1743:
Borderlands were also more heavily hit by the world economic crisis. This fact, and the fact that the central government did little to help out and even supported more the Czech companies led to the fact, that unemployment among the German community was the double, than it was among the Czech. Further steps like the loss of jobs for German speaking state employees, who did not speak Czech, which were employed earlier in the old
Austrian empire or expropriations of big estates did not support the coherence within the state. Nevertheless still in 1929, for example, in the Carlsbad district, a mainly Bavarian speaking area, 46% still voted for Socialists and Communists. This is especially interesting, because the German Speaking community of the Bohemian Countries is often and from many side blamed for being nationalist and fascist. But the point of living in the or one of the most industrialized areas of Europe also brings a big support for Communist and Socialist Parties, which from another point of view may also be explained by heavy and long lasting traditions of mining industries in the area.
1886:
82:
656:
642:
211:
670:
1088:
603:
628:
64:
57:
1399:
898:
1076:. Although in 1927 assemblies were provided for Bohemia, Slovakia, and Ruthenia, their jurisdiction was limited to adjusting laws and regulations of the central government to local needs. The central government appointed one third of the members of these assemblies. The constitution identified the "Czechoslovak nation" as the creator and principal constituent of the Czechoslovak state and established Czech and Slovak as
1730:
dominated the central government and other national institutions, all of which had their seats in the
Bohemian capital Prague. The Slovak middle class had been extremely small in 1919 because Hungarians, Germans and Jews had previously filled most administrative, professional and commercial positions
1742:
Furthermore, most of
Czechoslovakia's industry was as well located in Bohemia and Moravia and there mainly in the German speaking Borderlands, while most of Slovakia's economy came from agriculture. In Carpatho-Ukraine, the situation was even worse, with basically no industry at all. Therefore the
1039:
as well. Every seven years it elected the president and confirmed the cabinet appointed by him. Executive power was to be shared by the president and the cabinet; the latter, responsible to the
National Assembly, was to prevail. The reality differed somewhat from this ideal, however, during the
1469:—and the Roman Catholic Church. Half of all holdings were under 20,000 m. The Land Control Act of April 1919 called for the expropriation of all estates exceeding 1.5 square kilometres of arable land or 2.5 square kilometres of land in general (5 square kilometres to be the absolute maximum).
1328:
in an alliance to include France. (Beneš's earlier attitude towards the Soviet regime had been one of caution.) In 1935, the Soviet Union signed treaties with France and
Czechoslovakia. In essence, the treaties provided that the Soviet Union would come to Czechoslovakia's aid only if French
1080:. The concept of the Czechoslovak nation was necessary in order to justify the establishment of Czechoslovakia towards the world, because otherwise the statistical majority of the Czechs as compared to Germans would have been rather weak, and there were more Germans in the state than
160:
159:
199:
198:
1323:
came to power in 1933, fear of German aggression became widespread in eastern
Central Europe. Beneš ignored the possibility of a stronger Central European alliance system, remaining faithful to his Western policy. He did, however, seek the participation of the
1084:. National minorities were assured special protection; in districts where they constituted 20% of the population, members of minority groups were granted full freedom to use their language in everyday life, in schools, and in matters dealing with authorities.
197:
164:
196:
151:
1102:
that emerged as the real centers of power. Excluding the period from March 1926 to
November 1929, when the coalition did not hold, a coalition of five Czechoslovak parties constituted the backbone of the government: Republican Party of Agricultural and
940:
as the leader of the
Provisional Czechoslovak Government, and in 1920 he was elected the country's first president. He was re-elected in 1925 and 1929, serving as President until 14 December 1935 when he resigned due to poor health. He was succeeded by
157:
162:
161:
158:
142:
155:
143:
149:
156:
147:
146:
145:
144:
163:
154:
150:
148:
1040:
strong presidencies of
Masaryk and his successor, Beneš. The constitution of 1920 provided for the central government to have a high degree of control over local government. From 1928 to 1940, Czechoslovakia was divided into the four "lands" (
153:
152:
2313:
The 1921 and 1930 census numbers are not accurate because nationality depended on self-declaration and many Poles declared Czech nationality, mainly as a result of fear of the new authorities and as compensation for some benefits. Cf.
1120:, who held the office of prime minister for most of the 1920s and designed a pattern of coalition politics that survived until 1938. The coalition's policy was expressed in the slogan "We have agreed that we will agree."
1769:
demanded autonomy from the
Czechoslovak government, claiming they were suppressed and repressed. In the 1935 Parliamentary elections, the newly founded Sudeten German Party, led by Konrad Henlein and mostly financed by
195:
1198:
917:. Several ethnic groups and territories with different historical, political, and economic traditions were obliged to be blended into a new state structure. The origin of the First Republic lies in Point 10 of
1107:
People, Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party, Czechoslovak National Social Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, and Czechoslovak National Democratic Party. The leaders of these parties became known as the
1136:
was formed in 1922 from a merger of the Czech Agrarian Party and the Slovak Agrarian Party. Led by Svehla, the new party became the principal voice for the agrarian population, representing mainly
1000:. Such universal respect enabled Masaryk to overcome seemingly irresolvable political problems. Masaryk is still regarded as the symbol of Czechoslovak democracy for the Czechs and Slovaks today.
1434:
controlled only 20 to 30% of all industry. In Slovakia, 17.1% of the population was employed in industry, and 60.4% worked in agriculture and forestry. Only 5% of all industry in Slovakia was in
1140:
with small and medium-sized farms. Svehla combined support for progressive social legislation with a democratic outlook. His party was the core of all government coalitions between 1922 and 1938.
141:
193:
1271:
from 1918 to 1935, created the system of alliances that determined the republic's international stance until 1938. A democratic statesman of Western orientation, Beneš relied heavily on the
1735:
to take up the administrative and professional posts. The position of the Jewish community, especially in Slovakia, was ambiguous and, increasingly, a significant part looked towards
1445:
In the agricultural sector, a program of reform introduced soon after the establishment of the republic was intended to rectify the unequal distribution of land. One-third of all
139:
194:
925:: "The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development."
2126:
1515:
2266:
1395:
industry that had developed in Slovakia during the late 19th century also fell to the republic. Czechoslovakia was one of the world's 10 most industrialized states.
140:
1133:
2898:
1746:
Still, nationalism arose amongst the non-Czech nationalities, and several parties and movements were formed with the aim of broader political autonomy, as the
1255:, the Czechoslovak National Democratic Party became the party of big business, banking, and industry. The party declined in influence after 1920, however.
2893:
2097:
2178:(in Czech). Paris Karviná in association with the Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague. pp. 8–77, 101–102, 124–125, 128–129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
1462:
1156:
2908:
2488:
17:
2156:
2863:
81:
2903:
1336:. Hodža's efforts to strengthen alliances in Central Europe came too late. In February 1936, the foreign ministry came under the direction of
2531:
1947:
983:
1151:, but by 1929 it had begun to regain its strength. A party of moderation, the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party declared in favor of
2873:
1319:'s western border but provided no such promise for its eastern frontier, which meant that it would remain subject to negotiation. When
1232:
1098:
The operation of the new Czechoslovak government was distinguished by stability. Largely responsible for this were the well-organized
2918:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2524:
2111:
2046:
1505:
1020:
892:
367:
1979:
1907:
465:
1128:
parties, influenced by irredentist propaganda from Hungary, never joined the Czechoslovak government but were not openly hostile:
2131:
2090:
2913:
2025:
2803:
2481:
2394:
2240:
2183:
2121:
1520:
2629:
2056:
1755:
325:
1351:(1932–35) and sent, close to the end of the war, an unofficial training mission, to support Bolivia in its Chaco war with
974:. Their incorporation into Nazi Germany would leave the rest of Czechoslovakia powerless to resist subsequent occupation.
2923:
2826:
2662:
1958:
210:
2000:
2789:
2083:
1865:
1167:
1012:
864:
649:
412:
788:; which gradually became the most widely used name for its successor states. It was composed of former territories of
2768:
2461:
2444:
2427:
2411:
1473:
was to proceed on a gradual basis; owners would continue in possession in the interim, and compensation was offered.
1148:
1004:
929:
491:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2858:
2754:
2474:
1885:
1819:) in today's Slovakia and three counties in today's Ruthenia; both lands and counties were divided into districts (
2618:
2283:
2010:
1969:
1170:(called the Czech Socialist Party until 1926) was created before World War I when the socialists split from the
2708:
2370:
2208:
1007:
approved the provisional constitution of 1918 in its basic features. The Czechoslovak state was conceived as a
534:
318:
87:
2687:
2559:
2066:
1171:
1144:
910:
1363:
The new nation had a population of over 13.5 million. It had inherited 70 to 80% of all the industry of the
2647:
2607:
1937:
1016:
880:
621:
1828:
1923–1927: as above, except that the Slovak and Ruthenian counties were replaced by six (grand) counties (
2600:
2339:
1989:
1333:
928:
The full boundaries of the country and the organization of its government was finally established in the
1371:
and glass industries and the sugar refineries; more than 40% of all its distilleries and breweries; the
883:, which lasted less than half a year before Germany occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.
313:
69:
1778:
vote. As a consequence, diplomatic relations between the Germans and the Czechs deteriorated further.
970:
populations living in Czechoslovakia's northern and western border regions, known collectively as the
573:
2868:
2817:
2799:
2517:
1897:
1874:
836:
478:
2813:
1364:
1332:
In 1935, when Beneš succeeded Masaryk as president, the prime minister Milan Hodža took over the
1152:
1008:
56:
174:
2933:
2928:
2719:
2116:
1032:
876:
832:
663:
1623:
988:
To a large extent, Czechoslovak democracy was held together by the country's first president,
1300:
1292:
1284:
937:
635:
255:
237:
1183:
992:. As the principal founding father of the republic, Masaryk was regarded similar to the way
1747:
2436:
2243:[Conference of Locarno. Little Recognition for the First Peace Accord in Europe].
8:
2675:
1804:
1653:
1450:
1439:
1248:
1240:
1117:
1073:
860:
817:
442:
306:
1832:) in Slovakia and one (grand) county in Ruthenia, and the numbers and boundaries of the
1087:
2785:
2734:
2725:
2681:
2419:
1847:): Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, divided into districts (
1392:
1288:
1187:
1091:
1077:
1024:
989:
933:
852:
809:
344:
275:
2466:
2457:
2440:
2423:
2407:
2390:
2366:
2321:
2204:
2179:
2035:
1312:
1272:
1236:
1099:
993:
386:
2136:
1927:
1268:
1252:
1221:
848:
504:
120:
2780:
2747:
2501:
2403:
1454:
1214:
1049:
922:
879:. This, in effect, ended the First Czechoslovak Republic. It was replaced by the
789:
773:
745:
725:
608:
452:
287:
283:
271:
267:
1264:
942:
356:
2639:
2498:
2389:
Kárník, Zdeněk: Malé dějiny československé (1867–1939), Dokořán (2008), Praha,
1775:
1751:
1280:
1191:
1175:
1041:
963:
918:
906:
828:
769:
753:
737:
717:
691:
279:
259:
103:
2798:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the
2241:"Konferenz von Locarno. Wenig Anerkennung für erste Friedensordnung in Europa"
1372:
2852:
2809:
2325:
2021:
1800:
1759:
1225:
1065:
997:
967:
813:
63:
1422:, 39% of the population was employed in industry and 31% in agriculture and
1160:
398:
2774:
2582:
1771:
1446:
1431:
1337:
1325:
1320:
1304:
1218:
1202:
1104:
959:
840:
793:
1147:
was considerably weakened when the communists seceded in 1921 to form the
2594:
2363:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War Two, 1937–1939
1766:
1470:
1427:
1407:
1380:
1179:
1028:
971:
844:
436:
421:
1398:
2160:
1593:
1510:
1466:
1303:. Beneš's Western policy received a serious blow as early as 1925. The
1276:
868:
2279:
2198:
1731:
in, and as a result, the Czechs had to be posted to the more backward
1124:
parties also participated in the government in the beginning of 1926.
1094:, the founding father and first President of the Czechoslovak Republic
1384:
1368:
1348:
1244:
1036:
950:
1243:
and center parties. Ideologically, it was characterized by national
1213:
in 1919. In 1922 a common executive committee was formed, headed by
1201: – a fusion of several Catholic parties, groups, and
2697:
1732:
1423:
1352:
1296:
1137:
1069:
897:
856:
792:, inheriting different systems of administration from the formerly
696:
2340:"Slovakia Synagogues, Jewish Cemeteries, Jewish Museum Bratislava"
2304:
Slovenský náučný slovník, I. zväzok, Bratislava-Český Těšín, 1932.
1376:
1109:
2832:
2576:
2572:
2568:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1736:
1563:
1533:
1499:
1458:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1388:
1344:
1316:
1308:
1210:
1206:
1125:
1121:
1081:
1061:
1057:
955:
872:
805:
801:
797:
761:
701:
301:
291:
2822:
1727:
1726:
National disputes arose due to the fact that the more numerous
1495:
1430:
and was owned by Germans and controlled by German-owned banks.
914:
757:
427:
227:
1821:
1787:
1918–1923: different systems in former Austrian territory (
1279:
and the security of newly formed states. He negotiated the
2315:
2267:Československé zbraně a diplomacie ve válce o Gran Chaco
756:
state that existed from 1918 to 1938, a union of ethnic
2201:
World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History
2127:
Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
1453:
landowners—mostly Germans (or Germanized Czechs – e.g.
1134:
Republican Party of Agricultural and Smallholder People
2496:
1031:
initiative and was given supervisory control over the
1426:. Most light and heavy industry was located in the
1299:restoration. He concluded a separate alliance with
1023:, whose members were to be elected on the basis of
847:region to Germany on 1 October 1938 as part of the
2422:: Budování státu I.-IV., Academia (2003), Praha,
2280:"Ekonomika ČSSR v letech padesátých a šedesátých"
1799:) compared to former Hungarian territory (mostly
2850:
2456:, Bayside, N.Y. : Axis Europa Books, 2002,
1815:): Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, plus 21 counties (
1235:developed from a post–World War I merger of the
2365:. Chicago: University of Chicago. p. 314.
2316:Zahradnik, Stanisław; Marek Ryczkowski (1992).
2199:Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005).
1410:were far more industrialized than Slovakia. In
2767:ČSR; boundaries and government established by
2454:Axis Slovakia—Hitler's Slavic Wedge, 1938–1945
1355:and advance Czechoslovak interest in Bolivia.
2899:States and territories disestablished in 1938
2482:
2223:
2091:
966:. His pretext was the privations suffered by
823:After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only
1186:, its membership derived primarily from the
1027:. The National Assembly was responsible for
984:Elections in the First Czechoslovak Republic
171:
27:1918–1938 republic in Central/Eastern Europe
1781:
1343:The Czechoslovak Republic sold armament to
1217:. The Czechoslovak People's Party espoused
117:
2894:States and territories established in 1918
2730:1944 / 1946 – 1991
2489:
2475:
2228:. Cambridge University Press. p. 375.
2098:
2084:
1209:in 1918 and in the more strongly Catholic
1205: – developed separately in
958:by Germany in March 1938, the Nazi leader
209:
909:was proclaimed on 28 October 1918 by the
901:Czechoslovakia during the interwar period
732:), often colloquially referred to as the
2909:1938 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
2360:
1397:
1387:; and the chemical industry of northern
1086:
896:
843:, Czechoslovakia was forced to cede its
529:140,800 km (54,400 sq mi)
2864:Former countries of the interwar period
2783:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.
2402:Olivová, Věra: Dějiny první republiky,
2173:
1774:money, received over two-thirds of the
14:
2851:
1836:were changed in those two territories.
1233:Czechoslovak National Democratic Party
1116:) (The Five). The Pětka was headed by
2904:1918 establishments in Czechoslovakia
2470:
2320:. Warsaw, Prague, Třinec: PAI-press.
2239:Manig, Bert-Oliver (5 October 2015).
2238:
2122:Polish minority in the Czech Republic
2112:Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
893:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
2630:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
2217:
1163:was the leader of its Slovak branch.
1145:Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party
2663:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2132:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia (1918–38)
1449:land and forests belonged to a few
24:
1765:The German minority living in the
1442:was essentially without industry.
1168:Czechoslovak National Social Party
962:'s next target for annexation was
764:. The country was commonly called
25:
2945:
2874:States succeeding Austria-Hungary
2232:
1259:
1149:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
930:Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920
215:The Czechoslovak Republic in 1938
18:Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938)
2919:1938 disestablishments in Europe
2286:from the original on 7 July 2014
2157:"1920 Czechoslovak Constitution"
1980:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
1884:
1476:
668:
654:
640:
626:
601:
191:
137:
80:
62:
55:
2619:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2383:
2354:
2332:
2011:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1811:) (also called district units (
1340:, an adherent of Beneš's line.
1159:was chairman of the party, and
2307:
2298:
2272:
2259:
2192:
2167:
2149:
1839:1928–1938: four lands (Czech:
1756:Hlinka's Slovak People's Party
1224:and the social encyclicals of
722:První československá republika
319:Unitary parliamentary republic
13:
1:
2914:1918 establishments in Europe
2282:. Blisty.cz. 21 August 1968.
2142:
2067:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1379:), which produced armaments,
1275:as guarantor of the post war
911:Czechoslovak National Council
730:Prvá československá republika
104:Pravda vítězí / Pravda víťazí
1938:Second Czechoslovak Republic
881:Second Czechoslovak Republic
839:, supported by neighbouring
622:Second Czechoslovak Republic
7:
2808:ČSSR; from 1969, after the
2174:Preclík, Vratislav (2019).
1990:Third Czechoslovak Republic
1918:First Czechoslovak Republic
1855:
1391:. Seventeen percent of all
1334:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1199:Czechoslovak People's Party
977:
837:its Sudeten German minority
714:First Czechoslovak Republic
186:’Lightning Over the Tatras’
10:
2950:
2924:Politics of Czechoslovakia
2361:Weinberg, Gerhard (1980).
1682:
1652:
1622:
1592:
1562:
1532:
1358:
1307:, which paved the way for
1190:, civil servants, and the
1011:, guided primarily by the
981:
890:
886:
2818:Slovak Socialist Republic
2800:Ninth-of-May Constitution
2796:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2733:
2724:
2703:
2696:
2680:
2673:
2660:
2645:
2638:
2627:
2616:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2566:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
1898:Origins of Czechoslovakia
1482:1921 ethnonational census
1402:Czechoslovakia, 1920–1938
827:functioning democracy in
684:
580:
568:
564:
554:
544:
540:
533:
523:
518:
514:
501:
488:
475:
462:
458:
448:
433:
418:
408:
404:
392:
382:• 1918–1919 (first)
380:
376:
366:
362:
350:
338:
334:
324:
312:
300:
243:
233:
220:
208:
172:
118:
112:
98:
51:
46:
34:
2814:Czech Socialist Republic
2342:. Slovak Jewish Heritage
2265:Baďura, Bohumil (2006)
1782:Administrative divisions
40:Československá republika
2889:1930s in Czechoslovakia
2884:1920s in Czechoslovakia
2879:1910s in Czechoslovakia
2859:Interwar Czechoslovakia
2439:: Špión jemuž nevěřili
1365:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1329:assistance came first.
1172:Social Democratic Party
1153:parliamentary democracy
1009:parliamentary democracy
936:had been recognized by
479:Independence proclaimed
234:Official languages
2720:Subcarpathian Ruthenia
2705:Southern Slovakia and
2224:Mikulas Teich (1998).
2117:Hungarians in Slovakia
1908:Washington Declaration
1403:
1095:
1092:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1053:
1045:
934:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
902:
835:. Under pressure from
833:parliamentary republic
777:
749:
741:
729:
721:
664:Second Polish Republic
2769:the 1920 constitution
1401:
1291:) in 1921 to counter
1090:
900:
636:Reichsgau Sudetenland
466:Independence declared
244:Common languages
36:Czechoslovak Republic
2452:Axworthy, Mark W.A.
2045:
2020:
1999:
1968:
1957:
1748:Sudeten German Party
1311:'s admission to the
1293:Hungarian revanchism
1251:. Led by Kramář and
1015:, consisting of the
1005:Constitution of 1920
905:The independence of
853:ceded southern parts
812:territories (mostly
492:Constitution adopted
175:Nad Tatrou sa blýska
2812:, consisted of the
2757:government-in-exile
2420:Peroutka, Ferdinand
2057:Federative Republic
1959:Bohemia and Moravia
1805:Carpathian Ruthenia
1654:Carpathian Ruthenia
1440:Carpathian Ruthenia
1383:, automobiles, and
1249:economic liberalism
1074:Carpathian Ruthenia
1021:Chamber of Deputies
996:is regarded in the
861:Carpathian Ruthenia
818:Carpathian Ruthenia
574:Czechoslovak koruna
443:Chamber of Deputies
394:• 1938 (last)
88:Middle coat of arms
2792:(1939–1945).
2781:autonomous regions
2779:ČSR; included the
2739:1991–present
2735:Zakarpattia Oblast
2726:Zakarpattia Oblast
2709:Carpathian Ukraine
2682:Kingdom of Hungary
2226:Bohemia in History
1795:, a small part of
1404:
1283:(an alliance with
1194:(including Beneš).
1188:lower middle class
1096:
1078:official languages
1025:universal suffrage
938:World War I Allies
903:
804:, a small part of
650:Kingdom of Hungary
132:’Where my home is’
74:Bottom (1920–1938)
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2740:
2731:
2694:
2669:
2658:
2636:
2625:
2614:
2437:František Moravec
2395:978-80-7363-146-8
2185:978-80-87173-47-3
2108:
2107:
2075:
2074:
2036:Velvet Revolution
1948:German occupation
1724:
1723:
1313:League of Nations
1273:League of Nations
1237:Young Czech Party
1100:political parties
1013:National Assembly
994:George Washington
831:, organized as a
780:), a compound of
752:), was the first
710:
709:
680:
679:
676:
675:
614:
613:
510:30 September 1938
413:National Assembly
352:• 1935–1938
340:• 1918–1935
200:
165:
16:(Redirected from
2941:
2869:Former republics
2758:
2738:
2729:
2712:
2711:
2692:
2667:
2656:
2652:
2634:
2623:
2612:
2511:
2510:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2449:
2432:
2416:
2399:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2318:Korzenie Zaolzia
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2137:Jews in Slovakia
2100:
2093:
2086:
1928:Munich Agreement
1894:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1860:
1859:
1807:): three lands (
1486:
1485:
1367:, including the
1269:foreign minister
1222:moral principles
849:Munich Agreement
672:
671:
658:
657:
644:
643:
630:
629:
618:
617:
605:
604:
598:
597:
582:
581:
576:
505:Munich Agreement
497:29 February 1920
223:and largest city
213:
202:
201:
187:
183:
179:
178:
167:
166:
133:
129:
125:
124:
108:"Truth prevails"
84:
66:
59:
32:
31:
21:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2807:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2756:
2748:Austria-Hungary
2737:
2728:
2707:
2706:
2693:1939–1945
2691:
2688:Slovak Republic
2668:1939–1945
2666:
2657:1938–1939
2655:
2650:
2649:
2635:1990–1992
2633:
2624:1960–1990
2622:
2613:1948–1960
2611:
2608:Fourth Republic
2583:Austrian Empire
2575:
2571:
2553:1989–1992
2546:1948–1989
2539:1945–1948
2532:1938–1945
2525:1918–1938
2504:
2495:
2447:
2430:
2414:
2406:(2000), Praha,
2404:Karolinum Press
2397:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2359:
2355:
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2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2245:Deutschlandfunk
2237:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2176:Masaryk a legie
2172:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2104:
2047:Post-revolution
1970:Slovak Republic
1876:
1869:
1858:
1784:
1493:
1479:
1361:
1267:, Czechoslovak
1262:
986:
980:
923:Fourteen Points
895:
889:
790:Austria-Hungary
742:První republika
706:
669:
655:
641:
627:
609:Austria-Hungary
602:
572:
557:
547:
526:
507:
494:
484:28 October 1918
481:
471:18 October 1918
468:
453:Interwar period
439:
424:
395:
383:
353:
341:
296:
252:
251:
224:
216:
204:
203:
192:
188:
185:
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181:
170:
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168:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
107:
94:
93:
92:
89:
85:
77:
76:
73:
72:Top (1918–1920)
71:
67:
60:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2802:following the
2795:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2651: Republic
2643:
2642:
2640:Czech Republic
2637:
2626:
2615:
2604:
2601:Third Republic
2597:
2592:
2589:First Republic
2585:
2580:
2564:
2563:
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2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
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2471:
2465:
2464:
2450:
2433:
2417:
2400:
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2382:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2353:
2331:
2306:
2297:
2271:
2258:
2231:
2216:
2209:
2191:
2184:
2166:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1877:Czechoslovakia
1871:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1837:
1826:
1783:
1780:
1776:Sudeten German
1752:Konrad Henlein
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:Czechoslovakia
1680:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1641:
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1548:
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1542:
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1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1490:
1478:
1475:
1360:
1357:
1281:Little Entente
1261:
1260:Foreign policy
1258:
1257:
1256:
1229:
1195:
1192:intelligentsia
1176:class struggle
1174:. It rejected
1164:
1141:
1118:Antonín Švehla
979:
976:
964:Czechoslovakia
948:Following the
919:Woodrow Wilson
907:Czechoslovakia
891:Main article:
888:
885:
829:Central Europe
778:Československo
766:Czechoslovakia
750:Prvá republika
734:First Republic
708:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
692:Czech Republic
688:
686:
682:
681:
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674:
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511:
508:
502:
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498:
495:
489:
486:
485:
482:
476:
473:
472:
469:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
449:Historical era
446:
445:
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434:
431:
430:
425:
419:
416:
415:
410:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
393:
390:
389:
384:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
368:Prime Minister
364:
363:
360:
359:
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351:
348:
347:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
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310:
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298:
297:
295:
294:
249:
248:
247:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
222:
218:
217:
214:
206:
205:
190:
189:
136:
135:
110:
109:
96:
95:
86:
79:
78:
68:
61:
54:
53:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2946:
2935:
2934:Rusyn history
2932:
2930:
2929:Power sharing
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2827:Ukrainian SSR
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:Prague Spring
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2755:Czechoslovak
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2702:
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2632:
2631:
2621:
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2561:
2555:
2554:
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2540:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2462:1-891227-41-6
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2445:80-200-1006-8
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2428:80-200-1121-8
2425:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2412:80-7184-791-7
2409:
2405:
2401:
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2235:
2227:
2220:
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2206:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:Prague Spring
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Upper Hungary
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1760:Andrej Hlinka
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:Czechoslovaks
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:Ethnic groups
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1315:, guaranteed
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:Pope Leo XIII
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Václav Klofáč
1181:
1178:and promoted
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:Antonín Hampl
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:United States
995:
991:
990:Tomáš Masaryk
985:
975:
973:
969:
968:ethnic German
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
946:
944:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
899:
894:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
814:Upper Hungary
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
687:
685:Today part of
683:
667:
665:
662:
661:
653:
651:
648:
647:
639:
637:
634:
633:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:
610:
607:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
553:
549:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
522:
517:
513:
509:
506:
500:
496:
493:
487:
483:
480:
474:
470:
467:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
444:
441:
438:
432:
429:
426:
423:
417:
414:
411:
407:
403:
400:
397:
391:
388:
385:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
358:
355:
349:
346:
345:Tomáš Masaryk
343:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
320:
317:
315:
311:
308:
305:
303:
299:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
253:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
226:
219:
212:
207:
176:
122:
121:Kde domov můj
115:
111:
106:
105:
101:
97:
91:
83:
75:
65:
58:
50:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2797:
2775:Nazi Germany
2766:
2718:
2704:
2686:
2674:
2661:
2646:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2499:Czechoslovak
2497:Timeline of
2453:
2384:Bibliography
2362:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2334:
2317:
2309:
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2274:
2261:
2251:16 September
2249:. Retrieved
2244:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2203:. ABC-CLIO.
2200:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2151:
1917:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1764:
1745:
1741:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1646:
1616:
1586:
1556:
1481:
1480:
1451:aristocratic
1447:agricultural
1444:
1405:
1362:
1342:
1338:Kamil Krofta
1331:
1326:Soviet Union
1321:Adolf Hitler
1305:Locarno Pact
1265:Edvard Beneš
1263:
1203:labor unions
1114:pron. pyetka
1113:
1097:
1002:
987:
960:Adolf Hitler
949:
947:
943:Edvard Beneš
927:
904:
841:Nazi Germany
824:
822:
785:
781:
765:
754:Czechoslovak
733:
713:
711:
591:Succeeded by
590:
585:
556:• 1938
546:• 1921
525:• Total
387:Karel Kramář
357:Edvard Beneš
307:Czechoslovak
263:
256:Czechoslovak
238:Czechoslovak
113:
102:
100:Motto:
99:
39:
29:
2773:Annexed by
2595:Sudetenland
2560:1993–
2346:16 February
2247:(in German)
2001:Coup d'état
1875:History of
1772:Nazi German
1767:Sudetenland
1471:Land reform
1428:Sudetenland
1408:Czech lands
1381:locomotives
1375:of Pilsen (
1373:Škoda Works
1347:during the
1253:Alois Rašín
1239:with other
1180:nationalism
1105:Smallholder
1029:legislative
972:Sudetenland
845:Sudetenland
586:Preceded by
437:Lower house
422:Upper house
409:Legislature
90:(1920–1938)
2853:Categories
2831:Oblast of
2816:(ČSR) and
2448:(in Czech)
2431:(in Czech)
2415:(in Czech)
2398:(in Czech)
2372:0226885119
2210:1576079996
2161:Wikisource
2143:References
1843:, Slovak:
1719:13,410,750
1511:Hungarians
1467:Hungarians
1285:Yugoslavia
1277:status quo
1245:radicalism
1241:right wing
1215:Jan Šrámek
1161:Ivan Dérer
982:See also:
871:region in
869:Trans-Olza
851:. It also
560:14,800,000
550:13,410,750
535:Population
399:Jan Syrový
314:Government
302:Demonym(s)
2804:1948 coup
2502:statehood
2326:177389723
2061:1990–1992
2051:1989–1992
2015:1948–1989
1994:1945–1948
1984:1939–1945
1974:1939–1945
1963:1939–1945
1952:1938–1945
1942:1938–1939
1922:1918–1938
1830:(veľ)župy
1694:3,123,568
1689:8,760,937
1647:2,989,361
1628:2,013,792
1587:2,649,323
1568:2,048,426
1557:6,668,518
1541:2,173,239
1538:4,382,788
1393:Hungarian
1385:machinery
1369:porcelain
1349:Chaco War
1219:Christian
1182:. Led by
1155:in 1930.
1126:Hungarian
1054:"krajiny"
1037:judiciary
1033:executive
951:Anschluss
810:Hungarian
326:President
276:Hungarian
47:1918–1938
2698:Slovakia
2676:Slovakia
2518:Pre-1918
2284:Archived
2269:, p. 35.
2026:Invasion
1866:a series
1864:Part of
1856:See also
1754:and the
1733:Slovakia
1624:Slovakia
1489:Regions
1424:forestry
1353:Paraguay
1297:Habsburg
1138:peasants
1070:Slovakia
1019:and the
978:Politics
867:and the
857:Slovakia
825:de facto
794:Austrian
697:Slovakia
569:Currency
182:(Slovak)
2833:Ukraine
2825:of the
2790:Hungary
2786:Annexed
2577:Silesia
2573:Moravia
2569:Bohemia
1845:krajiny
1797:Silesia
1793:Moravia
1789:Bohemia
1758:led by
1750:led by
1737:Zionism
1714:238,080
1709:180,855
1704:461,849
1699:745,431
1677:592,044
1667:372,884
1664:102,144
1634:637,183
1631:139,900
1617:602,202
1601:252,365
1598:296,194
1594:Silesia
1571:547,604
1564:Moravia
1534:Bohemia
1525:Others
1506:Germans
1500:Slovaks
1463:Kaunitz
1459:Czernin
1438:hands.
1420:Silesia
1416:Moravia
1412:Bohemia
1389:Bohemia
1359:Economy
1345:Bolivia
1317:Germany
1309:Germany
1289:Romania
1211:Moravia
1207:Bohemia
1082:Slovaks
1066:Silesia
1062:Moravia
1058:Bohemia
956:Austria
887:History
873:Silesia
865:Hungary
806:Silesia
802:Moravia
798:Bohemia
762:Slovaks
702:Ukraine
503:•
490:•
477:•
464:•
435:•
420:•
292:Yiddish
221:Capital
128:(Czech)
114:Anthem:
2823:Oblast
2820:(SSR).
2648:Second
2460:
2443:
2426:
2410:
2393:
2369:
2324:
2290:14 May
2207:
2182:
1868:on the
1849:okresy
1834:okresy
1822:okresy
1728:Czechs
1670:80,059
1661:10,460
1658:19,737
1643:42,313
1640:70,529
1637:85,644
1613:49,530
1583:46,448
1580:15,335
1553:93,757
1550:11,251
1528:Total
1516:Rusyns
1496:Czechs
1465:) and
1455:Kinsky
1436:Slovak
1432:Czechs
1418:, and
1301:France
1122:German
1072:, and
1050:Slovak
1046:"země"
1017:Senate
915:Prague
877:Poland
808:) and
786:Slovak
774:Slovak
758:Czechs
746:Slovak
726:Slovak
428:Senate
372:
330:
288:Polish
284:Romani
272:German
268:Slovak
264:·
262:
228:Prague
180:
126:
116:
2435:Gen.
1813:kraje
1673:6,760
1610:3,681
1547:2,007
1544:5,476
1377:Plzeň
1110:Pětka
1042:Czech
782:Czech
770:Czech
738:Czech
718:Czech
280:Rusyn
266:
260:Czech
2458:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2348:2014
2322:OCLC
2292:2014
2253:2024
2205:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2071:1992
2040:1989
2030:1968
2005:1948
1932:1938
1912:1918
1902:1918
1841:země
1817:župy
1809:země
1803:and
1521:Jews
1498:and
1406:The
1295:and
1287:and
1247:and
1231:The
1197:The
1166:The
1143:The
1132:The
1035:and
1003:The
859:and
816:and
784:and
772:and
760:and
712:The
519:Area
250:List
70:Flag
2788:by
1607:338
1577:976
1574:534
1461:or
1112:" (
1056:):
954:of
921:'s
913:in
875:to
863:to
855:of
820:).
270:),
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2159:.
1851:).
1825:).
1791:,
1762:.
1739:.
1604:94
1502:)
1457:,
1414:,
1068:,
1060:,
1052::
1048:,
1044::
945:.
932:.
800:,
776::
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744:;
740::
728::
724:;
720::
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
2835:.
2829:.
2806:.
2777:.
2771:.
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2375:.
2350:.
2328:.
2294:.
2255:.
2213:.
2188:.
2163:.
2099:e
2092:t
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2024:/
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