1134:
2395:
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2513:
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2022:
2323:
22:
2360:
1084:
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later historians may have emphasised by drawing a parallel between Córdoba and another
Umayyad capital, Damascus. The first reference to the Muslims' sharing the church was by Ibn Idhārī in the fourteenth century, citing the tenth-century historian al-Rāzī. It could be a version of a similar story referring to the Great Mosque in Damascus, which may itself have been written long after the Mosque was built. It is a story that meant something in the tenth-century context, a clear statement of the Muslim appropriation of Visigothic Córdoba.
975:
1585:
2283:
2231:
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954:
pilgrimage, which was prevented by the
Quraysh, who promised to allow it the following year in the Hudaybiyah treaty, did not also entail the prevention of continuing practices by polytheists. However, before the second pilgrimage season, allies of the Quraysh violated the treaty, allowing the Muslims to return as conquerors rather than guests. Henceforth, the Kaʿaba was to be dedicated to the worship of the one God alone, and the
1485:
5305:
648:
708:
57:
1029:, which was a destroyed site of the holiest Jewish temple, destroyed by the Romans in AD 70 and with consistent Jewish presence in Jerusalem has always been a site of religious prayer for Jews. Umar initially built there a small prayer house which laid the foundation for the later construction of the
2955:
The design is unique and patriarchal in its magnificent simplicity. One can scarcely tolerate the theory of some architectural writers, that this enclosure is of a period later than the Jewish. It would have been strange if any of the
Herodian princes should here alone have raised, at enormous cost,
2856:
It was originally a small temple of
Christian Visigoth origin. Under Umayyad reign in Spain (711–1031 CE), it was expanded and made into a mosque, which it would remain for eight centuries. During the Christian reconquest of Al-Andalus, Christians captured the mosque and consecrated it as a Catholic
2824:
It is a commonplace of the history of Córdoba that in their early years in the city, the
Muslims shared with the Christians the church of S. Vicente, until ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I bought the Christians out and used the site to build the Great Mosque. It was a pivotal moment in the history of Córdoba, which
953:
and other religious figures. Muhammad earned the enmity of his tribe by preaching the new religion of Islam. Early
Muslims practiced, or attempted to practice, their rituals by the Ka'aba alongside polytheists, until they eventually left Mecca, driven out by escalating persecution. The aborted first
2888:
On this site originally stood the
Visigoths' church of San Vicente, but when the Moors came to town in 758 CE they knocked it down and constructed a mosque in its place. When Córdoba fell once again to the Christians, King Ferdinand II and his successors set about Christianizing the structure, most
2641:
The conversion of non-Islamic religious buildings into mosques during the first centuries of Islam played a major role in the development of
Islamic architectural styles. Distinct regional styles of mosque design, which have come to be known by such names as Arab, Persian, Andalusian, and others,
2631:
in 1981. The synagogue had been sold to the city by the Jewish community in 1976, on the grounds that it would not be converted into a church. In 1979 Turkish Muslim residents occupied the abandoned building and demanded it be turned into a mosque, citing alleged construction safety concerns with
2791:
It seems probable, also, that this latter Khalif, when he began to rebuild the Aksa, made use of the materials which lay to hand in the ruins of the great St. Mary Church of
Justinian, which must originally have stood on the site, approximately, on which the Aksa Mosque was afterwards
3012:"From there we reached Halhul, a place mentioned by Joshua. Here there are a certain number of Jews. They take travelers to see an ancient sepulchral monument attributed to Gad the Seer." — Isaac ben Joseph ibn Cehlo, 1334
1530:, the second most holy site in Judaism, was converted into a church during the Crusades before being turned into a mosque in 1266 and henceforth banned to Jews and Christians. Part of it was restored as a synagogue by
3877:
5355:
1133:
1779:. From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it served as the Orthodox cathedral of the imperial capital, except between 1204 and 1261, when it became the Roman Catholic cathedral under the
1831:. It was opened as a museum on 1 February 1935. On 10 July 2020, the decision of the Council of Ministers to transform it into a museum was canceled by Council of State and the Turkish President
5350:
1444:, a prayer for the Sultan recited in one of the churches which converted into a mosque, and according to Turkish authors "the house of the infidel became the house of Islam."
2342:
The
Alamgir Mosque in Varanasi was constructed by Mughal Emperor Aurnagzeb built atop the ancient 100 ft high Bindu Madhav (Nand Madho) Temple after its destruction in 1682.
2657:
4947:
4315:
2652:
2613:, built in the 1960s by Jews from Algeria, was turned into a mosque in 2016 after being bought by a conservative Muslim organization, the al-Badr organization.
4932:
1312:
church. Much of it was destroyed in a 1687 explosion, and a smaller mosque was erected within the ruins in 1715; this mosque was demolished in 1843. See
1425:
2263:(landowners) associated with the temple. The demolition was intended as a warning to the anti-Mughal factions and Hindu religious leaders in the city.
5340:
5031:
3399:
3285:
3718:
2968:
1064:
was turned into a mosque. After being destroyed in the Communist 1967 anti-religious campaign, the site was turned into an open air mausoleum.
1850:
became the cathedral church and seat of the patriarchate for three years after the Fall of Constantinople, as Hagia Sophia became the city's
1261:
4962:
3377:
1489:
3225:
1178:
1174:
765:
2956:
a building utterly differing from the countless products of their architectural passion and Roman taste with which the land is strewn.
5036:
4952:
5345:
5053:
2276:
2259:, who then constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque atop the original Hindu temple. The demolition was motivated by the rebellion of local
5016:
4937:
1170:
1166:
431:
985:, founder of Islam, is traditionally believed to have ascended into heaven from this site. In Jewish tradition, it is here that
4957:
3905:
2394:
848:
770:
2642:
commonly reflected the external and internal stylistic elements of churches and other temples characteristic for that region.
4967:
4924:
3482:
3455:
3102:
3035:
3005:
1706:
Following the Ottoman conquest of Anatolia, virtually all of the churches of Istanbul were converted into mosques except the
318:
3418:
2435:
The temple was attacked, destroyed and rebuilt multiple times and was converted into an Islamic Mosque in the 19th century.
2881:
2849:
1308:: Some time before the close of the fifteenth century, the Parthenon became a mosque. Before that the Parthenon had been a
900:
Several such mosques in the areas of former Muslim rule have since been reconverted or have become museums, including the
1827:– were added while in the possession of the Ottomans. The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931, when it was
1707:
810:
2950:
The land of Israel : a journal of travels in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character
2925:
2559:
3658:
Patel, Alka (2004). "Architectural Histories Entwined: The Rudra-Mahalaya/Congregational Mosque of Siddhpur, Gujarat".
3354:
3092:
3075:
909:
4819:
4773:
4433:
4427:
3562:
3509:
3428:
3328:
2762:
2739:
2715:
2271:
1780:
780:
496:
4690:
4546:
4081:
3977:
1760:
1338:
1117:
ones) were converted into mosques. A relatively significant surge in church-to-mosque conversion followed the 1974
775:
96:
3053:
The land of Israel: a journal of travels in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character
5174:
4990:
1861:
The Church of the Pantocrator, a church favoured for imperial burials in the latter Byzantine Empire, became the
678:
1496:, this holy place was "taken over from the Jewish tradition" by the Muslim rulers. The cave and the surrounding
5239:
4797:
4695:
3127:
2901:
2606:
805:
623:
4607:
4366:
4101:
3263:
1623:
1194:
367:
2567:
was the largest synagogue in North Africa until it was converted into the Abdellah Ben Salem Mosque in 1975.
5159:
5136:
4756:
4612:
4602:
4508:
4219:
1198:
1158:
1018:
785:
399:
2512:
2005:
5261:
5126:
4942:
4710:
4503:
3938:
1847:
1617:
989:, the progenitor and first patriarch of the Hebrew people, is said to have prepared to sacrifice his son
962:) at the Kaʿaba was a special object of veneration at the site. According to some traditions the text of
735:
446:
273:
2842:
The Muslim Struggle for Civil Rights in Spain, 1985–2010: Promoting Democracy Through Islamic Engagement
5021:
4904:
4421:
3898:
2672:
1977:
1190:
1186:
1118:
1067:
841:
486:
1405:
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4802:
4631:
4327:
4107:
4070:
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2589:
1917:
1889:
1882:
1150:
1114:
1107:
820:
745:
740:
581:
293:
1395:
The Franciscan Church of St John the Baptist in Buda, converted into Pasha Djami, destroyed in 1686.
1149:
Numerous orthodox churches were converted to mosques during the Ottoman period in Greece. After the
1092:
5256:
4985:
4809:
4582:
4120:
3187:
2305:
attacked Mathura, destroyed the Keshavdeva Temple in 1670 and built the Shahi Eidgah in its place.
1614:
1441:
1280:
795:
513:
313:
2948:
5119:
3993:
2564:
2219:
2021:
1764:
1572:
1478:
1320:
790:
108:
29:
4147:
3636:
2818:
Christys, Ann (2017). "The meaning of topography in Umayyad Cordoba". In Lester, Anne E. (ed.).
2458:
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5109:
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4004:
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3618:
3229:
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Firuz Shah Tughlaq destroyed the Atala Devi temple in 1377 and built the Atala Mosque over it.
2322:
1855:
1788:
1658:
1639:
1535:
1523:
1505:
1389:, converted into Eski Djami immediately after the capture of Buda in 1541, reconverted in 1686.
1239:
1162:
949:, was in charge of the Kaʿaba, at that time a shrine containing hundreds of idols representing
870:
562:
328:
3445:
2995:
2889:
dramatically adding the bright pearly white Renaissance nave where mass is held every morning.
2752:
2051:
1083:
1034:
5217:
5195:
4014:
3891:
3472:
2542:
2503:
2353:
2126:
2072:
2061:
1963:
1910:
1676:
1551:
1341:(Hünkar Mosque) was originally a Roman Catholic church before it was converted into a mosque.
1276:
1272:
1213:
912:. Conversion of non-Islamic buildings into mosques influenced distinctive regional styles of
834:
755:
750:
557:
382:
166:
121:
4884:
4791:
4736:
3186:
Hillenbrand, R. "Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
3094:
The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L-Z (excluding Tyre)
2803:
2452:
2359:
1991:
1812:
1644:
913:
760:
1392:
Church of Mary Magdalene, Buda, converted into Fethiye Djami c. 1602, reconverted in 1686.
21:
8:
5114:
4995:
4889:
4705:
4202:
3999:
2662:
2632:
their usual mosque. The synagogue was conceded to the Muslim community three years later.
2026:
1952:
1874:
1648:
1610:
1559:
1539:
1291:
1257:
1103:
1002:
800:
671:
567:
201:
101:
2583:
1854:. The Justinianic church was already in disrepair and in 1461 it was demolished and the
5276:
5190:
5041:
4977:
4785:
4761:
4438:
4416:
4376:
4266:
4179:
4130:
4096:
3987:
3828:
3675:
3599:
3147:
2373:
2150:
1945:
1371:
1232:
591:
548:
518:
501:
476:
421:
377:
89:
1345:
1095:(since 1592) of Bihać was a Catholic church devoted to Saint Anthony of Padua (1266).
5251:
5246:
5151:
5141:
5131:
4814:
4700:
4652:
4495:
4406:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4137:
3970:
3726:
3558:
3505:
3478:
3451:
3424:
3198:
3123:
3098:
3071:
3031:
3001:
2877:
2845:
2758:
2735:
2711:
2484:
2478:
2175:
2165:
2104:
2093:
1998:
1938:
1835:
signed a decree annulling the Hagia Sophia's museum status, reverting it to a mosque.
1538:
became the Church of the Forty Martyrs, which then became the Tomb of Isai and later
1379:
950:
882:
632:
596:
543:
456:
416:
278:
2161:
Hundreds of Armenian Churches were converted into Mosques in Turkey and Azerbaijan.
1409:
5281:
5266:
5026:
4731:
4453:
4391:
4381:
4371:
4356:
4162:
4065:
4037:
3925:
3693:
3667:
3591:
2414:
2170:
1799:, who subsequently ordered the building converted into a mosque. The bells, altar,
1744:
1670:
1652:
1606:
1462:
1313:
1182:
1022:
978:
441:
436:
387:
372:
357:
266:
145:
3378:"Turkey: Mystery Surrounds Decision to Turn Byzantine Church Museum into a Mosque"
974:
5207:
4914:
4859:
4659:
4345:
4305:
4256:
4208:
3982:
3803:
3552:
3499:
3299:
3025:
2488:
2422:
2418:
2224:
2004:
The monastery of the Holy Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora became the
1804:
1555:
1497:
1421:
1413:
1386:
1375:
1122:
1074:
was converted into a mosque in 1479 after the city was conquered by the Ottomans.
730:
576:
392:
352:
341:
323:
226:
171:
84:
2969:"For first time in 18 years, Jews pray at biblical tombs in Palestinian village"
2905:
5319:
5046:
4899:
4741:
4443:
3526:
3251:
2386:
2316:
2108:
1792:
1756:
1730:
1718:
1680:
1598:
1589:
1309:
1221:
1142:
1113:
Following the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus, a number of churches (especially the
1057:
1030:
994:
664:
536:
523:
481:
426:
40:
3595:
2041:
Elsewhere in Turkey numerous churches were converted into mosques, including:
5334:
5222:
5059:
4909:
4448:
4411:
4386:
4271:
3751:
3730:
3202:
2921:
2483:
The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by
2426:
2332:
2292:
2240:
1984:
1970:
1924:
1862:
1458:
1295:
963:
601:
506:
466:
3584:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2545:
dynasty; parts of it were reused in setting up a new congregational mosque.
1896:
1374:, a number of churches were converted into mosques. Those that survived the
1125:
have been converted, and many are still in the process of becoming mosques.
5309:
5234:
4894:
4746:
4624:
4340:
4244:
4232:
3946:
3286:"Ayasofya'yı camiden müzeye dönüştüren Bakanlar Kurulu kararı iptal edildi"
2538:
2532:
2115:
2082:
1903:
1784:
1768:
1714:
1584:
1354:
1350:
1243:
1206:
1026:
998:
941:), were revered as a sacred sanctuary and were sites of pilgrimage. During
874:
725:
707:
699:
652:
608:
345:
77:
66:
25:
2282:
4871:
4361:
4300:
4227:
4114:
2953:. London: London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 394.
2443:
1931:
1869:
1851:
1800:
1771:. After 1453 it became a mosque, and since 1931 it has been a museum in
1726:
1666:
1470:
1457:
The Islamic State converted a number of churches into mosques after they
1417:
959:
890:
878:
404:
362:
286:
3603:
1461:. The churches were restored to their original function after Mosul was
5164:
4261:
4236:
3679:
3579:
3400:"Historic Hagia Sophia in a Turkish province to be re-opened as mosque"
1828:
886:
409:
3055:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 390–396.
1071:
4879:
4310:
4125:
3355:"From museum to mosque? Turkish court to rule on Hagia Sophia's fate"
2624:
2610:
2492:
2468:
2447:
2430:
2302:
2256:
2250:
2230:
2179:
2034:
1796:
1752:
1534:
after 1967. Other sites in Hebron have undergone Islamification. The
1328:
1301:
1138:
1010:
955:
901:
308:
5356:
Religious buildings and structures converted to a different religion
3671:
5212:
4718:
4576:
4528:
4322:
4276:
4240:
3965:
2518:
2328:
2260:
2236:
2144:
1888:
The Church of Saint Thekla of the Palace of Blachernae, became the
1772:
1635:
1602:
1424:
was reestablished and the building became a church once again, the
1358:
1331:
1228:
1202:
982:
942:
866:
618:
586:
300:
234:
3255:
2055:
1575:; built on a formerly Roman pagan, and then Roman Christian, site.
1361:, a church (326–1590), then a mosque and again a church after 1912
5227:
4833:
4521:
4401:
4293:
4286:
4281:
4023:
3872:
3853:
Patrick D. Gaffney (2004). "Masjid". In Richard C. Martin (ed.).
3420:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
3161:
2522:
2404:
2400:
2288:
2130:
2119:
2097:
2086:
2076:
2065:
1824:
1631:
1484:
1284:
1153:, many of them were later reconverted into churches. Among them:
986:
946:
894:
451:
128:
4751:
4725:
4684:
4645:
4562:
4475:
4396:
4251:
4197:
4192:
3959:
3883:
3300:"Hagia Sophia: Turkey turns iconic Istanbul museum into mosque"
2910:. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 259.
2693:
2030:
1916:
The Church of Saint John the Forerunner by-the-Dome became the
1820:
1816:
1808:
1776:
1531:
1527:
1511:
1493:
1437:
1324:
1305:
1265:
1250:
934:
905:
471:
461:
250:
218:
210:
195:
189:
73:
3477:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 95–96.
5000:
4825:
4779:
4767:
4569:
4555:
4514:
4187:
4044:
4030:
3951:
3914:
3120:
Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Five: H-I
2527:
2473:
2464:
2409:
2337:
2297:
2245:
1684:
1662:
1515:
1217:
990:
938:
930:
613:
491:
182:
140:
133:
56:
48:
1249:
The original Pantocrator (Kursum Mosque) church building in
4666:
4638:
4588:
4535:
4480:
4051:
3719:"À Marseille, une synagogue va être transformée en mosquée"
2137:
2033:, which was possibly constructed on the site of an earlier
1959:
1669:
period, which later became the garden for the Cathedral of
1627:
1014:
242:
150:
2537:
The temple was dismantled during the siege of the city by
5351:
Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques
3694:"Great Synagogue at Oran, Algeria | Archive | Diarna.org"
3304:
2754:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions
2025:
The Selimiye Mosque was the largest and oldest surviving
1605:; built on the site of a Christian basilica dedicated to
3878:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
3329:"Opinion | The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism"
2804:
https://www.inyourpocket.com/bihac/Fethija-Mosque_53865v
2658:
Conversion of mosques into non-Islamic places of worship
1868:
The Church of SS Sergius and Bacchus, a church built by
863:
conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
816:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
1592:
was built on the site of several prior religious sites.
3651:
2653:
Conversion of non-Hindu places of worship into temples
1983:
The Church of Saint Mary of Constantinople became the
2922:"Iraq: Daesh have robbed and demolished every church"
2001:
was an Eastern Orthodox church of unknown dedication.
1807:
and sacrificial vessels were removed and many of the
1558:; built as the Church of St. John the Baptist by the
1476:
1416:, it was converted into a mosque. In the time of the
2636:
1246:
was converted into a mosque in the mid-14th century.
3752:"The Marseille synagogue that is becoming a mosque"
2708:
Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study
32:cathedral converted into a mosque in AD 1453.
3852:
3660:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
3443:
1021:in spite of a treaty. The architecturally similar
3527:"Alamgir Mosque - Lost Vishnu Temple of Varanasi"
2623:The Ashkenazi synagogue on Wagenstraat street of
1881:The Church of Saint Andrew in Krisei, became the
1378:, were later reconverted into churches after the
1040:
5332:
3450:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–279.
2308:Mosque; temple reconstructed adjacent to Mosque
2266:Mosque; temple reconstructed adjacent to Mosque
1216:(Hünkar Mosque) and the Church of Saint Paul in
3497:
3470:
2867:
2865:
2125:Church of Christ and Saint Stephen, became the
1944:The Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes became the
1447:
2813:
2811:
2255:The temple was demolished under the orders of
2185:
1951:The Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa became the
1638:"), then converted into a church dedicated to
945:'s lifetime (AD 570–632), his tribe, the
3899:
3491:
3437:
2734:, Gorgias Press LLC, 1 December 2001, pg. 28
2705:
1930:The Catholic Church of Saint Paul became the
842:
672:
3550:
3464:
3150:Eyewitness Travel Guides. 2006. p. 133.
2862:
3616:
3218:
2924:. Independent Catholic News. 6 March 2018.
2820:Cities, Texts and Social Networks, 400–1500
2808:
2710:. Wayne State University Press. p. 4.
2554:
1895:The nunnery of Saint Theodosia, became the
1738:
1145:mosque built after 1715, in the early 1830s
3906:
3892:
3855:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
3629:
2835:
2833:
2784:
2495:further built the mosque in AD 1213.
2071:Panagia Chrysokephalos Church, became the
849:
835:
766:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang
679:
665:
3068:With Might and Strength: An Autobiography
2871:
1078:
5341:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
3610:
3577:
3444:Catherine B. Asher (24 September 1992).
3416:
3190:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
3179:
3050:
2946:
2900:
2817:
2558:
2358:
2020:
1583:
1483:
1344:
1205:(Mosque of Suleyman Hortaji Effendi) in
1132:
1102:
1082:
973:
20:
3524:
3352:
3327:Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021).
3185:
3090:
3023:
2830:
1426:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption
1334:. It is currently an exhibition centre.
908:and numerous mosques in Spain, such as
5333:
3557:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 448.
3375:
3326:
2844:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 137.
1651:, later it became a church during the
1500:enclosure was converted into a mosque.
1370:Following the Ottoman conquest of the
964:seven or ten especially honoured poems
919:
771:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5086:
4854:
4470:
3887:
3657:
3504:. E. Forsten. pp. 125, 319–320.
3376:Letsch, Constanze (2 December 2011).
3266:from the original on 10 December 2010
3250:
3065:
2993:
2750:
2548:Ruined, partly converted into Mosque
2156:
1514:, transformed into Mosque of Prophet
1262:Holy Trinity church in Knights Avenue
721:Late Antiquity - Middle Ages - Modern
4855:
4471:
2994:Adler, Elkan Nathan (4 April 2014).
2839:
1976:The Monastery of Gastria became the
1783:of the Western Crusader-established
1647:; a temple to worship the Roman god
1231:, destroyed by the Ottomans and the
3829:"Wagenstraat Synagogue in Den Haag"
3471:Audrey Truschke (1 February 2018).
3256:"Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia"
3024:Johnson, Paul (14 September 1988).
2092:Hagios Eugenios Church, became the
1969:The Monastery of Manuel became the
1923:The Church of Myrelaion became the
1708:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols
1630:; initially a pagan temple for the
1193:(Kazancilar Mosque), the church of
1121:. Many of the Orthodox churches in
811:Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons
13:
3778:"Moslems Want to Retain Synagogue"
3525:Rastogi, Saurabh (27 March 2018).
3501:Braj: Centre of Krishna pilgrimage
3498:A. W. Entwistle (1 January 1987).
3353:YACKLEY, AYLA JEAN (2 July 2020).
3154:
3117:
2928:from the original on 20 March 2018
2617:
2114:Church of Virgin Mary, became the
1958:The Church of Hagios Theodoros at
981:is a shrine in Jerusalem. Prophet
966:were suspended around the Kaʿaba.
873:and under historical Muslim rule.
14:
5367:
3865:
2637:Influence on Islamic architecture
2178:, ex St Mary's Church Cathedral,
2103:Saint Paul Cathedral, became the
2016:
1839:
1781:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1687:, was previously a church of Job.
1469:Chaldean Church of St. Joseph in
1185:(Kasımiye Mosque), the Church of
781:Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
5315:
5314:
5303:
4834:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
4082:Timeline of the history of Islam
3913:
3871:
3639:. Archaeological Survey of India
3617:K.D.L. Khan (2 September 2007).
3580:"The Legacy of Islam in Somnath"
3417:Truschke, Audrey (16 May 2017).
3030:. Harper Collins. pp. 3–5.
2751:Orlin, Eric (19 November 2015).
2582:Great Synagogue of Algiers, now
2511:
2457:
2393:
2321:
2281:
2229:
2062:Hagia Sophia Church in Trebizond
1761:state church of the Roman Empire
1408:, was built by the Visigoths in
1181:(Soğuksu Mosque), the Church of
869:and continued during subsequent
776:Islamization of the Sudan region
706:
646:
55:
5346:Mosques converted from churches
5175:List of ex-Muslim organisations
3846:
3821:
3796:
3770:
3744:
3711:
3686:
3571:
3544:
3518:
3474:Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth
3410:
3392:
3369:
3346:
3320:
3292:
3278:
3244:
3209:
3136:
3111:
3084:
3059:
3044:
3017:
2987:
2961:
2940:
2914:
2894:
2692:Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition
2571:
2011:Chora Church in Istanbul (2019)
1701:
1404:A Catholic church dedicated to
1087:Fethija Mosque in Bihać, Bosnia
1013:, it is commonly reported that
871:Islamic conquests and invasions
16:Conversion of places of worship
3619:"Ajmer's Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra"
3097:. Cambridge University Press.
3051:Tristram, Henry Baker (1865).
2947:Tristram, Henry Baker (1865).
2797:
2778:
2744:
2724:
2699:
2686:
1937:The Lips Monastery became the
1562:; converted to mosque in 1291.
1165:(Suluca or Murad Mosque), the
1041:Conversion of church buildings
806:Conversion to Islam in prisons
1:
3423:. Stanford University Press.
3197:. Brill Academic Publishers.
2732:"The Orthodox Eastern Church"
2679:
2588:Great Synagogue of Oran, now
2052:Hagia Sophia Church in Nicaea
1872:, became a mosque dubbed the
1436:After the Ottomans conquered
1283:(Fethiye Mosque) churches in
1137:Painting of the ruins of the
5160:Apostasy in Islam by country
5037:Liberalism and progressivism
3725:(in French). 27 April 2016.
3447:Architecture of Mughal India
2876:. Avalon Travel Publishing.
2840:Guia, Aitana (1 July 2014).
2627:, built in 1844, became the
1789:Constantinople was conquered
1448:Middle East and North Africa
1227:The Church of Saint John in
1159:Church of the Acheiropoietos
1019:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
969:
865:occurred during the life of
786:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
7:
2787:Palestine Under the Moslems
2645:
2595:
2186:Conversion of Hindu temples
2044:
1848:Church of the Holy Apostles
1696:
1522:The Herodian shrine of the
1510:Tombs of Nathan and Gad in
1353:, initially a Mausoleum of
1349:The Rotunda of Galerius in
1197:(İki Şerefiye Mosque), the
1175:Church of Saint Panteleimon
910:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
736:Islamic missionary activity
230:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
5372:
5087:
3578:Shokoohy, Mehrdad (2012).
3000:. Routledge. p. 135.
2673:List of destroyed heritage
2576:
2491:in the late 12th century.
1994:became the Fethiye Mosque.
1978:Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque
1913:became the İmrahor Mosque.
1566:
1545:
1431:
1387:Church of Our Lady of Buda
1365:
1191:Church of Panagia Chalkeon
1173:(Yakup Pasha Mosque), the
1119:Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
1058:church of Saint Nicholas (
1050:
933:and Mecca (referred to as
5298:
5183:
5150:
5100:
5096:
5082:
5009:
4976:
4948:Geography and cartography
4923:
4870:
4866:
4850:
4676:
4598:
4545:
4494:
4490:
4466:
4336:
4218:
4178:
4061:
4013:
3937:
3933:
3922:
3782:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3596:10.1017/S0041977X12000493
2668:Islam and other religions
2600:
2590:Abdellah Ben Salem Mosque
2249:
2085:was a Byzantine church. (
1918:Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque
1906:became the Kariye Mosque.
1890:Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque
1883:Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque
1858:was erected in its place.
1722:
1691:
1214:Cathedral church of Veria
1171:Church of Saint Catherine
1151:Greek War of Independence
1128:
1108:Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
1098:
1045:
893:have been converted into
821:List of converts to Islam
746:Islamization of Jerusalem
741:Islamization of Palestine
5257:Islamic view of miracles
3215:Mamboury (1953), p. 221.
3162:"Great Mosque (Tangier)"
2785:Le Strange, Guy (1890).
2555:Conversion of synagogues
1613:), which was earlier, a
1579:
1442:Principality of Theodoro
1399:
1339:church of Saint Nicholas
1167:Church of Prophet Elijah
1068:The church of St Stephen
997:are both located on the
924:
891:Zoroastrian fire temples
796:Islamization in Pakistan
319:Medieval Islamic science
5022:Creationism (evolution)
3808:Jewish Cultural Quarter
3091:Pringle, Denys (1993).
2907:The Goths in the Crimea
2872:Armstrong, Ian (2013).
2565:Great Synagogue of Oran
2367:Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh
2220:Kashi Vishwanath Temple
2136:Hagia Sophia church in
2127:Fatih Mosque in Tirilye
2073:Fatih Mosque in Trabzon
1765:Eastern Orthodox Church
1624:Great Mosque of al-Nuri
1573:Grand Mosque of Tangier
1479:Palestinian territories
1452:
1406:Saint Vincent of Lérins
1279:(Ayasofya Mosque), and
1235:was built in its place.
1189:(Ayasofya Mosque), the
1179:Church of Holy Apostles
1177:(Ishakiye Mosque), the
1017:refused to pray in the
791:Islamization of Albania
5272:Persecution of Muslims
5170:List of former Muslims
4087:Succession to Muhammad
3876:Quotations related to
3857:. MacMillan Reference.
3637:"Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra"
3554:The Religions of India
3193:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3066:Goren, Shlomo (2016).
2902:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
2706:Amnon Shiloah (2001).
2568:
2363:
2038:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1659:Great Mosque of Aleppo
1640:Saint John the Baptist
1593:
1536:Tomb of Jesse and Ruth
1524:Cave of the Patriarchs
1506:Cave of the Patriarchs
1501:
1459:occupied Mosul in 2014
1412:; during the reign of
1362:
1327:was built on top of a
1264:(Khan Zade Mosque) in
1260:(Enderun Mosque), the
1240:Theotokos Kosmosoteira
1169:(Saraylı Mosque), the
1163:Church of Hosios David
1146:
1110:
1088:
1079:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1006:
329:Succession to Muhammad
33:
5066:Conversion to mosques
4933:Alchemy and chemistry
3551:Roshen Dalal (2010).
3027:A History of the Jews
2562:
2504:Rudra Mahalaya Temple
2362:
2024:
1964:Church-Mosque of Vefa
1911:Monastery of Stoudios
1811:were plastered over.
1587:
1552:Al-Omari Grand Mosque
1487:
1348:
1273:Brontochion Monastery
1136:
1106:
1086:
977:
929:Before Muhammad, the
756:Islamization of Egypt
751:Islamization of Syria
24:
4792:Ma malakat aymanukum
4367:Association football
3623:The Tribune Spectrum
2453:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
2313:Bindu Madhav Temple
1992:Pammakaristos Church
1763:and the seat of the
1645:Great Mosque of Hama
1009:Upon the capture of
956:idols were destroyed
914:Islamic architecture
761:Islamization of Iran
368:Association football
3404:Hürriyet Daily News
3333:The Armenian Weekly
2663:Christianized sites
1953:Kalenderhane Mosque
1875:Little Hagia Sophia
1560:Knights Hospitaller
1376:era of Ottoman rule
1258:Panagia tou Kastrou
1161:(Eski Mosque), the
1005:and its successors.
958:. The Black Stone (
951:Arabian tribal gods
920:Qur'anic holy sites
801:Conversion to Islam
694:Part of a series on
129:Profession of Faith
102:Day of Resurrection
5277:Quran and miracles
5191:Criticism of Islam
4905:Geometric patterns
4757:Gender segregation
4328:Non-denominational
3148:Dorling Kindersley
2874:Spain and Portugal
2730:Adrian Fortescue,
2607:Or Thora Synagogue
2569:
2374:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
2364:
2350:Atala Devi Temple
2157:Armenian Apostolic
2151:Khakhuli Monastery
2145:Parkhali Monastery
2039:
1946:Eski Imaret Mosque
1594:
1502:
1372:Kingdom of Hungary
1363:
1281:Panagia Hodegetria
1233:Aslan Pasha Mosque
1147:
1111:
1089:
1007:
34:
5328:
5327:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5262:Domestic violence
5252:Islamic terrorism
5247:Islamic extremism
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4632:Marriage contract
4462:
4461:
4422:Political aspects
4209:Story of Prophets
3978:Prophets of Islam
3484:978-0-14-343967-7
3457:978-0-521-26728-1
3232:on 5 January 2009
3104:978-0-521-39037-8
3037:978-0-06-091533-9
3007:978-1-134-28606-5
2997:Jewish Travellers
2552:
2551:
2485:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2479:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2272:Keshavdeva Temple
2176:Liberation Mosque
2166:Cathedral of Kars
2105:Tarsus Old Mosque
2094:New Friday Mosque
1999:Toklu Dede Mosque
1939:Fenari Isa Mosque
1618:temple of Jupiter
1463:liberated in 2017
1440:, the capital of
1380:Great Turkish War
1256:The gothic-style
1025:was built on the
960:al-Hajar-ul-Aswad
859:
858:
689:
688:
5363:
5318:
5317:
5310:Islam portal
5308:
5307:
5306:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5084:
5083:
4925:Medieval science
4868:
4867:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4509:Economic history
4492:
4491:
4468:
4467:
4454:Islam by country
4287:Bektashi Alevism
3935:
3934:
3926:Outline of Islam
3908:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
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3765:
3763:
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3737:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3548:
3542:
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3522:
3516:
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3495:
3489:
3488:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3380:. eurasianet.org
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3260:Grove Art Online
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3228:. Archived from
3222:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3158:
3152:
3151:
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3109:
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3057:
3056:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
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2958:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2883:978-1-61237031-6
2869:
2860:
2859:
2851:978-1-84519581-6
2837:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2748:
2742:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2584:Ben Farès Mosque
2515:
2461:
2448:Saraswati Temple
2415:Mahmud of Ghazni
2397:
2325:
2285:
2233:
2190:
2189:
2171:Cathedral of Ani
1813:Islamic features
1742:
1740:Sancta Sapientia
1724:
1607:John the Baptist
1540:Deir Al Arba'een
1314:Parthenon mosque
1294:(Bey Mosque) in
1183:Hagios Demetrios
1023:Dome of the Rock
1003:Solomon's Temple
979:Dome of the Rock
851:
844:
837:
710:
691:
690:
681:
674:
667:
653:Islam portal
651:
650:
649:
59:
36:
35:
30:Eastern Orthodox
5371:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5304:
5302:
5286:
5208:Cultural Muslim
5179:
5146:
5102:Other religions
5092:
5088:
5070:
5005:
4972:
4919:
4862:
4860:Islamic studies
4856:
4838:
4672:
4617:
4594:
4541:
4486:
4485:
4458:
4407:Moral teachings
4350:
4332:
4306:Nation of Islam
4267:Twelver Shi'ism
4214:
4180:Religious texts
4174:
4092:Early conquests
4075:
4057:
4009:
3929:
3918:
3912:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3784:. 20 March 2015
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3692:
3691:
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3672:10.2307/4127950
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3252:Magdalino, Paul
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3118:Sharon, Moshe.
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2978:
2976:
2973:Times of Israel
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2618:The Netherlands
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2574:
2557:
2541:(1410–1444) of
2438:Temple rebuilt
2423:Muzaffar Shah I
2419:Alauddin Khalji
2225:Gyanvapi Mosque
2214:Current Status
2188:
2159:
2142:
2047:
2019:
2014:
2006:Manastır Mosque
1842:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1582:
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1556:Beirut, Lebanon
1548:
1482:
1455:
1450:
1434:
1414:Abd al-Rahman I
1402:
1368:
1131:
1123:Northern Cyprus
1101:
1081:
1053:
1048:
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993:. The Dome and
972:
927:
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855:
826:
825:
731:Spread of Islam
718:
685:
647:
645:
638:
637:
582:Other religions
577:Arabic language
539:
529:
528:
457:Moral teachings
348:
334:
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324:Spread of Islam
269:
259:
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246:(jurisprudence)
228:Qisas al-Anbiya
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5184:Related topics
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4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4817:
4815:Sources of law
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4693:
4688:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Social welfare
4436:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4102:Historiography
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3943:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3867:
3866:External links
3864:
3861:
3860:
3845:
3820:
3795:
3769:
3743:
3710:
3685:
3666:(2): 144–163.
3650:
3628:
3609:
3570:
3563:
3543:
3517:
3510:
3490:
3483:
3463:
3456:
3436:
3429:
3409:
3391:
3368:
3345:
3319:
3308:. 10 July 2020
3291:
3277:
3254:; et al.
3243:
3217:
3208:
3178:
3153:
3135:
3128:
3110:
3103:
3083:
3077:978-1592644094
3076:
3058:
3043:
3036:
3016:
3006:
2986:
2960:
2939:
2913:
2893:
2882:
2861:
2850:
2829:
2807:
2796:
2789:. p. 10.
2777:
2763:
2743:
2723:
2716:
2698:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2412:
2407:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2387:Somnath Temple
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2319:
2317:Alamgir Mosque
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2080:
2069:
2059:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2018:
2017:Rest of Turkey
2015:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1866:
1859:
1843:
1841:
1840:Other churches
1838:
1837:
1836:
1815:– such as the
1757:Constantinople
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1681:Al-Shaykh Saad
1675:The mosque of
1673:
1656:
1642:
1621:
1599:Umayyad Mosque
1590:Umayyad Mosque
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1544:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1430:
1422:Christian rule
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1367:
1364:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1321:Fethiye Mosque
1317:
1310:Greek Orthodox
1299:
1288:
1269:
1254:
1247:
1236:
1225:
1222:Medrese Mosque
1210:
1130:
1127:
1100:
1097:
1093:Fethija Mosque
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1031:Al-Aqsa Mosque
995:Al-Aqsa Mosque
971:
968:
926:
923:
921:
918:
857:
856:
854:
853:
846:
839:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
703:
702:
696:
695:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
669:
661:
658:
657:
656:
655:
640:
639:
636:
635:
629:
628:
627:
626:
621:
611:
606:
605:
604:
599:
589:
584:
579:
573:
572:
571:
570:
565:
560:
552:
551:
546:
540:
537:Related topics
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
519:Social welfare
516:
511:
510:
509:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
413:
412:
407:
397:
396:
395:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
304:
297:
290:
282:
281:
276:
270:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
248:
239:
238:
232:
224:
216:
207:
206:
186:
178:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
137:
136:
131:
125:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
109:Predestination
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
90:Revealed Books
87:
81:
80:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5368:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5321:
5313:
5311:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Post-Islamism
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5120:Protestantism
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5081:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Ophthalmology
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:Death penalty
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:Other aspects
4675:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4481:Jurisprudence
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4220:Denominations
4217:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4005:Holiest sites
4003:
4001:
4000:Judgement Day
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3856:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3625:. Chandigarh.
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3564:9788184753967
3560:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3532:
3531:Varanasi Guru
3528:
3521:
3513:
3511:9789069800165
3507:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3430:9781503602595
3426:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3379:
3372:
3357:. politico.eu
3356:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:C.E. Bosworth
3182:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2822:. Routledge.
2821:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2766:
2764:9781134625598
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2740:0-9715986-1-4
2737:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2717:9780814329702
2713:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2605:
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2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2566:
2561:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:Mahmud Begada
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2388:
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2349:
2348:
2344:
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2327:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
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2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
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2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
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2191:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
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2152:
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2110:
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2057:
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2050:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:Odalar Mosque
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:Kefeli Mosque
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:Bodrum Mosque
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:Zeyrek Mosque
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:under Sultan
1794:
1793:Ottoman Turks
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1735:Sancta Sophia
1732:
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1720:
1716:
1713:
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1709:
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1248:
1245:
1242:monastery in
1241:
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1116:
1109:
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1085:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1056:The Catholic
1055:
1054:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
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1012:
1004:
1000:
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992:
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936:
932:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:Hindu temples
872:
868:
864:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
832:
830:
829:
822:
819:
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749:
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742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
717:Islamizations
714:
713:
709:
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682:
677:
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492:Proselytizing
490:
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411:
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403:
402:
401:
400:Denominations
398:
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68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
31:
27:
23:
19:
5235:Islamophobia
5110:Christianity
5065:
5058:
4991:Contemporary
4885:Architecture
4824:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4724:
4717:
4683:
4665:
4660:Nikah mut'ah
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4587:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4426:
4207:
4131:
4113:
4106:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:Five Pillars
3992:
3958:
3947:God in Islam
3924:
3880:at Wikiquote
3854:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3832:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3807:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3781:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3758:. 6 May 2016
3755:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3722:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3631:
3622:
3612:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3553:
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3530:
3520:
3500:
3493:
3473:
3466:
3446:
3439:
3419:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3332:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3303:
3294:
3280:
3268:. Retrieved
3259:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3230:the original
3220:
3211:
3191:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3165:
3156:
3143:
3138:
3119:
3113:
3093:
3086:
3067:
3061:
3052:
3046:
3026:
3019:
3011:
2996:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2916:
2906:
2896:
2887:
2873:
2855:
2841:
2823:
2819:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2753:
2746:
2731:
2726:
2707:
2701:
2688:
2640:
2572:North Africa
2539:Ahmed Shah I
2533:Ahmad Shah I
2508:Jami Mosque
2354:Atala Mosque
2196:Mosque Name
2193:Temple Name
2160:
2116:Kesik Minare
2083:Nakip Mosque
2040:
1904:Chora Church
1873:
1856:Fatih Mosque
1785:Latin Empire
1769:Patriarchate
1715:Hagia Sophia
1705:
1702:Hagia Sophia
1671:Saint Helena
1521:
1456:
1435:
1403:
1369:
1351:Thessaloniki
1292:Hagia Sophia
1277:Hagia Sophia
1207:Thessaloniki
1187:Hagia Sophia
1148:
1112:
1090:
1060:Shën Nikollë
1059:
1027:Temple Mount
1008:
1001:the site of
999:Temple Mount
928:
899:
879:Jain Temples
862:
860:
815:
726:Islamization
720:
700:Islamization
609:Islamophobia
388:Demographics
383:Circumcision
299:
292:
285:
251:
243:
227:
219:
211:
200:
194:
188:
181:
26:Hagia Sophia
18:
5010:Other areas
5001:Theological
4996:Eschatology
4953:Mathematics
4890:Calligraphy
4820:Theological
4774:Inheritance
4691:Cleanliness
4121:Shi'a Imams
4115:Ahl al-Bayt
3804:"The Hague"
3270:28 February
3236:13 February
3171:31 December
2696:, "Ka'bah."
2629:Aqsa Mosque
2277:Shahi Edgah
1962:became the
1932:Arap Mosque
1870:Justinian I
1852:Jama masjid
1829:secularised
1823:, and four
1801:iconostasis
1787:. In 1453,
1727:Holy Wisdom
1667:Hellenistic
1615:Roman Pagan
1477:Israel and
1471:Mosul, Iraq
1418:Reconquista
624:Laws of war
287:Ahl al-Bayt
172:Foundations
5335:Categories
5165:Ex-Muslims
5060:Shu'ubiyya
5054:Psychology
5042:Literature
5032:Inventions
4978:Philosophy
4786:Leadership
4762:Honorifics
4417:Philosophy
4272:Isma'ilism
4237:Maturidism
4126:Caliphates
4097:Golden Age
3988:Revelation
3838:22 January
3813:22 January
3788:22 January
3762:22 January
3736:22 January
3703:22 January
3643:22 January
3590:(2): 305.
3384:2 December
3129:9004250972
3070:. Maggid.
2680:References
2543:Muzaffarid
2153:in Erzurum
2029:church in
1897:Gül Mosque
1751:) was the
1723:Ἁγία Σοφία
1717:(from the
1488:After the
1195:Taxiarches
887:synagogues
477:Philosophy
214:(exegesis)
151:Pilgrimage
141:Almsgiving
5282:Symbolism
5240:Incidents
5218:Criticism
5115:Mormonism
5017:Astrology
4943:Cosmology
4938:Astronomy
4880:Arabesque
4747:Etiquette
4706:Blasphemy
4496:Economics
4311:Ahmadiyya
4245:Mu'tazili
4233:Ash'arism
3833:Religiana
3731:0242-6056
3338:7 January
3226:"Archnet"
3203:1573-3912
2625:The Hague
2611:Marseille
2493:Iltutmish
2469:Rajasthan
2431:Aurangzeb
2303:Aurangzeb
2261:zamindars
2257:Aurangzeb
2251:Aurangzeb
2180:Gaziantep
2147:in Artvin
2035:Byzantine
1797:Mehmed II
1753:cathedral
1653:Byzantine
1329:Byzantine
1302:Parthenon
1139:Parthenon
1011:Jerusalem
970:Jerusalem
902:Parthenon
597:terrorism
549:Criticism
502:Sexuality
472:Mysticism
442:Festivals
422:Education
417:Economics
353:Academics
309:Caliphate
122:Practices
5320:Category
5213:Islamism
5196:Muhammad
5152:Apostasy
5127:Hinduism
5027:Feminism
4958:Medicine
4798:Military
4752:Gambling
4701:Apostasy
4696:Criminal
4608:Marriage
4577:Tayammum
4529:Murabaha
4402:Madrasas
4392:Holidays
4382:Clothing
4377:Children
4372:Calendar
4323:Quranism
4277:Alawites
4241:Atharism
4132:Rashidun
3971:In Islam
3966:Muhammad
3756:BBC News
3723:La Croix
3604:23259581
3536:31 March
3264:Archived
2932:20 March
2926:Archived
2904:(1936).
2646:See also
2519:Siddhpur
2329:Varanasi
2237:Varanasi
2205:Country
2045:Orthodox
1825:minarets
1773:Istanbul
1749:Ayasofya
1697:Istanbul
1636:El-Gabal
1603:Damascus
1498:Herodian
1490:conquest
1359:Galerius
1357:Emperor
1332:basilica
1229:Ioannina
1203:Galerius
1141:and the
1115:Catholic
1035:Umayyads
983:Muhammad
943:Muhammad
883:churches
867:Muhammad
633:Glossary
619:Jihadism
592:Violence
587:Islamism
558:Muhammad
544:Apostasy
487:Politics
437:Feminism
432:Exorcism
393:Diaspora
378:Children
373:Calendar
301:Rashidun
279:Muhammad
274:Timeline
235:Mathnawi
97:Prophets
41:a series
39:Part of
5267:Nursing
5228:Qutbism
5142:Sikhism
5137:Judaism
5132:Jainism
4968:Physics
4915:Pottery
4900:Gardens
4895:Carpets
4810:Slavery
4732:Divorce
4719:Dhabiĥa
4547:Hygiene
4522:Takaful
4504:Banking
4434:Science
4428:Qurbani
4397:Mosques
4357:Animals
4346:Culture
4294:Zaydism
4282:Alevism
4168:Ottoman
4158:Almohad
4153:Fatimid
4148:Córdoba
4143:Abbasid
4138:Umayyad
4071:Leaders
4066:History
4024:Shahada
3939:Beliefs
3680:4127950
3312:10 July
3166:Archnet
3144:Morocco
2979:20 July
2857:church.
2792:raised.
2577:Algeria
2523:Gujarat
2498:Mosque
2405:Gujarat
2401:Veraval
2381:Mosque
2345:Mosque
2289:Mathura
2199:Images
2131:Tirilye
2120:Antalya
2098:Trabzon
2087:Trabzon
2077:Trabzon
2066:Trabzon
2037:church.
1833:Erdoğan
1809:mosaics
1791:by the
1759:in the
1745:Turkish
1665:of the
1649:Jupiter
1632:sun god
1567:Morocco
1546:Lebanon
1512:Halhoul
1432:Ukraine
1410:Córdoba
1366:Hungary
1285:Laconia
1199:Rotonda
1143:Ottoman
1072:Shkodër
1051:Albania
1033:by the
987:Abraham
947:Quraysh
937:in the
895:mosques
514:Slavery
497:Science
452:Madrasa
447:Finance
358:Animals
346:society
342:Culture
314:Imamate
294:Sahabah
267:History
237:(Poems)
222:(creed)
146:Fasting
74:Oneness
67:Beliefs
5089:
5047:poetry
4857:
4742:Ethics
4726:Dhimmi
4685:Baligh
4646:Mahram
4603:Family
4583:Toilet
4563:Miswak
4316:Lahori
4257:Salafi
4203:Seerah
4198:Tafsir
4193:Hadith
4163:Sokoto
4108:Sahaba
3983:Angels
3960:Tawhid
3917:topics
3729:
3698:Diarna
3678:
3602:
3561:
3508:
3481:
3454:
3427:
3361:2 July
3201:
3195:Online
3126:
3101:
3074:
3034:
3004:
2880:
2848:
2761:
2738:
2714:
2694:CD-ROM
2601:France
2596:Europe
2370:India
2211:Notes
2208:Ruler
2109:Tarsus
2031:Cyprus
2027:Gothic
1821:minbar
1817:mihrab
1777:Turkey
1692:Turkey
1661:; the
1532:Israel
1528:Hebron
1494:Hebron
1438:Mangup
1325:Athens
1306:Athens
1275:, the
1266:Rhodes
1251:Patras
1129:Greece
1099:Cyprus
1046:Europe
935:Bakkah
906:Greece
889:, and
568:Hadith
482:Poetry
462:Mosque
427:Ethics
252:Sharia
220:Aqidah
212:Tafsir
196:Hadith
190:Sunnah
134:Prayer
85:Angels
5201:Quran
5091:Other
4986:Early
4910:Music
4826:Kalam
4780:Jizya
4768:Hudud
4653:Nikah
4570:Najis
4556:Ghusl
4515:Sukuk
4444:Women
4412:Music
4387:Flags
4301:Ibadi
4228:Sunni
4188:Quran
4045:Zakat
4031:Salah
3994:Qadar
3952:Allah
3915:Islam
3676:JSTOR
3600:JSTOR
2975:. AFP
2770:7 May
2528:India
2489:Delhi
2474:India
2465:Ajmer
2410:India
2338:India
2298:India
2246:India
2202:City
2056:İznik
1731:Latin
1719:Greek
1685:Syria
1663:agora
1611:Yahya
1580:Syria
1516:Yunus
1400:Spain
1355:Roman
1296:Drama
1244:Feres
1218:Veria
991:Isaac
939:Quran
931:Kaaba
925:Mecca
614:Jihad
563:Quran
524:Women
467:Music
405:Sunni
254:(law)
202:Sirah
183:Quran
167:Texts
49:Islam
28:, an
4872:Arts
4803:POWs
4737:Diet
4667:Zina
4639:Mahr
4625:Haya
4589:Wudu
4536:Riba
4449:LGBT
4341:Life
4262:Shia
4252:Sufi
4243:and
4052:Hajj
4038:Sawm
3840:2024
3815:2024
3790:2024
3764:2024
3738:2024
3727:ISSN
3705:2024
3645:2016
3559:ISBN
3538:2024
3506:ISBN
3479:ISBN
3452:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3386:2011
3363:2020
3340:2024
3314:2020
3272:2010
3238:2009
3199:ISSN
3173:2019
3124:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3002:ISBN
2981:2020
2934:2018
2878:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2772:2016
2759:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2563:The
2446:and
2444:Jain
2333:U.P.
2138:Enez
1997:The
1990:The
1960:Vefa
1909:The
1902:The
1846:The
1805:ambo
1628:Homs
1597:The
1588:The
1453:Iraq
1337:The
1319:The
1290:The
1271:The
1238:The
1212:The
1157:The
1091:The
1015:Umar
861:The
507:LGBT
410:Shia
344:and
244:Fiqh
4613:Sex
4476:Law
4362:Art
3668:doi
3592:doi
3305:BBC
2609:of
2487:of
1767:'s
1755:of
1737:or
1729:";
1725:, "
1679:in
1677:Job
1655:era
1626:in
1601:in
1554:in
1526:in
1492:of
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