303:
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246:, or evolved into one. The Sudeten German Party was "militant, populist, and openly hostile" to the Czechoslovakian government and soon captured two-thirds of the vote in districts with a heavy German population. By 1935, the SdP was the second largest political party in Czechoslovakia as German votes concentrated on this party while Czech and Slovak votes were spread among several parties.
174:. For a combination of economic and strategic reasons, the western border of the newly formed state maintained the historic boundary with Germany and included the predominantly German-speaking Sudetenland. As a result, Czechoslovakia contained a substantial German minority population of over 3 million. Czechs and Slovaks together numbered fewer than 9 million.
186:
there was a tendency among political leaders to transform the country "into an instrument of Czech and Slovak nationalism" and the
Sudeten Germans believed they were not granted enough rights as a minority group. Some progress was made to integrate the Germans and other minorities, but they continued to be under-represented in the government and the army.
341:. Ten days later, Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia, to begin not later than the 1 October. In the meantime, the British government demanded that Beneš request a mediator. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with Western Europe, Beneš reluctantly accepted. The British appointed
185:
and they did not suddenly want to be a minority in a state of Czechs and
Slovaks. The new constitution was worked out without them and they were not consulted about whether they wished to be citizens of Czechoslovakia. Although the constitution of Czechoslovakia guaranteed equality for all citizens,
348:
During August, the German press was full of stories alleging
Czechoslovak atrocities against the Sudeten Germans, with the intention of forcing the Western Powers into putting pressure on the Czechoslovaks to make concessions. Hitler hoped the Czechoslovaks would refuse and that the Western Powers
386:
under threat of war. The Czechs, Hitler claimed, were slaughtering the
Sudeten Germans. Chamberlain referred the demand to the British and French governments; both accepted. The Czechoslovak government resisted, arguing that Hitler's proposal would ruin the nation's economy and ultimately lead to
206:. German nationalist sentiment was strong in the Sudetenland from the early years of the republic and there was strong calls for autonomy and even union with Germany and Austria. The high unemployment, as well as the imposition of Czech in schools and all public spaces, made people more open to
258:
in March 1938, Hitler's attention turned to
Czechoslovakia. At a meeting with Henlein in Berlin on 28 March 1938, Hitler instructed the leader of the SdP to make unacceptable demands of the Czechoslovak government for political reforms. The aim was to maintain tension but to avoid reaching a
361:
On 12 September Hitler made a speech at a Nazi Party rally in
Nuremberg on the Sudeten crisis in which he condemned the actions of the government of Czechoslovakia. Hitler denounced Czechoslovakia as being a fraudulent state that was in violation of international law's emphasis of national
406:, France, and Britain. The Czechoslovak government capitulated on 30 September and agreed to abide by the agreement. The Munich Agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudeten territory to Germany. German occupation of the Sudetenland would be completed by 10 October.
333:. Chamberlain considered the Sudeten German grievances justified and believed Hitler's intentions were limited. Both Britain and France, therefore, advised Czechoslovakia to accede to Germany's demands. Beneš resisted and on 19 May initiated a partial
353:, granting nearly all the demands of the Munich Agreement. The Sudeten Germans were not intent on conciliation and were under instructions from Hitler to avoid a compromise, and after the SdP held demonstrations that provoked police action in
262:
On 24 April 1938, speaking at a meeting of the SdP held in
Carlsbad, Henlein issued a series of demands addressed to the Czechoslovak government. The list of demands - known as the Carlsbad Programme - consisted of the following eight points:
201:
more than the interior of the country which was mainly inhabited by Czech and Slovak populations. By 1936, 60 percent of the unemployed people in
Czechoslovakia were Germans. The Sudeten Germans were represented by parties from across the
349:
would then feel morally justified in leaving the
Czechoslovaks to their fate. In August, Germany sent 750,000 soldiers along the border of Czechoslovakia officially as part of army maneuvers. On 4 or 5 September Beneš submitted the
241:
after these parties were outlawed. The party represented many of the German nationalist positions, which approximated to those of Nazi
Germany. Historians differ as to whether the SdP was from its beginning a Nazi
357:
on 7 September in which two of their parliamentary deputies were arrested, the Sudeten Germans used this incident and false allegations of other atrocities as an excuse to break off further negotiations.
369:
On 13 September, after internal violence and disruption in Czechoslovakia ensued, Chamberlain asked Hitler for a personal meeting to find a solution to avert a war. The two met at Hitler's residence in
366:
and accused President Beneš of seeking to gradually exterminate the Sudeten Germans. Hitler stated that he would support the right of the self-determination of fellow Germans in the Sudetenland.
382:
did the same. No Czechoslovak representative was invited to these discussions. On the same day, Hitler met with Chamberlain and demanded the swift takeover of the Sudetenland by the
325:
had shown, the governments of both France and Britain were intent on avoiding war. The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from Britain's
234:
146:
Districts in Czechoslovakia with an ethnic German population of 20% or more (pink), 50% or more (red), and 80 % or more (dark red) according to the census of 1930.
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The Czechoslovak government rejected Henlein's demands believing that the full implementation of the Carlsbad Programme would result in the unacceptable creation of a
390:
With no end in sight to the dispute, Chamberlain appealed to Hitler for a conference. On 28 September, Hitler met with the chiefs of governments of France,
318:
political system within part of the territory of a democratic state. But the government expressed a willingness to address some of the issues raised.
342:
817:
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Noakes, J.; Pridham, G. (2010) . Nazism 1919–1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination. 2 (2nd ed.). Devon: University of Exeter Press.
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126:. Under pressure from its allies, Britain and France, the Czechoslovak government reluctantly accepted the demands. But the SdP, instructed by
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German control of all of Czechoslovakia. The United Kingdom and France issued an ultimatum and on 21 September, Czechoslovakia capitulated.
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in response to possible German invasion. On 20 May, Hitler presented his generals with a draft plan of attack on Czechoslovakia codenamed
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Establishment of full self-government for the German settlement area in all aspects of public life concerning the German population.
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the highly industrialized and export-oriented regions populated by the German minority, together with other peripheral regions of
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on 24 April 1938.The programme demanded full autonomy for the mainly German-inhabited areas of Czechoslovakia, known as the
420:
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Elimination of injustices inflicted upon the Sudeten Germans since 1918 and compensation for the damage caused to them.
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did not want to belong to a Czechoslovak state after the First World War, because they were used to being part of the
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700:
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Recognition of the Sudeten Germans as a legal personality in order to maintain their equal status within the state.
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Adolf Hitler, Max Domarus. The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2007.
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Recognition and realisation of the principle: Only German public officials within the German settlement area.
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not to reach a settlement with the Czechoslovak authorities, broke off negotiations, thus precipitating the
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Encyclopedia of German History. Events, institutions, persons. From the beginning to the capitulation 1945
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The Shaping of the Czechoslovak State: Diplomatic History of the Boundaries of Czechoslovakia, 1914–1920
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Creation of legal protection for citizens living outside the settlement area of their nationality.
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Demand for autonomy of the mainly German-inhabited border regions of Czechoslovakia known as the
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322:
255:
238:
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Czechs and Germans: A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia
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The Sudeten Problem, 1933-1938: Volkstumspolitik and the Formulation of Nazi Foreign Policy
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and instructed him to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans.
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The Sudeten German Party (SdP) was formed in 1933 by Konrad Henlein with the merger of the
223:
115:
8:
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Czechoslovakia Before Munich: The German Minority Problem and British Appeasement Policy
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Gilbert, Martin; Gott, Richard (1967). The Appeasers. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
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Czechoslovakia Before Munich: The German Minority Problem and British Appeasement Policy
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398:. The Czechoslovak government was neither invited nor consulted. On 29 September, the
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KárnĂk, ZdenÄ›k. ÄŚeskĂ© zemÄ› v Ă©Ĺ™e prvnĂ republiky (1918–1938). DĂl 2. Praha 2002.
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Bell, P. M. H. (1986). The Second World War in Europe. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
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Statistický lexikon obcà v Republice československé II. Země moravskoslezská
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Definition and recognition of the German settlement area within the state.
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resolution of the issues until Hitler was ready to intervene directly.
106:) was an eight-point series of demands, addressed to the government of
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Full freedom to profess German nationality and the German world view.
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Establishment of full equality of status between Czech and Germans.
222:. In these years, the parties of German nationalists and later the
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of the Sudetenland; three days later, French Prime Minister
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German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
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with its radical demands gained immense popularity among
594:
Henlein's report on meeting with Hitler, 28 March 1938,
577:. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 1999.
16:Political demands by Sudeten German Party in 1938
794:
695:. New York, New York, USA: Enigma Books, 2008.
310:on the steps of the Berghof, 15 September 1938
609:Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945
596:Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945
488:Statistická pĹ™ĂruÄŤka ÄŚeskoslovenskĂ© republiky
757:
490:, Prague, 1928, III, p. 275. Census of 1921.
693:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
306:Adolf Hitler greets British Prime Minister
162:emerged on the territory of the modern-day
782:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
611:, Series D, vol. 2, London, 1950, no. 135.
598:, Series D, vol. 2, London, 1950, no. 107.
758:Behnen, Michael; Taddey, Gerhard (1998).
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525:Vaughan, David (12 February 2002).
421:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
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762:. Vol. 3. Kröner, Stuttgart.
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510:, New Haven: Yale University Press
374:on 15 September and agreed to the
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823:World War II occupied territories
691:Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller.
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210:and extremist movements such as
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118:(SdP), at a party gathering in
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431:Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
329:government of Prime Minister
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478:, Leiden, 1962, pp. 125–36.
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224:Sudeten German Party (SdP)
740:, 2nd edn., London, 1967.
228:Germans in Czechoslovakia
150:Following the end of the
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154:and the collapse of the
828:1930s in Czechoslovakia
527:"HITLER'S FIFTH COLUMN"
506:Douglas, R. M. (2012),
402:was signed by Germany,
156:Austro-Hungarian Empire
120:Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary)
39:Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary)
808:1938 in Czechoslovakia
736:Wiskemann, Elizabeth,
713:Third Axis Fourth Ally
575:The History of Germany
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250:Declaration of demands
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323:appeasement of Hitler
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256:annexation of Austria
239:German National Party
160:Czechoslovak Republic
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116:Sudeten German Party
114:, the leader of the
754:, Folkestone, 1975.
461:, Prague, 1934 and
331:Neville Chamberlain
308:Neville Chamberlain
199:economic depression
197:, were hurt by the
104:Karlsbader Programm
96:KarlovarskĂ˝ program
88:KarlovarskĂ˝ program
80:Carlsbad Programme
747:, Cambridge, 1973.
508:Orderly and Humane
364:self-determination
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267:Carlsbad Programme
244:front organization
204:political spectrum
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573:Eleanor L. Turk.
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447:References
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298:Aftermath
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