Black psychology - Knowledge

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that paints Eurocentric psychology as the gold standard for diagnosing and treating mental health issues in the world today. The deconstruction method works to change how psychological research conducted with black participants is perceived and defined by researchers. Furthermore, the deconstruction method is used to craft therapeutic techniques that align with the Optimal Conceptual Theory, a theory of human development that is based on African thought and tradition, and led to the freedom of black people from things such as the school to prison pipeline and high infant mortality rates. These therapeutic techniques and theories are aimed to provide psychological liberation for people that have roots in Africa.

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is KHABA or "emotion and motion". In this cultural context, motion refers to the natural rhythmic order of things. The fourth element is AKHU or "the capacity for thought and mental perception". The firth element is SEB or the "eternal soul". This particular element was thought to be time-bound, meaning it was thought to develop around adolescence and was thought to be related to the ability to reproduce. The sixth element is PUTAH or "the union of the brain with the conscious mind". The seventh element is ATMU or the "divine or eternal soul". All of these elements are interrelated and in many ways represent the interaction between humans and The Divine, which is critical to many African beliefs.

1015:, mental hygiene, and experimental psychology. The experimental focus reflected Sumner's three objectives: to provide students preparation in professional fields, stress the cultural significance of psychology, and prepare students who wish to pursue graduate study. This not only made Howard different from other Black universities, but created a strong program that carried over to graduate studies. Although Howard only offered master's degrees, it offered a strong foundation for those who went on to pursue doctoral degrees. 1482:: White is widely considered the "Godfather of Black Psychology". In 1961, he became the first African-American to earn a PhD in psychology at Michigan State University while also being one of the only five African-Americans in the country to hold a doctorate in psychology. Joseph White contributed to the success of many students of color as well as spent his time working as an advocate for educational reform. He also wrote an article in Ebony in 1970 debunking the fabrication of Black Psychology. 944: 1229:(APA). The challenges included underrepresentation of black psychologists in higher education programs, the APA's neglect of racism and poverty, and a lack of black psychologists in the APA. The challenges led Black Psychologists to request that the APA integrate its workforce, represent African Americans in graduate programs, and reevaluate their programs until the inherent racism in their standardized measurement of black youth is fully addressed. The APA was not the only one fighting this issue. In 1296:

to address the well-being of African people and eradicate social, economic, and political injustice. This Afrocentric approach emphasizes the agency of people of African descent in creating and sustaining cultural knowledge that not only aids them in their survival of oppression but also enables them to thrive as people outside of the context of this oppression. Notable black psychologists who ground their work based on an African worldview and ethos include Linda James Myers (optimal worldview),

1208:. The authors propose three methodological approaches: Deconstructionist, Reconstructionist, and Constructionist, to organize the evolution of major concepts and theories of Black Psychology since the origin of the ABPSi. By using these three methodological approaches the authors "identify the many ways in which Black/African psychology has challenged prevailing beliefs in psychology about Black behavior and culture and forever changed psychological research on Black people." 735:: "African (Black) Psychology is defined as a system of knowledge (philosophy, definitions, concepts, models, procedures and practice) concerning the nature of the social universe from the perspective of African Cosmology. ... What this definition means is that African (Black) Psychology is nothing more or less than the uncovering, articulation, operationalization, and application of the principles of the African reality structure relative to psychological phenomena." cited in 1217:

the study of African beliefs, behaviors, and psychology is essential to the study of African Americans. In a reflection on the field of black psychology, and for the ABPsi's 50th anniversary, Cokley describes three methodological approaches that are characteristic of the work of many black psychologists. The deconstruction method focuses on diagnosing and breaking down misconceptions and inaccuracies that Eurocentric Psychology perpetuates. An example of this is

1262:, racial identity, and cultural mistrust. The reconstructionist approach argues that psychology should stop centering the Black self-concept around Eurocentric psychological ideas and instead redefine the Black self-concept as separate. Reconstructionists argue that without differentiating the Black self-concept, traditional psychologists will continue to spread inaccurate narratives about Black people. Some more radical reconstructionists like 36: 1042:

white schools, finances was the most troubling factor. Fees toward tuition, living maintenance, and other expenses caused many to delay or to give up pursuing graduate studies for dependable wages in menial positions. The combination of these factors meant that out of the 3,767 doctorates awarded in psychology between 1920 and 1966 from the ten most prestigious universities in the nation, only eight were awarded to black candidates.

1331:. This journal is directed toward understanding of experiences and behavior of African American populations. It covers many issues in the African American society, such as, HIV, sickle cell disease, racial identity, African American children, and substance abuse prevention. Psychology fields that are covered in this journal are counseling, clinical, social, cognitive, educational, and organizational psychology. 747:: "African American psychology is the body of knowledge that is concerned with the understanding of African American life and culture…. African American psychology focuses on the mental, physical, psychological, and spiritual nature of humanity. It is the collection of works that has been produced by African psychologists in the United States (African Americans) and throughout the world." cited in 753:: "Black Psychology has been defined as the study of the behavioral patterns of black people in a social environment that is manifestly antagonistic and unhealthy. ... It is concerned with developing appropriate methodologies and tools required for valid analysis of the black experience, while at the same time criticizing the methodologies and tools of white western psychology." cited in 1028:

backchanneling responses among Black and White Americans. This can be demonstrated in the incidence of "hyperexplanation", wherein an instructor provides lengthy explanation without recognizing affirmative gestures that do not include vocal backchannels such as "I understand you." This can lead to offense on the part of the black student, who could view the explanation as patronizing.

1576:: Former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Black Psychology, Author of the Myth of Black Anti-Intellectualism, has published over 70 journal articles and book chapters in the areas of racial identity, academic achievement, and the impostor phenomenon and over 30 op-eds on topics such as Blacks rational mistrust of police, police and race relations, racism and White supremancy. 580: 741:: "African Psychology is not a thing, but a place-a view, a perspective, a way of observing. African Psychology does not claim to be an exclusive body of knowledge, though a body of knowledge has and will continue to be generated from the place. It is a perspective that is lodged in the historical primacy of the human view from the land that is known as Africa." cited in 800:, who was considered by Ancient Egyptians to be the God at the time of creation. Ma'at was considered a code of conduct and could be broken down into seven main virtues. It is also believed that Ma'at "absolutely requires social solidarity for its realization", highlighting the importance of a cohesive community in the application of this concept. 1398:

Other founders: Joseph Akward, Calvin Atkinson, J. Don Barnes, Sylvia O'Bradovich, Ronald Brown, Ed Davis, Harold Dent, Jim DeShields, Russ Evans, George Franklin, Al Goines, Robert Green, Bill Harvey, Thomas Hilliard, Mary Howar, George Jackson, Walter Jacobs, Roy Jones, Luther Kindall, Mel King, De

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The constructionist approach recognizes Black Psychology as a field grounded in an African worldview and ethos that is distinct and independent from Eurocentric Psychology. Afrocentric psychologists develop paradigms, practices, and methodologies in accordance with the values of the African worldview

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Overall, a survey of prior studies indicates a consensus among psychologists that black psychology and black psychologists play an important role in addressing race-related issues in America aside from its significance in addressing the concept of the negro personality and the psychological issues it

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Between 1920 and 1970, black colleges around the nation produced more than 1,300 bachelor's degree graduates who eventually earned a doctorate in psychology. However, difficulties were encountered in attempts to obtain the degree. Many black students were denied acceptance into southern white schools

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due to the use of standardized psychological tests that were culturally biased, racially-biased, and invalid for the purposes of wrongfully placing students into classes intended for students with intellectual disabilities. In addition to the past challenges, there is a western socialization process

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The first is KA or "the physical structure of an individual's humanity". KA is also thought to encase all other seven elements in many ways. The second is the BA or "breath of life". This element was believed to originate from the Creator and ancestor and reside in all individuals. The third element

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that Ma'at serves as the rules by which both humans and Neteru or gods live by. In many way, Ma'at can be simply understood as governing what is the right thing to do. These seven virtues also highlight community philosophical beliefs about what is necessary for healthy and productive relationships.

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For a relationship to be sound, it was thought to need to represent and incorporate these seven virtues. This concept of Ma'at is thought to have existed in many African nations such as Egypt, Ethiopia, The Congo, Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea, South Cameroon and Gabon. It also believed

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Psychology courses became both popular and integral courses in Black colleges, with at least one course appearing as early as 1906. Formally trained professors (both black and white) taught courses. Although many universities had programs of great influence, the most prominent was located at Howard

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Definitions of Black psychology are varied and constitute an ongoing debate within the field. Building off a common framework of the study of Black understandings and behaviors, deviations most commonly arise regarding the specificity of Black psychology. While some theorists (such as William David

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Black Psychology encompasses many concepts and theories that apply to African Americans. The concepts and theories come from two perspectives. One perspective assumes universality, which means that African Americans can be studied using universal laws, while the other operates from the belief that

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was the foremost in graduating black scholars at the time; its notable alumni include Sumner and J. Henry Alston. This was not the norm for other schools. Beyond acceptance or provisions that required black students to take on an extra year of undergraduate work to prove their caliber to attending

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The National Queer and Trans Therapists of America launched in May 2016, as a call to organize mental health practitioners to establish a network where therapists can deepen their analysis of healing justice and where QTPoC (Queer and Trans People of Color) community can connect to care. It is a

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and African/Black psychology, is a scientific field that focuses on how people of African descent know and experience the world. The field, particularly in the United States, largely emerged as a result of the lack of understanding of the psychology of Black people under traditional, Westernized

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between 1930 and 1940 concerning the nature of undergraduate courses, research in psychology, and other areas of concern in Black colleges. The survey revealed that fourteen of fifty colleges had a department in psychology and that theoretical and lab courses were rare. Psychology courses were

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In 2014, Therapy for Black Girls was created to form an online space dedicated to encouraging the mental wellness of Black women and girls. Therapy for Black Girls focuses on making mental health topics more relevant and accessible for Black women. This platform uses pop culture to illustrate

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that are inapplicable to Black people. Moreover, psychological research is often done on samples drawn from Westernized populations. Findings from these studies skew generalizations towards these populations that only account for 12% of the world's population. Both the White framework and the

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Although psychology was a popular course in Black colleges, only Howard and three other black colleges offered an undergraduate psychology degree by the late 1930s. Emphasis was usually on educational psychology, leaving statistics and experimental focuses by the wayside. This led to a survey

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John Egbeazien Oshodi: An American Clinical Forensic Psychologist of Nigerian birth. He developed the theory of Psychoafricalytic Psychology also known as Psychoafricalysis, a foundational perspective in African Centered Psychology that incorporates traditional African historical values and

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and heritage. Based on these different definitional systems, deviations arise between theorists over what is and what is not considered Black psychology. However, despite varying definitions, perspectives, and approaches in the field, as a whole, Black psychology focuses on the study of the

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There were also challenges when it pertained to teaching psychology involving black students and white instructors. Particularly, in the early years, there was a mismatch of interactional norms due to the cultural differences that underpin interactional behaviors, which include different

1278:. Lastly, the reconstructionist approach examines the ways in which racism influences interactions between Black and White people. Black psychologists working under the reconstructionist framework like Arthur Whaley, Jerome Taylor, and Francis and Sandra Terrell proposed the term 919:

helped to support these institutions and the additional aid of religious denominations allowed for the support of these schools. The years following saw the founding of Black colleges across the country including notable institutions such as the first historically black college

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This section organizes the major concepts and theories of Black Psychology according to Kevin Cokley and Rayma Garba's 2018 article "Speaking Truth to Power: How Black/African Psychology Changed the Discipline of Psychology". This article is part of a 2018 special issue of the

1476:: An African-American Clinical Forensic Psychologist of Nigerian birth, and professor of psychological science, who is a leading figure in the field of African-centered psychology, and developed the theory of Psychoafricalysis also known as Psychoafricalytic psychology. 1204:(ABPsi). This issue focuses partly on "the theoretical revolution/evolution that occurred , resulting in the domain of African/Black psychology." Cokley and Garba's article specifically discusses how Black Psychology has formed as a discipline within and outside of 910:

Following the end of the Civil War a push for education began to occur in the Black community. Moving away from secret night schools held during the time of slavery, a variety of learning centers and colleges began to open. Many of these schools were established by

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like George Oscar Ferguson and Peterson concluded that Black children had deficits in abstract thinking and were overall less intelligent than White children. Importantly, this approach also takes away the importance of understanding other factors, such as

1225:, where he deconstructed mistruths and celebrates under-appreciated black psychologists. There was a deconstruction movement in the ABPsi that included addressing three challenges that black psychologist were dealing with, and offering suggestions to the 1082:, which was the study of cranial shape and size and their relationship to mental abilities. These studies concluded that Black people's skulls and brains were smaller than and hence inferior to those of Westerners. In addition, other scientists like 1446:: Fanon was a political radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist humanist. He mostly focused on the psychopathology of colonization and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization. He formulated a model for community-based psychology. 646:

of people of African descent through more accurate knowledge. Based on different definitional systems, developments in Black psychology tend to utilize a range of approaches. Overall, the field has contributed to developing Afrocentric models of

1618:: an African-American social psychologist and educator. He served as President of Allen University, in the U.S. Office of Education, and as Director of the Division of Social Sciences at The Hampton Institute. He studied attitudinal testing. 655:, and well-being, identifying inaccuracies in current psychological frameworks, furthering understandings specific to Black and African-American individuals, and advocating for increased equity and appreciation of Black excellence. 2171:

Johnson, Phillip D. (February 2008). "Review: Looking for Convergence FAYE Z. BELGRAVE & KEVIN W. ALLISON, African American Psychology: From Africa to America. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2006. 441 pp. ISBN 0-7619-2471-X (pbk)".

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to refer to the ways in which Black people have developed mistrust towards White Americans due to years of oppression and racism. Black psychologists argued that the word "paranoia" was inappropriate and upheld Eurocentric norms.

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in that they outline what is and is not considered acceptable behavior. They also highlight the importance of unity within African societies, as there is only one cosmic/ universal order outlined in these seven principles.

1412:: Azibo is a nationally recognized expert in African-centered psychology. In addition he is the creator of the Azibo Nosology, a diagnostic system of mental disorders directly linked to African-centered personality theory. 1754:

Jamison, DeReef F (March 2008). "Through the Prism of Black Psychology: A Critical Review of Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Africology as Seen Through the Paradigmatic Lens of Black Psychology".

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Myers, Linda James; Anderson, Michelle; Lodge, Tania; Speight, Suzette; Queener, John E. (2018-12-27). "Optimal Theory's Contributions to Understanding and Surmounting Global Challenges to Humanity".

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instincts theory. This led psychology as a discipline to place a lot of emphasis on the idea that both physical and psychological traits are inherited, thereby perpetuating the negative beliefs and

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like these led to the belief that Westerners were physically, mentally, and intellectually superior compared to Black people. Psychology has also adopted many prominent nativist approaches, such as

1558:: She is an author of five books focusing on ethnicity and family therapy. She is most well known for her development of home- and community-based therapies servicing African-American families. 940:(1881). By 1940 there were more than one hundred Black colleges in the seventeen southern states offering a variety of degrees with many of the earned degrees in social sciences and education. 983:

was not offered until 1899, and was listed as "Psychology: The Briefer Course". This was the only course offered until 1906. The department of psychology was not developed until 1926 by

1588:: Former president of the American Association of Black Psychologists. She has contributed greatly to fields of research in African-American psychology and community-based psychology. 1148:

and findings that originate from this framework is then applied to Black populations. Because Black psychology stems from a completely different framework, that is from an

1564:: Canady was an African-American social psychologist. He is noted as the first psychologist to examine the role of the race of the examiner as a bias factor in IQ testing. 1612:: Doctor of clinical psychology who produced two important texts for the field of Black psychology. He was the fourth African-American to receive his PhD in psychology. 1606:: A professor of Psychology who has co-edited 5 books and (co-)authored nearly 90 journal articles and book chapters in the areas of race, racism, and racial identity. 1582:: Greene has her PhD in clinical psychology and has published over 100 psychological articles. She has contributed to both fields of race and gender within psychology. 1353: 1270:, like communalism. The reconstructionist approach also highlights the importance of Black racial identity development that rejects Eurocentric concepts of identity. 1024:

primarily offered by departments of education, allowing the development of educational psychology and emphasizing the focus on practical applications of education.

1137:, that could influence intelligence measurements and other psychological traits, which is important in studying Black psychology and psychology in general. 1473: 3186:

Kambon, K. (2003). Cultural misorientation: The Greatest threat to the survival of the Black Race in the 21st century. Tallahassee: Nubian Nation Publications.

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among the different races; on the very bottom of this hierarchy was Black people and other marginalized people. Entire fields arose from these views, such as

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just to name a few, did not offer African American students the opportunities to receive a PhD in psychology during the 1960s. The first psychology course at

1440:: He was a professor of psychology in Spelman College. In addition, he was the eighth black person in the United States to receive a doctorate in psychology. 1378:: A philosopher and psychologist who focused on African-centered education, healing, and spirituality. He was also a founder and past president of the ABPsi. 1074:. Beginning with the idea that people could be classified based on race, this quickly gave way to psychological and biological theories describing a natural 2260:"The Sage Handbook of Health Psychology. Stephen Sutton, Andrew Baum, Marie Johnston (eds). London: Sage Publications, pp. 448, £85.00. ISBN 0-7619-6849-0" 672:) broadly define Black psychology as any attempt to characterize the understandings and experiences of people of African descent, other theorists (such as 1366:. He was described by the American Psychological Association as "one of the most influential and multi-faceted African-American scholars of the century." 796:

or how "individuals thoughts, emotions, behaviors and spiritual energy aligned with a principle of truth". This concept was thought to originate from

1542:: Pioneering African-American psychologist that made significant contributions to the base knowledge about the racial intelligence score disparities. 1430:: First Black president of the American Association of Psychologists. He is known for his work with his wife, Mamie Phipps Clark, on the well-known 1399:

Lorise Minot, Lonnie Mitchell, Jane Fort Morrison, Leon Nicks, Edwin Nichols, Bill Pierce, David Terrell, Charles Thomas, Mike Ward, Samuel Winslow

1495:: A clinical psychologist known for his Afro-centric approach to psychology. He is a strong critic of the Eurocentric approach of psychopathology. 639:

and traditional psychology encapsulating a range of definitions and approaches while simultaneously proposing its own framework of understanding.

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Holliday, Bertha Garrett (2009). "The history and visions of African American psychology: Multiple pathways to place, space, and authority".

1324:'s lack of interest in African American Psychologists. In 1974, the Association of Black Psychologists created their official journal called 1600:: Professor of African-American Psychology at Ohio State University. She is known for her critiques of traditional, Euro-centric psychology. 1830:

Cokley, Kevin; Garba, Ramya (November 2018). "Speaking Truth to Power: How Black/African Psychology Changed the Discipline of Psychology".

1594:: Well known for her study of ethnic minority issues, specifically for her racial identity theory that has been applied across disciplines. 610: 3196:

Utsey, Shawn O.; Adams, Eve P.; Bolden, Mark (2000). "Development and Initial Validation of the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory".

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Whaley, Arthur L. (2001). "Cultural mistrust: An important psychological construct for diagnosis and treatment of African Americans".

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that are not typical to White people. This pathologization of Black people in turn has negative consequences on their livelihood and

3380: 1356:: A founding member of ABPsi, he earned his B.A. from Columbia, his M.A. from Columbia, and his PhD from University of Connecticut. 320: 1339:

healing justice organization that actively works to transform mental health for queer and trans people of color in North America.

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Holliday, B. G. (2009). The History and Vision of African American Psychology: Multiple Pathways to Place, Space, and Authority.

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Grills C, Longshore D: Africentrism: Psychometric analyses of a self-report measure. Journal of Black Psychology 22:86-106, 1996.

1372:: A clinical psychologist, a college professor, and founding member and past president of the Association of Black Psychologists. 3419: 995:. Often considered the father of Black psychologists, Sumner structured the psychology program, teaching not only the ideas of 547: 2939:

Hall-Campbell, Niambi (2013-05-21). "The Formation of the Association of Black Psychologists: Implications for the Diaspora".

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Jamison, DeReef F. (November 2018). "Key Concepts, Theories, and Issues in African/Black Psychology: A View From the Bridge".

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Hopkins, Reginald; Ross, Sherman; Hicks, Leslie H. (1992). "A History of the Department of Psychology at Howard University".

1881: 968: 1536:: an American psychologist who conducted research in the areas of personality, race, social issues, and consumer psychology. 1570:: She performed the well-known Doll Study and served as expert witnesses for one of the Brown vs. Board of Education cases. 1458:

The first African American to receive a PhD is psychology; he is commonly referred to as the "Father of Black Psychology".

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or Kemet (around 3400-600 BCE). During ancient times, its earliest pioneers were concerned with "the development of one's

3547: 1548:: Her work focuses on various aspects of culture to promote well-being in African-American youth. Author of the textbook 1266:, the founder of the Association of Black Psychologists, argue that the Black self-concept should center around African 3684: 1628: 1321: 1317: 1226: 1201: 1182: 2395: 3674: 2920: 2657: 2535: 2120: 956: 921: 1550:

African American Psychology: From Africa to America, an important text for the field of African-American Psychology

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According to Ancient Kemetic beliefs at the time, the psyche or soul could be divided into seven related elements.

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Adams, Glenn; Salter, Phia S. (2007). "Health Psychology in African Settings: A Cultural-psychological Analysis".

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In practice, Black psychology exists as both an academic and applied discipline, which focuses on furthering the

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Henrich, Joseph; Heine, Steven J.; Norenzayan, Ara (2016), Kazdin, Alan E. (ed.), "Most people are not WEIRD.",

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Within these seven main principles there exists 42 divine principles, which in many ways are similar to the

562: 475: 2421:"The History and Visions of African American Psychology: Multiple Pathways to Place, Space, and Authority" 1501:: An African-American professor and philosopher, who is a leading figure in the field of African studies. 1479: 1381: 1327: 1196: 596: 2420: 1301: 66: 3529: 2789:"Discrimination and the Health of African Americans: The Potential Importance of Intersectionalities" 1144:

argue that the discipline of psychology was also developed from a predominantly White framework. The

517: 508: 430: 250: 131: 3493: 1389:: He provided essential research on racial and cultural biases in IQ testing, and created the term 1238: 964: 141: 109: 1519:: An Africanist and anthropologist who was the first African American woman to teach at Columbia. 1427: 1086:

studied facial structures and concluded that Black people's facial structure were more ape-like.

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has been present throughout history and often manifested itself in different ways. Historically,

692:, Linda James Myers, and Cheryl Grills) specifically define Black psychology through the lens of 542: 440: 211: 176: 161: 156: 146: 95: 55: 3238:

Jones, J. M. (2003). "TRIOS: A psychological theory of the African legacy in American culture."

2846:"An Exploratory Study of Attitudes Toward Psychological Help Seeking Among African American Men" 2567: 2561: 2528:

Negotiating Elite Talk: Language, Race, Class and Identity Among African American High Schoolers

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History of the Association of Black Psychologists: Profiles of Outstanding Black Psychologists

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that "the black psychologist will regard himself more and more as an agent of social change."

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Baldwin, J. A (1980). "The psychology of oppression." In M. K. Asante & A. Vandi (Eds.),

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Oshodi, J.E. (1996). The Place of Spiritualism and Ancient Africa in American Psychology.

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Young, gifted, and Black : promoting high achievement among African-American students

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Clark, C. (1972). Jones, Reginald L. (ed.). "Black studies or the study of Black people".

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Cusumano, D. (2008). The Globalization of General Psychology (with an African emphasis).

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Belgrave, F.Z., & Allison, K.W. (2010). Introduction to African American Psychology.

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Guthrie, Robert (1991). "The Psychology of Black Americans: An Historical Perspective".

1507:: Ghanaian philosopher and an important figure in the development of African Psychology. 1185:, explore psychology through different lenses, and develop Black psychology as a field. 915:

associations and various Freedman societies. Federal government land grants such as the

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Whitten, L. (1993). Infusing Black psychology into the introductory psychology course.

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Baldwin, Joseph A. (March 1986). "African (Black) Psychology: Issues and Synthesis".

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of the past. The origins of Black or African Psychology can be traced back as far as

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Contemporary Black thought: Alternative analyses in social and behavioral science

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Understanding an Afrocentric worldview: Introduction to an optimal psychology.

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Scientific field focused on how people of African descent experience the world

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https://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/in-memoriam/files/joseph-white.html

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Nobles, Wade (1991). "African Philosophy: Foundations for Black Psychology".

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in 1920. The first African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology was

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experiences along with current theories of African and Diaspora Psychology.

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The reconstruction method focuses on correcting errors within traditional,

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https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/white

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Christensen, Darin (2017-01-26). "The Geography of Repression in Africa".

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models of psychology. The method specifically examines the ideas of Black

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Akbar, N. (1984). "Africentric social science for human liberation." In

2482: 1510: 1267: 1205: 1170: 1121: 1117: 1079: 1063: 912: 722: 643: 632: 295: 191: 27: 3641: 3320: 2713: 2112: 1452:: The first woman president of the Association of Black psychologists. 1418:: One of the first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology. 1308:(alien-self disorder), and Cheryl T. Grills (The Africentrism Scale). 3321:"About NQTTCN – National Queer and Trans Therapists of Color Network" 2604: 2439: 1907: 1424:: Regarded as an African-American pioneer in the field of psychology. 1094: 1075: 445: 2706:

Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (4th ed.).

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and with the development and sustaining of positive relationships.

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Jackson-Lowman, H. (2018). "Introduction: Building for Eternity."

2591:

Johnson, E.E. (1969). "Role of the Negro in American psychology".

1486: 991:

University. Howard's successes were due largely to the efforts of

951:

The first African American man to receive a PhD in psychology was

2136:

Chrisman, Robert (July 1975). "Black Psychology: The Dual Task".

1727:

Hicks, L.H.; Ridley, S.E. (1979). "Black studies in psychology".

1178: 1071: 706: 698: 652: 1470:: The first president of the Association of Black Psychologists. 792:

One fundamental principle that came out of this time period was

3055: 2129: 1274:

proposed a prominent model of Black racial identity called the

1145: 763:

Influence of African philosophy and origins of Black psychology

710: 3251:

Akbar, N. (1981). "Mental disorders among African-Americans."

2099:

Fairchild, Halford H. (2000). "African American psychology.".

1300:(Cultural Misorientation), Shawn Utsey (Africultural coping), 833:

There are also seven principles of Ma'at that are as follows:

3381:"The Azibo Nosology: an interview with Daudi Ajani ya Azibo" 1778:"The Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi) - home page" 772:

In many ways, Black psychology today has been influenced by

3280: 3061:"Cross's Nigrescence Model: From Theory to Scale to Theory" 793: 485: 3002: 1777: 1527: 1362:: A founder of ABPsi. He is most well known for his book 728:

Some noteworthy definitions of Black psychology include:

3420:""Father of Black Psychology": Dr. Charles W. Thomas II" 2708:, American Psychological Association, pp. 113–114, 2563:

Race, Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History

2332: 2330: 846:

There is one cosmic law that precedes all spiritual laws

3639:

National Queer & Trans Therapists of Color Network.

3043:

Shades of Black: Diversity in African American Identity

2385: 1698:. Berkeley, CA: US: Cobb & Henry Publishers.: 3–17. 1364:

Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology

797: 2975:

Even the Rat Was White A Historical View of Psychology

2703: 2390: 2388: 2107:. American Psychological Association. pp. 92–99. 1348:

Founders of Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi)

2327: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 635:. Overall, the field combines perspectives from both 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 1254:

psychology so that Black people have access to more

3588:

African American Psychology: from Africa to America

3065:

Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development

2913:

African American Psychology: From Africa to America

2101:

Encyclopedia of Psychology: Aborti - Bystan. Vol. 1

1872:Karenga, Maulana, "Introduction to Black Studies", 1681:

African American Psychology: From Africa to America

3646:Featured Psychologist, Joseph White, PhD. (2012). 3379: 875:Seven Elements of the Psyche/Soul are as follows. 3602:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2844:Cadaret, Michael C.; Speight, Suzette L. (2018). 2428:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2208: 1896:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 1046:entails. For example, Edward Johnson stressed in 3666: 3657:University of California : Academic Senate. 3195: 2460: 2418: 1037:and looked north for educational opportunities. 803:The Seven Main Virtues of Ma'at are as follows. 3548:"Featured Psychologist: Linda James Myers, PhD" 2910: 2647: 1678: 1487:African-centered psychologists and philosophers 1140:Along the same lines, Black psychologists like 3120:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2843: 1188: 1124:, one of the most frequently studied area was 3498:Centre for Cultural Experiences in Prevention 3107:. University of Pittsburgh. 10 February 2021. 2938: 2911:Belgrave, Faye Z.; Allison, Kevin W. (2019). 2786: 2463:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 1395:. He was also a founding member of the ABPsi. 1066:has been influenced by other fields, such as 604: 3045:. Temple University Press. pp. 151–187. 2787:Lewis, Tené T.; Van Dyke, Miriam E. (2018). 1048:The Role of the Negro in American Psychology 1007:, but a myriad of courses in topics such as 2793:Current Directions in Psychological Science 2735: 2336: 1876:, SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 209–216, 1829: 1726: 1237:found California to be in violation of the 3572:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. 3445:"Featured Psychologist: Joseph White, PhD" 611: 597: 3076: 2915:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2861: 2820: 2275: 2098: 2014: 1342: 1152:, many of these findings end up creating 3590:(2nd ed).Thousands Oak California. 1-25. 3343: 2559: 2135: 1893: 942: 3633:https://therapyforblackgirls.com/about/ 2972: 2622: 2590: 2257: 2170: 2040: 1953: 1753: 1711: 1679:Belgrave, Faye; Allison, Kevin (2019). 967:in 1933. Prestigious universities like 787: 3667: 3655:In Memoriam, Joseph L. White. (2022). 3570:Department of African American Studies 3117: 3036: 3034: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2934: 2932: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2699: 2697: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2378: 2376: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1683:(4 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1528:Notable African-American psychologists 3439: 3437: 3040: 2968: 2966: 2627:. Allyn & Bacon. pp. 32–35. 2525: 2521: 2519: 2264:International Journal of Epidemiology 2083: 2036: 2034: 1996: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1693: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1403: 1200:honoring the 50th anniversary of The 3378:Zulu, Itibari M. (15 October 2014). 3377: 2088:. Tallahassee, FL: Mind Productions. 1772: 1770: 1707: 1705: 1245: 1211: 1053: 3648:American Psychological Association. 3642:https://nqttcn.com/en/about-nqttcn/ 3611:(2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 3031: 2991: 2929: 2895: 2694: 2674: 2611: 2373: 1320:was formed as a protest toward the 1282:as a replacement to the older term 1031: 725:of individuals of African descent. 13: 3552:American Psychological Association 3449:American Psychological Association 3434: 3164:(pp. 95-110). Beverly Hills: Sage. 3078:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2001.tb00516.x 2963: 2516: 2495:Guthrie, R.V. (1998). pp. 155–156. 2105:Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 1 2086:Akbar papers in African psychology 2031: 1938: 1794: 1757:The Journal of Pan African Studies 1641: 1629:Association of Black Psychologists 1322:American Psychological Association 1318:Association of Black Psychologists 1290: 1227:American Psychological Association 1202:Association of Black Psychologists 1183:Association of Black Psychologists 867: 14: 3696: 3474:senate.universityofcalifornia.edu 3204:(2). SAGE Publications: 194–215. 2530:. London: Routledge. p. 57. 2504:Guthrie, R.V. (1998) pp. 159–160. 2419:Garrett Holliday, Bertha (2009). 1767: 1702: 1311: 1120:about Black people. Among these 837:There is but one universal order 767: 578: 34: 3558: 3540: 3522: 3504: 3486: 3462: 3412: 3371: 3337: 3313: 3289: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3232: 3189: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3111: 3093: 3049: 2878: 2837: 2780: 2729: 2641: 2584: 2553: 2544: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2454: 2412: 2292: 2164: 2092: 2077: 1990: 3386:Journal of Pan African Studies 3286:Holliday, B.G. (2009). p. 318. 3105:Department of Africana Studies 2566:. London: Routledge. pp. 2339:Journal of Conflict Resolution 2150:10.1080/00064246.1975.11413751 1887: 1866: 1747: 1720: 1687: 905: 849:There is only one intelligence 658: 1: 3580: 2550:Guthrie, R.V. (1998). p. 136. 2382:Guthrie, R.V. (1998). p. 120. 1233:Guthrie addresses that Judge 321:Industrial and organizational 3350:. AuthorHouse. p. 167. 3266:The Journal of Black Studies 2977:. USA: Pearson. p. 80. 2738:Journal of Health Psychology 2526:Clark, John Taggart (2014). 2513:Guthrie, R.V. (1998) p. 126. 2301:Ancient Near Eastern Studies 2186:10.1177/09593543080180010104 1634: 1416:Ruth Winifred Howard Beckham 476:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 3534:Loyola Marymount University 3210:10.1177/0095798400026002005 3198:Journal of Black Psychology 3005:Journal of Black Psychology 2941:Journal of Black Psychology 2886:Journal of Black Psychology 2850:Journal of Black Psychology 2003:Journal of Black Psychology 1956:Journal of Black Psychology 1832:Journal of Black Psychology 1622: 1328:Journal of Black Psychology 1197:Journal of Black Psychology 1189:Major concepts and theories 1179:notable Black psychologists 628:African-American psychology 10: 3701: 3177:Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. 3132:10.1037/0735-7028.32.6.555 2055:10.1177/002193478601600301 2016:10.1177/009579847400100101 1997:Smith, William D. (1974). 1874:Racism: Essential Readings 1741:10.1037/0003-066X.34.7.597 757: 733:Joseph Baldwin/Kobi Kambon 3685:Cross-cultural psychology 2560:Richards, Graham (2003). 2258:VEDHARA, K (2005-10-01). 855:There is only one reality 843:There is only one measure 840:There is one cosmic order 251:Applied behavior analysis 3675:African-American society 3630:Therapy for Black Girls. 3623:Journal of Black Studies 3240:Journal of Social Issues 3017:10.1177/0095798418813240 2973:Guthrie, Robert (2004). 2949:10.1177/0095798413480674 2863:10.1177/0095798418774655 2805:10.1177/0963721418770442 2750:10.1177/1359105307076240 2648:Perry, Theresa. (2003). 2623:Guthrie, Robert (2003). 2351:10.1177/0022002716686829 2313:10.2143/anes.33.0.525755 2043:Journal of Black Studies 1968:10.1177/0095798418810596 1844:10.1177/0095798418810592 1354:Aubrey Spencer Escoffery 1335:psychological concepts. 965:University of Cincinnati 3344:Williams, R.L. (2008). 3301:Therapy For Black Girls 3041:Cross, William (1991). 2307:: 119–121. 1995-01-01. 2174:Theory & Psychology 1231:Even the Rat Was White, 441:Behavioral neuroscience 96:Behavioral neuroscience 3637:About NQTTCN. (2022). 3616:Teaching of Psychology 3609:Even the Rat Was White 3607:Guthrie, R.V. (1998). 2625:Even the Rat Was White 1884:, retrieved 2019-12-04 1462:Charles Henry Thompson 1387:Robert Lee Williams II 1343:Prominent contributors 1223:Even the Rat Was White 1206:Eurocentric Psychology 948: 852:There is only one path 491:Psychology of religion 431:Behavioral engineering 115:Cognitive neuroscience 81:Affective neuroscience 3253:Blacks Books Bulletin 3173:Myers, L. J. (1988). 2593:American Psychologist 2084:Akbar, Na'im (2004). 1729:American Psychologist 1610:Frederick Payne Watts 1540:Albert Sidney Beckham 1474:John Egbeazien Oshodi 1456:Francis Cecil Sumner: 1370:Reginald Lanier Jones 1110:theory of inheritance 1084:Isidore Saint-Hilaire 946: 585:Psychology portal 3530:"Cheryl Grills, PhD" 3494:"Faye Belgrave, PhD" 3057:Vandiver, Beverly J. 1562:Herman George Canady 1438:Oran Wendle Eagleson 1410:Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo 1256:culturally sensitive 1161:tend to pathologize 1157:creation of Western 1021:Herman George Canady 993:Francis Cecil Sumner 961:Inez Beverly Prosser 947:Inez Beverly Prosser 788:The concept of Ma'at 1616:Howard Emery Wright 1556:Nancy Boyd-Franklin 1534:James Arthur Bayton 1422:John Henry Brodhead 1304:(the TRIOS Model), 1095:theory of evolution 917:Morrill Act of 1862 436:Behavioral genetics 351:Occupational health 91:Behavioral genetics 22:Part of a series on 3422:. 19 February 2016 2277:10.1093/ije/dyi168 1568:Mamie Phipps Clark 1499:Molefi Kete Asante 1404:Early contributors 1276:Nigrescence theory 1150:African philosophy 957:Lincoln University 949: 922:Lincoln University 774:African philosophy 694:African philosophy 553:Schools of thought 391:Sport and exercise 237:Applied psychology 3604:, 15(4), 317–337. 3566:"Helen A Neville" 3470:"Joseph L. White" 3357:978-1-4343-9663-1 2723:978-1-4338-2091-5 2714:10.1037/14805-007 2138:The Black Scholar 2113:10.1037/10516-029 1882:978-0-7619-7197-9 1598:Linda James Myers 1511:John Samuel Mbiti 1468:Charles W. Thomas 1360:Robert V. Guthrie 1284:cultural paranoia 1280:cultural mistrust 1246:Reconstructionist 1219:Robert V. Guthrie 1212:Deconstructionist 1175:scientific racism 1135:stereotype threat 1060:scientific racism 1054:Scientific racism 981:Howard University 934:Morehouse College 930:Howard University 745:Halford Fairchild 670:Halford Fairchild 621: 620: 518:Counseling topics 461:Consumer behavior 202:Psycholinguistics 86:Affective science 3692: 3625:, 27(2), 172–182 3574: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3383: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2908: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2865: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2688:Black Psychology 2683: 2672: 2671: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2605:10.1037/h0037812 2588: 2582: 2581: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2523: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2440:10.1037/a0016971 2425: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2392: 2383: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2345:(7): 1517–1543. 2334: 2325: 2324: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2279: 2270:(5): 1175–1176. 2255: 2206: 2205: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2018: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1951: 1936: 1935: 1908:10.1037/a0016971 1891: 1885: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1827: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1714:Black Psychology 1709: 1700: 1699: 1696:Black Psychology 1691: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1604:Helen A. Neville 1450:Ruth Graves King 1239:Civil Rights Act 1039:Clark University 1032:Graduate studies 997:Edward Titchener 861:ten commandments 626:, also known as 624:Black psychology 613: 606: 599: 583: 582: 581: 548:Research methods 207:Psychophysiology 67:Basic psychology 38: 19: 18: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3665: 3664: 3628:About. (2022). 3618:, 20(1), 13–21. 3583: 3578: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3233: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3116: 3112: 3101:"Jerome Taylor" 3099: 3098: 3094: 3054: 3050: 3039: 3032: 3001: 2992: 2985: 2971: 2964: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2909: 2896: 2883: 2879: 2842: 2838: 2785: 2781: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2702: 2695: 2684: 2675: 2660: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2621: 2612: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2459: 2455: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2335: 2328: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2256: 2209: 2169: 2165: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2097: 2093: 2082: 2078: 2039: 2032: 1995: 1991: 1952: 1939: 1892: 1888: 1871: 1867: 1828: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1752: 1748: 1725: 1721: 1710: 1703: 1692: 1688: 1677: 1642: 1637: 1625: 1580:Beverley Greene 1530: 1517:Niara Sudarkasa 1489: 1432:doll experiment 1406: 1350: 1345: 1314: 1293: 1291:Constructionist 1248: 1214: 1191: 1177:motivated many 1058:The concept of 1056: 1034: 938:Spelman College 926:Fisk University 908: 870: 868:Psyche and Soul 790: 770: 765: 760: 751:Robert Chrisman 684:, Shawn Utsey, 680:, Daudi Azibo, 666:Robert Chrisman 661: 617: 579: 577: 570: 569: 568: 567: 543:Psychotherapies 511: 501: 500: 421: 413: 412: 411: 410: 239: 229: 228: 227: 226: 187:Neuropsychology 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3698: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3663: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3595:Title VI Grant 3591: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3557: 3539: 3521: 3503: 3485: 3461: 3433: 3411: 3392:(5): 171–177. 3370: 3356: 3336: 3312: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3268:, 14, 395-414. 3257: 3244: 3242:, 59, 217-242. 3231: 3188: 3179: 3166: 3153: 3126:(6): 555–562. 3110: 3092: 3071:(3): 174–200. 3048: 3030: 3011:(8): 747–771. 2990: 2983: 2962: 2928: 2921: 2894: 2877: 2856:(4): 347–370. 2836: 2799:(3): 176–182. 2779: 2744:(3): 539–551. 2728: 2722: 2693: 2673: 2658: 2640: 2633: 2610: 2599:(8): 757–759. 2583: 2576: 2552: 2543: 2536: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2469:(3): 161–167. 2453: 2434:(4): 317–337. 2411: 2384: 2372: 2326: 2291: 2207: 2180:(1): 141–142. 2163: 2128: 2121: 2091: 2076: 2049:(3): 235–249. 2030: 1989: 1962:(8): 722–746. 1937: 1902:(4): 317–337. 1886: 1865: 1838:(8): 695–721. 1793: 1766: 1746: 1719: 1701: 1686: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1313: 1310: 1302:James M. Jones 1292: 1289: 1247: 1244: 1235:Robert Peckham 1213: 1210: 1190: 1187: 1105:intelligence, 1088:Pseudosciences 1055: 1052: 1033: 1030: 985:Francis Sumner 953:Francis Sumner 907: 904: 899: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 869: 866: 857: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 827: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 789: 786: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 754: 748: 742: 736: 674:Joseph Baldwin 660: 657: 619: 618: 616: 615: 608: 601: 593: 590: 589: 588: 587: 572: 571: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 514: 513: 512: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 242: 241: 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 132:Cross-cultural 129: 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