Populism - Knowledge

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ideology; it is just a way to present ideas through both rhetorical and aesthetic aspects. In addition, populism as a political style means that populism no longer has to be conceptualized as a binary category but can instead be conceptualized as a gradational concept. This means that populist actors can, depending on the time, be more or less populist. However, this means that there has to be an opposite political style to populism. Moffitt notes that the opposing political style to populism is a technocratic political style. In contrast with appeal to ‘the people’ vs. ‘the elite’, ‘bad manners’, and the exigence of a crisis, breakdown threat, the technocratic political style emphasizes appeal to expertise, ‘good manners’, and stability and progress. This distinction between these two political styles allows political actors to be plotted on a scale rather than being seen as populist or not. It also allows for the scale to be adjusted in relation to different political elections in different years due to the fact that populists might not always utilize the populist political style to the same extent as they did in years prior.

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stretching from the domain of government through to everyday life.” This definition acknowledges that populism includes both rhetorical aspects such as gestures and body language, spoken language, argumentation while also acknowledging that populism includes aesthetic aspects such as fashion, self-presentation, images, and designs. This definition also acknowledges that political performances are constructed. Moffitt argues that an ideational approach doesn’t include the emphasis of performative elements while political style does. In addition, populism cannot be considered an ideology because it doesn’t consist of specific ideas or ideals related to economic or political theory and policy. Populism as a political style is only concerned with the way that political ideas are presented and preformed. According to Moffitt, this is why populism can appear across a number of different ideological spectrums on the left and right. Populism has no political ideology; it is only a political style.

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of democracy. Populists often present themselves as "true democrats". It could be argued that populism is democratic as it allows voters to remove governments they do not approve via the ballot box because voting is an essential value for a state to be considered a democracy. Albertazzi and McDonnell stated that populism and democracy were "inextricably linked", the political scientist Manuel Anselmi described populism as being "deeply connected with democracy", and March suggested that populism represented a "critique of democracy, not an alternative to it". Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser write that "In a world that is dominated by democracy and liberalism, populism has essentially become an illiberal democratic response to undemocratic liberalism." Adamidis argues that the effect of populism on democracy can be measured by reference to its impact on the democratic legal systems and, in particular, to the changes it effects on their rule of recognition.

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but is only one of the features of populism as a political style. The second feature of populism as a political style is the use of ‘bad manners’. ‘Bad manners’ consists of, “slang, swearing, political incorrectness, and being over demonstrative and ‘colorful’, as opposed to the ‘high’ behaviors of rigidness, rationality, composure and use of technocratic language.” The third feature of populism as a political style is crisis, breakdown, or threat. This is the exigence that populists use. Moffitt writes that, “Crises are often related to the breakdown between citizens and their representatives, but can also be related to immigration, economic difficulties, perceived injustice, military threat, social change or other issues.” This performance relates to a distrust of deliberation, negotiation, consultations, reviews, reports, and the complicated nature of designing policy solutions.

4089: 3507: 3282:(courting the people) Senators in Ancient Rome, the first political movements emerged during the late nineteenth century. However, some of the movements that have been portrayed as progenitors of modern populism did not develop a truly populist ideology. It was only with the coming of Boulangism in France and the American People's Party, which was also known as the Populist Party, that the foundational forms of populism can fully be discerned. In particular, it was during this era that terms such as "people" and "popular sovereignty" became a major part of the vocabulary of insurgent political movements that courted mass support among an expanding electorate by claiming that they uniquely embodied their interests 1720:"the people" in a much stricter sense, generally being focused on a particular sociocultural group and antagonistic against minority groups. However, this is not exactly a pure dichotomy—exclusive populists can still give voice to those who feel marginalised by the political status quo and include minorities if it is advantageous, while inclusive populists can vary significantly in how inclusive they actually are. In addition, all populisms are implicitly exclusionary, since they define "the people" against "the elite", thus some scholars argue that the difference between populisms is not whether a particular populism excludes but whom it excludes from its conception of "the people". 1666:

criteria of inclusion or exclusion" at any given time. In employing the concept of "the people", populists can encourage a sense of shared identity among different groups within a society and facilitate their mobilisation toward a common cause. One of the ways that populists employ the understanding of "the people" is in the idea that "the people are sovereign", that in a democratic state governmental decisions should rest with the population and that if they are ignored then they might mobilise or revolt. This is the sense of "the people" employed in the late 19th century United States by the People's Party and which has also been used by later populist movements in that country.

1644:, by the early 21st century left-wing populists were presenting themselves as the "voice of the people" more widely. On the political right, populism is often combined with nationalism, with "the people" and "the nation" becoming fairly interchangeable categories in their discourse, or combined with religion where "the people" are identified based on religion. Some political scientists have also argued that populism can be divided into left-wing inclusionary and right-wing exclusionary forms, though some argue against a dichotomy between inclusionary and exclusionary forms, such as right-wing populists welcoming culturally proximate migrants with transnational solidarity. 3917: 2548: 2841: 2047:

gender, ethnicity, economic status, or political party membership—and should instead be distributed. Pluralists encourage governance through compromise and consensus in order to reflect the interests of as many of these groups as possible. Unlike populists, pluralists do not believe that such a thing as a "general will" exists. Some politicians do not seek to demonise a social elite; for many conservatives for example, the social elite are regarded as the bulwark of the traditional social order, while for some liberals, the social elite are perceived as an enlightened legislative and administrative cadre.

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people, or that it takes shape socially as an ideology. These assumptions can be counter-productive to the study of populism which has arguably become excessively conceptually deductive. Still, this does not mean we cannot come to a more minimal, formal definition of what populism is that can consensually group scholars and open up research to a broader scope, as indicated by Stavrakakis and De Cleen in defining populism as a type of discourse ‘characterized by a people/elite distinction and the claim to speak in the name of "the people."’

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farmers' radicalism, peasant movements, and intellectual agrarian socialism. The other four were forms of "political populism", representing populist dictatorship, populist democracy, reactionary populism, and politicians' populism. She noted that these were "analytical constructs" and that "real-life examples may well overlap several categories", adding that no single political movement fitted into all seven categories. In this way, Canovan conceived of populism as a family of related concepts rather than as a single concept in itself.

1943:. An example of this populist understanding of the general will can be seen in Chávez's 2007 inaugural address, when he stated that "All individuals are subject to error and seduction, but not the people, which possesses to an eminent degree of consciousness of its own good and the measure of its independence. Because of that its judgement is pure, its will is strong, and none can corrupt or even threaten it." For populists, the general will of "the people" is something that should take precedence over the preferences of "the elite". 1501:

wherever the possibility occurs for the emergence of such a dichotomy". The political scientist Manuel Anselmi proposed that populism be defined as featuring a "homogeneous community-people" which "perceives itself as the absolute holder of popular sovereignty" and "expresses an anti-establishment attitude." This understanding conceives of populism as a discourse, ideology, or worldview. These definitions were initially employed largely in Western Europe, although later became increasingly popular in Eastern Europe and the Americas.

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defined, but it can be based along class, ethnic, or national lines. Populists typically present "the elite" as comprising the political, economic, cultural, and media establishment, depicted as a homogeneous entity and accused of placing their own interests, and often the interests of other groups—such as large corporations, foreign countries, or immigrants—above the interests of "the people". According to the ideational approach, populism is often combined with other ideologies, such as nationalism, liberalism,

2920: 1228:, to describe politicians who present overly simplistic answers to complex questions in a highly emotional manner, or with political opportunism, to characterise politicians who exploit problems and seek to please voters without rational consideration as to the best course of action. Some scholars have linked populist policies to adverse economic outcomes, as "economic disintegration, decreasing macroeconomic stability, and the erosion of institutions typically go hand in hand with populist rule." 2628:, Thaksin Shinawatra, or Berlusconi, it can be difficult to present themselves as being outside the elite, however this is achieved by portraying themselves as being apart from the political, if not the economic elite, and portraying themselves as reluctant politicians. Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser noted that "in reality, most populist leaders are very much part of the national elite", typically being highly educated, upper-middle class, middle-aged males from the majority ethnicity. 3368: 2184:

bottom-up explanations, while supply-side explanations, in focusing on political actors and institutions, can be seen as top-down explanations. Various demand-side factors have been claimed to make it more likely that individuals will support populist ideas. Economists and political economists often emphasize the importance of economic concerns while political scientists and sociologists often emphasize sociocultural concerns in their analysis of demand-side factors.

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proven controversial in the literature, the persistence with which it has recurred suggests the existence at least of an ineliminable core: that is, that it refers to a distinct pattern of ideas." Political scientist David Art argues that the concept of populism brings together disparate phenomena in an unhelpful manner, and ultimately obscures and legitimizes figures who are more comprehensively defined as nativists and authoritarians.

3543: 1823: 1402:, the participants of which failed to agree on a clear, single definition. As a result of this scholarly interest, an academic field known as "populism studies" emerged. Interest in the subject grew rapidly: between 1950 and 1960 about 160 publications on populism appeared, while between 1990 and 2000 that number was over 1500. From 2000 to 2015, about 95 papers and books including the term "populism" were catalogued each year by 2338:

this view, citizens turn to populism when governments do not respond effectively to the challenges they and their citizens face. Research supports the idea that populism is more likely to thrive when mainstream parties on the center-left and center-right do not address important contemporary issues and do not offer clear alternatives to voters. Coalitions that blur distinctions on positions are also likely to increase populism.

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criticised the Italian judiciary for defending the rights of communists. In countries like Hungary, Ecuador, and Venezuela, populist governments have curtailed the independent media. Minorities have often suffered as a result. In Europe in particular, ethnic minorities have had their rights undermined by populism, while in Latin America it is political opposition groups who have been undermined by populist governments.

2666: 2153:. Another use of the term in popular discourse is to describe opportunistic policies designed to quickly please voters rather than deciding a more rational course of action. Examples of this would include a governing political party lowering taxes before an election or promising to provide things to the electorate which the state cannot afford to pay for. Mudde suggested that this phenomenon is better described as 1716:

good. For populists, the way of life of "the people" is presented as being rooted in history and tradition and regarded as being conducive to public good. Although populist leaders often present themselves as representatives of "the people", they often come from elite strata in society; examples like Berlusconi, Fortuyn, and Haider were all well-connected to their country's political and economic elites.

1975:. This approach regards representative governance as an aristocratic and elitist system in which a country's citizens are regarded as passive entities. Rather than choosing laws for themselves, these citizens are only mobilised for elections in which their only option is to select their representatives rather than taking a more direct role in legislation and governance. Populists often favour the use of 2080:

class antagonisms arising between different classes, although he later altered his perspective to claim that populist discourses could arise from any part of the socio-institutional structure. For Laclau, socialism was "the highest form of populism". His understandings of the topic derived in large part from his focus on politics in Latin America. This definition is popular among critics of

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areas of the United States in the early twentieth century increased support for populist parties and positions. It has been claimed that while traditional media, acting as so-called 'gatekeepers', filter the messages that they broadcast through journalistic norms, social media permits a 'direct linkage' from political actors to potential audiences. It has been claimed that the use of

2819:. This is because such systems give advantage to charismatic populist leaders, especially when institutionalized parties are weak. This is especially the case in two-round systems, because outsiders who might not win most votes in the first round of voting might be able to do so when faced against a mainstream candidate in the second round. This has been claimed to be evident in the 2414:

ownership of the issue with the new party and allows them to attract any voters who see the issue as important. In an adversarial response, a mainstream party directly engages over an issue, emphasizing their opposition to the new party's position. This increases the issue's visibility, makes it a focus of ongoing political debate, and can reinforce the new party's ownership of it.

2644:(ANC) youth league until he was expelled, at which he launched his own populist movement. Only a few populist leaders are "insiders", individuals who have held leading roles in government prior to portraying themselves as populists. One example is Thaksin Shinawatra, who was twice deputy prime minister of Thailand before launching his own populist political party; another is 3925:

region with a long tradition of democratic governance and free elections, but with high rates of socio-economic inequality, generating widespread resentments that politicians can articulate through populism. March instead thought that it was the important role of "catch-all parties and prominent personalities" in Latin American politics which had made populism more common.

1987:. For this reason, Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser suggested that "it can be argued that an elective affinity exists between populism and direct democracy", although Stanley cautioned that "support for direct democracy is not an essential attribute of populism." Populist notions of the "general will" and its links with populist leaders are usually based on the idea of " 1332:. The political scientists Yves Mény and Yves Surel noted that "populism" had become "a catchword, particularly in the media, to designate the newborn political or social movements which challenge the entrenched values, rules and institutions of democratic orthodoxy." Typically, the term is used against others, often in a pejorative sense to discredit opponents. 2580:

themselves as people of action rather than people of words, talking of the need for "bold action" and "common sense solutions" to issues which they call "crises". Male populist leaders often express themselves using simple and sometimes vulgar language in an attempt to present themselves as "the common man" or "one of the boys" to add to their populist appeal.

4061:, who professed to "take power out of the hands of our national bourgeoisie and their imperialist allies and put it in the hands of the people". Such military leaders claimed to represent "the voice of the people", utilised an anti-establishment discourse, and established participatory organisations through which to maintain links with the broader population. 2220:, or inequality. Another objection for economic reasons is due to the globalization that is taking place in the world today. In addition to criticism of the widening inequality caused by the elite, the widening inequality among the general public caused by the influx of immigrants and other factors due to globalization is also a target of populist criticism. 3364:

the middle class and intellectuals "going to the people", in some respects their agrarian populism was similar to that of the US People's Party, with both presenting small farmers (the peasantry in Europe) as the foundation of society and main source of societal morality. According to Eatwell, the narodniks "are often seen as the first populist movement".

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advocated by the new party, in hopes of retaining voters who care about the issue. This works best if adopted early, before a new party is heavily identified with an issue. If an issue is important, long-lived and of strong interest to its supporters, a mainstream party can benefit from quickly shifting its position to one closer to the new party.

4119:. However, populist approaches only became more popular in the Middle East during the early 21st century, by which point it became integral to much of the region's politics. Here, it became an increasingly common element of mainstream politics in established representative democracies, associated with longstanding leaders like Israel's 2704:. Populism and strongmen are not intrinsically connected, however; as stressed by Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, "only a minority of strongmen are populists and only a minority of populists is a strongman". Rather than being populists, many strongmen—such as Spain's Francisco Franco—were elitists who led authoritarian administrations. 2700:. In a number of cases, such as Argentina's Perón or Venezuela's Chávez, these leaders have military backgrounds which contribute to their strongman image. Other populist leaders have also evoked the strongman image without having a military background; these include Italy's Berlusconi, Slovakia's Mečiar, and Thailand's 1521:

with the latter being regarded not just as people who have "different priorities and values" but as being fundamentally "evil". In emphasising one's purity against the corruption and immorality of "the elite", from which "the people" must remain pure and untouched, populism prevents compromise between different groups.

1882:"elite", declaring that "We Indians are Latin America's moral reserve". In the Bolivian case, this was not accompanied by a racially exclusionary approach, but with an attempt to build a pan-ethnic coalition which included European Bolivians against the largely European Bolivian elite. In South Africa, the populist 1906:(EU), for instance, various populist groups allege that their national political elites put the interests of the EU itself over those of their own nation-states. Similarly, in Latin America populists often charge political elites with championing the interests of the United States over those of their own countries. 1768:

in an "adversarial relationship" with "the people". In defining "the elite", populists often condemn not only the political establishment, but also the economic elite, cultural elite, academic elite, and the media elite, which they present as one homogeneous, corrupt group. In early 21st century India, the populist

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populist growth; in a country like Germany, the mainstream media is for instant resolutely anti-populist, opposing populist groups whether left or right. Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser noted that there was an "odd love-hate relationship between populist media and politicians, sharing a discourse but not a struggle".

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parties ignore the issue or offer alternatives that are not aligned with voter opinions. They are also more likely to benefit from emphasizing social and cultural issues such as immigration and race, appealing to voters who are positioned economically towards the left-wing but hold socially conservative views.

2292:. According to this view, the spread of ideas and values through a society challenges accepted norms until society reaches a 'tipping point', which causes a reaction, in this case support for right-wing populism. Some theories limit this argument to being a reaction to just the increase of ethnic diversity from 3072:

frustrated with the dishonesty of established politicians who "claim full agency when things go well and almost full lack of agency when things go wrong". They also suggested that the appeal of populism could be reduced by wider civic education in the values of liberal democracy and the relevance of pluralism.

2264:. Populism offers a broad identity which gives sovereignty to the previously marginalized masses as "the people". However, empirical studies suggest that supporters of radical right-wing populism occur across the social spectrum, and are not more likely to appear in groups defined as "modernisation losers". 4228:

At the same time, politicians increasingly faced television interviews, exposing their flaws. News media had also taken to interviewing fewer accredited experts, and instead favouring interviewing individuals found on the street as to their views about current events. At the same time, mass media was

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in Venezuela and his regional allies used populism to achieve their dominance and later established authoritarian regimes when they were empowered. Such actions, Weyland argues, proves that populism is a strategy for winning and exerting state power and stands in tension with democracy and the values

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Another discursive strategy of mainstream parties dealing with populist actors is demonization. However, Schwörer and Fernández-García found that this practice is less common in Western Europe as usually assumed and that the center-right even refuses to harshly attack the populist radical right. In a

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and the elimination of systemic corruption were also important facets in preventing populist growth. They believed that mainstream politicians wishing to reduce the populist challenge should be more open about the restrictions of their power, noting that those who backed populist movements were often

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Even when not elected into office, populist parties can have an impact in shaping the national political agenda; in Western Europe, parties like the French National Front and Danish People's Party did not generally get more than 10 or 20% of the national vote, but mainstream parties shifted their own

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Populism is often associated with charismatic and dominant leaders, and the populist leader is, according to Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, "the quintessential form of populist mobilization". These individuals campaign and attract support on the basis of their own personal appeal. Their supporters then

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There are three forms of political mobilisation which populists have adopted: that of the populist leader, the populist political party, and the populist social movement. The reasons why voters are attracted to populists differ, but common catalysts for the rise of populists include dramatic economic

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Supply-side explanations focus on political actors and institutions and the ways in which governments may fail to respond to the changing conditions that affect citizens. Economic, social, and other structural trends are seen as being modified by institutions as they determine political outcomes. In

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Moffitt notes that populism as a political style has certain features which define it. The first of these features is ‘the People’ versus ‘the Elite’. Moffitt acknowledges that the “dichotomic division of society between ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’” is one of the most popular definitions of populism

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has presented black South Africans as the "people" whom he claims to represent, calling for the expropriation of land owned by the white minority without compensation. In areas like Europe where nation-states are more ethnically homogeneous, this ethnopopulist approach is rare given that the "people"

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Anti-elitism is widely considered the central characteristic feature of populism, although Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser argued that anti-elitism alone was not evidence of populism. Rather, according to Stanley, in populist discourse the "fundamental distinguishing feature" of "the elite" is that it is

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Left and right populists ... both regard representative democracy as being captivated by political elites and powerful interest groups. However, populists of the right tend to express envy for those low on the social ladder, identifying 'special interests' with ethnic or other minorities. Progressive

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Populists (claim to) speak in the name of the 'oppressed people', and they want to emancipate them by making them aware of their oppression. However, they do not want to change their values or their 'way of life.' This is fundamentally different from, for example, the (early) socialists, who want(ed)

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Populism is, according to Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, "a kind of mental map through which individuals analyse and comprehend political reality". Mudde noted that populism is "moralistic rather than programmatic". It encourages a binary world-view in which everyone is divided into "friends and foes",

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to become increasingly popular; although charismatic leadership is not the same as populist leadership, populists have been the main winners of this shift towards charismatic leadership. Peter Wilkins has argued that "The end of history and the post-Cold War extension and deepening of capitalism are

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Mudde argued that another reason for the growth of Western populism in this period was the improved education of the populace; since the 1960s, citizens have expected more from their politicians and felt increasingly competent to judge their actions. This in turn has led to an increasingly sceptical

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In trying to win over populist supporters, and perhaps even some elites, liberal democrats should avoid both simplistic solutions that pander to "the people" and elitist discourses that dismiss the moral and intellectual competence of ordinary citizens – both will only strengthen the populists. Most

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Populism is a flexible term as it can be seen to exist in both democracies as well as authoritarian regimes. There have been intense debates about the relationship between populism and democracy. Some regard populism as being an intrinsic danger to democracy; others regard it as the only "true" form

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Few populist social movements survive for more than a few years, with most examples, like the Occupy movement, petering out after their initial growth. In some cases, the social movement fades away as a strong leader emerges from within it and moves into electoral politics. An example of this can be

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Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser suggested that "true outsiders" to the political system are rare, although cited instances like Venezuela's Chávez and Peru's Fujimori. More common is that they are "insider-outsiders", strongly connected to the inner circles of government but not having ever been part of

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Canovan noted that populists often used "colourful and undiplomatic language" to distinguish themselves from the governing elite. In Africa, several populist leaders have distinguished themselves by speaking in indigenous languages rather than either French or English. Populist leaders often present

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The popular agency definition to populism uses the term in reference to a democratic way of life that is built on the popular engagement of the population in political activity. In this understanding, populism is usually perceived as a positive factor in the mobilisation of the populace to develop a

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Stanley noted that rather than being restricted purely to populists, appeals to "the people" had become "an unavoidable aspect of modern political practice", with elections and referendums predicated on the notion that "the people" decide the outcome. Thus, a critique of the ideational definition of

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Populism can also be subdivided into "inclusionary" and "exclusionary" forms, which differ in their conceptions of who "the people" are. Inclusionary populism tends to define "the people" more broadly, accepting and advocating for minority and marginalised groups, while exclusionary populism defines

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In this understanding, note Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, "populism always involves a critique of the establishment and an adulation of the common people", and according to Ben Stanley, populism itself is a product of "an antagonistic relationship" between "the people" and "the elite", and is "latent

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In North America, populism has often been characterised by regional mobilisation and loose organisation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, populist sentiments became widespread, particularly in the western provinces of Canada, and in the southwest and Great Plains regions of the United

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to prevent them from gaining political office Once populists are in political office in liberal democracies, the judiciary can play a key role in blocking some of their more illiberal policies, as has been the case in Slovakia and Poland. The mainstream media can play an important role in blocking

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Another form of mobilisation is through populist political parties. Populists are not generally opposed to political representation, but merely want their own representatives, those of "the people", in power. In various cases, non-populist political parties have transitioned into populist ones; the

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to bypass the mainstream media and directly approach their target audiences. In earlier periods, before radio, thought "mass media" newspapers tended to operate more like social media than modern newspapers, publishing local gossip and with little fact-checking; the expansion of newspapers to rural

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for instance stated: "I demand absolute loyalty to me. I am not an individual, I am the people." Populist leaders can also present themselves as the saviour of the people because of their perceived unique talents and vision, and in doing so can claim to be making personal sacrifices for the good of

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Similarly, a populist party with neo-fascist or antidemocratic roots may be able to increase its support by moderating its views to a milder form of its original position (e.g. from neofascist to xenophobic.) Right-wing populists are more effective in mobilizing voters around issues when mainstream

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Elitists share the populist binary division but reverse the associations. Whereas populists regard the elites as bad and the common people as good, elitists view "the people" as being vulgar, immoral, and dangerous and "the elites" as being morally, culturally, and intellectually superior. Elitists

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of an authentic people" and to cultivate the idea that they are the "genuine" representatives of "the people". In doing so they often emphasise their physical proximity to "the people" and their distance from "the elites". Sheri Berman notes that while populists often engage in democratic rhetoric,

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Populism often entails presenting "the people" as the underdog. Populists typically seek to reveal to "the people" how they are oppressed. In doing so, they do not seek to change "the people", but rather seek to preserve the latter's "way of life" as it presently exists, regarding it as a source of

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Adherents of the ideational definition have also drawn a distinction between left and right-wing populists. The latter are presented as juxtaposing "the people" against both "the elite" and an additional group who are also regarded as being separate from "the people" and whom "the elite" is seen to

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phenomenon. Nevertheless, the ideational school's approach to populism is problematic for the amount of substantive assumptions it imposes on how populism actually works as a discursive phenomenon, such as the idea that it is of a moral register, that vindications always refer to a homogeneous/pure

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The word "populism" has been contested, mistranslated and used in reference to a diverse variety of movements and beliefs. The political scientist Will Brett characterised it as "a classic example of a stretched concept, pulled out of shape by overuse and misuse", while the political scientist Paul

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Populism has been dominant in Latin American politics since the 1930s and 1940s, being far more prevalent there than in Europe. Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser noted that the region has the world's "most enduring and prevalent populist tradition". They suggested that this was the case because it was a

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and often known as "prairie populism". For these groups, "the people" were yeomen—small, independent farmers —while the "elite" were the bankers and politicians of the northeast. In some cases, populist activists called for alliances with labor (the first national platform of the National People's

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sentiment towards the European Union, albeit largely from a socialist and anti-austerity perspective rather than the nationalist perspective adopted by their right-wing counterparts. Populists have entered government in many countries across Europe, both in coalitions with other parties as well by

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government of representing "the condescending liberal elite". Hague repeatedly referring to it as "metropolitan", implying that it was out of touch with "the people", who in Conservative discourse are represented by "Middle England". Blair's government also employed populist rhetoric; in outlining

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party for instance campaigned on the slogan "Parties are for party members, Civic Forum is for everybody". Many populists in this region claimed that a "real" revolution had not occurred during the transition from Marxist–Leninist to liberal democratic governance in the early 1990s and that it was

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movement emerged, championing the cause of the empire's peasantry against the governing elites. The movement was unable to secure its objectives; however, it inspired other agrarian movements across eastern Europe in the early 20th century. Although the Russian movement was primarily a movement of

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in Venezuela. Populist mobilisation is not however always linked to a charismatic leadership. Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser suggested that populist personalist leadership was more common in countries with a presidential system rather than a parliamentary one because these allow for the election of a

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dissatisfaction, political disorder and even violence become more likely. Political institutions that do not respond to social and economic changes are likely to fail. Responsive political systems can adapt to more severe challenges than unresponsive ones. Huntington's ideas grew out of work on

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However, there is strong evidence from political scientists and political psychologists documenting the influence of group-based identity threats on voters. Those who identify as part of a group and perceive it as being under threat are likely to support political actors who promise to protect the

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There are multiple implications for populism being understood as a political style. The first implication that Moffitt points out is that populism as a political style allows people to understand why populism doesn’t adhere to the common left/right ideological spectrum. Populism is not a political

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as "a political strategy through which a personalist leader seeks or exercises government power based on direct, unmediated, uninstitutionalized support from large numbers of mostly unorganized followers". This is a definition of the term that is popular among scholars of non-Western societies. By

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who developed it, uses the term in reference to what proponents regard as an emancipatory force that is the essence of politics. In this concept of populism, it is believed to mobilise excluded sectors of society against dominant elites and changing the status quo. Laclau's initial emphasis was on

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Pluralism differs from both elitism and populism by rejecting any dualist framework, instead viewing society as a broad array of overlapping social groups, each with their own ideas and interests. Pluralists argue that political power should not be held by any single group—whether defined by their

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When operating in liberal democracies, populists often condemn dominant political parties as part of "the elite" but at the same time do not reject the party political system altogether, instead either calling for or claiming to be a new kind of party different from the others. Although condemning

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have differed, most of them have focused on the idea that it should reference some form of relationship between "the people" and "the elite", and that it entailed taking an anti-establishment stance. Beyond that, different scholars have emphasised different features that they wish to use to define

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for instance was often accused of populism and eventually responded by stating that "Populism precisely is taking into account the people's opinion. Have people the right, in a democracy, to hold an opinion? If that is the case, then yes, I am a populist." Similarly, on being founded in 2003, the

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The other theory is the cultural backlash thesis, in which Norris and Inglehart suggest that the rise of populism is a reaction from previously dominant sectors of the population, the white, uneducated, elderly men of today, who feel threatened and marginalised by the progressive values of modern

4254:

period, liberal democracies no longer had the one-party states of the Eastern Bloc against which to favourably compare themselves; citizens were therefore increasingly able to compare the realities of the liberal democratic system with theoretical models of democracy, and find the former wanting.

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After 1945 populism was largely absent from Europe, in part due to the domination of Marxism–Leninism in Eastern Europe and a desire to emphasise moderation among many West European political parties. However, over the coming decades, a number of right-wing populist parties emerged throughout the

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What Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser believed was ineffective was a full-frontal attack on the populists which presented "them" as "evil" or "foolish", for this strategy plays into the binary division that populists themselves employ. In their view, "the best way to deal with populism is to engage—as

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focus on a more restricted social identity or issue rather than identifying with "the people" more broadly. However, after the Great Recession of 2007 a number of populist social movements emerged, expressing public frustrations with national and international economic systems. These included the

2742:

Populist leaders often use the media in order to mobilize their support. In Latin America, there is a long tradition of using mass media as a way for charismatic leaders to directly communicate with the poorly educated masses, first by radio and then by television. The former Venezuelan President

2299:

The empiric studies testing this theory have produced highly contradicting results. At the micro- or individual level, there are strong connections between individual positions on sociocultural issues (such as immigration policy and "racial animus") and right-wing populist voting. However, at the

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emphasize the importance of economics. They warn that such trends increase resentment and make people susceptible to populist rhetoric. Evidence for this is mixed. At the macro level, political scientists report that xenophobia, anti-immigrant ideas, and resentment towards out-groups tend to be

1930:

in Bulgaria) the elites are accused of favouring Israeli and wider Jewish interests above those of the national group. Antisemitic populists often accuse "the elite" of being made up of many Jews as well. When populists emphasise ethnicity as part of their discourse, "the elite" can sometimes be

1809:

in Slovakia—populists retain their anti-establishment rhetoric by making changes to their concept of "the elite" to suit their new circumstances, alleging that real power is not held by the government but other powerful forces who continue to undermine the populist government and the will of "the

1711:

conceived of the "native British people" as its heartland. Mudde noted that for populists, "the people" "are neither real nor all-inclusive, but are in fact a mythical and constructed sub-set of the whole population". They are an imagined community, much like the imagined communities embraced and

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A second way in which "the people" is conceived by populists combines a socioeconomic or class based category with one that refers to certain cultural traditions and popular values. The concept seeks to vindicate the dignity of a social group who regard themselves as being oppressed by a dominant

1433:

The political scientists Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell thought that "if carefully defined, the term 'populism' can be used profitably to help us understand and explain a wide array of political actors". The political scientist Ben Stanley noted that "although the meaning of the term has

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A common framework for interpreting populism is known as the ideational approach: this defines populism as an ideology that presents "the people" as a morally good force and contrasts them against "the elite", who are portrayed as corrupt and self-serving. Populists differ in how "the people" are

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reviews various explanations of populism including "demand- and supply-side explanations of populism, economic grievance–based and sociocultural grievance–based explanations of populism, and structure- and agency-based explanations of populism". There is now a wide-ranging and interdisciplinary

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In several instances—such as Orban in Hungary—the populist leader has set the country on a path of de-democratisation by changing the constitution to centralise increasing levels of power in the head of government. A December 2018 study of 46 populist leaders argued that populists, regardless of

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Populists tend to view democratic institutions as alienating, and in practice, populists operating in liberal democracies have often criticised the independent institutions designed to protect the fundamental rights of minorities, particularly the judiciary and the media. Berlusconi for instance

3025:

democracy," since populism is based on putting into effect "the will of the people". It is therefore majoritarian in nature, and opposed to the safeguarding of minority rights, which is a defining feature of liberal democracy. Populism also undermines the tenets of liberal democracy by rejecting

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Some populist leaders have sought to broaden their support by creating supporter groups within the country. Chavez, for instance, ordered the formation of Bolivarian Circles, Communal Councils, Urban Land Committees, and Technical Water Roundtables across Venezuela. These could improve political

2615:

Populist leaders typically portray themselves as outsiders who are separate from the "elite". Female populist leaders sometimes reference their gender as setting them apart from the dominant "old boys' club", while in Latin America a number of populists, such as Evo Morales and Alberto Fujimori,

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and is widely used in critical studies and in studies of West European and Latin American politics. Harry C. Boyte for example defined populism as "a politics of civic agency" which "develops the power of 'the people' to shape their destiny", as examples citing both the Russian narodniks and the

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is too central to debates about politics from Europe to the Americas to simply do away with." Similarly, Canovan noted that the term "does have comparatively clear and definite meanings in a number of specialist areas" and that it "provides a pointer, however shaky, to an interesting and largely

1413:

did not exist, no social scientist would deliberately invent it; the term is far too ambiguous for that". From examining how the term "populism" had been used, she proposed that seven different types of populism could be discerned. Three of these were forms of "agrarian populism"; these included

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of left-wing resurgence in Latin America. Like the first wave, the third made heavy use of Americanismo and anti-imperialism, although this time these themes presented alongside an explicitly socialist programme that opposed the free market. Prominent examples included Hugo Chávez in Venezuela,

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of the late 19th century United States is considered to be "one of the defining populist movements"; its members were often referred to as the Populists at the time. Its radical platform included calling for the nationalisation of railways, the banning of strikebreakers, and the introduction of

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Adopting this approach, Albertazzi and McDonnell define populism as an ideology that "pits a virtuous and homogeneous people against a set of elites and dangerous 'others' who are together depicted as depriving (or attempting to deprive) the sovereign people of their rights, values, prosperity,

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had allowed for the increasing proliferation of the Western media, with media outlets becoming increasingly independent of political parties. As private media companies have had to compete against each other, they have placed an increasing focus on scandals and other sensationalist elements of

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of the early 1990s, there was a rise in populism across much of Central and Eastern Europe. In the first multiparty elections in many of these countries, various parties portrayed themselves as representatives of "the people" against the "elite", representing the old governing Marxist–Leninist

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noted that "major ideological differences ... lie at the core" of fascism and populism, the former being anti-democratic and latter being rooted in democracy, "albeit not liberal democracy". However, he says that fascist politicians have "borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style". Some

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Populism can serve as a democratic corrective by contributing to the mobilisation of social groups who feel excluded from political decision making. It can also raise awareness among the socio-political elites of popular concerns in society, even if it makes the former uncomfortable. When some

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Established parties may adopt various strategies when a new party appears: dismissive, adversarial, or accommodative. A dismissive strategy such as ignoring a party and its issue(s) can only be effective if the issue involved is unimportant or short-lived. Otherwise, dismissing an issue leaves

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argues that rapid change (social or economic) in a society will increase the demands of its citizens. Unless political institutions are responsive and effective, they are unlikely to respond to and satisfy such demands. If political systems are weak or have become unresponsive over time, then

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One area of debate in explaining populism is whether its main cause is based in the needs of citizens (demand-side explanations) or in the failures of governments (supply-side explanations). In focusing on the changing grievances or demands of citizens, demand-side explanations can be seen as

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Another way of defining populism is by defining it as a political style. Moffitt states that political style can be defined as “the repertoires of embodied, symbolically mediated performance made to audiences that are used to create and navigate the fields of power that comprise the political,

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is sometimes used in a negative sense in reference to politics which involves promoting extremely simple solutions to complex problems in a highly emotional manner. Mudde suggested that this definition "seems to have instinctive value" but was difficult to employ empirically because almost all

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For populists, "the people" are presented as being homogeneous, and also virtuous. In simplifying the complexities of reality, the concept of "the people" is vague and flexible, with this plasticity benefitting populists who are thus able to "expand or contract" the concept "to suit the chosen

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higher during difficult economic times. Economic crises have been associated with gains by far-right political parties. However, there is little evidence at the micro- or individual level to link individual economic grievances and populist support. Populist politicians tend to put pressure on

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connect economic and sociocultural theories of the causes of support for the growing populist movements in Western societies. The first theory they examine is the economic insecurity perspective which focuses on the consequences created by a transforming contemporary workforce and society in

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Mainstream politicians have sometimes sought to co-operate or build alliances with populists. In the United States, for example, various Republican Party figures aligned themselves with the Tea Party movement, while in countries such as Finland and Austria populist parties have taken part in

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An adversarial response can be to the benefit of a mainstream party if most voters, or at least the mainstream party's voters, disagree with the new party's position and are unlikely to ally with it as a result. An accommodative strategy is to move the mainstream party closer to the position

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the people", in Stanley's words. The political scientist Paul Taggart proposed the term "the heartland" to better reflect what populists often mean in their rhetoric. According to Taggart, "the heartland" was the place "in which, in the populist imagination, a virtuous and unified population

2968:. These populist social movements can exert a broader societal impact which results in populist politicians emerging to prominence; the Tea Party and Occupy movements that appeared in the US during the late 2000s and early 2010s have been seen as an influence on the rise of Donald Trump and 2456:

Another catalyst for the growth of populism is a widespread perception among voters that the political system is unresponsive to them. This can arise when elected governments introduce policies that are unpopular with their voters but which are implemented because they are considered to be

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have suggested that European integration may have had the undesired effect of decreasing the system's responsiveness to voters, as law and policy-making increasingly became the responsibility of the European Union. This too may have increased support for populism. Institutions such as the

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A common approach to defining populism is known as the ideational approach. This emphasises the notion that populism should be defined according to specific ideas which underlie it, as opposed to certain economic policies or leadership styles which populist politicians may display. In this

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In most cases, these populist leaders built a political organisation around themselves, typically a political party, although in many instances these remain dominated by the leader. These individuals often give a populist movement its political identity, as is seen with movements like

1301:, "there has been no self-conscious international populist movement which might have attempted to control or limit the term's reference, and as a result those who have used it have been able to attach it a wide variety of meanings." In this it differs from other political terms, like " 2886:

Many populist parties achieve an electoral breakthrough but then fail to gain electoral persistence, with their success fading away at subsequent elections. In various cases, they are able to secure regional strongholds of support but with little support elsewhere in the country; the

2388:, are distorting political and economic debate, and decreasing the ability of the government to respond to the concerns of large numbers of citizens. This in turn generates dissatisfaction, which may increase the likelihood that citizens will support populism. Scholars studying the 4295:

society. These groups in particular have a growing resentment towards their traditional values being scolded as politically incorrect and are much more likely to become supportive of anti-establishment, xenophobic political parties. Norris and Inglehart have analyzed data from the

4157:(BJP) which rose to increasing power in the early 21st century adopted a right-wing populist position. Unlike many other successful populist groups, the BJP was not wholly reliant on the personality of its leader, but survived as a powerful electoral vehicle under several leaders. 2489:

develop a perceived personal connection with the leader. For these leaders, populist rhetoric allows them to claim that they have a direct relationship with "the people", and in many cases they claim to be a personification of "the people" themselves, presenting themselves as the

1640:". Stanley expressed the view that although there are "certain family resemblances" that can be seen between populist groups and individuals, there was "no coherent tradition" unifying all of them. While many left-wing parties in the early 20th century presented themselves as the 15258: 2725:

single individual to the role of head of government without the need for an accompanying party. Examples where a populist leader has been elected to the presidency without an accompanying political party have included Peron in Argentina, Fujimori in Peru, and Correa in Ecuador.

1946:

As noted by Stanley, the populist idea of the general will is connected to ideas of majoritarianism and authenticity. Highlighting how populists appeal to the ideals of "authenticity and ordinariness", he noted that what was most important to populists was "to appeal to the

2409:

An important area of research is the examination of how parties develop, and how responses to new parties shape them. Successful politicians and parties shape the formation of agendas, identifying and increasing the salience of issues which they believe will benefit them.

1513:, and socialism, which provide more far-reaching ideas about social transformation. As a thin-centred ideology, populism is therefore attached to a thick-ideology by populist politicians. Thus, populism can be found merged with forms of nationalism, liberalism, socialism, 4215:

Mudde argued that by the early 1990s, populism had become a regular feature in Western democracies. He attributed this to changing perceptions of government that had spread in this period, which in turn he traced to the changing role of the media to focus increasingly on

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importantly, given that populism often asks the right questions but provides the wrong answers, the ultimate goal should be not just the destruction of populist supply, but also the weakening of populist demand. Only the latter will actually strengthen liberal democracy.

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In much of Africa, populism has been a rare phenomenon. The political scientist Danielle Resnick argued that populism first became apparent in Africa during the 1980s, when a series of coups brought military leaders to power in various countries. In Ghana, for example,

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identity, and voice". Similarly, the political scientist Carlos de la Torre defined populism as "a Manichean discourse that divides politics and society as the struggle between two irreconcilable and antagonistic camps: the people and the oligarchy or the power block."

1219:

presents populism as an emancipatory social force through which marginalised groups challenge dominant power structures. Some economists have used the term in reference to governments which engage in substantial public spending financed by foreign loans, resulting in

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that would draw up new constitutions, which could then be ratified via referendums. In this way they claimed to be correcting the problems of social and economic injustice that liberal democracy had failed to deal with, replacing it with superior forms of democracy.

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and Jordan Kyle links populism to democratic backsliding, showing that since 1990, five out of 13 elected right-wing populist governments and five out of 15 elected left-wing populist governments brought about significant democratic backsliding. From the left, the

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grounds, it presented itself as championing the desires of the majority against the upper-classes who engaged in the sport. Blair's rhetoric has been characterised as the adoption of a populist style rather than the expression of an underlying populist ideology.

3264:. They described the combination of authoritarian values disguised in populist rhetoric as perhaps the most dangerous threat to liberal democracy. They also argue that authoritarian-populism provides a more powerful analytical lens than conventional labels like 1504:

According to this approach, populism is viewed as a "thin ideology" or "thin-centred ideology" which on its own is seen as too insubstantial to provide a blueprint for societal change. It thus differs from the "thick-centred" or "full" ideologies such as

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populists have taken power—most notably, Chávez in Venezuela—they have enhanced the use of direct democracy through the regular application of referendums. For this reason, some democratic politicians have argued that they need to become more populist:

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Economic and/or social changes alone are not problems—they only cause citizens to become angry, resentful, and susceptible to the appeal of populists if established mainstream politicians, parties, and governments fail to recognize and respond to them.

2092:

The socioeconomic definition of populism applies the term to what it regards as an irresponsible form of economic policy by which a government engages in a period of massive public spending financed by foreign loans, after which the country falls into

2473:

measures by the union's authorities. Decentralisation of political power is a very useful tool for populists to use to their benefit, this is because it allows them to speak more directly to the people of whom they seek to gain attention and votes.

2015:

populism is that it becomes too broad and can potentially apply to all political actors and movements. Responding to this critique, Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser argued that the ideational definition did allow for a "non-populism" in the form of both

1890:

For some populist leaders and movements, the term "the elite" also refers to an academic or intellectual establishment and, as such, entails scholars, intellectuals, experts, or organized science as a whole. Such leaders and movements may criticise

1670:"elite" who are accused of treating "the people's" values, judgements, and tastes with suspicion or contempt. A third use of "the people" by populists employs it as a synonym for "the nation", whether that national community be conceived in either 1583:

The ideologies with which populism can be paired can be contradictory, resulting in different forms of populism that can oppose each other. For instance, in Latin America during the 1990s, populism was often associated with politicians like Peru's

1655:

to 'uplift the workers' by re-educating them, thereby liberating them from their 'false consciousness'. For populists, on the other hand, the consciousness of the people, generally referred to as common sense, is the basis of all good (politics).

1838:

Although left-wing populists who combine populist ideas with forms of socialism most commonly present "the elite" in economic terms, the same strategy is also employed by some right-wing populists. In the United States during the late 2000s, the

9277: 4080:. These populists have arisen in democratic rather than authoritarian states, and have arisen amid dissatisfaction with democratisation, socio-economic grievances, and frustration at the inability of opposition groups to oust incumbent parties. 2501:

The overwhelming majority of populist leaders have been men, although there have been various females occupying this role. Most of these female populist leaders gained positions of seniority through their connections to previously dominant men;

1473:

A thin-centred ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogenous and antagonistic camps, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale

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could not be considered populist. Mudde suggested that although the idea of a leader having direct access to "the people" was a common element among populists, it is best regarded as a feature which facilitates rather than defines populism.

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favour, such as immigrants, homosexuals, travellers, or communists. Populist leaders thus "come in many different shades and sizes" but, according to Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, share one common element: "a carefully crafted image of the

2405:

Another underlying debate in discussions of populism is the comparison of structural and voluntarist approaches. Voluntarist or agency-based explanations focus on the behaviors of politicians and parties, including populists themselves.

1553:

populisms exist. Populist movements can also mix divisions between left and right, for instance by combining xenophobic attitudes commonly associated with the far-right with redistributive economic policies closer to those of the left.

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took control, professing that he would involve "the people" in "the decision-making process", something he claimed had previously been denied to them. A similar process took place in neighbouring Burkina Faso under the military leader

1818:

accused "the lobbyists and oligarchs of Greece" of undermining his administration. In populist instances like these, the claims made have some basis in reality, as business interests seek to undermine leftist-oriented economic reform.

15011:

Stropparo, P. E. (2023). Pueblo desnudo y público movilizado por el poder: Vacancia del Defensor del Pueblo: algunas transformaciones en la democracia y en la opinión pública en Argentina . Revista Mexicana De Opinión Pública, (35).

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are often stereotyped as presenting a platform for populist politics due to their tendency toward melodrama, infotainment, and conflict, and thus provide support for populist parties. Examples of this have been the support given by

2105:

and was particularly popular among scholars of Latin America during the 1980s and 1990s. Since that time, this definition continued to be used by some economists and journalists, particularly in the US, but was uncommon among other

11553: 3292:

Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser argue that populism is a modern phenomenon. However, attempts have been made to identify manifestations of populism in the democracy of classical Athens. Eatwell noted that although the actual term

1913:

for instance adopted a xenophobic stance during his campaigns by focusing his criticism on the country's Asian minority, decrying Chinese and Indian ownership of businesses and mines. In India, the right-wing populist leader

1406:. In 2016, it grew to 266; in 2017, it was 488, and in 2018, it was 615. Taggart argued that this academic interest was not consistent but appeared in "bursts" of research that reflected the political conditions of the time. 3076:

difficult as it is—in an open dialogue with populist actors and supporters" in order to "better understand the claims and grievances of the populist elites and masses and to develop liberal democratic responses to them".

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participation among poorer sectors of Venezuelan society, although also served as networks through which the state transferred resources to those neighbourhoods which produced high rates of support for Chavez government.

2316:

has also been linked to its potential for populist success. This is claimed to be because younger democracies have less established political parties and weaker liberal democratic norms. For example, populist success in

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populism. These differences have occurred both within specific scholarly disciplines and among different disciplines, varying for instance among scholars focusing on different regions and different historical periods.

7395: 3498:, businessmen who entered politics chiefly to defend their personal economic interests, but by the turn of the millennium their proposals had proved to meet a limited support at the ballots at the national level. 12069: 2831:

has argued that the direct relationship between the president and the electorate fosters a populist perception of the president as representing the whole people and their opponents as resisting the popular will.

3454:. However it was only in the late 1990s, according to Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, that populism became "a relevant political force in Europe", one which could have a significant impact on mainstream politics. 3132:

gave much positive coverage and encouragement to the Tea Party movement. In some cases, when the populists have taken power, their political rivals have sought to violently overthrow them; this was seen in the

2595:

up as a sign of disrespect to the government in Rome. Another recurring feature of male populist leaders is the emphasis that they place on their own virility. An example of this is the Italian Prime Minister

10339: 4197:, immigration, the decline of ideologies and class politics, exposure of elite corruption, etc. It is also the product of a much-cited, but rarely defined, "political malaise", manifested in steadily falling 2110:. This definition relies on focusing on socialist and other left-wing forms of populism; it does not apply to other groups commonly understood as populist which adopted right-wing stances on economic issues. 1335:

Some of those who have repeatedly been referred to as "populists" in a pejorative sense have subsequently embraced the term while seeking to shed it of negative connotations. The French far-right politician

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and the election of Donald Trump, both in 2016, generated a substantial rise in interest in the concept from both academics and the public. By 2016, "populism" was regularly used by political commentators.

3809:

Populists and the right-wing, anti-communist McCarthyites, the term "populist" nonetheless came to be applied to both left-wing and right-wing groups that blamed elites for the problems facing the country.

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governing coalitions. In other instances, mainstream politicians have adopted elements of a populist political style while competing against populist opponents. Various mainstream centrist figures, such as

3066:

Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser suggested that to deflate the appeal of populism, those government figures found guilty of corruption need to be seen to face adequate punishment. They also argued that stronger

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notions of pluralism and the idea that anything, including constitutional limits, should constrain the "general will" of "the people". In this, populist governance can lead to what the liberal philosopher

1784:

almost all those in positions of power within a given society, populists often exclude both themselves and those sympathetic to their cause even when they too are in positions of power. For instance, the

1517:, or conservatism. According to Stanley, "the thinness of populism ensures that in practice it is a complementary ideology: it does not so much overlap with as diffuse itself throughout full ideologies." 1624:. Although populists of different ideological traditions can oppose each other, they can also form coalitions, as was seen in the Greek coalition government which brought together the left-wing populist 6922: 4283:

and cheaper imports have left the unsecured members of society (low-waged unskilled workers, single parents, the long term unemployed and the poorer white populations) seeking populist leaders such as

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party which gained political office in Greece and the Podemos party in Spain, displaying similarities with the US-based Occupy movement. Like Europe's right-wing populists, these groups also expressed

3410:

continent. These were largely isolated and mostly reflected a conservative agricultural backlash against the centralisation and politicisation of the agricultural sector then occurring. These included

2272:

Other theories argue that grievances have a primarily sociocultural rather than an economic basis. For example, the cultural backlash thesis argues that right-wing populism is reaction to the rise of

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attended parliament dressed as miners and workers to distinguish themselves from the other politicians wearing suits. In instances where wealthy business figures promote populist sentiments, such as

1851:, seeks to undermine the free market and kill competition by stifling small business. Among some 21st century right-wing populists, "the elite" are presented as being left-wing radicals committed to 4247:

attitude toward mainstream politicians and governing groups. In Mudde's words, "More and more citizens think they have a good understanding of what politicians do, and think they can do it better."

3334:

of 17th-century England could also be labelled "populists", meaning that they believed "equal natural rights ... must shape political life" while the historian Peter Blickle linked populism to the

2143:

political groups engage in sloganeering and because it can be difficult to differentiate an argument made emotionally from one made rationally. Mudde thought that this phenomenon was better termed

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similar vein, mainstream parties use the term "populism" to delegitimize populist actors due to its negative connotation among the public but also use the term to attack non-populist competitors.

1524:

The incredible rise in research and discussion about populism, both academic and social, stems largely from efforts by ideational scholars to place centre stage the significance of appeals to the

2753:

gave some Venezuelans "at least the appearance of contact with power, through his verbal and visual presence, which may be welcomed by people who have spent most of their lives being ignored."

2397:

may also distance decision-making from electoral power. It has been argued that political parties themselves have become disconnected from society, and unable to respond to citizen's concerns.

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The rise of populism in Western Europe is, in large part, a reaction to the failure of traditional parties to respond adequately in the eyes of the electorate to a series of phenomena such as

1909:

Another common tactic among populists, particularly in Europe, is the accusation that "the elites" place the interests of immigrants above those of the native population. The Zambian populist

1238:

Although frequently used by historians, social scientists, and political commentators, the term is exceptionally vague and refers in different contexts to a bewildering variety of phenomena.

3837:. These politicians presented a consistent message that a "liberal elite" was threatening "our way of life" and using the welfare state to placate the poor and thus maintain their own power. 12452: 3307:, these and other pre-modern groups "did not develop a truly populist ideology." The origins of populism are often traced to the late nineteenth century, when movements calling themselves 10277: 1309:", which have been widely used as self-designations by individuals who have then presented their own, internal definitions of the word. Instead it shares similarities with terms such as " 11710: 11545: 1862:

In some instances, particularly in Latin America and Africa, "the elites" are conceived not just in economic but also in ethnic terms, representing what political scientists have termed

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of right-wing populist voting may be identified in sociocultural grievances, such grievances are increasingly being driven by economic insecurity and the erosion of traditional values.

3557:

At the turn of the 21st century, populist rhetoric and movements became increasingly apparent in Western Europe. Populist rhetoric was often used by opposition parties. For example, in

1328:, and generally presented as something to be "feared and discredited". It has often been applied to movements that are considered to be outside the political mainstream or a threat to 12007: 11914: 11051: 9215: 8515: 2604:

sex parties and his ability to seduce young women. Among female populist leaders, it is more common for them to emphasise their role as a wife and mother. The US right-wing populist

12394: 11679: 11648: 3957:

In the late 1980s, many Latin American states were experiencing economic crisis and several populist figures were elected by blaming the elites for this situation. Examples include

4314:

argues that populism came out of disenchantment with 'meritocratic' elites ruling over disenchanted working people. He states the popular backlash against meritocracy predicted by

2616:

emphasised their non-white ethnic background to set them apart from the white-dominated elite. Other populists have used clothing to set them apart. In South Africa, the populist

2304:

status and identity of their group. While such research often focuses on white identity, results apply broadly to other social groups that perceive themselves to be under threat.

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flirted with populism, but both movements remained ultimately elitist, emphasising the idea of a small elite who should guide and govern society. Among Marxists, the emphasis on

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In the 21st century, with the establishment of multi-party democratic systems in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, new populist politicians have appeared. These have included Kenya's

3821:" when appealing to voters. Right-wing populist rhetoric was also at the base of two of the most successful third-party presidential campaigns in the late 20th century, that of 2867:

In some examples where a political party has been dominated by a single charismatic leader, the latter's death has served to unite and strengthen the party, as with Argentina's

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Dobratz, Betty A; Shanks–Meile, Stephanie L. (1988). "The Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party: A Comparison to American Populism at the Turn of the Century".

12570: 11584: 4259:, which is seen as having seriously limited the powers of national elites. Such factors undermine citizens' belief in the competency of governing elite, opening up space for 3735:

referendums. The party gained representation in several state legislatures during the 1890s, but was not powerful enough to mount a successful presidential challenge. In the

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As a result of the various different ideologies with which populism can be paired, the forms that populism can take vary widely. Populism itself cannot be positioned on the

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as a term to describe anti-elite trends in US society more broadly. Following on from Shils' article, during the 1960s the term "populism" became increasingly popular among

2130:

does not allow for the existence of populist parties or populist social movements; under this definition, for instance, the US People's Party which first invented the term

3867:, while "the elite" it presented was more party partisan than that of Occupy, being defined largely—although not exclusively—as the Democratic administration of President 3192:

could rise to power, and that the Nazis utilised, "at least rhetorically", the "populist ideal of the people's community". The scholar Luke March argued that the populist

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the people. Because loyalty to the populist leader is thus seen as representing loyalty to the people, those who oppose the leader can be branded "enemies of the people".

14549: 12061: 10767: 3898:. Other studies have noted an emergence of populist rhetoric and a decline in the value of prior experience in U.S. intra-party contests such as congressional primaries. 14567: 3474:

The collapse of Marxism–Leninism as a central force in socialist politics also led to a broader growth of left-wing populism across Europe, reflected in groups like the

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terms. In such a framework, all individuals regarded as being "native" to a particular state, either by birth or by ethnicity, could be considered part of "the people".

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and anti-political sentiment. The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties and movements since that time, often as a

14906: 14793: 14336:. 2005. "When Alienation Turns Right: Populist Conspiracism, the Apocalyptic Style, and Neofascist Movements". In Lauren Langman & Devorah Kalekin Fishman, (eds.), 12100: 9092: 2756:

The media has also been argued to have helped populists in countries of other regions by giving exposure to the most controversial politicians for commercial reasons.

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As the term has rarely been used as a political self-designation since the first decade of the 1900s, its meaning has broadened. As noted by the political scientist

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Minkenberg, Michael (2021). "The Radical Right and Anti-Immigrant Politics in Liberal Democracies since World War II: Evolution of a Political and Research Field".

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Hartleb, Florian 2011: After their establishment: Right-wing Populist Parties in Europe, Centre for European Studies/Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Brüssel, (download:

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The confusion surrounding the term has led some scholars to suggest that it should be abandoned by scholarship. In contrast to this view, the political scientists

1353: 2457:"responsible" or imposed by supranational organisations. In Latin America, for example, many countries passed unpopular economic reforms under pressure from the 2063: 3989:

in Nicaragua. These socialist populist governments have presented themselves as giving sovereignty "back to the people", in particular through the formation of

6914: 6849: 2864:. In other instances, such as the Austrian FPÖ and Swiss SVP, a non-populist party can have a populist faction which later takes control of the whole party. 14472: 13989: 13966: 13904: 13873: 13688: 13684: 13565: 13511: 13272: 13020: 8332: 7965: 4172:

In the early 1990s, there was an increasing awareness of populism in established liberal democracies, sometimes referred to as the "New Populism". The UK's

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communitarian form of democracy. This approach to the term is common among historians in the United States and those who have studied the late 19th century

4608:"Populism in the Twenty-First Century: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism – The Andrea Mitchell Center for the Study of Democracy" 1805:

When populists take governmental power, they are faced with a challenge in that they now represent a new elite. In such cases—like Chávez in Venezuela and

14663:

Ronderos, Sebastián (March 2021). O'Loughlin, Michael; Voela, Angie (eds.). "Hysteria in the squares: Approaching populism from a perspective of desire".

8119:"On the Precipice of a 'Majority-Minority' America: Perceived Status Threat From the Racial Demographic Shift Affects White Americans' Political Ideology" 3101:, have argued that governments needed to restrict migration to hinder the appeal of right-wing populists utilising anti-immigrant sentiment in elections. 2775:

in the mid-1990s. Based on his analysis of Dutch and British media, Tjitske Akkerman however argued that tabloids were no more prone to populism than the

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In a supply-side view of American politics, populism can be seen as a symptom of institutional decay. It can be suggested that political factors such as

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is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite". It is frequently associated with

13925:

Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. "Studying populism in comparative perspective: Reflections on the contemporary and future research agenda."

10300: 1971:

In emphasising the general will, many populists share the critique of representative democratic government previously espoused by the French philosopher

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and its predecessors, which were active in the United States from around 1889 to 1909. The Russian and American movements differed in various respects.

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has often been characterised as populist, with its exultation of the German people and its anti-elitist attacks on capitalism and Jews. In France, the

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their position on the political spectrum, were more likely to damage democratic institutions, erode checks and balances on the executive branch, cause

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Jeffrey, Julie Roy. 1975. "Women in the Southern Farmers Alliance: A Reconsideration of the Role and Status of Women in the Late 19th Century South".

12030: 10125: 9315:

Engesser, Sven; Ernst, Nicole; Esser, Frank; Büchel, Florin (8 July 2016). "Populism and social media: how politicians spread a fragmented ideology".

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Peters, B. Guy and Jon Pierre. 2020. "A typology of populism: understanding the different forms of populism and their implications." Democratization.

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Betz, Hans-Georg; Johnson, Carol (2004). "Against the current—stemming the tide: the nostalgic ideology of the contemporary radical populist right".

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fascists have for instance used the terms "people" and "nation" synonymously. The historian Peter Fritzsche argued that populist movements active in

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are examples of populists who were elected to office and then had to shift their concepts of "the elite" to account for their own newly elite status.

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populists, on the other hand, envy those high on the social ladder, identifying 'special interests' with powerful groups such as large corporations.

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The evidence of increasing economic disparity and volatility of family incomes is clear, particularly in the United States, as shown by the work of

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stated that "I care so passionately about this country, it's like I'm its mother. Australia is my home and the Australian people are my children."

14318: 1814:. In Venezuela, for example, Chávez blamed the economic elite for frustrating his reforms, while in Greece, the left-wing populist Prime Minister 6316:

Morgül, Kerem (2024). "Beyond the inclusion–exclusion dichotomy in populism studies: Erdoğan's Muslim nationalist discourse on Syrian refugees".

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A 2017 review of votes for populistic parties in all developed countries discovered them spiking in 2015 and reaching highest levels since WWII.

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macro level, studies have not shown clear relationships between measures of populist sentiment in countries and actual right-wing party support.

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Abromeit, John. "Frankfurt School Critical Theory and the Persistence of Authoritarian Populism in the United States" In Morelock, Jeremiah Ed.

13743: 11702: 10660:(Scholarly response to column published online). Online Exchange on "Democratic Deconsolidation". Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from 10241: 16799: 16316: 15032:

Agarwal, Sheetal D., et al. "Grassroots organizing in the digital age: considering values and technology in Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street".

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and racism, noting that the original People's Party was relatively liberal on the rights of women and minorities by the standards of the time.

14826:"Populism in Europe: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism (TheGovernment and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Lecture 2019)" 13930: 11514: 1224:

and emergency measures. In popular discourse — where the term has often been used pejoratively — it has sometimes been used synonymously with

15198: 11617: 10242:"Fighting fire with fire: Mainstream adoption of the populist political style in the 2014 Europe debates between Nick Clegg and Nigel Farage" 7101: 11999: 11906: 7708: 3586:

By the 21st century, European populism was again associated largely with the political right. The term came to be used in reference both to

3164: 13789:

McDonnell, Duncan; Cabrera, Luis (2019). "The Right-Wing Populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)".

11640: 9207: 4111:

In North Africa, populism was associated with the approaches of several political leaders active in the 20th century, most notably Egypt's

12386: 11671: 2296:. Such theories are particularly popular with sociologists and with political scientists studying industrial world and American politics. 15161: 14423:

Martelli, Jean-Thomas; Jaffrelot, Christophe (2023). "Do Populist Leaders Mimic the Language of Ordinary Citizens? Evidence from India".

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in 1929 and last until the end of the 1960s. In various countries, politicians took power while emphasising "the people": these included

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politics, in doing so promoting anti-governmental sentiments among their readership and cultivating an environment prime for populists.

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to become "more 'populist' in a leftist way" in order to engage with voters who felt left behind by cultural and technological change.

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resides". Who this "heartland" is can vary between populists, even within the same country. For instance, in Britain, the centre-right

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to occur in the 2030s in fact arrived a few decades early. Sandel suggests political systems that reject meritocracy and champion the

3844:, first elected in 1964, ran unsuccessfully for the US presidency in 1972 and 1976. Harris' New Populism embraced egalitarian themes. 2117:

to a political strategy in which a charismatic leader seeks to govern based on direct and unmediated connection with their followers.

2796: 1788:(FPÖ), a right-wing populist group, regularly condemned "the media" in Austria for defending "the elite", but excluded from that the 11576: 3442:

of 1970s Denmark. Between the late 1960s and the early 1980s there also came a concerted populist critique of society from Europe's

3134: 17774: 16149: 3883: 3875: 3834: 3826: 3736: 3686: 3678: 1176:, several different definitions of populism have been employed, with some scholars proposing that the term be rejected altogether. 964: 14564: 8436: 1493:

is applied to political groups and individuals who make appeals to "the people" and then contrast this group against "the elite".

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Some mainstream politicians in the Republican Party recognised the utility of such a tactic and adopted it; Republican President

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Conversely, the Great Recession also resulted in the emergence of left-wing populist groups in parts of Europe, most notably the

1215:

refers to popular engagement of the population in political decision-making. An approach associated with the political scientist

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membership, and ever-greater numbers of citizens in surveys citing a lack of interest and distrust in politics and politicians.

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groups like Jörg Haider's FPÖ in Austria and Jean-Marie Le Pen's FN in France, as well as to non-radical right-wing groups like

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demonstrates moderate levels of populism are not necessarily antidemocratic, only high levels of populism are related to higher

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after Chávez's death in 2013. In other cases, a populist party has seen one strong centralising leader replace another, as when

17803: 15382: 14860: 10819: 10759: 4010: 2248:

argues that certain aspects of transition to modernity have caused demand for populism. Some arguments rely on the belief that

1609: 200: 9358:

Shear, Michael D.; Haberman, Maggie; Confessore, Nicholas; Yourish, Karen; Buchanan, Larry; Collins, Keith (2 November 2019).

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March, Luke (2007). "From Vanguard of the Proletariat to Vox Populi: Left-Populism as a 'Shadow' of Contemporary Socialism".

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Taggart has said of populism that it is "one of the most widely used but poorly understood political concepts of our time".

9359: 4134:. In the region, various populist governments took power but were removed soon after: these include the administrations of 4037:

has been characterised by some as a populist who uses anti-establishment rhetoric, though in a uniquely New Zealand style.

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The third wave began in the final years of the 1990s and continued into the 21st century. It overlapped in part with the

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platforms in the Democratic and Republican parties, respectively. Both campaigns criticised free trade deals such as the

3863:", while the "elite" it challenged was presented as both the economic and political elites. The Tea Party's populism was 3204:

called itself the "party of the Soviet people"—in practice its emphasis on an elite vanguard is anti-populist in basis.

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movement of late 19th-century Russia influenced the radical rejection on the constitutional limits of the state found in

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Adamidis, Vasileios (2019), Manifestations of populism in late 5th century Athens. In: D.A. FRENKEL and N. VARGA, eds.,

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rallied supporters against Muslim Bangladeshi migrants, promising to deport them. In instances where populists are also

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Gagnon, Jean-Paul; Beausoleil, Emily; Son, Kyong-Min; Arguelles, Cleve; Chalaye, Pierrick; Johnston, Callum N. (2018).

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Breeze, Ruth (30 November 2018). "Positioning "the people" and Its Enemies: Populism and Nationalism in AfD and UKIP".

7434: 5684: 5112: 4026: 3641: 3322:

argued that populism could also be seen in the ancient world, citing the examples of the fifth-century B.C. Athens and

2888: 2466: 14061:"When Populists become Popular: Comparing Facebook use by the Right-Wing Movement Pegida and German Political Parties" 2931:

An additional form is that of the populist social movement. Populist social movements are comparatively rare, as most

13156:

Akkerman, Tjitske (2011). "Friend or Foe? Right-wing Populism and the Popular Press in Britain and the Netherlands".

12998: 9093:"Media Populism: How Media Populism and Inflating Fear Empowers Populist Politicians | Frontiers Research Topic" 7405: 5628: 3731: 2961: 2891:(BZÖ) for instance gained national representation in the Austrian parliament solely because of its strong support in 2440: 2057: 1542: 1284: 1193: 15824: 10426:

What did you just call me? A study on the demonization of political parties in the Netherlands between 1995 and 2011

7968:; Taggart, Paul; Espejo, Paulina Ochoa; Ostiguy, Pierre, eds. (6 November 2017). "The Oxford Handbook of Populism". 3982: 642: 18462: 16912: 15909: 14530:

Kuzminski, Adrian. Fixing the System: A History of Populism, Ancient & Modern. New York: Continuum Books, 2008.

6126: 3698: 3694: 2941: 2853: 1831: 722: 6841: 17418: 17269: 6873:"The SciPop Scale for Measuring Science-Related Populist Attitudes in Surveys: Development, Test, and Validation" 3431: 2377: 14123:

Taggart, Paul (2002). "Populism and the Pathology of Representative Politics". In Yves Mény; Yves Surel (eds.).

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Party in 1892 calling for protecting the rights of "urban workmen". In the state of Georgia in the early 1890s,

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developed his own definition of populism. He regarded it as a positive force for emancipatory change in society.

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In various instances, populists claim that "the elite" is working against the interests of the country. In the

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Leaman, David (2004). "Changing Faces of Populism in Latin America: Masks, Makeovers, and Enduring Features".

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ideology had various successes at local and regional elections from the 1930s to the 1960s, although the main

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for instance referred to herself as a "hockey mom" and a "mama grizzly", while Australian right-wing populist

18685: 18680: 18659: 18532: 17754: 16785: 16302: 16190: 16107: 15541: 14383: 13223: 12506: 10424: 10143: 7137: 7081: 3775: 3751: 3708: 2381: 1875: 1007: 922: 352: 8225:"Feeling Threatened About the Future: Whites' Emotional Reactions to Anticipated Ethnic Demographic Changes" 5898:"Constructing 'the people' of populism: a critique of the ideational approach from a discursive perspective" 3847:

In the first decade of the 21st century, two populist movements appeared in the US, both in response to the

3606:'s LPF in the Netherlands. The populist radical right combined populism with authoritarianism and nativism. 2960:("Common Man Party"). Another is the Spanish Indignados movement which appeared in 2011 before spawning the 18557: 18552: 18246: 17284: 16917: 16726: 16325: 15623: 13818:

Mény, Yves; Surel, Yves (2002). "The Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism". In Yves Mény; Yves Surel (eds.).

2944:, which employed the motto: "real democracy now—we are not goods in the hands of politicians and bankers". 2086: 2020: 1596:

who promoted socialist programs. As well as populists of the left and right, populist figures like Italy's

434: 15859: 14641: 8584: 3973:(IMF). Unlike the first wave, the second did not include an emphasis on Americanismo or anti-imperialism. 1810:

people" itself. In these instances, populist governments often conceptualise "the elite" as those holding

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differently. According to the popular agency definition used by some historians of United States history,

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decline or a systematic corruption scandal that damages established political parties. For instance, the

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Maier, Chris. "The Farmers' Fight for Representation: Third-Party Politics in South Dakota, 1889–1918".

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arose in both the United States and the Russian Empire. Populism has often been linked to the spread of

3232:

classified over 50 European political parties as 'authoritarian-populist' as well as world leaders like

2113:

An additional framework has been described as the "political-strategic" approach. This applies the term

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Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure – Updated and Expanded Second Edition

10838: 10046: 7311: 6052:"How should we analyze the connections between populism and nationalism: A response to Rogers Brubaker" 5365: 5174: 3759: 3114:

In certain countries, certain mainstream media outlets have supported populist groups; in Austria, the

2857: 1399: 855: 17554: 15252: 13687:(2019). "Introduction: The Ideational Approach". In Kirk A. Hawkins; Ryan E. Carlin; Levente Littvay; 11490:

Communicating Populism: Comparing Actor Perceptions, Media Coverage, and Effects on Citizens in Europe

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A more common approach has been for mainstream parties to openly attack the populists and construct a

2923:"Hear the wrath of the people", a member of the Indignados, a Spanish left-wing populist movement, in 1382:

remained restricted largely to historians studying the People's Party, but in 1954 the US sociologist

17601: 17544: 17129: 16273: 16180: 16035: 15065:

Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850–1890

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movements. Some, but not all, populists are authoritarian, emphasizing "the importance of protecting

2772: 2641: 2621: 1130: 1092: 997: 850: 27: 15799: 13410:

Brett, William (2013). "What's an Elite to Do? The Threat of Populism from Left, Right and Centre".

13402: 11506: 10442:"Demonisation of political discourses? How mainstream parties talk about the populist radical right" 9278:"Delivering the Vote: The Political Effect of Free Mail Delivery in Early Twentieth Century America" 4607: 3969:

in Peru. Once in power, these individuals pursued neoliberal economic strategies recommended by the

3954:

powers. The second wave took place in the early 1990s; de la Torre called it "neoliberal populism".

3859:. The populist approach of the Occupy movement was broader, with its "people" being what it called " 2965: 2449:

corruption scandal of the early 1990s played a significant part in the rise of the Italian populist

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and resulted in "dissolution, fragmentation and differentiation", weakening the traditional ties of

617: 18442: 16045: 15914: 15709: 15598: 14771:

Popular politics, populism and the leaders. Access without participation? The cases of Italy and UK

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Coles, Rom. 2006. "Of Tensions and Tricksters: Grassroots Democracy Between Theory and Practice",

14022:

Populism, Corruption and War: A Close Look at the Era of Volodymyr Zelensky and Ukraine's Politics

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lifestyles against perceived threats from 'outsiders', even at the expense of civil liberties and

2739:

A subset of populism which deals with the use of media by politicians is called "media populism".

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Some populist leaders give their name to wider populist political movements; examples include the

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and harsh economic adjustments are then imposed. This use of the term was used by economists like

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ideology, presenting a common identity across Latin America and denouncing any interference from

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and hostility toward immigrants (especially Muslims, Hispanics and Asians) were common features.

3510:

European national parliaments with representatives from right-wing populist parties in July 2023:

3216:

spreading over Latin America was "prone to populism and authoritarianism". Correa in Ecuador and

3137:, when mainstream groups worked with sectors of the military to unseat Hugo Chávez's government. 3047: 3031: 2904: 2880: 2840: 2648:, who served as the Ecuadorean finance minister before launching a left-wing populist challenge. 2197: 1700: 1460: 1002: 637: 67: 18156: 15759: 14307: 14215:"Power to the People? Populism, Democracy, and Political Participation: A Citizen's Perspective" 10491:"Don't call me a populist! The meaning of populism for western European parties and politicians" 8224: 6090: 2791:

helped Donald Trump win the US presidency, while the same has been claimed regarding the use of

2036: 577: 17749: 17729: 17579: 17249: 16877: 16746: 16448: 16231: 16112: 15714: 15694: 15434: 15324: 15279: 14653: 14272: 13695:. Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–24. 13078: 12511: 9908:"Populism and the Rule of Recognition: Challenging the Foundations of Democratic Legal Systems" 4451: 4426: 4190: 4186: 4154: 3744: 3587: 3335: 3043: 2547: 1848: 1769: 1708: 1617: 1360:

became one of the most widely used terms by international political commentators. In 2017, the

1050: 927: 527: 507: 252: 135: 51: 17616: 15145: 14565:

The Bloodstained Rise of Global Populism: A Political Movement’s Violent Pursuit of "Enemies"

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Hawkins, Kirk Andrew; Carlin, Ryan E.; Littvay, Levente; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (eds.).

9062:"Media Populism: A Conceptual Clarification and Some Theses on its Effects | Request PDF" 7977: 3021:

Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser argued that "populism is essentially democratic, but at odds with

17903: 17858: 17669: 17264: 16637: 16383: 16154: 15839: 14394: 13535: 13381:

Boyte, Harry C. (2012). "Introduction: Reclaiming Populism as a Different Kind of Politics".

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Ultrapatriotas. Extrema derecha y nacionalismo de la guerra fría a la era de la globalización

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Party competition between unequals : strategies and electoral fortunes in Western Europe

8002: 6106: 4502: 4348: 4260: 3550: 3475: 3415: 3125: 2734: 2394: 2155: 1972: 1939:

A third component of the ideational approach to populism is the idea of the general will, or

1852: 1256: 969: 657: 17719: 15869: 13222:

Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2008). "Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre".

11802: 11607: 8516:"Competition between unequals: the role of mainstream party strategy in niche party success" 8223:

Outten, H. Robert; Schmitt, Michael T.; Miller, Daniel A.; Garcia, Amber L. (January 2012).

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led a major effort to unite poor white farmers, and included some African-American farmers.

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had for example been a prominent back-bench MP for many years before launching his populist

1294:, where it was used to describe a group of writers expressing sympathy for ordinary people. 687: 18412: 18292: 18061: 17868: 17709: 17636: 17328: 17289: 17274: 16808: 16594: 16400: 16373: 16221: 16055: 16019: 15588: 15556: 15524: 15514: 15424: 12896: 9187: 9103: 8463:

Unelected Power : the Quest for Legitimacy in Central Banking and the Regulatory State

8290: 8177: 6842:""The people have had enough of experts!" How to understand populist challenges to science" 6478: 5947: 4983: 4315: 4194: 4014: 3990: 3447: 3197: 3017:

has been cited as a populist leader who has undermined liberal democracy upon taking power.

2693: 2361: 1961: 1957: 1892: 1806: 1754: 1362: 1040: 870: 832: 399: 367: 335: 325: 242: 17883: 16065: 15114:

The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics

13372: 13355: 12285: 12259: 12257: 12223: 11599: 8903: 7448: 7429: 5948:"Accomplishments and limitations of the 'new' mainstream in contemporary populism studies" 5273: 5256: 4763: 4592: 4575: 4013:

from 1975 to 1984, had been cited as a populist. Populism has become a pervasive trend in

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was claimed to have received $ 5 billion worth of free coverage during his 2016 campaign.

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of 2007 and its impact on the economies of southern Europe was a catalyst for the rise of

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Rupert, Mark. 1997. "Globalization and the Reconstruction of Common Sense in the US". In

14464: 14390: 13878:"Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America" 13044:"Democracy, populism, and the rule of law: A reconsideration of their interconnectedness" 10791:

The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience

9947:"Democracy, populism, and the rule of law: A reconsideration of their interconnectedness" 9826: 6051: 5014: 4374: 4296: 3899: 3486:

party. Since the late 1980s, populist experiences emerged in Spain around the figures of

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also utilised populist rhetoric and themes. In the early 20th century, adherents of both

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A 2012 rally by members of the left-wing populist United Socialist Party of Venezuela in

2816: 2656: 2527: 2209: 2193: 1546: 1201: 934: 444: 429: 424: 414: 150: 63: 17646: 16076: 14873:

Paterson, Lindsay (2000). "Civil Society: Enlightenment Ideal and Demotic Nationalism".

11672:"Blair: Failing Tories spend no time worrying about the threat from Labour | LabourList" 9710: 8294: 8181: 7856: 7831: 5604: 3200:. Although the Marxist–Leninist movement often used populist rhetoric—in the 1960s, the 2815:

can contribute to populism. Populist leaders have been claimed to be more successful in

2233: 2075:

The Laclauan definition of populism, so called after the Argentinian political theorist

891: 18614: 18609: 18592: 18587: 18056: 17564: 17501: 16761: 16393: 16368: 16358: 16353: 16341: 16175: 16170: 16134: 15964: 15934: 15904: 15899: 15658: 15576: 15319: 15000: 14992: 14942: 14890: 14847: 14704: 14688: 14676: 14599: 14440: 14295: 14201: 14172: 14080: 14047: 13953: 13860: 13806: 13777: 13735: 13606: 13552: 13498: 13469: 13465: 13398: 13325: 13296: 13210: 13202: 13173: 13144: 13101: 13065: 12926: 12571:"Chris Trotter: Winston Peters may be a populist but that does not make him NZ's Trump" 12338: 12254: 12149: 11470: 10879: 10518: 10471: 10269: 9968: 9927: 9539: 9460: 9340: 9297: 8725: 8709: 8538: 8252: 8200: 8165: 8146: 8061: 7947: 7812: 7684:

The great risk shift: the new economic insecurity and the decline of the American dream

7524: 6079: 6032: 5975: 5928: 5878: 5617: 5448: 4903: 4895: 4690: 4234: 4147: 4120: 4112: 3887: 3856: 3794: 3712: 3690: 3640:" as a victory for populism, encouraging a flurry of calls for referendums among other 3629:

has been called populist, with the slogan "for the many not the few" having been used.

3483: 3411: 3347: 2999: 2868: 2861: 2808: 2761: 2701: 2531: 2004: 1840: 1795: 1671: 1629: 1550: 1314: 1281: 1267: 1197: 1161: 992: 987: 949: 777: 747: 717: 712: 469: 387: 130: 71: 57: 18046: 15829: 15220:

Mad as hell: How the Tea Party movement is fundamentally remaking our two-party system

12804: 11632: 11568: 8302: 4107:, 2018. They are both considered populist leaders of the left and right, respectively. 647: 18700: 18577: 18522: 18362: 18151: 17813: 17739: 17714: 17516: 17318: 16473: 16363: 16336: 16263: 15844: 15779: 15684: 15628: 15593: 15571: 15314: 15272: 15230: 15151: 15134: 15117: 15082: 15068: 15046: 15004: 14946: 14894: 14851: 14774: 14760: 14746: 14708: 14696: 14603: 14482: 14444: 14412: 14324: 14299: 14265:

Transformations of Populism in Europe and the Americas: History and Recent Tendencies

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Adamidis, Vasileios (2019). "Manifestations of populism in late 5th century Athens".

10952: 10927: 10902: 10883: 10842: 10794: 10622: 10591: 10522: 10510: 10475: 10463: 10397: 10273: 10261: 10137: 9972: 9931: 9830: 9765: 9572: 9562: 9531: 9514:

Carreras, Miguel (5 June 2012). "The Rise of Outsiders in Latin America, 1980–2010".

9493: 9483: 9464: 9438:"Empowered and enraged: Political efficacy, anger and support for populism in Europe" 9406: 9367: 9344: 9332: 9301: 9164: 9137: 9127: 9075: 9061: 8651: 8571: 8542: 8491: 8466: 8406: 8383: 8373: 8350: 8340: 8306: 8244: 8205: 8138: 8097: 8065: 8051: 8008: 7981: 7951: 7939: 7892: 7861: 7816: 7808: 7687: 7662: 7639: 7596: 7565: 7528: 7514: 7476: 7401: 7400:(1st ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 38, 43–45. 6895: 6333: 6083: 6071: 6036: 6024: 5979: 5967: 5932: 5920: 5882: 5870: 5621: 5609: 5591: 5536: 5452: 5440: 5278: 4907: 4744: 4739: 4694: 4682: 4639: 4508: 4400: 4395: 4325: 4151: 4030: 3822: 3622: 3591: 3570: 3546: 3237: 2637: 2597: 2570: 2515: 2450: 2277: 2253: 2098: 2081: 2040: 1953: 1675: 1621: 1337: 1324:

In news media, the term "populism" has often been conflated with other concepts like

1310: 1169: 1082: 662: 597: 497: 439: 404: 382: 125: 99: 17631: 15984: 15864: 15789: 15247: 14901:

Wodak, Ruth, Majid KhosraviNik, and Brigitte Mral. "Right-wing populism in Europe".

13864: 13739: 12418:

The Politics of Representation: election campaigning and proportional representation

11703:"EU faces Brexit 'contagion' as populist parties across Europe call for referendums" 10506: 9979: 9543: 8256: 8150: 7065: 5995:"Did somebody say populism? Towards a renewal and reorientation of populism studies" 4127:

was not a populist movement itself, populist rhetoric was present among protesters.

4002:

During the 1990s, there was a growth in populism in both Australia and New Zealand.

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replaced her father Jean-Marie as the leader of the National Front in 2011, or when

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to the Austrian Freedom Party and the Berlusconi-owned presses' support for Italy's

2745: 2733:

Further information on the role of the mass media in the emergence of populism:

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economics, while in the 2000s it was instead associated with those like Venezuela's

797: 682: 607: 18582: 18512: 18282: 18201: 18196: 18121: 18096: 18041: 18031: 18021: 17991: 17971: 17961: 17828: 17823: 17781: 17724: 17521: 17204: 17199: 17174: 17119: 17094: 16669: 16659: 16632: 16601: 16495: 16458: 16211: 16099: 16089: 15994: 15974: 15969: 15879: 15551: 15349: 15215: 15194: 15102: 14984: 14934: 14882: 14837: 14680: 14591: 14432: 14287: 14236: 14226: 14193: 14164: 14072: 14039: 13945: 13889: 13850: 13798: 13769: 13719: 13712:"Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash" 13669: 13598: 13544: 13490: 13461: 13419: 13390: 13367: 13317: 13288: 13194: 13165: 13136: 13093: 13055: 12942: 12940: 12908: 12131: 11454: 11019: 10871: 10502: 10453: 10253: 9958: 9919: 9822: 9794: 9523: 9452: 9324: 9289: 8530: 8298: 8236: 8195: 8185: 8130: 8089: 8043: 7973: 7929: 7921: 7884: 7851: 7843: 7804: 7768: 7686:(Expanded & fully revised second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 7629: 7588: 7555: 7506: 7468: 7443: 7049: 6887: 6325: 6063: 6014: 6006: 5959: 5912: 5860: 5599: 5583: 5575: 5432: 5268: 5205: 5051: 4887: 4775: 4734: 4724: 4672: 4587: 4441: 4363: 4271: 3966: 3929: 3763: 3724: 3319: 3229: 3150: 3027: 3003: 2940:, which originated in the US and used the slogan "We are the 99%", and the Spanish 2824: 2556: 2523: 2289: 2285: 2032: 2028: 1976: 1780:, NGOs, academia, and the English-language media of all being part of "the elite". 1585: 1367: 1298: 1243: 1030: 914: 904: 807: 787: 782: 362: 160: 18186: 15949: 14231: 14214: 14168: 14076: 13949: 13802: 13394: 13321: 13292: 12897:"Rip It Up and Start Again: The Challenge of Populism in the Twenty-First Century" 11458: 11421:

Imagining the peoples of Europe. Populist discourses across the political spectrum

10458: 10441: 9328: 7789: 7757:"Economic Crisis and Political Extremism in Europe: From the 1930s to the Present" 6383: 6010: 5916: 5865: 5848: 3668: 3657: 762: 18639: 18312: 18231: 18191: 18161: 18146: 18111: 18106: 18076: 18051: 18036: 18011: 17996: 17931: 17908: 17893: 17878: 17863: 17734: 17689: 17674: 17664: 17486: 17481: 17338: 17333: 17313: 17301: 16766: 16664: 16423: 16246: 16139: 16129: 16083: 15999: 15774: 15754: 15724: 15504: 15344: 15329: 14886: 14797: 14738: 14648: 14635: 14628: 14620: 14571: 14559: 14553: 14544: 14533: 14476: 14451: 14401: 12135: 11492:. Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics. Taylor & Francis. 10616: 10585: 5530: 4930: 4862: 4633: 4300: 4202: 4116: 4092: 4029:

campaign and advertising helped to propel the party to victory in that election.

3860: 3852: 3848: 3818: 3805:. Although not all academics accepted the comparison between the left-wing, anti- 3802: 3553:, the "prototypical radical right party" which used populism to advance its cause 3435: 3427: 3261: 3168: 3158: 3094: 3051: 3046:

and attack individual rights than non-populists. In contrast, an analysis of the

2957: 2953: 2937: 2932: 2432: 2325:. However, this explanation suffers from the lack of success of populism in most 2313: 2273: 2213: 2107: 1879: 1563:

The existence of two homogeneous units of analysis: 'the people' and 'the elite'.

1395: 1291: 1120: 1065: 954: 944: 898: 812: 592: 572: 537: 315: 155: 140: 15919: 13494: 13140: 12937: 7925: 3241: 2919: 1321:", which are often used in political discourse but rarely as self-designations. 732: 18629: 18537: 18527: 18256: 18131: 18116: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18026: 18001: 17956: 17936: 17798: 17769: 17744: 17699: 17679: 17641: 17596: 17476: 17466: 17323: 17154: 16967: 16552: 16532: 16527: 16515: 16283: 15989: 15959: 15954: 15944: 15874: 15804: 15794: 15729: 15699: 15689: 15648: 15561: 15334: 15309: 15177:

Lipset, Seymour Martin. "The radical right: A problem for American democracy."

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Knight, Alan. "Populism and neo-populism in Latin America, especially Mexico."

14684: 14406: 13602: 13548: 13198: 12742:

The people vs. democracy : why our freedom is in danger and how to save it

12123: 8403:

Structuring politics : historical institutionalism in comparative analysis

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Huber, Robert A.; Jankowski, Michael; Juen, Christina-Marie (5 December 2022).

4416: 4390: 4353: 4307: 4279:. Norris suggests that events such as globalisation, China's membership of the 4217: 4143: 4135: 4069: 4058: 4053: 4034: 4006: 3841: 3790: 3579: 3451: 3419: 3399: 3359: 3327: 3304: 3253: 3185: 2969: 2924: 2767: 2750: 2609: 2519: 2389: 2373: 2326: 2318: 2224: 2094: 2076: 2068: 1903: 1815: 1811: 1790: 1704: 1403: 1263: 1221: 1216: 1173: 1102: 802: 772: 767: 757: 692: 622: 612: 547: 512: 502: 459: 372: 145: 120: 16060: 16014: 15809: 15734: 15261:: a database of populist, far-left, and far-right parties in Europe since 1989 14291: 14043: 14011: 13097: 13060: 13043: 12961:

Cultural backlash : Trump, Brexit, and the rise of authoritarian populism

9963: 9946: 9923: 9497: 9293: 8534: 8387: 8354: 7847: 7773: 7756: 7634: 7617: 7560: 7543: 5579: 5436: 3245: 3217: 2494: 2027:

want politics to be largely or entirely an elite affair; some—such as Spain's

1799: 1758: 1593: 875: 827: 627: 552: 18674: 18562: 18392: 18302: 18251: 18221: 18211: 18141: 18136: 18126: 17986: 17976: 17966: 17941: 17808: 17786: 17704: 17611: 17584: 17569: 17511: 17194: 16736: 16696: 16584: 16488: 16410: 16009: 16004: 15924: 15889: 15849: 15814: 15744: 15739: 15643: 15638: 15529: 15519: 14862:

The Relationship Between Immigration and Nativism in Europe and North America

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Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany

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The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century

13731: 13639:

Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany

13432: 13308:

Bang, Henrik; Marsh, David (2018). "Populism: A Major Threat to Democracy?".

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Akkerman, Tjitske (2003). "Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?".

12922: 11466: 11357: 10514: 10467: 10265: 10257: 9535: 9527: 9410: 9371: 9336: 9168: 9141: 8240: 8134: 8093: 7943: 7888: 7643: 7592: 7569: 7472: 7397:

The global rise of populism: performance, political style, and representation

6899: 6337: 6075: 6028: 5971: 5963: 5924: 5874: 5595: 5444: 5282: 4748: 4686: 4358: 4256: 4251: 4198: 4100: 4073: 3986: 3814: 3782: 3771: 3626: 3562: 3257: 3180: 3120: 2896: 2876: 2776: 2645: 2633: 2617: 2584: 2511: 2261: 2257: 2102: 2008: 1915: 1883: 1589: 822: 817: 737: 702: 667: 632: 562: 557: 542: 454: 449: 340: 330: 75: 15939: 15387: 11957: 11852:

For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s

11488:

Reinemann, C.; Stanyer, J.; Aalberg, T.; Esser, F.; de Vreese, C.H. (2019).

9907: 9576: 9456: 8190: 6891: 5171:"'Populism' revealed as 2017 Word of the Year by Cambridge University Press" 4677: 4660: 3937: 2679: 2507: 752: 205: 18542: 18226: 18216: 18206: 18071: 18066: 18006: 17981: 17951: 17946: 17853: 17848: 17694: 17574: 17308: 17244: 17114: 17104: 17099: 17018: 17008: 16952: 16842: 16483: 16468: 16463: 15979: 15884: 15764: 15719: 15679: 15583: 15365: 15060: 14333: 14184:

Woodward, C. Vann (1938). "Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics".

13987: 13773: 13674: 13657: 13277:"Dealing with Populists in Government: The SYRIZA-ANEL Coalition in Greece" 11981: 11979: 10646: 10587:

Fascism, Populism and the French Fifth Republic: In the Shadow of Democracy

10301:"Hillary Clinton: Europe Must Curb Immigration to Stop Rightwing Populists" 9556: 9257: 9193: 9109: 8984: 8982: 8278: 8248: 8209: 8166:"Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote" 8142: 8118: 7865: 5613: 4421: 4343: 4288: 4284: 4267: 4230: 4165: 4139: 4077: 4065: 3958: 3946: 3868: 3806: 3767: 3597: 3462: 3367: 3233: 3225: 3208: 3014: 2783: 2757: 2717: 2205: 2201: 1988: 1910: 1896: 1597: 1475: 1446: 1383: 1349: 1306: 792: 697: 582: 532: 492: 394: 178: 14988: 14962:

Miraculous Metamorphoses: The Neoliberalization of Latin American Populism

14213:

Zaslove, Andrej; Geurkink, Bram; Jacobs, Kristof; Akkerman, Agnes (2021).

12913: 10875: 8627: 8310: 8047: 7510: 6225: 6150: 3491: 2503: 1899:, experiential knowledge, and practical solutions to be "true knowledge". 18241: 18236: 18171: 18166: 18016: 17888: 17843: 17833: 17626: 17621: 17559: 17496: 17279: 17254: 17179: 17139: 17109: 17084: 17064: 17043: 17023: 17003: 16993: 16962: 16827: 16691: 16654: 16649: 16579: 16500: 16478: 16428: 16405: 16241: 15929: 15894: 15769: 15749: 15653: 15535: 15499: 15444: 15397: 15370: 14672: 14576: 14455: 14059:

Stier, Sebastian; Posch, Lisa; Bleier, Arnim; Strohmaier, Markus (2017).

13723: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12574: 11937: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10206: 10204: 10191: 10189: 9889: 9887: 8867: 8605: 8603: 7788:

Funke, Manuel; Schularick, Moritz; Trebesch, Christoph (September 2016).

7544:"Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash" 7285: 7283: 7281: 6587: 5510: 4446: 4411: 4124: 4096: 3951: 3864: 3798: 3786: 3750:

Other early populist political parties in the United States included the

3719: 3614: 3603: 3575: 3495: 3467: 3330:

from the second century BCE. The historian Rachel Foxley argued that the

3068: 2812: 2683: 2605: 2601: 2566: 2445: 2366: 2293: 2228: 1984: 1919: 1867: 1856: 1844: 1827: 1572:

The positive valorisation of 'the people' and denigration of 'the elite'.

1483:

The ideational definition of populism used by Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser

1325: 1189: 1060: 742: 707: 587: 567: 464: 346: 310: 262: 215: 183: 20: 14842: 14825: 14639:(August 2016), Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Also by Müller on populism: 14320:

Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy

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Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and the rise of authoritarian-populism

10924:

Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and the rise of authoritarian populism

10899:

Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and the rise of authoritarian populism

10083: 10081: 10034: 10024: 10022: 10007: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9614: 9588: 9586: 9480:

The ideational approach to populism : concept, theory, and analysis

9044: 9042: 9015: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8979: 8943: 8931: 8919: 8891: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8337:

The ideational approach to populism : concept, theory, and analysis

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took over from Haider as chair of the Freedom Party of Austria in 2005.

2860:, later transitioned after German re-unification into a populist party, 1744: 1115: 18624: 18432: 18332: 18181: 18101: 17873: 17764: 17606: 17549: 17526: 17491: 17440: 17430: 17398: 17343: 17169: 17149: 17074: 17038: 16942: 16927: 16852: 16777: 16751: 16711: 16681: 16567: 16547: 16438: 16294: 16216: 16094: 16070: 15834: 15784: 15473: 15404: 15109: 14996: 14938: 14719:, S. Gill and J. Mittelman, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14538:

Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism.

14436: 14350: 14241: 14205: 14020: 13116:. Athens: Athens Institute for Education and Research, pp. 11–28. 12507:"Political Roundup: Could anti-Establishment politics hit New Zealand?" 9726: 9686: 7268: 7266: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6067: 6019: 5313: 4899: 4504:

Anti-Politics: On the Demonization of Ideology, Authority and the State

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central to understanding the rise of contemporary populist movements."

4221: 4033:

has presented a more lasting populist platform; long-time party leader

3830: 3566: 3371: 3189: 3149:

Scholars have argued that populist elements have sometimes appeared in

3118:

played a prominent role in endorsing Haider, in the United Kingdom the

3098: 2709: 2625: 2592: 2462: 2385: 2216:, who then support populism. Some theories only focus on the effect of 1999: 1980: 1605: 1514: 1510: 1280:. But the first major use of the term in English was by members of the 1185: 1165: 1035: 909: 885: 652: 602: 282: 222: 15182: 15055:

The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America

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Ferkiss, Victor C. (1957). "Populist Influences on American Fascism".

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Canovan, Margaret (1982). "Two Strategies for the Study of Populism".

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Javier Milei, Argentina President is a well known libertarian populist

2665: 18322: 18261: 17818: 17461: 17388: 17373: 17294: 17214: 17209: 17134: 17089: 17069: 17048: 17033: 17013: 16998: 16862: 16822: 16741: 16686: 16676: 16611: 16606: 16562: 16453: 16433: 16278: 16258: 16226: 16206: 16124: 16050: 15854: 15546: 15463: 15414: 15210:

Man Over Money: The Southern Populist Critique of American Capitalism

14355:

Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism: The Return of the Agrarian Myth

12685: 12593: 12416:

Roper, Juliet; Holtz-Bacha, Christina; Mazzoleni, Gianpietro (2004).

12366: 12301: 12239: 12211: 12187: 12124:"Experience Narratives and Populist Rhetoric in U.S. House Primaries" 11964: 11880: 11737: 11725: 11515:"Labour plans Jeremy Corbyn relaunch to ride anti-establishment wave" 11288: 11273: 11261: 11228: 11168: 11156: 10977: 10150: 10105: 10093: 10078: 10019: 9698: 9669: 9638: 9626: 9583: 9039: 9027: 8994: 8955: 8879: 8816: 8797: 8780: 8768: 8697: 8676: 8330: 7964: 7034: 6871:

Mede, Niels G; Schäfer, Mike S; Füchslin, Tobias (10 December 2020).

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countries, but are also applicable to advanced industrial countries.

2322: 2217: 1952:

they frequently ignore or devalue norms of liberal democracy such as

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Contemporary Populism: A Controversial Concept and Its Diverse Forms

8004:

Global Resurgence of the Right: Conceptual and Regional Perspectives

7263: 7185: 7125: 6703: 6433: 6414: 6249: 4914: 4891: 3985:

in Argentina, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and

3928:

The first wave of Latin American populism began at the start of the

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The economic grievance thesis argues that economic factors, such as

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Mudde, Cas. "The populist radical right: A pathological normalcy."

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In southeast Asia, populist politicians emerged in the wake of the

3636:, in which British citizens voted to leave, some have claimed the " 3618:

themselves, Austria and Poland are examples of these respectively.

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as abstract, useless, and ideologically biased, and instead demand

1822: 1613: 1601: 1528:

beyond ideological differences, and to conceptualise populism as a

1225: 1087: 1072: 1055: 517: 419: 292: 287: 277: 257: 237: 227: 194: 14362:

The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements

13973:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 101–120. 13693:

The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis

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The Levellers: Radical Political Thought in the English Revolution

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Weyland, Kurt (July 2013). "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift".

9843: 7618:"Rising Inequality As a Threat to the Liberal International Order" 6608:

Populism and Nationalism: Implications for the International Order

6261: 4233:" of elites and more to other sectors of society, as reflected in 3009: 2204:, are causing the formation of a 'left-behind' precariat with low 1735: 18634: 18547: 17435: 17403: 17393: 17164: 17124: 16957: 16882: 16867: 16847: 16756: 16616: 16557: 16505: 15566: 15429: 15392: 14769:

De Blasio, Emiliana, Hibberd, Matthew and Sorice, Michele. 2011.

12777: 9477: 8756: 5849:"After the Brexit referendum: revisiting populism as an ideology" 3395: 3391: 2900: 2792: 2788: 2640:, while in South Africa, Malema had been leader of the governing 2016: 1871: 1506: 377: 247: 210: 14338:

Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium: The Evolution of Alienation

14308:

Populist Rhetorical Strategies in the Courts of classical Athens

12721: 12709: 11245: 10541: 9208:"Donald Trump Rode $ 5 Billion in Free Media to the White House" 6961: 6531: 5774: 5034: 4779: 1834:

has been described as the "prototypical case" of ethnopopulism.

1192:. Thus, populists can be found at different locations along the 17383: 17184: 16972: 16947: 16937: 16907: 16892: 16510: 16144: 15458: 14923:"A historiography of populism and neopopulism in Latin America" 13481:

Canovan, Margaret (2004). "Populism for Political Theorists?".

11044:"Historian offers lessons from antiquity for today's democracy" 7790:"Going to extremes: Politics after financial crises, 1870–2014" 6915:"Interview of the Week: Peter Thiel. "Hypnotic Mass Phenomena"" 6213: 4762:

Funke, Manuel; Schularick, Moritz; Trebesch, Christoph (2023).

3637: 3610: 2436: 2249: 1923: 1625: 1566:

The antagonistic relationship between the people and the elite.

1449:

has criticized the common use of the term Populism to refer to

1425:

stated that "while the frustration is understandable, the term

959: 267: 15147:

Encyclopedia of Populism in America: A Historical Encyclopedia

12031:"Trump and Sanders Shift Mood in Congress Against Trade Deals" 11701:

Foster, Peter; Squires, Nick; Orange, Richard (24 June 2016).

11676:

LabourList | Labour's biggest independent grassroots e-network

11546:"Could Corbyn trigger the next populist political earthquake?" 10816:

Populism and Competitive Authoritarianism in the Latin America

10393:

The "end of politics" and the challenge of right-wing populism

9743: 9741: 9357: 8746: 8744: 7542:

Broz, J. Lawrence; Frieden, Jeffry; Weymouth, Stephen (2021).

3801:

compared the anti-elitism of the 1890s Populists with that of

3781:

By the mid-20th century, US populism had moved from a largely

3524:

Right-wing populists providing external support for government

2591:, who at rallies would state "the League has a hard-on" while 2565:

Populist leaders often play on gendered stereotypes. US-based

17413: 16902: 16837: 15053:. New York and London: Oxford University Press.; abridged as 14212: 13969:; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (eds.). 13568:; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (eds.). 13514:; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (eds.). 13231:. Houdmills and New York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 1–11. 13023:; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (eds.). 12000:"How Can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Both Be 'Populist'?" 11907:"How Can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Both Be 'Populist'?" 10727: 10715: 10440:

Schwörer, Jakob; Fernández-García, Belén (10 November 2021).

9788: 9753: 7389: 7387: 7385: 5709: 5707: 4878:

Pipes, Richard (1964). "Narodnichestvo: A Semantic Inquiry".

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de la Torre, Carlos (2017). "Populism in Latin America". In

11487: 8594: 7502:

Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism

6593: 6156: 5554: 5552: 5516: 1207:

Other scholars of the social sciences have defined the term

17408: 16832: 15264: 12661: 12637: 12354: 12273: 11609:"As Labour's new dawn fades, populists offer false promise" 11187: 10965: 10246:

The British Journal of Politics and International Relations

9738: 9235: 9233: 8741: 8401:

Steinmo, Sven; Thelen, Kathleen; Longstreth, Frank (1992).

7587:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–206. 6821: 4652: 4160: 3207:

In recent history, a 2018 analysis by political scientists

14381:

Emibayer, Mustafa and Ann Mishe. 1998. "What is Agency?",

14058: 13270: 12615: 12613: 11939:

Fred Harris : his journey from liberalism to populism

9263: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8840: 8838: 7382: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6681: 6679: 6349: 6347: 6231: 5704: 5561:"Walking the Talk: How to Identify Anti-Pluralist Parties" 5193: 3747:; after his defeat, the People's Party's support plunged. 3188:

helped to facilitate the environment in which the fascist

1559:

core consists of four distinct but interrelated concepts:

16977: 16872: 12415: 11400: 10901:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 10–11. 10126:"The Populist Harm to Democracy: An Empirical Assessment" 9360:"How Trump Reshaped the Presidency in Over 11,000 Tweets" 9276:

Perlman, Elisabeth Ruth; Sprick Schuster, Steven (2016).

8488:

Ruling the void : the hollowing of Western democracy

8331:

Hawkins, Kirk Andrew; Carlin, Ryan E.; Littvay, Levente;

8222: 8033: 8031: 8001:

Pereyra Doval, Gisela; Souroujon, Gastón (27 July 2021).

6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6167: 6165: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5549: 5074: 5072: 5070: 4973: 4971: 4969: 1866:. In Bolivia, for example, the left-wing populist leader 1578:

The ideational definition of populism used by Ben Stanley

15197:. 1986. "Black History and the Vision of Democracy", in 15041:

Free Spaces: The Sources of Democratic Change in America

14345:

Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life

13682: 13185:

Allcock, J. B. (1971). "'Populism': A Brief Biography".

12876: 12854: 12852: 12794: 12792: 12387:"Feisty, Protectionist Populism? New Zealand Tried That" 11390: 11388: 11218: 11216: 11214: 11088:

The Reformation: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies

10951:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 10651:"Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks" 10553: 10439: 9732: 9692: 9608: 9314: 9245: 9230: 7370: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7321: 7305: 7289: 7257: 7151: 7119: 6762: 6760: 6581: 6565: 6189: 6144: 6100: 5768: 5724: 5722: 5678: 5662: 5559:

Medzihorsky, Juraj; Lindberg, Staffan I. (17 May 2023).

5492: 5480: 5215: 5061: 4824: 3357:

In the Russian Empire during the late 19th century, the

2569:

portrayed a maternal image as a "mama grizzly"; Italy's

2035:—reject democracy altogether, while others—like Spain's 1843:—which presented itself as a defender of the capitalist 14060: 13992:; Ochoa Espejo, Paulina; Ostiguy, Pierre, eds. (2019). 12991:

The Tyranny of Merit: What's Become of the Common Good?

12649: 12625: 12610: 12541:

Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives

12177: 12175: 12130:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 421–435. 11766: 11641:"Why Jeremy Corbyn cannot copy Donald Trump's populism" 11577:"Labour is running a great risk with its populist turn" 11007: 10739: 10703: 10691: 10679: 10332:"Clinton, Blair, Renzi: Why we Lost, How to Fight Back" 10066: 9995: 9874: 9872: 9870: 8967: 8850: 8835: 8400: 7787: 7213: 7211: 7001: 6949: 6676: 6652: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6445: 6344: 6284: 6282: 6280: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5464: 5462: 5238: 5236: 5153: 5151: 5004: 5002: 4761: 4661:"Populist parties and the two-dimensional policy space" 3770:

in 1933–1935. In Canada, populist groups adhering to a

1463:

assesses populism as anti-elitism and people-centrism.

15144:

Kindell, Alexandra & Demers, Elizabeth S. (2014).

15014:

https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2023.35.85516

14717:

Innovation and Transformation in International Studies

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Stanley, Ben (2008). "The Thin Ideology of Populism".

13936:

Park, Bill (2018). "Populism and Islamism in Turkey".

13902: 13871: 12831: 12814: 12748: 12703: 12691: 12679: 12604: 12372: 12344: 12328: 12312: 12291: 12263: 12248: 12229: 12217: 12205: 12193: 11985: 11970: 11889: 11874: 11812: 11790: 11754: 11748: 11731: 11351: 11299: 11282: 11267: 11239: 11205: 11181: 11162: 11066: 11029: 10986: 10793:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. xiii. 10565: 10377: 10365: 10227: 10210: 10195: 10180: 10168: 10156: 10111: 10099: 10087: 10056: 10040: 10028: 10013: 9989: 9893: 9804: 9784: 9716: 9704: 9680: 9663: 9651: 9632: 9620: 9604: 9592: 9557:

Linz, Juan J. (Juan José); Valenzuela, Arturo (1994).

9275: 9048: 9033: 9021: 9009: 8988: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8925: 8909: 8897: 8885: 8873: 8829: 8810: 8791: 8774: 8731: 8715: 8703: 8691: 8664: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8590: 8117:

Craig, Maureen A.; Richeson, Jennifer A. (June 2014).

8028: 8000: 7883:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. 7661:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 7467:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 202. 7333: 7317: 7301: 7272: 7253: 7223: 7202: 7179: 7167: 7163: 7147: 7131: 7115: 7111: 7095: 7091: 7075: 7059: 7043: 7028: 7024: 6995: 6983: 6979: 6943: 6815: 6803: 6778: 6751: 6734: 6697: 6670: 6646: 6577: 6561: 6457: 6439: 6427: 6408: 6300: 6255: 6183: 6162: 6120: 6096: 6050:

De Cleen, Benjamin; Stavrakakis, Yannis (April 2020).

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politics of the period. In this period, the historian

3634:

2016 UK referendum on membership of the European Union

3402:

and the idea that the working classes are affected by

2782:

In the 21st century, populists have increasingly used

13339:

Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort

12864: 12849: 12837: 12789: 12744:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 12544:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 52. 11824: 11778: 11513:

Stewart, Heather; Elgot, Jessica (15 December 2016).

11385: 11373: 11211: 9855: 9759: 8465:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 8367: 7351: 7339: 7235: 6757: 6498: 5719: 5329: 5289: 4220:

and scandals. Since the late 1960s, the emergence of

3878:

saw a wave of populist sentiment in the campaigns of

3718:

States. In this instance, populism was combined with

3681:

saw a wave of populist sentiment in the campaigns of

3538:

Right-wing populists appoint prime minister/president

3315:, both as an idea and as a framework for governance. 2692:

Populist leaders are sometimes also characterised as

1430:

unexplored area of political and social experience".

1354:

the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union

15227:

Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain

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Abi-Hassan, Sahar (2017). "Populism and Gender". In

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11942:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 11854:. Caravan Book. University of North Carolina Press. 11825:

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Rico, Guillem; Guinjoan, Marc; Anduiza, EVA (2020).

7208: 6543: 6510: 6277: 5823: 5734: 5459: 5353: 5233: 5148: 4999: 4830: 4625: 14787:

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

14468:, vol. 321, no. 3 (September 2019), pp. 85–87. 14360:Caiani, Manuela. "Populism/Populist Movements". in 14127:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 62–80. 13965:Resnick, Danielle (2017). "Populism in Africa". In 13532: 13242: 13221: 12783: 11700: 11367: 10547: 9849: 9435: 8762: 7541: 6870: 6610:. Library notes. House of Lords Library. p. 4. 6537: 6492: 6389: 6365: 6201: 6049: 5993:Dean, Jonathan; Maiguashca, Bice (2 January 2020). 5946:Stavrakakis, Yannis; Jäger, Anton (November 2018). 5785: 5558: 5375: 5126: 5045: 5024: 4989: 4786: 4711:Yilmaz, Ihsan; Morieson, Nicholas (14 April 2021). 3278:Although the term "populist" can be traced back to 1398:. In 1967 a Conference on Populism was held at the 1348:Following 2016, the year which saw the election of 15212:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 15051:Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America 14417:Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America 13822:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–23. 13564:Eatwell, Roger (2017). "Populism and Fascism". In 12160: 11327:(2003). "El fracaso del populismo protestatario". 10814:Levitsky, Steven; Loxton, James (30 August 2012). 8435:. New Haven: Yale University Press. Archived from 8370:Nationalism after communism : lessons learned 7716: 5423:Art, David (2020). "The Myth of Global Populism". 4658: 3517:Right-wing populists represented in the parliament 1276:, which has often been translated into English as 14422: 14347:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7832:"Populism and de Facto Central Bank Independence" 3221:of pluralism, open debate, and fair competition. 1887:and "elite" are typically of the same ethnicity. 1345:declared: "we are and will be called populists." 18672: 15067:. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 15029:. 2018. London: University of Westminster Press. 14623:. 2018. London: University of Westminster Press. 14540:London: NLB/Atlantic Highlands Humanities Press. 14317:Albertazzi, Daniele and Duncan McDonnell. 2008. 13788: 13622:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 12727: 12715: 11418: 10758:Mounk, Yascha; Kyle, Jordan (26 December 2018). 10618:Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism 10060: 7615: 7505:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–139. 6967: 6880:International Journal of Public Opinion Research 6709: 6243: 6219: 5945: 5698: 4861:Lamartine, Alphonse Marie L. de Prat de (1858). 4494: 3087:Political scientists Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser 2587:, the leader of the right-wing populist Italian 1259:used the term as an antonym for "aristocratic". 14816:West European Politics 33.6 (2010): 1167–1186. 14523:Kling, Joseph M. and Prudence S. Posner. 1990. 14507:Kazin, Michael. "Trump and American Populism". 13709: 13243:Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2015). 12946: 12477:New Zealand Votes: The General Election of 2002 11331:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. p. 263. 10946: 10921: 10896: 9121: 8170:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8037: 7498: 4306:Using Brexit and Trump's election as examples, 3531:Right-wing populists involved in the government 3424:Union for the Defense of Tradesmen and Artisans 1994: 1612:have been described as combining populism with 26:"Populist" redirects here. For other uses, see 14323:Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 12531: 12480:. Victoria University Press. pp. 239–40. 12090: 10813: 10132:. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. 10124:Kyle, Jordan; Mounk, Yascha (2 January 2019). 9760:Gherghina, S.; Mişcoiu, S.; Soare, S. (2013). 9561:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 25. 8079: 8077: 8075: 7994: 7616:Flaherty, Thomas M.; Rogowski, Ronald (2021). 5992: 4710: 3378:(1892), which depicts the arrest of a narodnik 1859:referred to this as the "Church of the Left". 1826:The Bolivian government of left-wing populist 16793: 16310: 15280: 15203:The New Populism: The Politics of Empowerment 15143: 14868:. Migration Policy Institute. pp. 14–15. 14743:Radical Right-wing Populism in Western Europe 14340:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 14151:Tormey, Simon (2018). "Populism: Democracy's 8372:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 71–72. 8368:Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina; Krastev, Ivan (2004). 8116: 3595: 3471:they who were campaigning for such a change. 1847:—argued that big business, and its allies in 1694:Populism typically entails "celebrating them 1138: 74:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 17299: 15131:The Populist Persuasion: An American History 12537: 11512: 10835:The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America 9397:Fisher, Max; Taub, Amanda (11 August 2019). 7744:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 5255:Noury, Abdul; Roland, Gerard (11 May 2020). 4864:History of the constituent assembly, 1789-90 4631: 4299:. On this basis, they argue that while the 2827:, who lost on the first round. Furthermore, 2469:were pushed to implement unpopular economic 2312:The length of time since a country has been 1231: 17235: 13509: 13336: 12360: 12348: 12332: 12295: 12279: 12267: 12233: 11900: 11898: 10855: 10559: 10422: 9747: 8913: 8750: 8735: 8719: 8639: 8419: 8072: 7911: 7829: 6786: 6393: 6369: 6140: 5895: 5713: 5254: 3789:stance, being closely intertwined with the 16800: 16786: 16317: 16303: 15287: 15273: 15229:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 15027:Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism 14613:Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism 14581: 14018: 13018: 12440: 12409: 9396: 8561: 8559: 8509: 8507: 8425: 8279:"Experiments in intergroup discrimination" 8229:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 7733: 6136: 5642: 5257:"Identity Politics and Populism in Europe" 4083: 3352: 2856:, a Marxist–Leninist group which governed 1145: 1131: 15039:Evans, Sara M. and Harry C. Boyte. 1986. 14841: 14240: 14230: 13893: 13854: 13817: 13710:Inglehart, Ronald; Norris, Pippa (2016). 13673: 13636: 13371: 13307: 13059: 12963:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12912: 12093:"How Populism Will Change Foreign Policy" 11849: 11605: 11406: 11084: 10947:Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2018). 10922:Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2019). 10897:Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2019). 10782: 10757: 10733: 10721: 10571: 10457: 10123: 9962: 9157:"Hugo Chávez's Totally Bizarre Talk Show" 8570:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8405:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8199: 8189: 8038:Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2019). 7933: 7855: 7772: 7739: 7709:"How to reform today's rigged capitalism" 7633: 7559: 7499:Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2019). 7447: 6377: 6018: 5864: 5603: 5272: 5106: 4860: 4738: 4728: 4676: 4638:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. 4591: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 3406:are also antithetical to populist ideas. 3058:policies to meet the populist challenge. 2871:after Juan Perón's death in 1974, or the 2797:Jair Bolsonaro 2018 presidential campaign 2307: 2007:, a right-wing populist formation in the 1647: 1356:—both events linked to populism—the word 16807: 16324: 15205:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 15034:Information, Communication & Society 14872: 14662: 14527:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 14270: 14183: 14065:Information, Communication & Society 13658:"What is Populism? Who is the Populist?" 13337:Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000). 13155: 13126: 13076: 13041: 11895: 11784: 11123: 11048:Cornell University Department of History 10998: 10788: 10639: 10488: 10239: 10072: 9944: 9905: 9513: 9317:Information, Communication & Society 9251: 9239: 8394: 8270: 8086:Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe 7881:Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe 7650: 7585:Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe 7465:Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe 7071: 6484: 6451: 4944: 4812: 4600: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4161:Late 20th- and early 21st-century growth 4087: 3915: 3778:never became a dominant national force. 3541: 3505: 3366: 3163: 3008: 2918: 2839: 2126:focusing on leadership, this concept of 2062: 1998: 1821: 1723: 1707:" as its heartland, while the far-right 1466: 18383:Reflections on the Revolution in France 15093:The Paranoid Style in American Politics 14920: 14141: 14122: 14103: 14029: 13964: 13586: 13563: 13480: 13451: 13437:. 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The Dutch right-wing populist leader 18673: 14974: 14517:Populism: Its Past, Present and Future 14273:"Populism and the Rule of Recognition" 14150: 14125:Democracies and the Populist Challenge 13820:Democracies and the Populist Challenge 13617: 13353: 13079:"Populism and the Rule of Recognition" 12988: 12984: 12982: 12980: 12958: 12894: 12754: 12733: 12498: 12473: 12455:from the original on 20 September 2017 12028: 11935: 11544:Walker, Michael J (29 December 2016). 11543: 11444: 11419:Zienkowski, Jan; Breeze, Ruth (2019). 11323: 11072: 11041: 10832: 10820:American Political Science Association 10645: 10390:Mouffe, C. (2005), Panizza, F. 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The Dutch right-wing populist 2227:and others. Commentators such as 1772:for instance accused the dominant 1373: 14: 18712: 15241: 15057:. (Oxford University Press, 1978) 14969:Journal of Latin American Studies 14656:, Vol. 38, No. 23, pp. 10–14 13746:from the original on 19 July 2019 12901:Journal of World-Systems Research 12397:from the original on 1 March 2017 12385:Cowen, Tyler (13 February 2017). 12128:The Palgrave Handbook of Populism 11713:from the original on 24 June 2016 11639:Rentoul, John (14 January 2017). 11556:from the original on 15 June 2017 11453:(1). Informa UK Limited: 89–104. 10770:from the original on 9 March 2021 10489:Schwörer, Jakob (1 August 2021). 10396:, London: Verso, pp. 72–98, 9764:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 8303:10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96 6925:from the original on 29 June 2020 6852:from the original on 28 June 2020 5952:European Journal of Social Theory 5574:(3). 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These relied on the 3905: 3667: 3656: 3647: 3561:, the Conservative Party leader 2854:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 2664: 2655: 2555: 2546: 2239: 1931:presented as "ethnic traitors". 1743: 1734: 1569:The idea of popular sovereignty. 1270:group referred to itself as the 1114: 54:to read and navigate comfortably 39: 17270:Family as a model for the state 14773:. 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When this tag was added, its 18620:Separation of church and state 18518:Collectivism and individualism 18473:The Origins of Totalitarianism 14977:Latin American Research Review 14520:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 14146:. New York: Harper Torchbooks. 13988:Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal; 13114:New studies in law and history 12126:. In Oswald, Michael T (ed.). 11829:. Princeton University Press. 11001:New Studies in Law and History 9819:Populism and Liberal Democracy 8426:Huntington, Samuel P. (1968). 8088:. Cambridge University Press. 8042:. Cambridge University Press. 4755: 4250:Another factor is that in the 4229:giving less attention to the " 4210:Albertazzi and McDonnell, 2008 4017:since the introduction of the 3434:of the 1960s Netherlands, and 3128:, while in the United States, 2821:1990 Peruvian general election 2400: 1: 18660:Category:Political philosophy 18533:Critique of political economy 15542:Criticism of multiculturalism 15043:. New York: Harper & Row. 14384:American Journal of Sociology 14232:10.1080/01402382.2020.1776490 14169:10.1080/01442872.2018.1475638 14077:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328519 13950:10.1080/14683849.2017.1407651 13927:Comparative political studies 13803:10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885 13395:10.5325/goodsociety.21.2.0173 13354:Berman, Sheri (11 May 2021). 13322:10.1080/01442872.2018.1475640 13293:10.1080/13510347.2016.1154842 13225:Twenty-First Century Populism 12029:Litvan, Laura (17 May 2016). 11459:10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339 11423:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10459:10.1080/01402382.2020.1812907 9516:Comparative Political Studies 9329:10.1080/1369118x.2016.1207697 9194:Rovira Kaltwasser et al. 2019 9110:Rovira Kaltwasser et al. 2019 8164:Mutz, Diana C. (8 May 2018). 7836:Comparative Political Studies 6011:10.1080/13569317.2020.1699712 5917:10.1080/13569317.2020.1844372 5866:10.1080/13569317.2016.1260813 4574:Berman, Sheri (11 May 2021). 4507:. Watkins Media. p. 20. 4463: 4193:, the speed and direction of 3776:Social Credit Party of Canada 3709:Populism in the United States 1660:Political scientist Cas Mudde 1610:Justice and Development Party 1608:, while groups like Turkey's 1543:left–right political spectrum 1194:left–right political spectrum 353:Criticism of multiculturalism 18558:Institutional discrimination 18553:History of political thought 17285:Negative and positive rights 15294: 15191:(2014) 34#2 pp. 143–62. 15179:British Journal of Sociology 15036:(2014) 17#3 pp. 326–41. 14921:Conniff, Michael L. (2020). 14887:10.1215/01642472-18-4_65-109 14473:Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira 14306:Adamidis, Vasileios (2021), 14271:Adamidis, Vasileios (2021). 14263:Abromeit, John et al., eds. 13905:Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal 13874:Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal 13685:Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal 13273:Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal 13077:Adamidis, Vasileios (2021). 13042:Adamidis, Vasileios (2021). 12949:, p. 1-2, Bibliography. 12728:McDonnell & Cabrera 2019 12716:McDonnell & Cabrera 2019 12136:10.1007/978-3-030-80803-7_26 12066:U.S. News & World Report 10789:Isbester, Katherine (2011). 10061:McDonnell & Cabrera 2019 9945:Adamidis, Vasileios (2021). 9906:Adamidis, Vasileios (2021). 9155:Nolan, Rachel (4 May 2012). 8333:Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal 8277:Taijfel, H (November 1970). 7966:Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal 7707:Wolf, M. 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New York: Guilford Press. 13141:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500021 13021:Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser 12947:Inglehart & Norris 2016 11670:Bean, Emma (3 April 2017). 10584:Fieschi, Catherine (2004). 10423:van Heerden, S. C. (2014). 10130:Institute for Global Change 9821:. Oxford University Press. 8461:Tucker, Paul M. W. (2019). 7926:10.1080/1356931042000263546 6623:"The problem with populism" 4331: 4321:The Rise of the Meritocracy 4150:in Thailand. In India, the 4132:1997 Asian financial crisis 4025:'s populist appeals in its 4021:voting system in 1996. The 3971:International Monetary Fund 3559:the 2001 electoral campaign 2807:Political systems with low 2459:International Monetary Fund 2246:modernisation losers theory 2121:defined this conception of 1642:vanguard of the proletariat 1600:have been characterised as 1423:Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser 1394:and other academics in the 66:content into sub-articles, 10: 18717: 17238:Bellum omnium contra omnes 16041:Ukrainian national revival 15218:, and Doug Schoen. (2010) 15201:and Frank Riessman, Eds., 14685:10.1057/s41282-020-00189-y 14256: 13603:10.1177/106591295701000208 13549:10.1177/016059768801200102 13431:Canovan, Margaret (1981). 13199:10.1177/003803857100500305 12768:"Populism: The Phenomenon" 11085:Pettegree, Andrew (2004). 10839:Cambridge University Press 10833:Madrid, Raúl (June 2012). 10621:. Transaction Publishers. 8566:Meguid, Bonnie M. (2008). 8514:Meguid, Bonnie M. (2005). 8339:. 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Similarly, the Belgian 2642:African National Congress 2622:Economic Freedom Fighters 2593:putting his middle-finger 2234:central bank independence 1960:, legitimate opposition, 1232:Etymology and terminology 851:Anti-Administration party 28:Populist (disambiguation) 18443:The Revolt of the Masses 16150:Election of Donald Trump 14957:(1999) essays by experts 14783:Fritzsche, Peter. 1998. 14755:Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. 14647:27 November 2016 at the 14642:Capitalism in One Family 14634:21 November 2016 at the 14514:Khoros, Vladimir. 1984. 14374:Denning, Michael. 1997. 14369:Perspectives on Politics 14142:Tindall, George (1966). 13839:"The Populist Zeitgeist" 13252:Anselmi, Manuel (2018). 13170:10.1177/1464884911415972 12989:Sandel, Michael (2020). 11936:Lowitt, Richard (2002). 11850:Formisano, R.P. (2008). 10258:10.1177/1369148117715646 9528:10.1177/0010414012445753 9122:Foweraker, Joe. (2003). 9076:"Populism and the Media" 8241:10.1177/0146167211418531 8135:10.1177/0956797614527113 8094:10.1017/cbo9780511492037 7889:10.1017/cbo9780511492037 7797:European Economic Review 7657:Piketty, Thomas (2014). 7593:10.1017/cbo9780511492037 7473:10.1017/cbo9780511492037 6913:Schwab, Florian (2018). 5964:10.1177/1368431017723337 5425:Perspectives on Politics 4768:American Economic Review 4468: 4281:World Trade Organisation 4023:New Zealand Labour Party 3963:Fernando Collor de Mello 3840:Former Oklahoma Senator 3625:under the leadership of 3480:Scottish Socialist Party 3459:fall of the Soviet Union 3376:Arrest of a Propagandist 3002:for instance called for 2950:India Against Corruption 2728: 2600:, who bragged about his 1786:Freedom Party of Austria 1778:Communist Party of India 1774:Indian National Congress 965:Election of Donald Trump 19:Not to be confused with 18423:The Communist Manifesto 17349:Tyranny of the majority 17260:Consent of the governed 15253:Encyclopædia Britannica 14731:Anselmi, Manuel, 2017. 14619:29 October 2020 at the 14610:Morelock, Jeremiah ed. 14543:Laclau, Ernesto. 2005. 13618:Foxley, Rachel (2013). 13412:The Political Quarterly 10560:Berlet & Lyons 2000 9457:10.1111/1475-6765.12374 9126:. 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(2010). 6056:Nations and Nationalism 4678:10.1111/1475-6765.12569 4457:Tyranny of the majority 4084:Asia and the Arab world 4042:Populism in New Zealand 3574:legislation to curtail 3353:19th and 20th centuries 3303:who were active in the 3032:tyranny of the majority 2881:Heinz-Christian Strache 2198:economic liberalisation 1343:Lithuanian Labour Party 1196:, and there exist both 17300: 17250:Clash of civilizations 17236: 16232:Democratic backsliding 15435:Jeffersonian democracy 15189:Great Plains Quarterly 15085:: from Bryan to F.D.R. 14903:Politics and discourse 14809:West European Politics 14805:The Populist Challenge 14654:London Review of Books 14343:Boyte, Harry C. 2004. 14219:West European Politics 14104:Taggart, Paul (2000). 13774:10.1353/sais.2007.0013 13675:10.3167/dt.2018.050201 13536:Humanity & Society 12959:Norris, Pippa (2019). 12740:Mounk, Yascha (2018). 12512:The New Zealand Herald 12122:Cowburn, Mike (2022). 10615:Germani, Gino (1978). 10446:West European Politics 8648:Populism and Patronage 8523:Am. 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Wiley: 989–1004. 4452:Third party (politics) 4427:Political polarization 4261:charismatic leadership 4207: 4191:cultural globalisation 4155:Bharatiya Janata Party 4108: 3991:constituent assemblies 3921: 3745:William Jennings Bryan 3701:parties, respectively. 3554: 3539: 3488:José María Ruiz Mateos 3426:in late 1950s France, 3379: 3336:Protestant Reformation 3297:parallels that of the 3284: 3176: 3084: 3044:democratic backsliding 3018: 2966:Pablo Iglesias Turrión 2928: 2907:has its stronghold in 2848: 2583:An example of this is 2465:while in Europe, many 2346: 2308:Recent democratization 2138:In popular discourse, 2072: 2011: 1835: 1832:Movement for Socialism 1770:Bharatiya Janata Party 1709:British National Party 1686: 1657: 1618:Bharatiya Janata Party 1575: 1480: 1240: 1051:Democratic backsliding 253:Jeffersonian democracy 18691:Political terminology 17265:Divine right of kings 16155:Yellow vests protests 15222:(HarperCollins, 2010) 15208:Palmer, Bruce. 1980. 15181:6.2 (1955): 176–209. 14989:10.1353/lar.2004.0052 14971:30.2 (1998): 223–248. 13256:. 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Huntington 2037:José Ortega y Gasset 2003:Protesters from the 1962:separation of powers 1958:freedom of the press 1893:scientific knowledge 1363:Cambridge Dictionary 1041:Classical radicalism 400:Grassroots democracy 368:Economic nationalism 326:Anti-intellectualism 243:Jacksonian democracy 16:Political philosophy 18603:Right-wing politics 18483:A Theory of Justice 18453:The Road to Serfdom 18373:The Social Contract 17080:Christian democracy 16444:Christian democracy 16120:Revolutions of 1989 15845:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 15825:Kirchner (Cristina) 15634:Popular sovereignty 15619:Natural aristocracy 15150:. 2 vol. ABC-CLIO. 15095:, and Other Essays. 15078:Hofstadter, Richard 14843:10.1017/gov.2021.15 14824:Mudde, Cas (2021). 14803:Kriesi, H. 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The Czech 3450:and from the early 3404:false consciousness 3388:Boulangist movement 3266:right-wing populism 2942:Indignados movement 2620:and members of his 2528:Yingluck Shinawatra 2380:, special-interest 2333:Supply-side factors 2278:developed countries 2194:deindustrialisation 2179:Demand-side factors 1537:Right and left-wing 1202:right-wing populism 1121:Politics portal 935:Revolutions of 1989 663:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 643:Kirchner (Cristina) 445:Popular sovereignty 430:Natural aristocracy 58:readable prose size 18696:Political theories 18615:Political violence 18610:Political theology 18593:Left-wing politics 18588:Political spectrum 16359:Political spectrum 16135:Tea Party movement 15659:Welfare chauvinism 15577:Anti-establishment 15510:Anti-globalization 14939:10.1111/hic3.12621 14859:Mudde, C. (2012). 14677:Palgrave Macmillan 14570:2 May 2017 at the 14552:8 May 2016 at the 14546:On Populist Reason 14437:10.1111/pops.12881 13683:Hawkins, Kirk A.; 13271:Aslanidis, Paris; 13245:Populists in Power 12885:, pp. 555–56. 12294:, pp. 29–30; 12232:, pp. 28–29; 12004:The New York Times 11911:The New York Times 9992:, pp. 83, 84. 9723:, pp. 266–67. 9719:, pp. 56–57; 9607:, pp. 54–55; 9403:The New York Times 9364:The New York Times 9161:The New York Times 8912:, pp. 72–73; 8876:, pp. 64, 66. 8595:Gagnon et al. 2018 8593:, pp. 42–43; 7379:, pp. 542–43. 6594:Gagnon et al. 2018 6356:, pp. 546–47. 6157:Gagnon et al. 2018 6068:10.1111/nana.12575 5517:Gagnon et al. 2018 4235:reality television 4148:Thaksin Shinawatra 4121:Benjamin Netanyahu 4113:Gamal Abdel Nasser 4109: 4047:Sub-Saharan Africa 3940:in Argentina, and 3922: 3888:anti-establishment 3857:Tea Party movement 3795:Richard Hofstadter 3713:Populism in Canada 3691:anti-establishment 3555: 3540: 3416:Common Man's Front 3412:Guglielmo Giannini 3380: 3348:Populism in Europe 3177: 3030:described as the " 3019: 3000:Dutch Labour Party 2956:, who founded the 2929: 2869:Justicialist Party 2849: 2809:political efficacy 2702:Thaksin Shinawatra 2532:Thaksin Shinawatra 2188:Economic grievance 2073: 2012: 2005:Tea Party movement 1841:Tea Party movement 1836: 1701:Conservative Party 1630:Independent Greeks 1198:left-wing populism 1162:anti-establishment 950:Tea Party movement 470:Welfare chauvinism 388:Anti-establishment 321:Anti-globalization 18668: 18667: 18578:Philosophy of law 18523:Conflict theories 18363:The Spirit of Law 18270: 18269: 17319:Original position 16775: 16774: 16474:Constitutionalism 16337:The Establishment 16292: 16291: 16264:Paleoconservatism 16066:Völkisch movement 16056:Farmers' Alliance 15830:Kirchner (Néstor) 15629:Popular democracy 15594:Identity politics 15572:The Establishment 15235:978-0-8014-3294-1 15157:978-1-59884-568-6 15139:978-0-465-03793-3 15122:978-0-9971264-4-0 15083:The Age of Reform 15073:978-0-19-530670-5 15047:Goodwyn, Lawrence 14779:978-88-6536-021-7 14765:978-0-19-505780-5 14751:978-0-312-08390-8 14652:(December 2016), 14629:What is Populism? 14488:978-0-19-880356-0 14413:Goodwyn, Lawrence 14329:978-0-230-01349-0 14144:A Populist Reader 14134:978-1-4039-2007-2 14115:978-0-335-20046-7 14003:978-0-19-884628-4 13980:978-0-19-880356-0 13918:978-0-19-023487-4 13829:978-1-4039-2007-2 13702:978-1-138-71651-3 13662:Democratic Theory 13648:978-0-19-505780-5 13629:978-0-7190-8936-7 13579:978-0-19-880356-0 13525:978-0-19-880356-0 13454:Political Studies 13444:978-0-15-173078-0 13348:978-1-57230-568-7 13263:978-1-138-28715-0 13034:978-0-19-880356-0 12970:978-1-108-44442-2 12706:, pp. 38–39. 12682:, pp. 39–40. 12551:978-1-4614-0448-4 12487:978-0-86473-468-6 12448:National Observer 12427:978-0-8204-6148-9 12393:. 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Wallace 3693:platforms in the 3592:Silvio Berlusconi 3547:Jean-Marie Le Pen 3384:völkisch movement 3238:Silvio Burlesconi 2836:Political parties 2803:Electoral systems 2773:National Alliance 2638:Party for Freedom 2598:Silvio Berlusconi 2571:Silvio Berlusconi 2538:Rhetorical styles 2516:Jean-Marie Le Pen 2451:Silvio Berlusconi 2378:Electoral College 2268:Cultural backlash 2262:individualization 2260:, and increasing 2254:industrialisation 2099:Rudiger Dornbusch 2082:liberal democracy 2051:Other definitions 2041:Joseph Schumpeter 1979:measures such as 1977:direct democratic 1954:freedom of speech 1622:Hindu nationalism 1478:) of the people. 1338:Jean-Marie Le Pen 1170:political science 1155: 1154: 1083:Paleoconservatism 881:Völkisch movement 871:Farmers' Alliance 648:Kirchner (Néstor) 440:Popular democracy 405:Identity politics 383:The Establishment 93: 92: 60:was 16,000 words. 18708: 18583:Political ethics 18573:Machiavellianism 18513:Authoritarianism 18498: 18488: 18478: 18468: 18458: 18448: 18438: 18428: 18418: 18408: 18398: 18388: 18378: 18368: 18358: 18348: 18338: 18328: 18318: 18308: 18298: 18288: 17364: 17363: 17305: 17241: 17231:Balance of power 17205:Social democracy 17200:Social Darwinism 17175:Multiculturalism 17120:Environmentalism 17095:Communitarianism 16802: 16795: 16788: 16779: 16778: 16702:Internationalism 16633:Authoritarianism 16602:Social democracy 16496:Environmentalism 16459:Communitarianism 16319: 16312: 16305: 16296: 16295: 16274:Radical centrism 16212:Authoritarianism 16100:Share Our Wealth 16090:Great Depression 15552:Direct democracy 15289: 15282: 15275: 15266: 15265: 15216:Rasmussen, Scott 15195:Marable, Manning 15173: 15171: 15169: 15103:Feminist Studies 15097:New York: Knopf. 15087:New York: Knopf. 15008: 14950: 14898: 14869: 14867: 14855: 14845: 14739:Betz, Hans-Georg 14712: 14607: 14562:(2 April 2017). 14504: 14502: 14500: 14452:Hogg, Michael A. 14448: 14431:(5): 1141–1160. 14378:. 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2018 10666: 10655: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10461: 10452:(7): 1401–1424. 10437: 10431: 10430: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10214: 10208: 10199: 10193: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10141: 10133: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9966: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9882: 9876: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9814: 9808: 9798: 9792: 9782: 9776: 9775: 9757: 9751: 9748:de la Torre 2017 9745: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9612: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9581: 9580: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9442: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9323:(8): 1109–1126. 9312: 9306: 9305: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 8992: 8986: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8914:de la Torre 2017 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8848: 8842: 8833: 8827: 8814: 8808: 8795: 8789: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8751:de la Torre 2017 8748: 8739: 8736:de la Torre 2017 8729: 8723: 8720:de la Torre 2017 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8598: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8563: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8520: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8441: 8434: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8193: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8129:(6): 1189–1197. 8114: 8108: 8107: 8081: 8070: 8069: 8035: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8021: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7937: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7859: 7842:(8): 1189–1223. 7827: 7821: 7820: 7794: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7720: 7715:. Archived from 7704: 7698: 7697: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7637: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7563: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7391: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7315: 7309: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7276: 7270: 7261: 7256:, pp. 3–4; 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7206: 7200: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7161: 7155: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7105: 7099: 7085: 7079: 7069: 7063: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7032: 7022: 7016: 7010: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6877: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6790: 6787:de la Torre 2017 6776: 6770: 6764: 6755: 6749: 6738: 6732: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6631: 6630: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6575: 6569: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6412: 6406: 6397: 6394:de la Torre 2017 6387: 6381: 6370:de la Torre 2017 6363: 6357: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6313: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6275: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6141:de la Torre 2017 6130: 6124: 6110: 6104: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6022: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5902: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5868: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5821: 5815: 5806: 5800: 5789: 5783: 5772: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5714:de la Torre 2017 5711: 5702: 5688: 5682: 5672: 5666: 5665:, pp. 2, 3. 5652: 5646: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5607: 5565: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5383: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5276: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5065: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5032: 5018: 5012: 5006: 4997: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4964: 4954: 4948: 4934: 4928: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4742: 4732: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4680: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4571: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4442:Radical politics 4364:Communitarianism 4272:Ronald Inglehart 4211: 4142:in South Korea, 4005:In New Zealand, 3967:Alberto Fujimori 3930:Great Depression 3797:and sociologist 3764:Share Our Wealth 3741:Democratic Party 3725:Thomas E. Watson 3671: 3660: 3601: 3600: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3418:in 1940s Italy, 3320:Barry S. Strauss 3288: 3230:Ronald Inglehart 3198:Marxism–Leninism 3169:Nazi Party rally 3145:Authoritarianism 3107:cordon sanitaire 3088: 3028:John Stuart Mill 3004:social democracy 2933:social movements 2915:Social movements 2825:Alberto Fujimori 2668: 2659: 2559: 2550: 2524:Alberto Fujimori 2522:the daughter of 2514:the daughter of 2506:was the wife of 2350: 2290:environmentalism 2286:multiculturalism 2033:Augusto Pinochet 2029:Francisco Franco 1941:volonté générale 1794:, a widely read 1757:and Venezuela's 1747: 1738: 1690: 1661: 1586:Alberto Fujimori 1579: 1484: 1368:Word of the Year 1366:declared it the 1299:Margaret Canovan 1247: 1244:Margaret Canovan 1147: 1140: 1133: 1119: 1118: 1093:Radical centrism 1031:Authoritarianism 915:Share Our Wealth 905:Great Depression 363:Direct democracy 95: 94: 88: 85: 79: 43: 42: 35: 18716: 18715: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18707: 18706: 18705: 18671: 18670: 18669: 18664: 18651: 18640:Totalitarianism 18501: 18496: 18486: 18476: 18466: 18456: 18446: 18436: 18426: 18416: 18406: 18396: 18386: 18376: 18366: 18356: 18346: 18336: 18326: 18316: 18313:Treatise on Law 18306: 18296: 18286: 18266: 17924: 17918: 17657: 17651: 17537: 17531: 17450: 17353: 17339:State of nature 17334:Social contract 17314:Ordered liberty 17302:Noblesse oblige 17219: 17053: 16982: 16811: 16806: 16776: 16771: 16767:Totalitarianism 16621: 16424:Accelerationism 16415: 16328: 16323: 16293: 16288: 16195: 16159: 16140:Occupy movement 16130:Great Recession 16084:Radiosomaggismo 16024: 15850:Le Pen (Marine) 15663: 15505:Anti-corruption 15488: 15354: 15298: 15293: 15244: 15239: 15167: 15165: 15158: 15022: 14927:History Compass 14916: 14911: 14865: 14798:Wayback Machine 14727: 14722: 14649:Wayback Machine 14636:Wayback Machine 14621:Wayback Machine 14572:Wayback Machine 14560:McCoy, Alfred W 14556:. London: Verso 14554:Wayback Machine 14534:Laclau, Ernesto 14509:Foreign Affairs 14498: 14496: 14489: 14404:" (June 2017), 14402:Wayback Machine 14275: 14259: 14254: 14252:Further reading 14249: 14198:10.2307/2191851 14135: 14116: 14094: 14092: 14004: 13981: 13938:Turkish Studies 13919: 13830: 13791:Democratization 13749: 13747: 13718:. Elsevier BV. 13703: 13649: 13630: 13580: 13526: 13445: 13281:Democratization 13264: 13235: 13228: 13081: 13035: 13014: 13009: 13008: 13001: 12987: 12978: 12971: 12957: 12953: 12945: 12938: 12893: 12889: 12881: 12877: 12869: 12865: 12857: 12850: 12842: 12838: 12830: 12821: 12813:, p. 553; 12809: 12805: 12797: 12790: 12782: 12778: 12770: 12766: 12765: 12761: 12753: 12749: 12738: 12734: 12726: 12722: 12714: 12710: 12702: 12698: 12690: 12686: 12678: 12674: 12666: 12662: 12654: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12630: 12626: 12618: 12611: 12603: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12567: 12563: 12552: 12536: 12532: 12522: 12520: 12503: 12499: 12488: 12472: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12439: 12435: 12428: 12414: 12410: 12400: 12398: 12383: 12379: 12371: 12367: 12359: 12355: 12343: 12339: 12323: 12319: 12311: 12302: 12290: 12286: 12278: 12274: 12262: 12255: 12247: 12240: 12228: 12224: 12216: 12212: 12204: 12200: 12192: 12188: 12180: 12173: 12165: 12161: 12146: 12120: 12116: 12106: 12104: 12097:Foreign Affairs 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12058: 12054: 12044: 12042: 12027: 12023: 12013: 12011: 11996: 11992: 11984: 11977: 11969: 11965: 11950: 11934: 11930: 11920: 11918: 11903: 11896: 11888: 11881: 11873: 11869: 11862: 11848: 11844: 11837: 11823: 11819: 11807: 11803: 11795: 11791: 11783: 11779: 11771: 11767: 11759: 11755: 11747: 11738: 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11699: 11695: 11685: 11683: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11652: 11645:The Independent 11637: 11633: 11623: 11621: 11614:Financial Times 11604: 11600: 11590: 11588: 11573: 11569: 11559: 11557: 11550:The Independent 11542: 11538: 11528: 11526: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11486: 11482: 11442: 11438: 11431: 11417: 11413: 11405: 11401: 11393: 11386: 11378: 11374: 11366:, p. 550; 11362: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11339: 11322: 11318: 11310: 11306: 11298: 11289: 11281: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11254:, p. 548; 11250: 11246: 11238: 11229: 11221: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11180: 11169: 11161: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11138: 11122: 11118: 11108: 11106: 11099: 11083: 11079: 11071: 11067: 11057: 11055: 11040: 11036: 11028:, p. 365; 11024: 11020: 11012: 11008: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10945: 10941: 10934: 10920: 10916: 10909: 10895: 10891: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10831: 10827: 10818:. New Orleans: 10812: 10808: 10801: 10787: 10783: 10773: 10771: 10756: 10752: 10744: 10740: 10732: 10728: 10720: 10716: 10708: 10704: 10696: 10692: 10684: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10653: 10644: 10640: 10629: 10613: 10609: 10598: 10582: 10578: 10570: 10566: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10487: 10483: 10438: 10434: 10421: 10417: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10388: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10364: 10355: 10345: 10343: 10328: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10297: 10293: 10283: 10281: 10238: 10234: 10226: 10217: 10209: 10202: 10194: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10155: 10151: 10135: 10134: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10086: 10079: 10071: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10027: 10020: 10012: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9984: 9980: 9943: 9939: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9885: 9877: 9868: 9860: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9815: 9811: 9803:, p. 244; 9799: 9795: 9783: 9779: 9772: 9758: 9754: 9746: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9715: 9711: 9703: 9699: 9691: 9687: 9679: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9650: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9619: 9615: 9603: 9599: 9591: 9584: 9569: 9555: 9551: 9512: 9505: 9490: 9482:. p. 281. 9476: 9472: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9356: 9352: 9313: 9309: 9274: 9270: 9266:, p. 1365. 9262: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9238: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9153: 9149: 9134: 9120: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9091: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9047: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9008: 8995: 8987: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8851: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8817: 8809: 8798: 8790: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8742: 8730: 8726: 8714: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8690: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8601: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8564: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8518: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8399: 8395: 8380: 8366: 8362: 8347: 8335:, eds. (2018). 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8275: 8271: 8261: 8259: 8221: 8217: 8162: 8158: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8082: 8073: 8058: 8036: 8029: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7963: 7959: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7877: 7873: 7828: 7824: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7753: 7749: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7713:Financial Times 7705: 7701: 7694: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7655: 7651: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7581: 7577: 7540: 7536: 7521: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7461: 7457: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7392: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7316: 7312: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7209: 7201: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7170:, pp. 7–8. 7166:, p. 152; 7162: 7158: 7146:, p. 544; 7142: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7114:, p. 152; 7106: 7102: 7094:, p. 152; 7090:, p. 543; 7086: 7082: 7074:, p. 152; 7070: 7066: 7058:, p. 104; 7054: 7050: 7042: 7035: 7027:, p. 151; 7023: 7019: 7011: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982:, p. 151; 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6911: 6907: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6793: 6785:, p. 114; 6777: 6773: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6741: 6733: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6684: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6634: 6619: 6615: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6580:, p. 168; 6576: 6572: 6564:, p. 147; 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491:, p. 545; 6487:, p. 151; 6483: 6479: 6471: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6415: 6407: 6400: 6388: 6384: 6376:, p. 262; 6372:, p. 202; 6364: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6278: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6234:, p. 1078. 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6186:, pp. 8–9. 6182: 6178: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143:, p. 199; 6139:, p. 428; 6137:Abi-Hassan 2017 6131: 6127: 6119:, p. 410; 6115:, p. 294; 6111: 6107: 6095: 6091: 6048: 6044: 5991: 5987: 5944: 5940: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5824: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5792: 5784: 5775: 5771:, pp. 4–5. 5755:, p. 544; 5751: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5693:, p. 151; 5689: 5685: 5677:, p. 150; 5673: 5669: 5657:, p. 150; 5653: 5649: 5643:Abi-Hassan 2017 5633: 5629: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5460: 5431:(3): 999–1011. 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214:, p. 371; 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5125:, p. 101; 5121:, p. 243; 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093:, p. 244; 5089: 5085: 5077: 5068: 5060:, p. 101; 5056: 5052: 5044: 5035: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5000: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4967: 4959:, p. 372; 4955: 4951: 4939:, p. 372; 4935: 4931: 4927:, pp. 5–6. 4923:, p. 372; 4919: 4915: 4892:10.2307/2492683 4876: 4872: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4815:, p. 148; 4811:, p. 544; 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4774:(12): 3249–88. 4760: 4756: 4709: 4702: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4572: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4334: 4301:proximate cause 4213: 4209: 4203:political party 4163: 4146:in Taiwan, and 4123:. Although the 4117:Muammar Gaddafi 4093:Rodrigo Duterte 4086: 4076:, and Zambia's 4049: 4044: 4000: 3965:in Brazil, and 3914: 3908: 3853:Occupy movement 3849:Great Recession 3819:silent majority 3803:Joseph McCarthy 3752:Greenback Party 3715: 3707:Main articles: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3650: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3482:, and German's 3436:Mogens Glistrup 3428:Hendrik Koekoek 3355: 3350: 3344: 3290: 3286: 3274: 3262:Rodrigo Duterte 3250:Nicholas Maduro 3159:minority rights 3147: 3095:Hillary Clinton 3090: 3086: 3064: 3052:autocratization 3048:V-Party Dataset 2987: 2982: 2958:Aam Aadmi Party 2954:Arvind Kejriwal 2938:Occupy movement 2917: 2838: 2805: 2737: 2731: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2540: 2486: 2480: 2433:Great Recession 2428: 2403: 2352: 2348: 2335: 2310: 2274:postmaterialism 2270: 2242: 2218:economic crises 2214:wage stagnation 2190: 2181: 2108:social sciences 2053: 1997: 1937: 1926:in Hungary and 1870:juxtaposed the 1807:Vladimír Mečiar 1765: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1755:Vladimír Mečiar 1750: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1726: 1692: 1688: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1581: 1577: 1539: 1486: 1482: 1469: 1461:V-Party Dataset 1396:social sciences 1376: 1374:Use in academia 1292:French language 1249: 1242: 1234: 1174:social sciences 1151: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1021: 1013: 1012: 983: 975: 974: 955:Occupy movement 945:Great Recession 899:Radiosomaggismo 846: 838: 837: 668:Le Pen (Marine) 483: 475: 474: 316:Anti-corruption 306: 298: 297: 174: 166: 165: 116: 100:Politics series 89: 83: 80: 61: 44: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18714: 18704: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18666: 18665: 18663: 18662: 18656: 18653: 18652: 18650: 18649: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18630:Social justice 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18606: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18585: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18538:Egalitarianism 18535: 18530: 18528:Contractualism 18525: 18520: 18515: 18509: 18507: 18503: 18502: 18500: 18499: 18489: 18479: 18469: 18459: 18449: 18439: 18429: 18419: 18409: 18399: 18389: 18379: 18369: 18359: 18349: 18339: 18329: 18319: 18309: 18299: 18289: 18278: 18276: 18272: 18271: 18268: 18267: 18265: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17928: 17926: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17795: 17794: 17784: 17779: 17778: 17777: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17661: 17659: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17593: 17592: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17541: 17539: 17533: 17532: 17530: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484: 17479: 17474: 17469: 17464: 17458: 17456: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17422: 17421: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17370: 17368: 17361: 17355: 17354: 17352: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17324:Overton window 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17233: 17227: 17225: 17221: 17220: 17218: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17155:Libertarianism 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17061: 17059: 17055: 17054: 17052: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16990: 16988: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16819: 16817: 16813: 16812: 16805: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16782: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16673: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16629: 16627: 16623: 16622: 16620: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16592: 16582: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16553:Libertarianism 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16528:Fundamentalism 16525: 16520: 16519: 16518: 16516:Third Position 16513: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16420: 16417: 16416: 16414: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16397: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16345: 16344: 16333: 16330: 16329: 16322: 16321: 16314: 16307: 16299: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16286: 16284:Third Position 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16250: 16249: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16203: 16201: 16200:Related topics 16197: 16196: 16194: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16167: 16165: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16116: 16115: 16110: 16104:Radical right 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16080: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15671: 15669: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15649:Social justice 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15580: 15579: 15569: 15564: 15562:Egalitarianism 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15496: 15494: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15373: 15368: 15362: 15360: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15306: 15304: 15300: 15299: 15292: 15291: 15284: 15277: 15269: 15263: 15262: 15256: 15243: 15242:External links 15240: 15238: 15237: 15223: 15213: 15206: 15192: 15185: 15175: 15156: 15141: 15127:Kazin, Michael 15124: 15107: 15098: 15088: 15075: 15058: 15044: 15037: 15030: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15009: 14983:(3): 312–326. 14972: 14965: 14958: 14951: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14909: 14899: 14881:(4): 109–116. 14870: 14856: 14836:(4): 577–597. 14821: 14812: 14801: 14788: 14781: 14767: 14753: 14736: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14720: 14713: 14660: 14657: 14624: 14608: 14596:10.1086/714167 14590:(3): 394–417. 14579: 14557: 14541: 14531: 14528: 14521: 14512: 14505: 14487: 14475:, ed. (2017). 14469: 14449: 14420: 14410: 14407:Monthly Review 14388: 14379: 14372: 14365: 14358: 14348: 14341: 14331: 14315: 14304: 14268: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14247: 14225:(4): 727–751. 14210: 14181: 14163:(3): 260–273. 14157:Policy Studies 14148: 14139: 14133: 14120: 14114: 14101: 14056: 14027: 14016: 14002: 13985: 13979: 13962: 13944:(2): 169–175. 13933: 13923: 13917: 13900: 13888:(2): 147–174. 13869: 13834: 13828: 13815: 13797:(3): 484–501. 13786: 13757: 13707: 13701: 13680: 13668:(2): vi–xxvi. 13653: 13647: 13634: 13628: 13615: 13584: 13578: 13561: 13530: 13524: 13507: 13489:(3): 241–252. 13478: 13460:(4): 544–552. 13449: 13443: 13428: 13418:(3): 410–413. 13407: 13389:(2): 173–176. 13378: 13351: 13334: 13316:(3): 352–363. 13310:Policy Studies 13305: 13268: 13262: 13249: 13240: 13219: 13193:(3): 371–387. 13182: 13164:(8): 931–945. 13153: 13135:(2): 147–159. 13124: 13122:978-9605982386 13110: 13074: 13054:(3): 386–399. 13039: 13033: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13007: 13006: 12999: 12976: 12969: 12951: 12936: 12887: 12875: 12873:, p. 555. 12863: 12861:, p. 556. 12848: 12846:, p. 554. 12836: 12834:, p. 108. 12819: 12803: 12801:, p. 553. 12788: 12776: 12759: 12757:, p. 260. 12747: 12732: 12730:, p. 485. 12720: 12718:, p. 484. 12708: 12696: 12684: 12672: 12660: 12658:, p. 106. 12648: 12636: 12634:, p. 103. 12624: 12622:, p. 102. 12609: 12592: 12561: 12550: 12530: 12497: 12486: 12466: 12433: 12426: 12408: 12377: 12365: 12363:, p. 201. 12353: 12351:, p. 200. 12347:, p. 32; 12337: 12335:, p. 199. 12331:, p. 31; 12327:, p. 71; 12317: 12300: 12298:, p. 199. 12284: 12282:, p. 198. 12272: 12270:, p. 198. 12266:, p. 29; 12253: 12238: 12236:, p. 196. 12222: 12210: 12198: 12186: 12171: 12159: 12144: 12114: 12083: 12052: 12021: 11990: 11975: 11963: 11948: 11928: 11894: 11879: 11867: 11860: 11842: 11835: 11817: 11801: 11789: 11777: 11775:, p. 118. 11765: 11753: 11736: 11724: 11693: 11662: 11631: 11598: 11567: 11536: 11505: 11498: 11480: 11436: 11429: 11411: 11409:, p. 354. 11399: 11397:, p. 551. 11384: 11382:, p. 550. 11372: 11356: 11344: 11337: 11325:Casals, Xavier 11316: 11304: 11287: 11272: 11260: 11244: 11227: 11225:, p. 548. 11210: 11198: 11186: 11167: 11155: 11136: 11116: 11097: 11077: 11075:, p. 207. 11065: 11034: 11018: 11016:, p. 365. 11006: 10991: 10976: 10964: 10957: 10939: 10932: 10914: 10907: 10889: 10854: 10847: 10825: 10806: 10799: 10781: 10750: 10738: 10734:Fritzsche 1990 10726: 10722:Fritzsche 1990 10714: 10712:, p. 369. 10702: 10700:, p. 363. 10690: 10688:, p. 381. 10678: 10649:(April 2017). 10638: 10627: 10607: 10596: 10576: 10572:Fritzsche 1990 10564: 10552: 10540: 10528: 10481: 10432: 10415: 10402: 10382: 10380:, p. 115. 10370: 10368:, p. 114. 10353: 10322: 10291: 10252:(4): 715–734. 10232: 10230:, p. 113. 10215: 10213:, p. 118. 10200: 10198:, p. 112. 10185: 10183:, p. 111. 10173: 10171:, p. 110. 10161: 10149: 10116: 10104: 10092: 10077: 10065: 10063:, p. 493. 10059:, p. 81; 10055:, p. 73; 10045: 10033: 10018: 10006: 9994: 9988:, p. 72; 9978: 9957:(3): 386–399. 9937: 9898: 9896:, p. 116. 9883: 9866: 9854: 9842: 9835: 9809: 9793: 9787:, p. 79; 9777: 9770: 9752: 9750:, p. 205. 9737: 9725: 9709: 9697: 9685: 9668: 9656: 9637: 9625: 9613: 9597: 9582: 9567: 9549: 9503: 9488: 9470: 9451:(4): 797–816. 9428: 9389: 9350: 9307: 9288:(3): 769–802. 9268: 9256: 9254:, p. 942. 9244: 9242:, p. 932. 9229: 9198: 9196:, p. 467. 9186: 9147: 9132: 9114: 9112:, p. 270. 9102: 9084: 9067: 9053: 9038: 9026: 9014: 8993: 8978: 8976:, p. 111. 8966: 8954: 8942: 8930: 8918: 8916:, p. 198. 8902: 8890: 8878: 8866: 8864:, p. 110. 8849: 8847:, p. 242. 8834: 8815: 8796: 8779: 8767: 8755: 8753:, p. 202. 8740: 8738:, p. 204. 8734:, p. 62; 8724: 8722:, p. 197. 8718:, p. 43; 8708: 8696: 8675: 8673:, p. 268. 8663: 8656: 8638: 8626: 8624:, p. 101. 8614: 8612:, p. 100. 8599: 8583: 8576: 8555: 8529:(3): 347–359. 8503: 8496: 8478: 8471: 8453: 8418: 8411: 8393: 8378: 8360: 8345: 8323: 8269: 8215: 8156: 8109: 8102: 8071: 8056: 8027: 8013: 7993: 7986: 7957: 7904: 7897: 7871: 7822: 7780: 7767:(2): 189–198. 7747: 7732: 7699: 7692: 7674: 7667: 7649: 7628:(2): 495–523. 7608: 7601: 7575: 7554:(2): 464–494. 7534: 7519: 7488: 7481: 7455: 7420: 7406: 7381: 7369: 7367:, p. 542. 7350: 7348:, p. 545. 7338: 7336:, p. 154. 7326: 7310: 7294: 7277: 7262: 7246: 7244:, p. 173. 7234: 7232:, p. 262. 7222: 7207: 7184: 7182:, p. 152. 7172: 7156: 7136: 7124: 7100: 7080: 7064: 7048: 7033: 7017: 7015:, p. 104. 7000: 6988: 6972: 6970:, p. 486. 6960: 6958:, p. 112. 6948: 6936: 6905: 6886:(2): 273–293. 6863: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6791: 6789:, p. 207. 6771: 6769:, p. 561. 6756: 6739: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6688:, p. 103. 6675: 6673:, p. 151. 6663: 6661:, p. 295. 6651: 6632: 6613: 6598: 6586: 6570: 6554: 6552:, p. 560. 6542: 6530: 6528:, p. 546. 6509: 6497: 6477: 6475:, p. 105. 6456: 6454:, p. 158. 6444: 6432: 6413: 6398: 6396:, p. 202. 6382: 6380:, p. 353. 6358: 6343: 6324:(1): 138–168. 6305: 6303:, p. 147. 6293: 6291:, p. 549. 6276: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6222:, p. 495. 6212: 6210:, p. 170. 6200: 6188: 6176: 6174:, p. 102. 6161: 6149: 6135:, p. 65; 6125: 6105: 6089: 6062:(2): 314–322. 6042: 5985: 5958:(4): 547–565. 5938: 5888: 5839: 5837:, p. 544. 5822: 5807: 5805:, p. 107. 5790: 5773: 5759:, p. 64; 5745: 5733: 5718: 5716:, p. 195. 5703: 5701:, p. 487. 5683: 5667: 5647: 5645:, p. 427. 5627: 5568:Party Politics 5548: 5541: 5532:The People, No 5521: 5509: 5507:, p. 149. 5497: 5485: 5473: 5471:, p. 543. 5458: 5415: 5413:, p. 100. 5403: 5384: 5364: 5352: 5350:, p. 289. 5340: 5328: 5322:, p. 13; 5312: 5310:, p. 301. 5300: 5288: 5267:(1): 421–439. 5247: 5232: 5230:, p. 378. 5220: 5204: 5192: 5162: 5147: 5135: 5111: 5099: 5097:, p. 260. 5083: 5081:, p. 101. 5066: 5050: 5033: 5031:, p. 260. 5013: 4998: 4982: 4980:, p. 366. 4965: 4949: 4947:, p. 148. 4929: 4913: 4886:(3): 441–458. 4870: 4853: 4851:, p. 162. 4841: 4839:, p. 410. 4829: 4797: 4785: 4754: 4700: 4651: 4644: 4624: 4599: 4527: 4513: 4493: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:Penal populism 4414: 4409: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4391:Fundamentalism 4388: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4354:Black populism 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4308:Michael Sandel 4237:shows such as 4218:sensationalism 4182: 4162: 4159: 4144:Chen Shui-bian 4136:Joseph Estrada 4085: 4082: 4070:Abdoulaye Wade 4059:Thomas Sankara 4054:Jerry Rawlings 4048: 4045: 4035:Winston Peters 4007:Robert Muldoon 3999: 3996: 3961:in Argentina, 3934:Getúlio Vargas 3910:Main article: 3907: 3904: 3880:Bernie Sanders 3842:Fred R. Harris 3791:anti-communist 3732:People's Party 3683:Bernie Sanders 3676: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3580:animal welfare 3503: 3500: 3457:Following the 3440:Progress Party 3432:Farmers' Party 3420:Pierre Poujade 3400:class struggle 3360:narodnichestvo 3354: 3351: 3346:Main article: 3343: 3340: 3328:Roman Republic 3305:Roman Republic 3275: 3273: 3270: 3254:Jair Bolsonaro 3186:Weimar Germany 3179:The historian 3146: 3143: 3124:supported the 3116:Kronen Zeitung 3078: 3063: 3060: 3024: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2970:Bernie Sanders 2948:seen with the 2925:Puerta del Sol 2916: 2913: 2837: 2834: 2829:Juan José Linz 2804: 2801: 2768:Kronen Zeitung 2751:Enrique Krauze 2746:Aló Presidente 2730: 2727: 2716:in Argentina, 2673: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2610:Pauline Hanson 2564: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2530:the sister of 2520:Keiko Fujimori 2479: 2476: 2439:in Greece and 2427: 2424: 2402: 2399: 2390:European Union 2374:gerrymandering 2340: 2334: 2331: 2327:post-communist 2319:Eastern Europe 2309: 2306: 2269: 2266: 2241: 2238: 2225:Thomas Piketty 2189: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2095:hyperinflation 2085:South African 2077:Ernesto Laclau 2069:Ernesto Laclau 2058:People's Party 2052: 2049: 2039:and Austria's 1996: 1993: 1950: 1936: 1933: 1904:European Union 1816:Alexis Tsipras 1812:economic power 1791:Kronen Zeitung 1752: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1705:Middle England 1703:conceived of " 1697: 1680: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1616:, and India's 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1556: 1538: 1535: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1404:Web of Science 1375: 1372: 1285:People's Party 1264:Russian Empire 1235: 1233: 1230: 1222:hyperinflation 1217:Ernesto Laclau 1153: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1103:Third Position 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1022: 1020:Related topics 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 931: 930: 925: 919:Radical right 917: 912: 907: 902: 895: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 847: 844: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 462: 460:Social justice 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 391: 390: 380: 375: 373:Egalitarianism 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 219: 218: 208: 203: 198: 191: 186: 181: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 114: 113: 110: 109: 103: 102: 91: 90: 70:it, or adding 47: 45: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18713: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18654: 18648: 18647: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18590: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18563:Jurisprudence 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18510: 18508: 18504: 18495: 18494: 18490: 18485: 18484: 18480: 18475: 18474: 18470: 18465: 18464: 18460: 18455: 18454: 18450: 18445: 18444: 18440: 18435: 18434: 18430: 18425: 18424: 18420: 18415: 18414: 18410: 18405: 18404: 18400: 18395: 18394: 18393:Rights of Man 18390: 18385: 18384: 18380: 18375: 18374: 18370: 18365: 18364: 18360: 18355: 18354: 18350: 18345: 18344: 18340: 18335: 18334: 18330: 18325: 18324: 18320: 18315: 18314: 18310: 18305: 18304: 18303:De re publica 18300: 18295: 18294: 18290: 18285: 18284: 18280: 18279: 18277: 18273: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17929: 17927: 17923:20th and 21st 17921: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17793: 17790: 17789: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17656:18th and 19th 17654: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17591: 17588: 17587: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17540: 17534: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17512:Nizam al-Mulk 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17485: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17459: 17457: 17453: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17420: 17417: 17416: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17356: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17304: 17303: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17240: 17239: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17228: 17226: 17222: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17195:Republicanism 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17062: 17060: 17056: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16820: 16818: 16814: 16810: 16803: 16798: 16796: 16791: 16789: 16784: 16783: 16780: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16737:Progressivism 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16697:Individualism 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16657: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16639: 16636: 16635: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16624: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16585:Republicanism 16583: 16581: 16578: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16490: 16489:Social credit 16487: 16486: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16418: 16412: 16411:Revolutionary 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16361: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16343: 16340: 16339: 16338: 16335: 16334: 16331: 16327: 16320: 16315: 16313: 16308: 16306: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16248: 16245: 16244: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16198: 16192: 16191:United States 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16181:Latin America 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16108:United States 16106: 16105: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16085: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16027: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15915:Ocasio-Cortez 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15666: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15644:Protectionism 15642: 15640: 15639:Post-politics 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15599:Law and order 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15533: 15531: 15530:Common people 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15520:Anti-politics 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15491: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15453: 15452: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15378: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15357: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15325:Macroeconomic 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15290: 15285: 15283: 15278: 15276: 15271: 15270: 15267: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15207: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15193: 15190: 15186: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15163: 15159: 15153: 15149: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15110:Judis, John B 15108: 15105: 15104: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15059: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15045: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15031: 15028: 15024: 15023: 15020:United States 15015: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14973: 14970: 14966: 14963: 14959: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14919: 14918: 14914:Latin America 14908: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14871: 14864: 14863: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14835: 14831: 14827: 14822: 14820: 14819: 14813: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14799: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14766: 14762: 14758: 14754: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14737: 14734: 14730: 14729: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14661: 14658: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14646: 14643: 14638: 14637: 14633: 14630: 14625: 14622: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14585: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14569: 14566: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14539: 14535: 14532: 14529: 14526: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14513: 14510: 14506: 14494: 14490: 14484: 14480: 14479: 14474: 14470: 14467: 14466: 14461: 14460:sense of self 14457: 14453: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14421: 14418: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14392: 14389: 14386: 14385: 14380: 14377: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14363: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14321: 14316: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14274: 14269: 14266: 14262: 14261: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14149: 14145: 14140: 14136: 14130: 14126: 14121: 14117: 14111: 14107: 14102: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14062: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14038:(1): 95–110. 14037: 14033: 14028: 14024: 14023: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13986: 13982: 13976: 13972: 13968: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13934: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13920: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13870: 13866: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13849:(4): 541–63. 13848: 13844: 13840: 13835: 13831: 13825: 13821: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13758: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13708: 13704: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13640: 13635: 13631: 13625: 13621: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13597:(2): 350–73. 13596: 13592: 13591: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13537: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13450: 13446: 13440: 13436: 13435: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13352: 13349: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13269: 13265: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13246: 13241: 13234: 13227: 13226: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13129:Acta Politica 13125: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13080: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13040: 13036: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13017: 13016: 13002: 13000:9780141991177 12996: 12992: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12972: 12966: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12943: 12941: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12891: 12884: 12879: 12872: 12867: 12860: 12855: 12853: 12845: 12840: 12833: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12816: 12812: 12807: 12800: 12795: 12793: 12785: 12780: 12769: 12763: 12756: 12751: 12743: 12736: 12729: 12724: 12717: 12712: 12705: 12700: 12694:, p. 40. 12693: 12688: 12681: 12676: 12669: 12664: 12657: 12652: 12645: 12640: 12633: 12628: 12621: 12616: 12614: 12607:, p. 39. 12606: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12565: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12543: 12542: 12534: 12518: 12514: 12513: 12508: 12501: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12479: 12478: 12470: 12454: 12450: 12449: 12444: 12437: 12429: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12396: 12392: 12391:Bloomberg.com 12388: 12381: 12375:, p. 38. 12374: 12369: 12362: 12357: 12350: 12346: 12341: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12321: 12315:, p. 31. 12314: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12297: 12293: 12288: 12281: 12276: 12269: 12265: 12260: 12258: 12251:, p. 29. 12250: 12245: 12243: 12235: 12231: 12226: 12220:, p. 28. 12219: 12214: 12207: 12202: 12196:, p. 27. 12195: 12190: 12184:, p. 69. 12183: 12178: 12176: 12168: 12163: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12118: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12087: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12056: 12040: 12037:. Bloomberg. 12036: 12035:Bloomberg.com 12032: 12025: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11994: 11987: 11982: 11980: 11973:, p. 26. 11972: 11967: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11940: 11932: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11901: 11899: 11892:, p. 24. 11891: 11886: 11884: 11876: 11871: 11863: 11857: 11853: 11846: 11838: 11832: 11828: 11821: 11815:, p. 23. 11814: 11810: 11805: 11799:, p. 17. 11798: 11793: 11786: 11785:Woodward 1938 11781: 11774: 11769: 11763:, p. 90. 11762: 11757: 11751:, p. 23. 11750: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11734:, p. 22. 11733: 11728: 11712: 11708: 11707:The Telegraph 11704: 11697: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11666: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11635: 11619: 11615: 11610: 11602: 11586: 11582: 11581:New Statesman 11578: 11571: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11540: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11484: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11440: 11432: 11426: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11403: 11396: 11391: 11389: 11381: 11376: 11369: 11365: 11360: 11353: 11348: 11340: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11314:, p. 67. 11313: 11308: 11302:, p. 37. 11301: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11285:, p. 36. 11284: 11279: 11277: 11270:, p. 35. 11269: 11264: 11258:, p. 66. 11257: 11253: 11248: 11242:, p. 34. 11241: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11224: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11207: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11184:, p. 33. 11183: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11165:, p. 32. 11164: 11159: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11120: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11090: 11089: 11081: 11074: 11069: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11038: 11032:, p. 21. 11031: 11027: 11022: 11015: 11010: 11002: 10995: 10989:, p. 21. 10988: 10983: 10981: 10973: 10968: 10960: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10935: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10910: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10844: 10840: 10837:. Cambridge: 10836: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10810: 10802: 10796: 10792: 10785: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10742: 10735: 10730: 10723: 10718: 10711: 10706: 10699: 10694: 10687: 10682: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10648: 10647:Norris, Pippa 10642: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10620: 10619: 10611: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10580: 10573: 10568: 10561: 10556: 10549: 10544: 10537: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10428: 10427: 10419: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10394: 10386: 10379: 10374: 10367: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10326: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10212: 10207: 10205: 10197: 10192: 10190: 10182: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10159:, p. 98. 10158: 10153: 10145: 10139: 10131: 10127: 10120: 10114:, p. 84. 10113: 10108: 10102:, p. 82. 10101: 10096: 10090:, p. 81. 10089: 10084: 10082: 10075:, p. 56. 10074: 10073:Akkerman 2003 10069: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10049: 10042: 10037: 10031:, p. 91. 10030: 10025: 10023: 10015: 10010: 10003: 9998: 9991: 9987: 9982: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9890: 9888: 9881:, p. 73. 9880: 9875: 9873: 9871: 9863: 9858: 9852:, p. 10. 9851: 9846: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9807:, p. 79. 9806: 9802: 9797: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9744: 9742: 9735:, p. 11. 9734: 9729: 9722: 9718: 9713: 9707:, p. 48. 9706: 9701: 9695:, p. 10. 9694: 9689: 9683:, p. 60. 9682: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9665: 9660: 9654:, p. 56. 9653: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9635:, p. 55. 9634: 9629: 9622: 9617: 9611:, p. 10. 9610: 9606: 9601: 9595:, p. 51. 9594: 9589: 9587: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9508: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9393: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9252:Akkerman 2011 9248: 9241: 9240:Akkerman 2011 9236: 9234: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9077: 9071: 9063: 9057: 9051:, p. 58. 9050: 9045: 9043: 9036:, p. 42. 9035: 9030: 9023: 9018: 9012:, p. 63. 9011: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8990: 8985: 8983: 8975: 8970: 8964:, p. 75. 8963: 8958: 8951: 8946: 8939: 8934: 8927: 8922: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8888:, p. 66. 8887: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8846: 8841: 8839: 8832:, p. 64. 8831: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8813:, p. 70. 8812: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8794:, p. 74. 8793: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8777:, p. 69. 8776: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8706:, p. 44. 8705: 8700: 8694:, p. 43. 8693: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8672: 8667: 8659: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8604: 8597:, p. vi. 8596: 8592: 8587: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8508: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8482: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8438: 8431: 8430: 8422: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8289:(5): 96–102. 8288: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8032: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7908: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7761:European View 7758: 7751: 7743: 7736: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7495: 7493: 7484: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7409: 7407:9780804799331 7403: 7399: 7398: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7307: 7304:, p. 4; 7303: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7220:, p. 65. 7219: 7214: 7212: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7150:, p. 7; 7149: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7118:, p. 7; 7117: 7113: 7109: 7104: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7078:, p. 18. 7077: 7073: 7072:Akkerman 2003 7068: 7062:, p. 17. 7061: 7057: 7052: 7046:, p. 17. 7045: 7040: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6997: 6992: 6986:, p. 16. 6985: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6806:, p. 14. 6805: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6761: 6754:, p. 72. 6753: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6737:, p. 13. 6736: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6711: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6655: 6649:, p. 12. 6648: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6507:, p. 95. 6506: 6501: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6485:Akkerman 2003 6481: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6453: 6452:Akkerman 2003 6448: 6442:, p. 11. 6441: 6436: 6430:, p. 10. 6429: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6410: 6405: 6403: 6395: 6392:, p. 6; 6391: 6386: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6368:, p. 6; 6367: 6362: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6274:, p. 67. 6273: 6269: 6264: 6258:, p. 20. 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6159:, p. vi. 6158: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6099:, p. 6; 6098: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5770: 5767:, p. 6; 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5731:, p. 96. 5730: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5697:, p. 6; 5696: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5661:, p. 5; 5660: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5641:, p. 6; 5640: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5378:, p. 3; 5377: 5374:, p. 5; 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5338:, p. 13. 5337: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5298:, p. 63. 5297: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5129:, p. 2; 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5030: 5027:, p. 3; 5026: 5023:, p. 5; 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4992:, p. 3; 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4963:, p. 14. 4962: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4945:Akkerman 2003 4943:, p. 5; 4942: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880:Slavic Review 4874: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4823:, p. 5; 4822: 4819:, p. 2; 4818: 4814: 4813:Akkerman 2003 4810: 4807:, p. 3; 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4628: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4497: 4491:, p. 25. 4490: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4359:Class warfare 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257:globalisation 4253: 4252:post-Cold War 4248: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4199:voter turnout 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4101:Narendra Modi 4098: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4074:Julius Malema 4071: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027:1999 election 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3987:Daniel Ortega 3984: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3906:Latin America 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815:Richard Nixon 3811: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785:to a largely 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772:social credit 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3659: 3648:North America 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3627:Jeremy Corbyn 3624: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3588:radical right 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569:'s governing 3568: 3564: 3563:William Hague 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3508: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3452:Green parties 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3374:'s painting, 3373: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258:Narendra Modi 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3181:Roger Eatwell 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151:authoritarian 3142: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3121:Daily Express 3117: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2964:party led by 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:Vlaams Belang 2894: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2877:Marine Le Pen 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2777:quality press 2774: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2723: 2720:in Italy and 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2646:Rafael Correa 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:Geert Wilders 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618:Julius Malema 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:Umberto Bossi 2581: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2549: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:Marine Le Pen 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258:civil society 2255: 2252:has followed 2251: 2247: 2240:Modernisation 2237: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2103:Jeffrey Sachs 2100: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2009:United States 2006: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Narendra Modi 1912: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1884:Julius Malema 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:ethnopopulism 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588:who promoted 1587: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1175: 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1828:Evo Morales 1800:Jörg Haider 1776:party, the 1759:Hugo Chávez 1753:Slovakia's 1724:"The elite" 1594:Hugo Chávez 1545:, and both 1326:demagoguery 1190:consumerism 1061:Nationalism 1003:New Zealand 892:Sămănătorul 876:Chłopomania 833:Zhirinovsky 658:La Follette 482:Politicians 465:Wedge issue 347:Continuismo 311:Agrarianism 263:Kirchnerism 184:Bonapartism 84:August 2024 72:subheadings 21:Popolarismo 18675:Categories 18625:Separatism 18433:On Liberty 18333:The Prince 18062:Huntington 17565:Campanella 17492:al-Ghazali 17441:Thucydides 17399:Lactantius 17344:Statolatry 17170:Monarchism 17150:Liberalism 17075:Capitalism 17058:Ideologies 17039:Plutocracy 16987:Government 16943:Revolution 16928:Propaganda 16878:Legitimacy 16853:Government 16762:Syncretism 16752:Separatism 16712:Militarism 16682:Federalism 16568:Monarchism 16548:Liberalism 16439:Capitalism 16389:Right-wing 16217:Chauvinism 16095:Vargas Era 16071:Gilded Age 15965:Shinawatra 15935:Papandreou 15685:Berlusconi 15474:Poporanism 15405:Fortuynism 15388:Erdoğanism 15359:Ideologies 15340:Right-wing 14351:Brass, Tom 14012:1141121440 13158:Journalism 12883:Mudde 2004 12871:Mudde 2004 12859:Mudde 2004 12844:Mudde 2004 12811:Mudde 2004 12799:Mudde 2004 12325:March 2007 12182:March 2007 12167:Mudde 2012 11395:Mudde 2004 11380:Mudde 2004 11364:Mudde 2004 11312:March 2007 11256:March 2007 11252:Mudde 2004 11223:Mudde 2004 10746:March 2007 10501:: 102358. 10053:March 2007 10002:March 2007 9986:March 2007 9879:March 2007 9498:1053623603 8388:1004403318 8355:1050140895 7935:2440/15888 7377:Mudde 2004 7365:Mudde 2004 7346:Mudde 2004 7242:Boyte 2012 7218:March 2007 7144:Mudde 2004 7108:Mudde 2004 7088:Mudde 2004 6767:Mudde 2004 6550:Mudde 2004 6526:Mudde 2004 6489:Mudde 2004 6354:Mudde 2004 6289:Mudde 2004 6272:March 2007 6268:Mudde 2004 6196:Brett 2013 6133:March 2007 6117:Brett 2013 5835:Mudde 2004 5757:March 2007 5753:Mudde 2004 5588:2077/68137 5469:Mudde 2004 5143:March 2007 4837:Brett 2013 4723:(4): 272. 4464:References 4432:Poporanism 4408:(mob rule) 4406:Ochlocracy 4386:Fanaticism 4222:television 3938:Juan Perón 3831:Ross Perot 3762:, and the 3743:candidate 3699:Republican 3695:Democratic 3632:After the 3567:Tony Blair 3372:Ilya Repin 3190:Nazi Party 3099:Tony Blair 2710:Fortuynism 2680:Juan Perón 2626:Ross Perot 2508:Juan Perón 2491:vox populi 2482:See also: 2463:World Bank 2386:dark money 2210:inequality 1876:indigenous 1638:vox populi 1590:neoliberal 1530:discursive 1515:federalism 1511:liberalism 1186:capitalism 1172:and other 1166:pejorative 1036:Chauvinism 910:Vargas Era 886:Gilded Age 778:Shinawatra 748:Papandreou 498:Berlusconi 283:Poporanism 223:Fortuynism 206:Erdoğanism 173:Ideologies 151:Right-wing 68:condensing 18343:Leviathan 18323:Monarchia 18317:(c. 1274) 18152:Oakeshott 18097:Mansfield 18092:Luxemburg 18077:Kropotkin 17972:Bernstein 17925:centuries 17839:Nietzsche 17782:Jefferson 17710:Condorcet 17658:centuries 17637:Pufendorf 17502:Marsilius 17389:Confucius 17374:Aristotle 17367:Antiquity 17295:Noble lie 17215:Third Way 17210:Socialism 17135:Feudalism 17090:Communism 17070:Anarchism 17049:Theocracy 17034:Oligarchy 17014:Democracy 16999:Autocracy 16913:Pluralism 16898:Obedience 16863:Hierarchy 16823:Authority 16742:Reformism 16727:Pluralism 16687:Globalism 16677:Extremism 16612:Third Way 16607:Socialism 16590:Classical 16563:Masculism 16454:Communism 16434:Anarchism 16394:Far-right 16369:Left-wing 16279:Socialism 16259:New Right 16227:Communism 16207:Alt-right 16164:By region 16125:Pink tide 16051:Narodniks 15905:Netanyahu 15870:Mélenchon 15820:Kaczyński 15780:de Gaulle 15710:Boulanger 15705:Bonaparte 15700:Bolsonaro 15624:Pluralism 15464:Nasserism 15415:Hansonism 15383:Dutertism 15320:Left-wing 15168:15 August 15005:143707412 14947:225470570 14895:143793741 14852:236286140 14709:220306519 14701:1088-0763 14693:1543-3390 14679:: 46–64. 14604:235494475 14445:256128025 14300:234082341 14177:158416086 14153:Pharmakon 14085:149324437 14052:144350127 13958:149284223 13811:149464986 13782:154586793 13732:1556-5068 13611:154969641 13557:148817637 13543:: 20–50. 13503:144476284 13474:143711735 13330:158299409 13301:148014428 13215:143619229 13187:Sociology 13178:145697478 13149:143771470 13106:234082341 13070:238649847 12931:150004828 12923:1076-156X 12154:244153720 11475:150034518 11467:1318-3222 10884:154433853 10766:(Ideas). 10671:28 August 10523:236238925 10515:0261-3794 10476:225288458 10468:0140-2382 10409:6 January 10274:149175911 10266:1369-1481 9973:238649847 9932:234082341 9536:0010-4140 9465:213404031 9411:0362-4331 9372:0362-4331 9345:147799675 9337:1369-118X 9302:157332747 9212:TheStreet 9169:0362-4331 9142:491442847 8548:25 August 8543:145304603 8446:25 August 8316:24 August 8262:24 August 8066:242313055 8020:24 August 7952:143439884 7944:1356-9317 7817:154426984 7725:24 August 7644:0020-8183 7570:0020-8183 7529:242313055 7442:: 71–88. 6919:Weltwoche 6900:0954-2892 6338:2049-7113 6208:Park 2018 6084:213037342 6076:1354-5078 6037:203451309 6029:1356-9317 5980:148653621 5972:1368-4310 5933:228820731 5925:1356-9317 5883:151577149 5875:1356-9317 5622:265727508 5596:1354-0688 5453:228858887 5445:1537-5927 5283:1094-2939 4908:147530830 4749:2077-1444 4717:Religions 4695:253567133 4687:0304-4130 4612:Cas Mudde 4381:Extremism 4369:Demagogue 4339:Labourism 3978:pink tide 3492:Jesús Gil 3332:Levellers 3324:Populares 3313:democracy 3300:Populares 3280:populares 3224:In 2019, 3214:pink tide 3173:Nuremberg 2985:Democracy 2893:Carinthia 2846:Maracaibo 2698:caudillos 2694:strongmen 2589:Lega Nord 2504:Eva Perón 2484:Demagogue 2471:austerity 2323:communism 2021:pluralism 1922:(such as 1632:in 2015. 1551:left-wing 1451:far-right 1419:Cas Mudde 1330:democracy 1319:extremist 1315:far right 1303:socialism 1278:populists 1273:narodniki 1182:socialism 1168:. Within 1098:Socialism 1078:New Right 1046:Communism 1026:Alt-right 982:By region 940:Pink tide 866:Narodniks 718:Netanyahu 688:Mélenchon 638:Kaczyński 598:de Gaulle 523:Boulanger 518:Bonaparte 513:Bolsonaro 435:Pluralism 273:Nasserism 233:Hansonism 201:Dutertism 189:Caesarism 131:Left-wing 76:talk page 64:splitting 62:Consider 18701:Populism 18598:Centrism 18293:Politics 18283:Republic 18252:Voegelin 18232:Spengler 18217:Shariati 18192:Rothbard 18147:Nussbaum 18047:Habermas 18022:Fukuyama 18012:Foucault 17937:Ambedkar 17914:Voltaire 17884:de Staël 17859:Rousseau 17740:Franklin 17715:Constant 17675:Beccaria 17507:Muhammad 17487:Gelasius 17472:Averroes 17446:Xenophon 17426:Polybius 17379:Chanakya 17224:Concepts 17190:Populism 17160:Localism 17145:Islamism 17130:Feminism 17029:Monarchy 16933:Property 16923:Progress 16888:Monopoly 16858:Hegemony 16732:Populism 16722:Pacifism 16717:Nihilism 16707:Localism 16626:See also 16573:Royalism 16543:Islamism 16538:Hindutva 16523:Feminism 16379:Centrism 16364:Far-left 16354:Moderate 16349:Hardline 16269:Putinism 16254:New Left 16237:Georgism 15975:Subianto 15880:McKinley 15800:Iglesias 15730:Castillo 15720:Buchanan 15614:Nativism 15609:Mob rule 15604:Localism 15547:Demagogy 15525:Backlash 15493:Concepts 15484:Trumpism 15479:Qasimism 15469:Peronism 15451:Relato K 15440:Kemalism 15420:Hindutva 15410:Gaullism 15377:Chavismo 15315:Judicial 15303:Variants 15296:Populism 15248:Populism 15162:Archived 15129:. 1995. 15112:. 2016. 15080:. 1955. 15063:. 1983. 15049:. 1976. 14905:(2013). 14794:Archived 14741:. 1994. 14645:Archived 14632:Archived 14617:Archived 14568:Archived 14550:Archived 14536:. 1977. 14499:27 April 14493:Archived 14415:, 1976, 14398:Archived 14353:. 2000. 14286:: 1–24. 14280:Populism 14106:Populism 14089:Archived 13907:(2017). 13876:(2013). 13865:67833953 13744:Archived 13740:85509479 13691:(eds.). 13434:Populism 13275:(2016). 13233:Archived 13207:42851097 13092:: 1–24. 13086:Populism 13048:Politics 12579:Archived 12556:Archived 12517:Archived 12492:Archived 12453:Archived 12395:Archived 12101:Archived 12070:Archived 12039:Archived 12008:Archived 11958:48811446 11915:Archived 11711:Archived 11680:Archived 11649:Archived 11618:Archived 11585:Archived 11554:Archived 11523:Archived 11142:Archived 11103:Archived 11058:26 April 11052:Archived 11003:: 11–28. 10768:Archived 10633:Archived 10602:Archived 10340:Archived 10309:Archived 10278:Archived 10138:cite web 9951:Politics 9912:Populism 9577:28674855 9544:55404711 9415:Archived 9376:Archived 9216:Archived 9173:Archived 8257:26212843 8249:21844094 8210:29686081 8151:28725639 8143:24699846 7866:37305061 7857:10251451 6923:Archived 6850:Archived 5614:38711799 5605:11069453 5185:9 August 5179:Archived 4520:23 April 4332:See also 4187:economic 3900:Nativism 3894:and the 3855:and the 3565:accused 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3484:The Left 3461:and the 3444:New Left 3309:populist 3295:populism 3194:Narodnik 3130:Fox News 2862:The Left 2852:elitist 2811:or high 2762:Tabloids 2722:Chavismo 2714:Peronism 2676:Peronism 2382:lobbying 2360:(1968), 2282:feminism 2276:in many 2161:populism 2151:populism 2146:demagogy 2140:populism 2132:populism 2128:populism 2123:populism 2115:populism 1880:European 1849:Congress 1830:and his 1614:Islamism 1602:centrist 1491:populism 1454:nativism 1439:populism 1427:populism 1411:populism 1388:populism 1380:populism 1358:populism 1311:far left 1226:demagogy 1213:populism 1209:populism 1158:Populism 1088:Putinism 1073:New Left 1056:Georgism 788:Subianto 618:Iglesias 548:Castillo 533:Buchanan 425:Nativism 420:Mob rule 415:Localism 358:Demagogy 336:Backlash 305:Concepts 293:Trumpism 288:Qasimism 278:Peronism 258:Kemalism 238:Hindutva 228:Gaullism 195:Chavismo 126:Judicial 115:Variants 107:Populism 52:too long 18635:Statism 18548:Elitism 18506:Related 18307:(51 BC) 18237:Strauss 18212:Scruton 18207:Schmitt 18197:Russell 18117:Michels 18112:Maurras 18107:Marcuse 18067:Kautsky 18037:Gramsci 18032:Gentile 18002:Dworkin 17992:Du Bois 17987:Dmowski 17982:Chomsky 17977:Burnham 17962:Benoist 17932:Agamben 17899:Thoreau 17889:Stirner 17879:Spencer 17824:Mazzini 17814:Maistre 17809:Madison 17804:Le Play 17735:Fourier 17700:Carlyle 17680:Bentham 17670:Bastiat 17665:Bakunin 17642:Spinoza 17632:Müntzer 17602:Leibniz 17575:Grotius 17555:Bossuet 17522:Plethon 17467:Aquinas 17436:Sun Tzu 17404:Mencius 17394:Han Fei 17165:Marxism 17125:Fascism 16958:Society 16883:Liberty 16868:Justice 16848:Freedom 16757:Statism 16617:Zionism 16558:Marxism 16506:Fascism 16401:Radical 16046:Hromada 16029:History 16005:Wilders 15990:Wallace 15960:Sanders 15955:Salvini 15950:Quadros 15910:Obrador 15895:Morales 15815:Johnson 15805:Jackson 15775:Gaddafi 15770:Fortuyn 15760:Erdoğan 15755:Duterte 15695:Billing 15690:Bernier 15675:Atatürk 15567:Elitism 15430:Janismo 15393:Fascism 15350:Valence 15250:at the 14997:1555484 14364:(2013). 14257:General 14206:2191851 13750:15 July 12585:16 June 12523:16 June 12459:17 June 12401:18 June 11921:13 July 11717:25 June 11148:15 June 11109:15 June 8311:5482577 8291:Bibcode 8201:5948965 8178:Bibcode 6929:26 June 6856:26 June 4900:2492683 4095:of the 3998:Oceania 3861:the 99% 3758:led by 3621:The UK 3396:fascism 3392:Marxism 3272:History 3023:liberal 2998:of the 2962:Podemos 2901:Antwerp 2823:won by 2795:by the 2793:YouTube 2789:Twitter 2478:Leaders 2441:Podemos 2208:, high 2017:elitism 1872:mestizo 1796:tabloid 1606:liberal 1507:fascism 1445:Author 1317:", or " 1262:In the 861:Hromada 845:History 818:Wilders 803:Wallace 773:Sanders 768:Salvini 763:Quadros 723:Obrador 708:Morales 633:Johnson 623:Jackson 593:Gaddafi 588:Fortuyn 578:Erdoğan 573:Duterte 508:Billing 503:Bernier 488:Atatürk 378:Elitism 248:Janismo 211:Fascism 161:Valence 50:may be 18497:(1992) 18487:(1971) 18477:(1951) 18467:(1945) 18457:(1944) 18447:(1929) 18437:(1859) 18427:(1848) 18407:(1820) 18397:(1791) 18387:(1790) 18377:(1762) 18367:(1748) 18357:(1689) 18347:(1651) 18337:(1532) 18327:(1313) 18257:Walzer 18247:Taylor 18202:Sartre 18167:Popper 18162:Pareto 18157:Ortega 18142:Nozick 18132:Mouffe 18082:Laclau 18042:Guénon 18027:Gandhi 17967:Berlin 17957:Bauman 17952:Badiou 17942:Arendt 17909:Tucker 17799:Le Bon 17760:Herder 17750:Haller 17745:Godwin 17730:Fichte 17725:Engels 17720:Cortés 17690:Bonald 17647:Suárez 17622:Milton 17612:Luther 17585:Hobbes 17570:Filmer 17560:Calvin 17545:Boétie 17538:period 17517:Ockham 17384:Cicero 17185:Nazism 16973:Utopia 16948:Rights 16938:Regime 16908:People 16893:Nation 16595:Modern 16511:Nazism 16176:Europe 16171:Canada 16145:Brexit 16113:Europe 16000:Weaver 15995:Warren 15985:Vargas 15945:Peters 15925:Ortega 15900:Nasser 15875:Meloni 15865:Maduro 15795:Humala 15790:Hébert 15765:Farage 15745:Correa 15740:Corbyn 15735:Chávez 15725:Butler 15680:Bannon 15459:Lulism 15345:Techno 15330:Market 15233: 15183:online 15154: 15137: 15120: 15071: 15003: 14995: 14964:(2001) 14945: 14907:online 14893: 14850: 14818:online 14777: 14763: 14749: 14725:Europe 14707: 14699: 14691: 14602: 14584:Polity 14485: 14443: 14327: 14298: 14204: 14175: 14131: 14112: 14083: 14050: 14010: 14000: 13977: 13956: 13931:online 13915: 13863: 13826: 13809: 13780: 13738: 13730: 13699: 13645: 13626: 13609: 13576: 13555: 13522: 13501: 13472: 13441: 13401: 13346: 13328: 13299: 13260: 13213: 13205: 13176: 13147: 13120: 13104: 13068: 13031: 12997: 12967: 12929: 12921: 12548: 12484: 12424: 12152: 12142: 12107:25 May 12076:25 May 12045:25 May 12014:25 May 11956: 11946: 11858: 11833: 11686:16 May 11655:16 May 11624:16 May 11591:16 May 11560:16 May 11529:16 May 11496: 11473: 11465: 11427: 11335: 11134: 11095: 10955: 10930: 10905: 10882: 10845: 10797: 10625: 10594: 10521: 10513: 10474: 10466: 10400: 10272: 10264: 9971: 9930: 9833: 9768: 9575: 9565: 9542: 9534: 9496: 9486: 9463: 9409: 9370: 9343: 9335: 9300: 9167: 9140: 9130: 8654: 8574: 8541: 8494: 8469: 8409: 8386: 8376: 8353: 8343: 8309: 8255: 8247: 8208: 8198: 8149: 8141: 8100: 8064: 8054: 8011: 7984: 7950: 7942: 7895: 7864: 7854: 7815: 7690: 7665: 7642: 7599: 7568: 7527: 7517: 7479: 7404: 6898: 6336: 6082: 6074: 6035: 6027: 5978: 5970: 5931: 5923: 5881: 5873: 5620: 5612: 5602: 5594: 5539: 5451: 5443: 5281: 4906: 4898: 4747: 4693: 4685: 4642: 4511: 4009:, the 3851:: the 3754:, the 3638:Brexit 3611:Syriza 3342:Europe 3260:, and 3175:, 1936 2927:, 2011 2909:Zürich 2526:, and 2437:Syriza 2376:, the 2288:, and 2250:anomie 2212:, and 2200:, and 1928:Attack 1924:Jobbik 1672:ethnic 1626:Syriza 1526:people 1305:" or " 1246:, 1981 993:Europe 988:Canada 960:Brexit 928:Europe 813:Weaver 808:Warren 798:Vargas 758:Peters 738:Ortega 713:Nasser 693:Meloni 683:Maduro 613:Humala 608:Hébert 583:Farage 563:Correa 558:Corbyn 553:Chávez 543:Caesar 538:Butler 493:Bannon 268:Lulism 156:Techno 141:Market 18646:Index 18275:Works 18262:Weber 18227:Spann 18222:Sorel 18187:Röpke 18182:Rawls 18137:Negri 18127:Mosca 18122:Mises 18087:Lenin 18057:Hoppe 18052:Hayek 18017:Fromm 18007:Evola 17997:Dugin 17894:Taine 17874:Smith 17854:Renan 17849:Paine 17770:Iqbal 17755:Hegel 17705:Comte 17695:Burke 17607:Locke 17597:James 17550:Bodin 17482:Dante 17477:Bruni 17431:Shang 17414:Plato 16968:State 16918:Power 16903:Peace 16838:Elite 16816:Terms 16670:Multi 16660:Inter 16533:Green 16015:Zeman 15980:Trump 15970:Stere 15940:Perón 15930:Palin 15920:Orbán 15885:Milei 15810:Janša 15715:Bryan 15335:Penal 15310:Black 15001:S2CID 14993:JSTOR 14943:S2CID 14933:(9). 14891:S2CID 14866:(PDF) 14848:S2CID 14705:S2CID 14689:eISSN 14671:(1). 14600:S2CID 14441:S2CID 14296:S2CID 14276:(PDF) 14202:JSTOR 14173:S2CID 14081:S2CID 14048:S2CID 13954:S2CID 13861:S2CID 13807:S2CID 13778:S2CID 13736:S2CID 13607:S2CID 13553:S2CID 13499:S2CID 13470:S2CID 13399:JSTOR 13326:S2CID 13297:S2CID 13236:(PDF) 13229:(PDF) 13211:S2CID 13203:JSTOR 13174:S2CID 13145:S2CID 13102:S2CID 13082:(PDF) 13066:S2CID 12927:S2CID 12771:(PDF) 12150:S2CID 11471:S2CID 11443:See: 10880:S2CID 10665:(PDF) 10654:(PDF) 10519:S2CID 10472:S2CID 10270:S2CID 9969:S2CID 9928:S2CID 9540:S2CID 9461:S2CID 9441:(PDF) 9421:6 May 9382:6 May 9341:S2CID 9298:S2CID 9222:6 May 9079:(PDF) 8539:S2CID 8519:(PDF) 8440:(PDF) 8433:(PDF) 8253:S2CID 8147:S2CID 8062:S2CID 7948:S2CID 7813:S2CID 7793:(PDF) 7525:S2CID 6876:(PDF) 6080:S2CID 6033:S2CID 5976:S2CID 5929:S2CID 5901:(PDF) 5879:S2CID 5618:S2CID 5564:(PDF) 5449:S2CID 4904:S2CID 4896:JSTOR 4691:S2CID 4617:3 May 4469:Notes 4105:India 2729:Media 1676:civic 1547:right 828:Zeman 793:Trump 783:Stere 753:Perón 743:Palin 733:Orbán 698:Milei 628:Janša 528:Bryan 146:Penal 121:Black 18177:Rand 18172:Qutb 18072:Kirk 17947:Aron 17864:Sade 17844:Owen 17829:Mill 17819:Marx 17787:Kant 17765:Hume 17627:More 17527:Wang 17409:Mozi 16833:Duty 16665:Mono 16638:Anti 16342:Anti 16010:Yoon 15890:Modi 15860:Lula 15855:Long 15835:Khan 15750:Dean 15231:ISBN 15170:2015 15152:ISBN 15135:ISBN 15118:ISBN 15069:ISBN 14775:ISBN 14761:ISBN 14747:ISBN 14697:ISSN 14501:2019 14483:ISBN 14325:ISBN 14155:?". 14129:ISBN 14110:ISBN 14097:2019 14008:OCLC 13998:ISBN 13975:ISBN 13913:ISBN 13824:ISBN 13752:2019 13728:ISSN 13697:ISBN 13643:ISBN 13624:ISBN 13574:ISBN 13520:ISBN 13439:ISBN 13344:ISBN 13258:ISBN 13118:ISBN 13029:ISBN 12995:ISBN 12965:ISBN 12919:ISSN 12587:2017 12546:ISBN 12525:2017 12482:ISBN 12461:2017 12422:ISBN 12403:2017 12140:ISBN 12109:2016 12078:2016 12047:2016 12016:2016 11954:OCLC 11944:ISBN 11923:2016 11856:ISBN 11831:ISBN 11719:2016 11688:2017 11657:2017 11626:2017 11593:2017 11562:2017 11531:2017 11494:ISBN 11463:ISSN 11425:ISBN 11333:ISBN 11150:2018 11132:ISBN 11111:2018 11093:ISBN 11060:2019 10953:ISBN 10928:ISBN 10903:ISBN 10843:ISBN 10795:ISBN 10776:2018 10673:2018 10623:ISBN 10592:ISBN 10511:ISSN 10464:ISSN 10411:2023 10398:ISBN 10348:2018 10317:2018 10286:2018 10262:ISSN 10144:link 9831:ISBN 9766:ISBN 9573:OCLC 9563:ISBN 9532:ISSN 9494:OCLC 9484:ISBN 9423:2020 9407:ISSN 9384:2020 9368:ISSN 9333:ISSN 9224:2020 9181:2019 9165:ISSN 9138:OCLC 9128:ISBN 8652:ISBN 8572:ISBN 8550:2021 8492:ISBN 8467:ISBN 8448:2021 8407:ISBN 8384:OCLC 8374:ISBN 8351:OCLC 8341:ISBN 8318:2021 8307:PMID 8264:2021 8245:PMID 8206:PMID 8139:PMID 8098:ISBN 8052:ISBN 8022:2021 8009:ISBN 7982:ISBN 7940:ISSN 7893:ISBN 7862:PMID 7727:2021 7688:ISBN 7663:ISBN 7640:ISSN 7597:ISBN 7566:ISSN 7515:ISBN 7477:ISBN 7415:2023 7402:ISBN 6931:2020 6896:ISSN 6858:2020 6334:ISSN 6072:ISSN 6025:ISSN 5968:ISSN 5921:ISSN 5871:ISSN 5610:PMID 5592:ISSN 5537:ISBN 5441:ISSN 5279:ISSN 5187:2018 4745:ISSN 4683:ISSN 4640:ISBN 4619:2023 4522:2023 4509:ISBN 4287:and 4270:and 4189:and 4099:and 3882:and 3874:The 3835:1992 3829:and 3827:1968 3730:The 3711:and 3697:and 3685:and 3677:The 3494:and 3394:and 3228:and 3097:and 2461:and 2384:and 2244:The 2101:and 2019:and 1983:and 1964:and 1949:idea 1874:and 1604:and 1549:and 1459:The 1421:and 1313:", " 1200:and 823:Yoon 703:Modi 678:Lula 673:Long 653:Khan 568:Dean 18242:Sun 18102:Mao 16978:War 16873:Law 16247:Neo 15785:Han 15398:Neo 14985:doi 14935:doi 14883:doi 14838:doi 14681:doi 14592:doi 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