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1079:. Although the two are generally synonymous, extortion is the taking of personal property by threat of future harm. Blackmail is the use of threat to prevent another from engaging in a lawful occupation and writing libelous letters or letters that provoke a breach of the peace, as well as use of intimidation for purposes of collecting an unpaid debt.
1286:
done together. One
American legal scholar uses the example of a person who threatens to expose a criminal act unless he is paid money. The person has committed the crime of blackmail, even though he separately has the legal right both to threaten to expose a crime and to request money from a person.
1285:
Some scholars have argued that blackmail should not be a crime. Objections to the criminalization of blackmail often rest on what legal scholars call "the paradox of blackmail": it takes two separate actions that, in many cases, people are legally and morally entitled to do, and criminalizes them if
1071:
Acts of blackmail can also involve using threats of physical, mental or emotional harm, or of criminal prosecution, against the victim or someone close to the victim. It is normally carried out for personal gain, most commonly of position, money, or property.
1669:
1797:, p. 670: "Most crimes do not need theories to explain why the behavior is criminal. The wrongdoing is self-evident. But blackmail is unique among major crimes: no one has yet figured out why it ought to be illegal."
1830:
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1040:, blackmail is generally defined as a crime of information, involving a threat to do something that would cause a person to suffer embarrassment or financial loss. By contrast, in the
1810:
1068:
about a person or people unless certain demands are met. It is often damaging information, and it may be revealed to family members or associates rather than to the general public.
2412:
1086:
offense in the United States, England and Wales, and
Australia, and has been used as a convenient way of referring to certain other offenses, but was not a term used in
1056:
A person is guilty of blackmail if, with a view to gain for himself or another or with intent to cause loss to another, he makes any unwarranted demand with menaces...
1782:
A dictionary of
Lowland Scotch, with an introductory chapter on the poetry, humour, and literary history of the Scottish language and an appendix of Scottish proverbs
2895:
1082:
In many jurisdictions, blackmail is a statutory offense, often criminal, carrying punitive sanctions for convicted perpetrators. Blackmail is the name of a
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meaning payments rendered in exchange for protection from thieves and marauders. The "mail" part of blackmail derives from Middle
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in return for immunity from raids and other harassment. The "mail" part of blackmail derives from
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Blackmail note intended for the Jewish Capon-Minerbo family in hiding during the
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In popular culture, 'blackmail' involves a threat to reveal or publicize either
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Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
1494:
The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition
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1941:
Lindgren, James (1984). "Unraveling the
Paradox of Blackmail".
1032:
As a criminal offence, blackmail is defined in various ways in
1026:
721:
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381:
314:
142:
1608:
Frank
Schmalleger; Daniel E. Hall; John J. Dolatowski (2009).
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1209:, "rent, tribute". This tribute was paid in goods or labour (
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2503:
1721:"Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: black mail"
944:
673:
431:
1886:
1188:
The word blackmail is variously derived from the word for
1702:, Sweet & Maxwell: London. Fifth Edition, paperback,
1828:
Blackmailing for Mutual Good: A Reply to
Russell Hardin
1692:
1744:
1742:
1505:
1503:
1496:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2010.
1244:
1238:
3086:
1243:
pronounced (the th silent) bla-ich (to protect) and
2836:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
2423:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
1739:
1500:
1454:
1196:) paid by English and Scottish border dwellers to
2831:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
2418:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1612:(4th ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 271–272.
1449:
1447:
1445:
1103:meaning "rent or tribute". This tribute (male or
1044:its definition is wider: for example the laws of
16:Coercion based on threat of revealing information
3879:
1776:Mackay, Charles; Ramsay, Allan; May, G. (1888).
1751:"The Difference Between Extortion and Blackmail"
1486:
1280:
1225:were often paid in produce of the land, called "
1775:
1547:. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2006. p. 233.
1438:Section 20(1) Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969
1253:. He notes that the practice was common in the
1107:) was paid in goods or labour ("nigri"); hence
1442:
3825:
2998:
2058:
1638:West's encyclopedia of American law, Volume 2
995:
2038:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1748:
1577:The encyclopedia of American law enforcement
1910:Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law
1267:
1075:Blackmail may also be considered a form of
3832:
3818:
3005:
2991:
2065:
2051:
1641:. West Pub. Co. 1998. pp. 569 pages.
1002:
988:
1580:. Infobase Publishing. 2007. p. 78.
1176:Learn how and when to remove this message
1093:Blackmail was originally a term from the
2385:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
2072:
2022:
1940:
1892:
1794:
1118:
1631:
1629:
3880:
2578:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
2390:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
1912:. Sweet & Maxwell: London. (2005)
3813:
2986:
2546:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
2046:
1568:
1535:
2453:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
1841:, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 121–141 (1999)
1784:. London: Whittaker. pp. 10–12.
1626:
1523:from the original on 21 October 2017
1158:adding citations to reliable sources
1129:
1727:from the original on 15 August 2020
1457:Merriam-Webster's dictionary of law
1277:", was used for similar exactions.
1213:, or "blackmail"); the opposite is
13:
3012:
14:
3914:
2000:
1757:from the original on 13 July 2011
1461:. Merriam-Webster. 1996. p.
1420:
3604:Perverting the course of justice
3089:
3080:
3028:. Not all types are listed here.
2846:Encouraging or assisting a crime
2806:Perverting the course of justice
2227:Encouraging or assisting a crime
1134:
638:Perverting the course of justice
38:
3342:Intellectual property violation
2970:History of English criminal law
2861:Obstruction of a police officer
2524:Fear or provocation of violence
1930:, Sweet & Maxwell: London.
1844:
1820:
1808:Blackmail as a Victimless Crime
1800:
1788:
1769:
1713:
1662:
1145:needs additional citations for
533:Intellectual property violation
2871:Refusing to assist a constable
2687:Taking without owner's consent
1700:The Theft Acts 1968 & 1978
1601:
1431:
1406:
1:
2891:Fabrication of false evidence
2603:Misconduct in a public office
2529:Harassment, alarm or distress
2103:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
1989:, LexisNexis: London. (1997)
1975:, LexisNexis: London. (2005)
1902:
1710:, paragraph 12-01 at page 183
1281:Objections to criminalization
3839:
2608:Misfeasance in public office
2208:Ignorantia juris non excusat
1973:Smith and Hogan Criminal Law
1749:Maeve Maddox (10 May 2011).
1427:Section 21(1) Theft Act 1968
1114:
868:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
2775:Cheating the public revenue
2567:Effecting a public mischief
2413:Assault with intent to rape
1289:
10:
3919:
3367:Possessing stolen property
2851:Escape from lawful custody
2737:Fraud by abuse of position
2403:Assault with intent to rob
2327:Category:Criminal defences
1928:Theft Acts 1968 & 1978
1322:FBI files on Elvis Presley
558:Possessing stolen property
206:Offense against the person
25:
21:Blackmail (disambiguation)
18:
3847:
3781:
3746:
3646:
3613:
3562:
3516:
3410:
3272:
3106:
3078:
3034:
3021:
2967:For obsolete aspects see
2956:
2904:
2788:
2760:
2702:Misappropriation of funds
2634:Offences against property
2632:
2494:
2466:
2336:
2316:Diminished responsibility
2255:
2217:
2189:
2121:
2080:
1853:Business Ethics Quarterly
1297:Abusive power and control
1125:Axis occupation of Greece
852:Diminished responsibility
646:Crimes against the public
3903:Organized crime activity
3466:(such as prohibition of
2789:Offences against justice
2562:Outraging public decency
2486:Sexual Offences Act 2003
2287:inc. participation in a
2197:Lesser included offences
2153:Intention in English law
2148:Intention (criminal law)
1544:Burton's Legal Thesaurus
1399:
1249:(tribute, payment), cf.
781:Crimes against the state
701:(such as prohibition of
26:Not to be confused with
2035:Encyclopædia Britannica
1670:"Legislation View Page"
1205:
1099:
465:Crimes against property
155:(also called violation)
3584:Miscarriage of justice
2906:Other common law areas
2856:Obstruction of justice
2598:Accessory (legal term)
2360:Corporate manslaughter
2015:Encyclopedia Americana
1268:
1245:
1239:
1127:
1058:
1036:jurisdictions. In the
917:Other common-law areas
750:Crimes against animals
618:Miscarriage of justice
600:Crimes against justice
3579:Malfeasance in office
3024:Note: Crimes vary by
2821:Misprision of treason
2742:Conspiracy to defraud
2697:Handling stolen goods
2541:Public Order Act 1986
2496:Public order offences
1833:19 March 2011 at the
1813:8 August 2017 at the
1122:
1054:
823:Defenses to liability
613:Malfeasance in office
3672:Cybersex trafficking
3434:Censorship violation
2841:Harboring a fugitive
2811:Witness intimidation
2761:Forgery, personation
2380:Concealment of birth
2074:English criminal law
1680:on 19 September 2016
1233:derives it from two
1154:improve this article
669:Censorship violation
392:Cybersex trafficking
19:For other uses, see
3898:Illegal occupations
3464:Illegal consumption
3138:Criminal negligence
2896:Rescuing a prisoner
2866:Wasting police time
2624:Dereliction of duty
2583:Breach of the peace
2301:Prevention of crime
2163:Criminal negligence
1944:Columbia Law Review
1312:Emotional blackmail
847:Defense of property
699:Illegal consumption
235:Criminal negligence
135:Severity of offense
3667:Child sexual abuse
3632:Wildlife smuggling
3622:Cruelty to animals
3411:Against the public
3242:Negligent homicide
3153:False imprisonment
3108:Against the person
2962:English law portal
2948:Criminal procedure
2613:Abuse of authority
2443:False imprisonment
2294:Medical procedures
2122:Elements of crimes
1908:Baker, Dennis J.,
1895:, pp. 670–71.
1839:Vermont Law Review
1610:Criminal Law Today
1255:Scottish Highlands
1192:(in modern terms,
1128:
1111:, or "blackmail".
1062:substantially true
768:Wildlife smuggling
758:Cruelty to animals
387:Child sexual abuse
339:Negligent homicide
250:False imprisonment
147:Indictable offense
91:Scope of criminal
3875:
3874:
3807:
3806:
3790:Wikimedia Commons
3748:Inchoate offenses
3692:Indecent exposure
3183:Human trafficking
3148:Domestic violence
2980:
2979:
2886:Contempt of court
2816:Witness tampering
2534:intent aggravates
2519:Unlawful assembly
2375:Child destruction
2219:Inchoate offences
2081:Classes of crimes
2029:"Blackmail"
2009:"Blackmail"
1995:978-0-406-89545-5
1981:978-0-406-97730-4
1936:978-0-421-19960-6
1918:978-0-414-04613-9
1674:thelaw.tas.gov.au
1648:978-0-314-20155-3
1619:978-0-13-504261-8
1587:978-0-8160-6290-4
1554:978-0-07-147262-3
1472:978-0-87779-604-6
1347:Pizzo (extortion)
1342:Nuclear blackmail
1194:protection racket
1186:
1185:
1178:
1066:false information
1046:England and Wales
1012:
1011:
412:Indecent exposure
280:Human trafficking
245:Domestic violence
173:Inchoate offenses
3910:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3454:Ethnic cleansing
3392:Trespass to land
3289:Arms trafficking
3099:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2752:Webcam blackmail
2573:disorderly house
2509:Violent disorder
2370:Unlawful killing
2338:Offences against
2176:Strict liability
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2019:
2011:
1971:Ormerod, David.
1968:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1848:
1842:
1826:Block, Walter, "
1824:
1818:
1806:Block, Walter, "
1804:
1798:
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1786:
1785:
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1767:
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1737:
1736:
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1711:
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1689:
1687:
1685:
1676:. Archived from
1666:
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1410:
1357:Webcam blackmail
1271:
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1242:
1223:Scottish Borders
1208:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1138:
1130:
1102:
1095:Scottish Borders
1050:Northern Ireland
1004:
997:
990:
961:
832:Actual innocence
689:Ethnic cleansing
583:Trespass to land
478:Arms trafficking
42:
35:
34:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3878:
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3876:
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3867:Pain compliance
3843:
3838:
3808:
3803:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3722:Sex trafficking
3648:Sexual offenses
3642:
3641:
3640:
3614:Against animals
3609:
3608:
3607:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3322:False pretenses
3268:
3267:
3266:
3230:Preterintention
3102:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3076:
3030:
3017:
3011:
2981:
2976:
2952:
2900:
2784:
2762:
2756:
2672:Criminal damage
2628:
2557:Public nuisance
2490:
2468:Sexual offences
2462:
2438:Child abduction
2339:
2332:
2278:Loss of control
2251:
2213:
2185:
2117:
2076:
2071:
2006:
2003:
1957:10.2307/1122502
1926:Griew, Edward.
1905:
1900:
1899:
1893:Lindgren (1984)
1891:
1887:
1865:10.2307/3857894
1849:
1845:
1835:Wayback Machine
1825:
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1815:Wayback Machine
1805:
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1795:Lindgren (1984)
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1698:Griew, Edward.
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1413:Blackmail Law:
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1257:as well as the
1235:Scottish Gaelic
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1008:
949:
513:False pretenses
442:Sex trafficking
368:Sexual offenses
327:Preterintention
163:Summary offense
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2826:Jury tampering
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2732:Fraud Act 2006
2729:
2727:Theft Act 1978
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2722:Theft Act 1968
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2699:
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2652:Cheating (law)
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2593:Forcible entry
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2481:Sexual assault
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2289:sporting event
2280:
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2250:
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2247:Common purpose
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2215:
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2199:
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2026:, ed. (1911).
2024:Chisholm, Hugh
2020:
2002:
2001:External links
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1951:(3): 670–717.
1938:
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1211:reditus nigri
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1148:
1143:This section
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1109:reditus nigri
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1038:United States
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884:Justification
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717:Miscegenation
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553:Pickpocketing
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402:Homosexuality
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265:Home invasion
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215:Assassination
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3772:Solicitation
3707:Prostitution
3697:Masturbation
3528:Lèse-majesté
3517:Against the
3312:Embezzlement
3203:Manslaughter
3188:Intimidation
3026:jurisdiction
3023:
2968:
2960:
2763:and cheating
2747:Fare evasion
2706:
2356:Manslaughter
2325:
2321:Intoxication
2263:Self-defence
2206:
2158:Recklessness
2140:
2128:
2033:
2013:
1987:Law of Theft
1986:
1972:
1948:
1942:
1927:
1909:
1888:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1822:
1802:
1790:
1781:
1778:"Black-mail"
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1729:. Retrieved
1715:
1699:
1694:
1684:18 September
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1673:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1637:
1609:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1576:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1543:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1514:
1493:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1456:
1433:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1284:
1266:
1251:buttock mail
1219:reditus albi
1218:
1214:
1210:
1187:
1172:
1163:
1152:Please help
1147:verification
1144:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1090:until 1968.
1081:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1052:state that:
1042:Commonwealth
1031:
1019:criminal act
1014:
1013:
909:Self-defense
866:
789:Lèse-majesté
503:Embezzlement
482:
427:Prostitution
417:Masturbation
300:Manslaughter
285:Intimidation
197:Solicitation
70:
63:
48:Criminal law
32:
3677:Fornication
3594:Obstruction
3574:Compounding
3382:Tax evasion
3133:Child abuse
3047:Misdemeanor
2364:Infanticide
2202:Concurrence
1511:"Blackmail"
1392:Psychoville
1273:, meaning "
1265:, the term
1088:English law
904:Provocation
628:Obstruction
608:Compounding
573:Tax evasion
397:Fornication
230:Child abuse
159:Misdemeanor
83:Concurrence
3882:Categories
3785:WikiSource
3767:Incitement
3762:Conspiracy
3637:Bestiality
3589:Misprision
3553:Subversion
3507:War crimes
3502:Usurpation
3429:Corruption
3307:Cybercrime
3193:Kidnapping
3173:Hate crime
3163:Harassment
3143:Defamation
3097:Law portal
3072:Corruption
3062:Indictable
3042:Infraction
2717:Cybercrime
2647:Dishonesty
2571:Keeping a
2448:Harassment
2433:Kidnapping
2340:the person
2232:Conspiracy
2130:Actus reus
2113:Common law
2093:Either way
2088:Indictable
1903:References
1352:Sextortion
1337:Loan shark
1307:Cybercrime
1302:Blind item
1275:black rent
1166:March 2023
1034:common law
862:Entrapment
837:Automatism
814:Subversion
773:Bestiality
742:War crimes
737:Usurpation
664:Corruption
623:Misprision
498:Cybercrime
290:Kidnapping
270:Hate crime
260:Harassment
240:Defamation
192:Incitement
187:Conspiracy
153:Infraction
112:Complicity
107:Accomplice
65:Actus reus
3888:Blackmail
3857:Greenmail
3852:Blackmail
3795:Wikiquote
3737:Voyeurism
3717:Pederasty
3702:Obscenity
3543:Secession
3538:Espionage
3497:Terrorism
3459:Smuggling
3397:Vandalism
3377:Smuggling
3317:Extortion
3293:Blackmail
3207:corporate
3013:Types of
2881:Espionage
2712:Extortion
2707:Blackmail
2692:Deception
2677:Squatting
2273:Necessity
2237:Accessory
2190:Doctrines
2181:Omissions
2172:Vicarious
2168:Corporate
2136:Causation
2108:Statutory
1384:Blackmail
1376:Blackmail
1362:Whitemail
1332:Greenmail
1317:Espionage
1269:cĂos dubh
1261:. In the
1240:blathaich
1227:greenmail
1115:Etymology
1084:statutory
1077:extortion
1015:Blackmail
925:Contracts
899:Necessity
804:Secession
799:Espionage
732:Terrorism
694:Smuggling
588:Vandalism
568:Smuggling
508:Extortion
483:Blackmail
457:Voyeurism
437:Pederasty
422:Obscenity
304:corporate
127:Vicarious
122:Principal
117:Corporate
102:Accessory
93:liability
78:Causation
3862:Graymail
3841:Coercion
3800:Wikinews
3657:Adultery
3627:Poaching
3563:Against
3548:Sedition
3492:Regicide
3444:Genocide
3419:Apostasy
3401:Mischief
3337:Gambling
3302:Burglary
3275:property
3273:Against
3257:Stabbing
3252:Stalking
3235:Homicide
3198:Menacing
3178:Homicide
2943:Evidence
2924:Property
2914:Contract
2876:Sedition
2780:Uttering
2682:Trespass
2657:Burglary
2555:Causing
2551:Nuisance
2348:Homicide
2311:Insanity
2256:Defences
2142:Mens rea
1831:Archived
1811:Archived
1755:Archived
1725:Archived
1521:Archived
1415:Justicia
1327:Graymail
1290:See also
1025:using a
1023:coercion
940:Property
935:Evidence
930:Defenses
879:Insanity
809:Sedition
763:Poaching
727:Regicide
679:Genocide
654:Apostasy
592:Mischief
528:Gambling
493:Burglary
377:Adultery
354:Stabbing
349:Stalking
332:Homicide
295:Menacing
275:Homicide
72:Mens rea
55:Elements
28:Bankmail
3757:Attempt
3599:Perjury
3565:justice
3533:Treason
3476:smoking
3472:alcohol
3439:Dueling
3424:Begging
3372:Robbery
3352:Looting
3347:Larceny
3327:Forgery
3297:Bribery
3262:Torture
3247:Robbery
3205: (
3158:Frameup
3128:Battery
3123:Assault
3057:Summary
3035:Classes
2938:estates
2801:Perjury
2796:Bribery
2770:Forgery
2662:Robbery
2620:of oath
2618:Perjury
2458:Treason
2428:Battery
2408:Robbery
2283:Consent
2242:Attempt
2098:Summary
2018:. 1920.
1965:1122502
1881:5684396
1873:3857894
1761:18 July
1731:19 June
1369:In film
1259:Borders
1190:mailing
1105:reditus
968:Portals
959:estates
891: (
889:Mistake
874:Infancy
842:Consent
794:Treason
711:smoking
707:alcohol
674:Dueling
659:Begging
633:Perjury
563:Robbery
543:Looting
538:Larceny
518:Forgery
488:Bribery
359:Torture
344:Robbery
302: (
255:Frameup
225:Battery
220:Assault
182:Attempt
3893:Crimes
3687:Incest
3662:Bigamy
3487:Piracy
3474:, and
3357:Payola
3223:felony
3218:Murder
3213:Mayhem
3067:Hybrid
3052:Felony
2934:Trusts
2514:Affray
2352:Murder
2268:Duress
1993:
1979:
1963:
1934:
1916:
1879:
1871:
1706:
1654:23 May
1645:
1616:
1593:23 May
1584:
1560:23 May
1551:
1527:23 May
1478:23 May
1469:
1237:words
1231:Mackay
1027:threat
955:trusts
893:of law
857:Duress
722:Piracy
709:, and
548:Payola
407:Incest
382:Bigamy
320:felony
315:Murder
310:Mayhem
143:Felony
3519:state
3468:drugs
3387:Theft
3332:Fraud
3284:Arson
3015:crime
2972:table
2929:Wills
2667:Theft
2642:Arson
1961:JSTOR
1877:S2CID
1869:JSTOR
1400:Notes
1017:is a
951:Wills
945:Torts
703:drugs
578:Theft
523:Fraud
473:Arson
3712:Rape
2936:and
2919:Tort
2588:Rout
2504:Riot
2476:Rape
1991:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1763:2011
1733:2020
1704:ISBN
1686:2016
1656:2011
1643:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1595:2011
1582:ISBN
1562:2011
1549:ISBN
1529:2011
1480:2011
1467:ISBN
1206:male
1100:male
1048:and
957:and
432:Rape
161:(or
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1953:doi
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1064:or
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976:Law
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3470:,
3399:,
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2358:/
2354:/
2174:/
2170:/
2032:.
2012:.
1959:.
1949:84
1947:.
1875:,
1867:,
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