 10188: 10184: 10166: 10101: 10068: 10015: 9958: 9956:Islamic studies 9952: 9934: 9768: 9713: 9690: 9637: 9582: 9581: 9554: 9503:Moral teachings 9446: 9428: 9402:Nation of Islam 9363:Twelver Shi'ism 9310: 9276:Religious texts 9270: 9188:Early conquests 9171: 9153: 9105: 9025: 9014: 9008: 8958: 8953: 8842: 8834:. Baker Books. 8823: 8804: 8785: 8766: 8764:Further reading 8747: 8746: 8715: 8684:10.2307/1595789 8672:Studia Islamica 8662: 8635: 8607: 8579: 8560: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8510: 8491: 8472: 8450: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8402: 8374: 8347: 8345: 8325: 8310: 8309: 8292:Mason, Rowena. 8290: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8234: 8230: 8221: 8217: 8204: 8200: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8134: 8130: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8035: 8031: 8016: 8015: 8011: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7861:Washington Post 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7829: 7825: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7737: 7733: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7686: 7682: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7636: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7615:Afsaruddin 2014 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7421: 7417: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7386: 7382: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7345: 7341: 7336:Wayback Machine 7323: 7319: 7293: 7289: 7269: 7265: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7096: 7088:Sunan Abu Dawud 7083: 7079: 7072: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7014: 7010: 6997: 6993: 6987:Wayback Machine 6978: 6974: 6967:Wayback Machine 6958: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6941:on 8 March 2016 6929: 6925: 6914:Wayback Machine 6904: 6900: 6895:on 8 July 2008. 6887: 6886: 6882: 6873: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6846: 6842: 6837:. 13 June 2016. 6834:National Review 6827: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6762: 6758: 6747: 6743: 6735:Bernard Lewis, 6734: 6730: 6723: 6707: 6703: 6691: 6687: 6675: 6654: 6650: 6638: 6628:Merriam-Webster 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6553:Wayback Machine 6544: 6540: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6503:Wayback Machine 6494: 6490: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6459: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425:. p. 319. 6415:Wael, B. Hallaq 6412: 6408: 6386:Asma Afsaruddin 6384: 6380: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6344: 6340: 6321:Wayback Machine 6293: 6289: 6277: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6132: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5965: 5961: 5947: 5943: 5929: 5925: 5911: 5907: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5875: 5871: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5760:. Vol. 6. 5736:Bosworth, C. E. 5729: 5725: 5669: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5610: 5603: 5590: 5586: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5507: 5503: 5480: 5476: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5417:on 4 June 2016. 5409: 5408: 5404: 5399:on 4 June 2016. 5391: 5390: 5386: 5381:on 4 June 2016. 5373: 5372: 5368: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5327:on 4 June 2016. 5319: 5318: 5314: 5309:on 4 June 2016. 5301: 5300: 5296: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5255:on 4 June 2016. 5247: 5246: 5242: 5237:on 4 June 2016. 5229: 5228: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5168: 5164: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5123: 5113:Wayback Machine 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4931: 4927: 4910: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4869: 4865: 4848: 4847: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4794: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4608:Wayback Machine 4597:Wayback Machine 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4519: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4454: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4417: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4377: 4371:Warraq (1995). 4369: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4316: 4312: 4277:See the verses 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4242:Modarressi 1993 4240: 4236: 4224: 4220: 4214:John Wansbrough 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4120: 4115:Wayback Machine 4104:Wayback Machine 4079: 4075: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3946: 3942: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3840: 3817: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3710: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3650: 3643: 3609: 3605: 3593:C.H. Beck 1994 3588: 3584: 3577: 3563: 3559: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3469: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3392: 3388: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3326:The Independent 3317: 3313: 3309:, 29 July 2016. 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3215: 3211: 3200: 3196: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3153: 3146: 3136: 3129: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3069: 3062: 3050: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3015: 2993: 2986: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2929: 2925: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2801:Hindu terrorism 2771:Muslims Condemn 2711:Political Islam 2656: 2644:Jocelyne Cesari 2599:Pascal Bruckner 2587: 2573:Pascal Bruckner 2565: 2537:The meaning of 2535: 2525: 2519: 2511:Karen Armstrong 2491: 2480: 2469: 2458: 2447: 2437: 2390:Bukhari 059.527 2365:Nikāḥ al-Mutʿah 2361: 2353:Main articles: 2351: 2332:Karen Armstrong 2311:Montgomery Watt 2281:Lawrence Wright 2240: 2232:Main articles: 2230: 2113: 2107: 2086: 2027:Patrick Manning 2004: 1988:Main articles: 1986: 1926: 1920: 1878:Dante Alighieri 1860:William M. Watt 1832: 1826: 1814:John Wansbrough 1753: 1747: 1741: 1733:Torah-observant 1729:Richard Carrier 1717:Midrash Tanhuma 1713:infancy gospels 1685: 1655: 1644: 1629:John Wansbrough 1621: 1613: 1599: 1581: 1532: 1529:Pandit Lekh Ram 1505: 1498: 1493: 1452:Paul of Antioch 1421: 1392: 1384: 1349: 1294:God's existence 1282:Islamic beliefs 1218: 1189: 1188: 1145:In Christianity 1125: 1117: 1116: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 950: 942: 941: 940: 939: 901: 893: 892: 891: 890: 844: 836: 835: 834: 833: 693: 682: 667: 629: 627: 620: 619: 564:Other religions 559:Arabic language 521: 511: 510: 439:Moral teachings 330: 316: 315: 306:Spread of Islam 251: 241: 240: 228:(jurisprudence) 210:Qisas al-Anbiya 159: 158: 138: 137: 106: 96: 95: 51: 12: 11: 5: 11331: 11321: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11222:Related topics 11219: 11218: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11024: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10897: 10891: 10889: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10795: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10711: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10658: 10656: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10639:Book of Mormon 10631: 10626: 10621: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10603:Zoroastrianism 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10479: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10461: 10454: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10408: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10283: 10281: 10280:Related topics 10277: 10276: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10213: 10202: 10200: 10190: 10189: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10025: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9972: 9970: 9960: 9959: 9944: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9913: 9911:Sources of law 9908: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9891: 9884: 9879: 9872: 9867: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9789: 9784: 9776: 9774: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9681: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9647: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9602: 9596: 9594: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9568: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9535:Social welfare 9532: 9527: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9320: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9198:Historiography 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9059: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9039: 9037: 9027: 9026: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9007: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8965: 8957: 8956:External links 8954: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8946:1-903 386-29 2 8934: 8914: 8894: 8870: 8846: 8840: 8827: 8821: 8808: 8802: 8789: 8783: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8719: 8713: 8696: 8661: 8660: 8650:(3): 263–278. 8639: 8634:978-9004161214 8633: 8611: 8605: 8592: 8583: 8578:978-9004096080 8577: 8564: 8558: 8546:Rippin, Andrew 8542: 8529: 8514: 8508: 8495: 8489: 8476: 8470: 8458:Cohen, Mark R. 8454: 8448: 8435: 8406: 8401:978-0062500144 8400: 8378: 8373:978-0913321072 8372: 8354: 8341:(3 ed.). 8326: 8324: 8321: 8308: 8307: 8284: 8267: 8255: 8248: 8228: 8215: 8198: 8180: 8152: 8142: 8128: 8112: 8106:978-1621575771 8105: 8087: 8080: 8054: 8047: 8029: 8009: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7943: 7934: 7925: 7899: 7867: 7846: 7823: 7805: 7779: 7770: 7761: 7752: 7731: 7718: 7711: 7680: 7661: 7659:, p. 150. 7649: 7630: 7618: 7607: 7595: 7584: 7580:Spellberg 1996 7569: 7565:Armstrong 1992 7557: 7552:) (in Arabic) 7538: 7524: 7504: 7497: 7477: 7470: 7450: 7428: 7415: 7397: 7380: 7362: 7351:. al-islam.org 7339: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7311:Malise Ruthven 7304: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7263: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7216: 7190: 7183: 7163: 7154: 7138: 7129: 7117: 7108: 7094: 7077: 7070: 7050: 7035: 7028: 7008: 6991: 6972: 6952: 6934:Qur'an and War 6923: 6898: 6880: 6867: 6853: 6847:John Newman, " 6840: 6820: 6813: 6793: 6756: 6741: 6728: 6721: 6701: 6685: 6673: 6659:, ed. (2005). 6648: 6636: 6620:, ed. (1999). 6609: 6595: 6569: 6557: 6538: 6527: 6507: 6488: 6470: 6457: 6438: 6431: 6406: 6378: 6371: 6351: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6324: 6311: 6308: 6287: 6271: 6257: 6245: 6230: 6223: 6203: 6196: 6176: 6169: 6149: 6113: 6100:Shafiifiqh.com 6076: 6067: 6058: 6043: 6036: 6013: 6004: 5972: 5966:Abou el Fadl, 5959: 5941: 5923: 5905: 5885: 5869: 5854: 5847: 5827: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5782: 5723: 5667: 5628: 5619: 5601: 5584: 5567: 5541: 5532: 5525: 5501: 5474: 5471:on 2 May 2016. 5456: 5438: 5420: 5402: 5384: 5366: 5363:on 1 May 2015. 5348: 5345:on 1 May 2015. 5330: 5312: 5294: 5276: 5258: 5240: 5222: 5202: 5162: 5158:978-0199661633 5145: 5136: 5121: 5098: 5086: 5077: 5059: 5050: 5025: 5016: 4984: 4975: 4959: 4946: 4925: 4901: 4887: 4863: 4830: 4821: 4785: 4755: 4737: 4707: 4700: 4682: 4673: 4666: 4648: 4633: 4624: 4611: 4590:Maqam-e Hadith 4581: 4572: 4559: 4550: 4537: 4528: 4513: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4461: 4448: 4435: 4408: 4386: 4360: 4351: 4338: 4326: 4310: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4226:Patricia Crone 4218: 4206: 4202:Yehuda D. Nevo 4194: 4185: 4176: 4162: 4148: 4141: 4118: 4073: 4054: 4042: 4021: 4014: 3994: 3967: 3940: 3915: 3908: 3888: 3881: 3861: 3854: 3815: 3808: 3788: 3764: 3757: 3737: 3704: 3684: 3664: 3641: 3619:Maribel Fierro 3603: 3582: 3575: 3557: 3535: 3518: 3493: 3486: 3460: 3434: 3419: 3412: 3386: 3365: 3348:"Saudi Arabia" 3339: 3311: 3295: 3273: 3256: 3236: 3229: 3209: 3194: 3178: 3144: 3127: 3108: 3096: 3089: 3060: 3037: 3033:Moshe Perlmann 3020: 3013: 2984: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2923: 2854: 2844: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2623:French Algeria 2564: 2561: 2549:José Policarpo 2523:Women in Islam 2521:Main article: 2518: 2517:Women in Islam 2515: 2445:Child marriage 2436: 2433: 2350: 2347: 2336:Mahatma Gandhi 2301:described the 2229: 2226: 2200:C. E. Bosworth 2103:Main article: 2085: 2082: 2034:, such as the 1985: 1982: 1924:Islamic ethics 1922:Main article: 1919: 1918:Islamic ethics 1916: 1825: 1822: 1818:Gerd R. Puin's 1789:Joseph Schacht 1778:Maqam-e Hadith 1743:Main article: 1740: 1737: 1725:Norman Geisler 1711:, and several 1684: 1681: 1625: 644–656 1595:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1517:Ottoman Empire 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1468:Islamic ethics 1448:Greek Orthodox 1365:Ibn al-Rawandi 1348: 1345: 1290:predestination 1243:Ibn al-Rawandi 1220: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1132: 1126: 1124:Related topics 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1086:Bibliographies 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 981: 976: 971: 970: 969: 959: 953: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 938: 937: 932: 931: 930: 928:Book of Mormon 920: 915: 910: 904: 903: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 889: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 847: 846: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 832: 831: 829:Zoroastrianism 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 785: 784: 779: 774: 766: 765: 764: 754: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 707: 702: 696: 695: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 678: 677: 669: 668: 666: 665: 658: 651: 643: 640: 639: 638: 637: 622: 621: 618: 617: 611: 610: 609: 608: 603: 593: 588: 587: 586: 581: 571: 566: 561: 555: 554: 553: 552: 547: 542: 534: 533: 528: 522: 519:Related topics 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 503: 501:Social welfare 498: 493: 492: 491: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 395: 394: 389: 379: 378: 377: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 331: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 279: 272: 264: 263: 258: 252: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 230: 221: 220: 214: 206: 198: 189: 188: 168: 160: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 93: 91:Predestination 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 72:Revealed Books 69: 63: 62: 52: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11330: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11273:Superstitions 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11131: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10847:Protestantism 10845: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10610: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10502:Protestantism 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10452: 10447: 10445: 10440: 10438: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10417: 10409: 10407: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10319:Post-Islamism 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10278: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10217: 10216:Protestantism 10214: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10181: 10177: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10059:Ophthalmology 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10018: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9807:Death penalty 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9773:Other aspects 9771: 9765: 9764: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9578: 9577:Jurisprudence 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9316:Denominations 9313: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9101:Holiest sites 9099: 9097: 9096:Judgement Day 9094: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9017: 9012: 9005: 9000: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8931:1-59102-068-9 8928: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8911:0-87975-984-4 8908: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8891:0-674-01575-4 8888: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8873:Kepel, Gilles 8871: 8868: 8867:0-674-00877-4 8864: 8860: 8859:Belknap Press 8856: 8855: 8850: 8849:Kepel, Gilles 8847: 8843: 8841:0-8010-6430-9 8837: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8822:0-19-516886-0 8818: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8803:1-86064-868-1 8799: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8784:0-19-510298-3 8780: 8776: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8757: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8714:9789004167827 8710: 8705: 8704: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8664: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8490:0-19-511234-2 8486: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8449:9781477315927 8445: 8441: 8436: 8421: 8414: 8413: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8392:HarperCollins 8389: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8358:Ali, Muhammad 8355: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8277: 8271: 8264: 8259: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8232: 8225: 8219: 8212: 8211:9781136888786 8208: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8146: 8138: 8132: 8125: 8124:Perlentaucher 8121: 8116: 8108: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8067: 8058: 8050: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8013: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7962: 7959: 7958:0-19-514420-1 7955: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7938: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7884: 7877: 7871: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7850: 7834: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7774: 7765: 7756: 7749: 7748:0-00-723245-4 7745: 7741: 7735: 7728: 7722: 7714: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7628:, p. 150 7627: 7622: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7567:, p. 157 7566: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7527: 7525:9780761479277 7521: 7517: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7498:9781599424118 7494: 7490: 7489: 7481: 7473: 7471:9781612046235 7467: 7463: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7425: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7376: 7375:www.zawaj.com 7372: 7366: 7350: 7343: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7291: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7219: 7217:0-06-250886-5 7213: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7194: 7186: 7184:9780761933380 7180: 7176: 7175: 7167: 7158: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7090: 7089: 7081: 7073: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7031: 7029:9781405133517 7025: 7021: 7020: 7012: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6857: 6850: 6844: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6816: 6814:9781468534290 6810: 6806: 6805: 6797: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6781:0-520-24203-3 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6763:Cook, David. 6760: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6722:0-306-48321-1 6718: 6714: 6713: 6705: 6698: 6694: 6693:John Esposito 6689: 6682: 6676: 6674:0-415-96690-6 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6657:Josef W. Meri 6652: 6645: 6639: 6637:0-87779-044-2 6633: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6618:Wendy Doniger 6613: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6582: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6528:9780099523277 6524: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6467: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6374: 6372:9780099523277 6368: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6224:9780195125597 6220: 6216: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6197:9780415396387 6193: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6170:9780815627067 6166: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6138: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6101: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6071: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6039: 6037:9781438126968 6033: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6018: 6008: 5989: 5982: 5976: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5848:9780941533300 5844: 5840: 5839: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732:Ayalon, David 5727: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5701:Muslim rulers 5698: 5694: 5690: 5689:Pagan origins 5686: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5598: 5597:0-521-34867-6 5594: 5588: 5581: 5580:0-19-505326-5 5577: 5571: 5556:. 9 June 2011 5555: 5551: 5545: 5536: 5528: 5526:0-393-32765-5 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5210:Esposito 1998 5206: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5160:, pp. 99–109. 5159: 5155: 5149: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5118: 5117:Freedom House 5114: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5054: 5047: 5046:0-915957-03-5 5043: 5039: 5038:0-915957-03-5 5035: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4943: 4942:9780814775646 4939: 4935: 4929: 4922: 4921:9781403983091 4918: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4890: 4888:0-19-881078-4 4884: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801:C.E. Bosworth 4798: 4792: 4790: 4773: 4769: 4768:openDemocracy 4765: 4759: 4752: 4749:Donner, Fred 4746: 4744: 4742: 4725: 4721: 4720:openDemocracy 4717: 4711: 4703: 4701:0-521-64696-0 4697: 4693: 4686: 4677: 4669: 4667:0-521-64696-0 4663: 4659: 4652: 4646:, p. 67. 4645: 4644:Esposito 1998 4640: 4638: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4458: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4393: 4389: 4387:0-87975-984-4 4383: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4365: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4266:Pakatchi 2015 4262: 4256:, p. 14. 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4038:9781461636212 4035: 4031: 4028:Hugh Goddard 4025: 4017: 4011: 4008:. Routledge. 4007: 4006: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3955: 3954:Research Gate 3951: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3909:9781438126968 3905: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3884: 3882:9789004116955 3878: 3874: 3873: 3865: 3857: 3855:9781438126968 3851: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3811: 3809:9789004116955 3805: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3785: 3784:9780521506373 3781: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3758:9789004116955 3754: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3701:0-8276-0198-0 3698: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3681:0-8276-0198-0 3678: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3661:0-87975-984-4 3658: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3637:9789004307834 3634: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615:Hassan Ansari 3612: 3611:Camilla Adang 3607: 3600: 3599:9783406379819 3596: 3592: 3589:Tilman Nagel 3586: 3578: 3576:0-8078-2952-8 3572: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3487:0-06-009795-7 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3259: 3257:9780195347159 3253: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3232: 3230:9780300198171 3226: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3206:The Economist 3203: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3027:Ibn Kammuna, 3024: 3016: 3014:1-59102-068-9 3010: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2848: 2839: 2835: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2701:Islam and war 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2627:André Servier 2624: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2489: 2478: 2477:Ibn Khallikan 2467: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2425:Ibn Uthaimeen 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2315:Shibli Numani 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273:Dennis Prager 2270: 2269:Bernard Lewis 2266: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2208:Sadakat Kadri 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:Bernard Lewis 2193: 2188: 2187:Sadakat Kadri 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128:According to 2126: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2023:Bernard Lewis 2021:According to 2017: 2013: 2010:13th-century 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1869:Divine Comedy 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1785:John Esposito 1782: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1653: 1642: 1641:Philip Schaff 1638: 1634: 1630: 1619: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1587:12th-century 1585: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1503: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1473:In his essay 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435:, considered 1434: 1430: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1302:philosophical 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:human origins 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1225:Criticism of 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1172:Superstitions 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 968: 965: 964: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 946: 945: 936: 933: 929: 926: 925: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 897: 896: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 840: 839: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 767: 763: 760: 759: 758: 755: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 730:Protestantism 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 689: 688: 685: 680: 679: 675: 674: 664: 659: 657: 652: 650: 645: 644: 642: 641: 636: 626: 625: 624: 623: 616: 613: 612: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 597: 594: 592: 589: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 535: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 520: 515: 514: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 490: 487: 486: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 474:Proselytizing 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 383: 382:Denominations 380: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 329: 325: 320: 319: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 280: 278: 277: 273: 271: 270: 266: 265: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 250: 245: 244: 237: 235: 231: 229: 227: 223: 222: 218: 215: 213: 211: 207: 205: 203: 199: 197: 195: 191: 190: 186: 185: 180: 179: 174: 173: 169: 167: 166: 162: 161: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 142: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 105: 100: 99: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 61: 57: 54: 53: 50: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11034: 11027: 10900:Christianity 10877:Zorostianism 10808:Anti-Judaism 10803:Antisemitism 10747:Christianity 10725:Bahá'i Faith 10540: 10482:Christianity 10472:Baháˈí Faith 10331:Islamophobia 10286: 10206:Christianity 10154: 10087:Contemporary 9981:Architecture 9920: 9886: 9874: 9862: 9820: 9813: 9779: 9761: 9756:Nikah mut'ah 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9683: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9522: 9303: 9227: 9209: 9202: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111:Five Pillars 9088: 9054: 9043:God in Islam 9020: 8920: 8900: 8876: 8852: 8831: 8812: 8793: 8773: 8733: 8702: 8675: 8671: 8647: 8643: 8619: 8596: 8587: 8568: 8549: 8534:. 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Retrieved 3165:the original 3160: 3138: 3122: 3074: 3055: 3028: 3023: 2998: 2979: 2973: 2960: 2931: 2926: 2857: 2847: 2838: 2751:Islamophobia 2642: 2638:William Muir 2619: 2603:Paul Cliteur 2588: 2557: 2536: 2488:Muhammad Ali 2448: 2421:Nikah mut'ah 2408: 2398: 2394: 2378:prostitution 2362: 2359:Nikah Misyar 2355:Nikah mut'ah 2344: 2340: 2330: 2323: 2294: 2290: 2261:Islamic term 2253: 2217: 2211: 2185: 2166: 2127: 2114: 2073: 2062: 2054:Christianity 2050: 2032:Muslim world 2020: 2012:slave market 1966: 1949: 1938: 1912: 1911:Tultusceptru 1900: 1867: 1833: 1810: 1807:of the Quran 1783: 1777: 1767: 1760: 1754: 1694: 1674: 1665:gives Surah 1614: 1573:North Africa 1548: 1544:Wole Soyinka 1499: 1474: 1472: 1445: 1437:monotheistic 1402: 1373:antinatalist 1350: 1306: 1296:, and God's 1255: 1247:Muslim world 1232: 1224: 1223: 1092:Christianity 962:Christianity 710:Christianity 700:Baháˈí Faith 591:Islamophobia 530: 370:Demographics 365:Circumcision 281: 274: 267: 233: 225: 209: 201: 193: 182: 176: 170: 163: 15: 11204:New Atheism 11177:Agnosticism 10982:By country 10949:Persecution 10862:Sunni Islam 10825:Neopaganism 10813:Persecution 10786:Persecution 10774:Persecution 10735:Catholicism 10672:Ellen White 10588:Scientology 10583:Neopaganism 10465:By religion 10106:Other areas 10097:Theological 10092:Eschatology 10049:Mathematics 9986:Calligraphy 9916:Theological 9870:Inheritance 9787:Cleanliness 9217:Shi'a Imams 9211:Ahl al-Bayt 8940:. Civitas. 8730:Daftary, F. 8298:Theguardian 8222:Afet İnan, 8213:p. 301–304. 8023:Der Spiegel 7839:23 February 7701:. pp. 7603:Barlas 2002 7046:Margoliouth 6970:limited..") 6299:BBC Persian 6283:BBC Persian 6238:"Murtadd". 5968:Great Theft 5752:Pellat, Ch. 5709:Middle East 5183:. pp. 5131:Sam Harris 4969:. From the 4778:13 November 4730:13 November 4320:. From the 4095:, and also 3937:Online text 3171:23 February 2666:Bibliolatry 2495: 1951 2484: 1282 2296:Orientalist 2192:Wael Hallaq 2130:Islamic law 2118:Quran 2:217 2094:Sol Hachuel 2048:dynasties. 2042:mercenaries 1659: 1982 1648: 1893 1536: 1897 1484:Orientalist 1479:Edward Said 1425: 1776 1405:Middle Ages 1403:During the 1398:Ibn Kammuna 1317:Islamic law 1276:as well as 1264:, both the 1112:Scientology 1044:By country 1011:Persecution 861:Ellen White 814:Scientology 809:Neopaganism 692:By religion 606:Laws of war 269:Ahl al-Bayt 154:Foundations 11302:Categories 11182:Antitheism 10971:In Judaism 10867:Shia Islam 10764:Falun Gong 10573:Monotheism 10261:Ex-Muslims 10156:Shu'ubiyya 10150:Psychology 10138:Literature 10128:Inventions 10074:Philosophy 9882:Leadership 9858:Honorifics 9513:Philosophy 9368:Isma'ilism 9333:Maturidism 9222:Caliphates 9193:Golden Age 9084:Revelation 8917:Ibn Warraq 8897:Ibn Warraq 8348:11 January 8137:Ian Buruma 8074:, 29, 46. 7426:, page 171 7355:10 January 6402:0199730938 6392:, p. 242. 5824:0691114366 5496:Wikisource 4953:J. Tolan, 4839:Ibn Hisham 4401:16 January 4068:The Nation 3987:3 December 3960:16 January 2825:References 2661:Abrogation 2648:xenophobia 2579:See also: 2539:Quran 4:34 2527:See also: 2473: 845 2462: 923 2439:See also: 2374:Shia Islam 2109:See also: 2065:Mauritania 1962:Quran 9:29 1957:Sam Harris 1951:Submission 1945:Quran 4:34 1903:Andalusian 1894:Antichrist 1840:Ibn Warraq 1828:See also: 1749:See also: 1721:Quran 5:31 1701:Apocryphal 1663:Ibn Warraq 1652:Ali Dashti 1601:See also: 1589:Andalusian 1456:Maimonides 1441:polytheism 1429:naturalist 1427:), both a 1418:David Hume 1393: 756 1377:Apologetic 1369:al-Ma'arri 1353:Christians 1341:assimilate 1284:regarding 1235:Christians 1033:In Judaism 799:Monotheism 459:Philosophy 196:(exegesis) 133:Pilgrimage 123:Almsgiving 11263:Sexuality 11192:Criticism 11171:Movements 10996:In Odisha 10927:Christian 10922:Terrorism 10905:Mormonism 10852:Rastafari 10820:Mormonism 10715:Ahmadiyya 10598:Yazdânism 10556:Wahhabism 10378:Symbolism 10336:Incidents 10314:Criticism 10211:Mormonism 10113:Astrology 10039:Cosmology 10034:Astronomy 9976:Arabesque 9843:Etiquette 9802:Blasphemy 9592:Economics 9407:Ahmadiyya 9341:Mu'tazili 9329:Ash'arism 8523:. BRILL. 7592:Watt 1960 7550:Al-albany 7257:, p. 81, 6945:8 October 6665:Routledge 6602:5 January 5748:Lewis, B. 5643:Cambridge 4911:G. Stone 4851:cite book 4816:1573-3912 3786:pp. 18–20 3718:Religions 3548:Adventure 3358:7 October 3288:12 August 3157:"Slavery" 3031:, trans. 2952:Citations 2830:Footnotes 2746:LetUsTalk 2631:Victorian 2455:al-Tabari 2429:Al-Albani 1770:Quranists 1671:Gerd Puin 1667:al-Fatiha 1633:redaction 1579:Scripture 1333:blasphemy 1162:Sexuality 1107:Mormonism 1058:In Odisha 989:Christian 984:Terrorism 967:Mormonism 824:Yazdânism 782:Wahhabism 579:terrorism 531:Criticism 484:Sexuality 454:Mysticism 424:Festivals 404:Education 399:Economics 335:Academics 291:Caliphate 104:Practices 11241:In Islam 11236:Apostasy 11008:Pakistan 10966:In Islam 10895:Buddhism 10769:Hinduism 10730:Buddhism 10687:Muhammad 10546:Islamism 10529:Hinduism 10487:Catholic 10477:Buddhism 10416:Category 10309:Islamism 10292:Muhammad 10248:Apostasy 10223:Hinduism 10123:Feminism 10054:Medicine 9894:Military 9848:Gambling 9797:Apostasy 9792:Criminal 9704:Marriage 9673:Tayammum 9625:Murabaha 9498:Madrasas 9488:Holidays 9478:Clothing 9473:Children 9468:Calendar 9419:Quranism 9373:Alawites 9337:Atharism 9228:Rashidun 9067:In Islam 9062:Muhammad 8919:(2003). 8899:(1995). 8875:(2004). 8851:(2002). 8627:Online. 8617:(1960). 8548:(2001). 8460:(1995). 8420:Archived 8384:(1992). 8360:(1997). 7918:22 March 7892:31 March 7798:31 March 7691:(2014). 7657:Ali 1997 7626:Ali 1997 7332:Archived 7152:, p. 112 7115:Watt 189 6983:Archived 6963:Archived 6910:Archived 6695:(2005), 6683:, p. 419 6646:, p. 571 6549:Archived 6533:Archived 6499:Archived 6417:(2009). 6388:(2013), 6317:Archived 6128:(1368). 6091:(1368). 5899:Newsweek 5883:, p. 298 5754:(eds.). 5713:in Egypt 5706:medieval 5695:and the 5647:New York 5582:, p. 10. 5560:22 April 5554:Dawn.com 5485:(2006). 5173:(1913). 5109:Archived 4944:p. 93–96 4841:(1955). 4604:Archived 4593:Archived 4291:17:88–89 4111:Archived 4100:Archived 3474:(2003). 3332:15 March 3263:30 April 3190:BBC News 2915:61:11–12 2887:3:167–75 2875:57:10–11 2811:Hindutva 2654:See also 2610:Tengrist 2507:Bedouins 2466:Ibn Sa'd 2405:polygamy 2370:marriage 2150:adultery 2142:prophets 2134:apostasy 2084:Apostasy 2039:enslaved 1540:Nigerian 1464:politics 1355:such as 1329:apostasy 1268:and the 1258:Muhammad 1140:In Islam 1135:Apostasy 1070:Pakistan 1028:In Islam 957:Buddhism 876:Muhammad 772:Islamism 757:Hinduism 715:Catholic 705:Buddhism 615:Glossary 601:Jihadism 574:Violence 569:Islamism 540:Muhammad 526:Apostasy 469:Politics 419:Feminism 414:Exorcism 375:Diaspora 360:Children 355:Calendar 283:Rashidun 261:Muhammad 256:Timeline 217:Mathnawi 79:Prophets 23:a series 21:Part of 11268:Slavery 11199:Cārvāka 11187:Atheism 11003:Nigeria 10937:Islamic 10912:Judaism 10857:Sikhism 10798:Judaism 10720:Atheism 10593:Sikhism 10568:Judaism 10563:Jainism 10363:Nursing 10324:Qutbism 10238:Sikhism 10233:Judaism 10228:Jainism 10064:Physics 10011:Pottery 9996:Gardens 9991:Carpets 9906:Slavery 9828:Divorce 9815:Dhabiĥa 9643:Hygiene 9618:Takaful 9600:Banking 9530:Science 9524:Qurbani 9493:Mosques 9453:Animals 9442:Culture 9390:Zaydism 9378:Alevism 9264:Ottoman 9254:Almohad 9249:Fatimid 9244:Córdoba 9239:Abbasid 9234:Umayyad 9167:Leaders 9162:History 9120:Shahada 9035:Beliefs 8732:(ed.). 8692:1595789 8536:12 June 8429:26 July 8323:Sources 7999:Reuters 7531:5 April 6242:. 2003. 5997:9 March 5881:slavery 5682:Turkish 5599:, p. 28 5517:31, 149 5115:(pdf), 4566:Quran, 4544:Quran, 4318:"Koran" 3511:13 July 2903:9:93–94 2879:8:72–73 2308:plunder 2285:Wahhabi 2265:Muslims 2213:shahada 2046:Ottoman 1874:Italian 1872:by the 1848:Quraysh 1542:author 1450:bishop 1433:sceptic 1388: 1270:hadiths 1167:Slavery 1102:Judaism 1065:Nigeria 999:Islamic 974:Judaism 900:By text 819:Sikhism 794:Judaism 789:Jainism 496:Slavery 479:Science 434:Madrasa 429:Finance 340:Animals 328:society 324:Culture 296:Imamate 276:Sahabah 249:History 219:(Poems) 204:(creed) 128:Fasting 56:Oneness 49:Beliefs 11283:Jewish 11278:Muslim 10942:Jewish 10872:Sufism 10646:Talmud 10629:Hadith 10185: 10143:poetry 9953: 9838:Ethics 9822:Dhimmi 9781:Baligh 9742:Mahram 9699:Family 9679:Toilet 9659:Miswak 9412:Lahori 9353:Salafi 9299:Seerah 9294:Tafsir 9289:Hadith 9259:Sokoto 9204:Sahaba 9079:Angels 9056:Tawhid 9013:topics 8944: 8929: 8909: 8889: 8865: 8838: 8819: 8800: 8781: 8711: 8690: 8631: 8603: 8575: 8556: 8527: 8506: 8487: 8468: 8446: 8398: 8370: 8265:p. 458 8246: 8209: 8103: 8078: 8045: 7956: 7746: 7709: 7703:146–47 7522: 7495: 7468: 7214: 7181: 7068: 7026: 6811: 6787: 6779: 6719: 6671: 6634: 6593: 6525: 6429: 6400: 6369: 6221: 6194: 6167: 6142:14 May 6106:14 May 6053: 6034: 5845: 5822: 5780: 5762:Leiden 5685:slaves 5675:mamlūk 5665: 5595: 5578: 5523: 5491: 5218:dhimmi 5198:online 5156: 5044: 5036: 4940: 4923:p. 132 4919: 4894:27 May 4885: 4814: 4808:Online 4698: 4664: 4384: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4281: 4139: 4040:p. 65. 4036: 4012: 3906: 3879: 3852: 3806: 3782: 3755: 3724:: 63. 3699: 3679: 3659: 3635: 3628:Takfīr 3601:p. 215 3597: 3573: 3484: 3453:8 July 3410: 3254: 3227: 3087: 3083:, 35. 3011: 2968:. See 2944:women. 2942:Yazidi 2936:, the 2911:16:110 2629:. The 2625:named 2544:UNICEF 2475:) and 2451:hadith 2411:nafaqa 2386:Sunnis 2177:fatwas 2146:sharia 2078:Salafi 2036:Mamluk 2002:Mamluk 2000:, and 1977:Houris 1907:Hashim 1886:schism 1852:erotic 1762:Sunnah 1757:Hadith 1618:Uthman 1609:, and 1552:Medina 1525:Indian 1431:and a 1409:heresy 1298:nature 1182:Jewish 1177:Muslim 1004:Jewish 935:Talmud 918:Hadith 768:Islam 550:Hadith 464:Poetry 444:Mosque 409:Ethics 234:Sharia 202:Aqidah 194:Tafsir 178:Hadith 172:Sunnah 116:Prayer 67:Angels 11231:Abuse 11020:Books 10986:India 10932:Hindu 10917:Islam 10840:Copts 10781:Islam 10759:Druze 10682:Moses 10677:Jesus 10662:Aisha 10624:Quran 10619:Bible 10541:Islam 10297:Quran 10187:Other 10082:Early 10006:Music 9922:Kalam 9876:Jizya 9864:Hudud 9749:Nikah 9666:Najis 9652:Ghusl 9611:Sukuk 9540:Women 9508:Music 9483:Flags 9397:Ibadi 9324:Sunni 9284:Quran 9141:Zakat 9127:Salah 9090:Qadar 9048:Allah 9011:Islam 8728:. 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