Eurocentrism - Knowledge

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dialogue. In a preface, written in the third person, Toynbee emphasized and tried to explain this circumstance. 'They agree that a human being ought to be perpetually striving to overcome his innate propensity to try to exploit the rest of the universe and that he ought to be trying, instead, to put himself at the service of the universe so unreservedly that his ego will become identical with an ultimate reality, which for a Buddhist is the Buddha state. They agree in believing that this ultimate reality is not a humanlike divine personality.' He explained these and other agreements as reflecting the 'birth of a common worldwide civilization that has originated in a technological framework of Western origin but is now being enriched spiritually by contributions from all the historic regional civilizations.' ... dialogue with Toynbee is the longest and most serious text in which East and West—that is, Ikeda and a famous representative of the mission field that Ikeda sees before him—have agreed with each other. In the unlikely event that Soka Gakkai lives up to its leader's hopes and realizes Toynbee's expectations by flourishing in the Western world, this dialogue might, like the letters of St. Paul, achieve the status of sacred scripture and thus become by far the most important of all of Toynbee's works.

846:" Western societies of Europe and North America, and which was originally created so that the social and cultural milestones of the Islamic and Oriental world would be recognised. This effect began to take place during the nineteenth century when the Orientalist ideals were distilled and shifted from topics of sensuality and deviating mentalities to what is described by Edward Said as "unchallenged coherence". Along with this shift came the creation of two types of orientalism: latent, which covered the Orient's constant durability through history, and manifest, a more dynamic orientalism that changes with the new discovery of information. The eurocentric influence is shown in the latter, as the nature of manifest Orientalism is to be altered with new findings, which leaves it vulnerable to the warping of its refiner's ideals and principles. In this state, eurocentrism has used orientalism to portray the Orient as "backwards" and bolster the superiority of the Western world and continue the undermining of their cultures to further the agenda of racial inequality. 3628:"The partial dethroning of European-heritage people as representatives of a superior 'white race' does not necessarily imply the abandonment of whiteness as an ideal or model in Japan." ... "The ugliness of European whiteness as compared with Japanese whiteness was mentioned by several of his informants. More specifically it was argued that 'European-heritage people do not possess white skin but transparent skin.' " "Three respondents' views are cited below: This may be completely unscientific but I feel that when I look at the skin of a Japanese woman I see the whiteness of her skin. When I observe Caucasian skin, what I see is the whiteness of the fat underneath the skin, not the whiteness of the skin itself." I have seen Caucasians closely only a few times but my impression is that their skin is very thin, almost transparent, while our skin is thicker and more resilient. The Caucasian skin is something like the surface of a pork sausage, while the skin of a Japanese resembles the outside of 'kamaboko' (cited by Wagatsuma, 1968, pp. 142–143)" 536:

Eurocentrism: With postcolonial Eurocentrism, Europe is also considered to be the primary "proactive" subject of world politics—but, in this case, by being described as the leading edge of global oppression, not progress. Indeed, according to postcolonial Eurocentrism, European capacity to homogenise the world according to its own standards of unification is considered to be a malevolent process (i.e. the destruction of diversity) rather than a benevolent one (i.e. a show of positive leadership). In both forms of Eurocentrism, the discourse performs "the West" as the main actor capable of organising the world in its image. European exceptionalism remains the same—although, from the postcolonial Eurocentric view, Europe is not considered to be the best actor ever, but the worst.'

3600:"My informants, mainly women insisted that Japanese skin was superior to Caucasian skin. Although many of my informants had little personal contact with Westerners, they all made more or less identical negative comments about Caucasian women's skin, saying, for example, that it was rough, aged quickly and had too many spots. Ashikari (2005) p. 82" ... "When my informants look at a beautiful young Caucasian model in an advertisement with a slogan, such as, 'for making your skin beautiful and young', they can simply see 'young' and 'beauty' in the model's face. They are looking at a beautiful woman in the advertisement, but not particularly a beautiful Caucasian woman. p. 82" 957:, whiteness plays a role in Latin American, specifically Brazilian, beauty standards, but it is not necessarily distinguished based on skin colour. Edmonds said the main ways to define whiteness in people in Brazil is by looking at their hair, nose, then mouth before considering skin colour. Edmonds focuses on the popularity of plastic surgery in Brazilian culture. Plastic surgeons usually applaud and flatter mixtures when emulating aesthetics for performing surgery, and the more popular mixture is African and European. This shapes beauty standards by racialising biological and popular beauty ideals to suggest that mixture with whiteness is better. Donna Goldstein's book 33: 3136:"The dawning of the new millennium may signal a shift in the cultural importance of racialized gendered bodies. On October 14, 2000, a Filipina American, Miss Hawaii Angela Perez Baraquio, was crowned Miss America for 2001. A few years earlier another Miss Hawaii, a mixed-race part-Asian American woman named Brook Antoinette Mahealani Lee, won not only the Miss USA competition but the title of 1997 Miss Universe. Such victories do not necessarily mean full acceptance for Asian Americans into the American body politic. However they do signal a breakdown in the hegemony of European-American cultural standards of beauty." 890:

and media that dates back to the Civil War era. Bernstein posits that the choices made by the subjects of the Clark doll tests were not necessarily an indication of black self-hatred. Instead, it was a cultural choice between two different toys—one that was to be loved and one that was to be physically harassed, as exemplified in performance and popular media. According to Bernstein, this argument "redeems the Clarks' child subjects by offering a new understanding of them not as psychologically damaged dupes, but instead as agential experts in children's culture."

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although already produced in America. Some of these names include; 'Whites', 'Negroes', 'Blacks', 'Yellows', 'Olives', 'Indians', and 'Mestizos'. With the advantage of being located in the Atlantic basin, 'Whites' were in a privileged to control gold and silver production. The work which created the product was by 'Indians' and 'Negroes'. With the control of commercial capital from 'White' workers. And therefore, Europe or Western Europe emerged as the central place of new patterns and capitalist power.

3168:(overseas Vietnamese) women's ideals of beauty unattractive, overweight and masculine." "Dai describes a regional standard of beauty that is much more nuanced than a simple aspiration to Western ideals. Indeed, the tone of Dai's comments illustrates how sex workers use distinctly Asian standards of beauty to resist the ideals of the West. Women's deliberate rejection of Western standards illustrates how local, regional, and global ideals converge in their practices." 3572:"Pola discontinued the use of foreign models in 2000. Kao undertook a successful launch of Asience shampoo with television advertisements of Zhang Ziya, who became the first Chinese Miss World in 2007, showing off her long black hair to the jealous gasps of Western women. In 2007 Shisedo launched the blockbuster shampoo brand Tsubaki with a $ 40 million advertising campaign which featured famous Japanese women and the slogan 'Japanese women are beautiful'." 915:

constant exposure to sun, while having pale skin signified belonging to the upper-class. Skin bleaching can have negative health effects. One study observed that, among the female population of Senegal in West Africa, 26% of women were using skin lightening creams at the time. The most common products used were hydroquinone and corticosteroids. 75% of women who used these creams showed adverse cutaneous effects, mainly

3212:"One reason for this may be the recent globalization of Indian beauty as affirmed by a number of Indian winners of such global beauty contests as Miss World and Miss Universe. From 1990–2006 Indian models won 11 of these titles. The dominance of Bollywood film in India also diminishes the impact of Hollywood ideologies in Indian culture. Indian celebrities appear to be the dominant body ideals for Indian women." 935:. European women are ranked below Chinese women in the female beauty hierarchy. According to the author, the blonde hair of Swedish women reduced their femininity, because it was racialized as a Western trait. The authors also noted that these women's Swedish husbands were highly attracted to local East Asian women, which further reduced the self-esteem of the blonde Swedish women living in Singapore. 121: 863:

However, Eurocentric beauty ideals have also been on the decline in the United States, especially with the success of Asian female models, which may be signaling a breakdown in the hegemony of White American beauty ideals. In Vietnam, Eurocentric beauty ideals have been openly rejected, as local women consider Western women's ideal of beauty as being overweight, masculine and unattractive.

623:, gave a critical remark on Eurocentrism. He believed that although western capitalism shrouded the world and achieved a political unity based on its economy, the Western countries cannot "westernize" other countries. Toynbee concluded that Eurocentrism is characteristic of three misconceptions manifested by self-centerment, the fixed development of Oriental countries and linear progress. 3783:

forty, she no longers does programas with tourists because 'they prefer younger women and Black and Mestiza women.' She also said that when she used to go with groups of sex workers to the ships that were docked at the port, there were around twenty mesticas and five white women, a ratio that indicates the preferred – though not exclusive – objects of desire for foreign ship workers.

969:, Williams notes that there is no Eurocentric beauty ideal for women in Brazil. White Brazilian women are aware that foreign male sex tourists are not interested in them, and that they prefer brown and black women over white Brazilian women. One white woman in Brazil complained that "gringos" never even look at her, and that they prefer black and 886:

choose which doll they preferred and were asked the race of the doll. Most of the children chose the white doll. The Clarks stated in their results that the perceptions of the African-American children had been altered by the discrimination they faced. The tested children also labelled the white dolls with positive descriptions.

342:) of 1847 still expressed an ostensibly Eurocentric approach and claimed about Europe that "its geographical situation and its cultural and political significance is clearly the most important of the five continents, over which it has gained a most influential government both in material and even more so in cultural aspects". 573:

with a remnant of an "underlying presumption of a superior white Western self as referent of analysis." Eurocentrism and the dualistic properties that it labels on non-European countries, cultures and persons have often been criticised in the political discourse of the 1990s and 2000s, particularly in the greater context of

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compared with the West. These scholars believed that the same contribution made by the West gives Westerners an advantage of endo-genetic momentum which is pushed towards the rest of the world, but Frank believed that the Oriental countries also contributed to the human civilization in their own perspectives.

390:) and in adventure-literature in general. Portrayal of European colonialism in such literature has been analysed in terms of Eurocentrism in retrospect, such as presenting idealised and often exaggeratedly masculine Western heroes, who conquered "savage" peoples in the remaining "dark spaces" of the globe. 2350:

in place. However, on the whole, philosophy as a discipline has remained relatively untouched by interdisciplinary work on race and whiteness. In its quest for certainty, Western philosophy continues to generate what it imagines to be colorless and genderless accounts of knowledge, reality, morality,

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has become a common practice in some countries. One study found that, in Tanzania, motivation for the use of skin lightening products is to look more 'European'. However, in East Asia, the practice began long before exposure to Europeans – tan skin was associated with lower-class field work, and thus

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presented a video where children had to pick the "good doll", and the doll that looks like them. By doing this experiment, the researchers sought to analyse the degree to which Mexican children are influenced by modern-day media accessible to them. Most of the children chose the white doll; they also

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One of the criticisms of this experiment is presented by Robin Bernstein, a professor of African and African American studies and women, gender, and sexuality, who argues that the Clarks' tests were scientifically flawed, though they did reflect a negative portrayal of black dolls in American theater

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Eurocentrism affected Latin America through colonial domination and expansion. This occurred through the application of new criteria meant to "impose a new social classification of the world population on a global scale". Based on this occurrence, a new social-historic identities were newly produced,

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Some authors have focused on how scholars who denounce Eurocentrism often inadvertently reproduce Eurocentrism through culturally bias norm's. The methodologist Audrey Alejandro refers to this process as a "recursive paradox": "It is a methodo-epistemological recursive paradox that critical scholars

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Even the state, with a written constitution and a government organised by trained administrators and constrained by rational law, only appears in the West, even though other regimes can also comprise states. ("Rationality" is a multi-layered term whose connotations are developed and escalated as with

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In East Asia, the impact of Eurocentrism in beauty advertisements has been minimal. Anti-European undercurrents in local advertisements for female-oriented products are quite common. European models are hired for around half of advertisements made by European brands such as Estee Lauder and L'Oreal,

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In the 1940s, psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark conducted experiments called "the doll tests" to examine the psychological effects of segregation on African-American children. They tested children by presenting them with four dolls, identical in all but skin tone. The children were instructed to

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In treatises on historical or contemporary Eurocentrism that appeared since the 1990s, Eurocentrism is mostly cast in terms of dualisms such as civilised/barbaric or advanced/backward, developed/undeveloped, core/periphery, implying "evolutionary schemas through which societies inevitably progress",

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The use of European female models has actually declined within Japan, and some Japanese skincare companies have discontinued the use of Western female models entirely, while others have even portrayed white women as explicitly inferior to Asian women, on the basis of their lighter hair color. There

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harshly criticised Eurocentrism. He believed that most scholars were the disciples of the social sciences and history guided by Eurocentrism. He criticised some Western scholars for their ideas that non-Western areas lack outstanding contributions in history, economy, ideology, politics and culture

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Due to colonialism, Eurocentric beauty ideals have had varying degrees of impact on the cultures of non-Western countries. The influence on beauty ideals across the globe varies by region, with Eurocentric ideals having a relatively strong impact in South Asia but little to no impact in East Asia.

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and allowed eurocentrists to brand diverging societies and cultures as "uncivilized". Prevalent during the nineteenth century, the labelling of uncivilised in the eyes of eurocentrists enabled Western countries to classify non-European and non-white countries as inferior, and limit their inclusion

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eurocentrism, stressing that 'while is certainly critical of the West, nevertheless its tendency towards "Eurofetishism" –by which Western agency is reified at the expense of non-Western agency– leads it into a "critical Eurocentrism". Expanding on their work, Audrey Alejandro has put forward the

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to France, Germany and England. Hegel interpreted India and China as stationary countries, lacking inner momentum. Hegel's China replaced the real historical development with a fixed, stable scenario, which made it the outsider of world history. Both India and China were waiting and anticipating a

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Salvador's white Brazilian women are conscious that they are not foreign tourists' preferred object of desire. One white Brazilian woman commented, 'Gringos don't even look at me. They look at any black woman.' Fabiana, the white cofounder and lead organizer of Aprosba, told me that at the age of

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states that in the West, self-regard, self-congratulation and denigration of the 'Other' run more deeply and those tendencies have infected more aspects of their thinking, laws and policy than anywhere else. Luke Clossey and Nicholas Guyatt have measured the degree of Eurocentrism in the research

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With those wanting to represent the eurocentric ideals better by way of orientalism, there came a barrier of languages, being Arabic, Persian, and other similar languages. With more researchers wanting to study more of Orientalism, there was an assumption made about the languages of the Islamic

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From Toynbee's point of view, Soka Gakkai was exactly what his vision of the historical moment expected, for it was a new church, arising on the fringes of the 'post-Christian' world.... Convergence of East and West was, indeed, what Toynbee and Ikeda sought and thought they had found in their

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and their social evolution, mainly through eurocentrism's idealist construct. This construct has gained power from the historians revolving their conclusions around the idea of a central point that favours the notion that the evolution of societies and their progress are dictated by general

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follows the criteria of Eurocentrism commonly mentioned in the literature – denial of 'non-Western' agency, teleological narrative centred on the 'West' and idealization of the 'West' as normative referent—but whose system of value is the complete opposite of the one embodied by traditional

854:, believing that an understanding of the languages would be the only necessary training. This reasoning came as the belief at the time was that other studies like anthropology and sociology were deemed irrelevant as they did not believe it misleading to this portion of mankind. 2129:(1997): "In physical, cultural and historical diversity, China and India are comparable to the entire European landmass, not to a single European country. A better (if still imperfect) analogy would compare France, not to India as a whole, but to a single Indian state, such as 802:

tendencies, leading to the Islamic world's evolution becoming more of a philosophical topic of history instead of historical fact. Along with this, eurocentrism extends to trivialise and marginalise the philosophies, scientific contributions, cultures, and other additional

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and Yvonna S. Linco state that "in some ways, the epistemological critique initiated by Indigenous knowledge is more radical than other sociopolitical critiques of the West, for the Indigenous critique questions the very foundations of Western ways of knowing and being."

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Another study questioning the impact of Eurocentric beauty ideals in South Asia noted that Indian women won a relatively high number of international beauty pageants, and that Indian media tends to use mostly Indian female models. The authors cite the dominance of the

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Eurocentrism is a specifically modern phenomenon, the roots of which go back only to the Renaissance, a phenomenon that did not flourish until the nineteenth century. In this sense, it constitutes one dimension of the culture and ideology of the modern capitalist

1612:" terrestrischen Gliederung wie seiner kulturhistorischen und politischen Bedeutung nach unbedingt der wichtigste unter den fünf Erdtheilen, über die er in materieller, noch mehr aber in geistiger Beziehung eine höchst einflussreiche Oberherrschaft erlangt hat. 2538: 961:

also addresses how whiteness influences beauty in Brazil. Goldstein notes that in Brazil, there is a hierarchy for beauty that places being mixed race at the top and pure, un-admixed black characteristics at the bottom, calling them ugly.

464:(1905), he wrote that the "rational" capitalism, manifested by its enterprises and mechanisms, only appeared in the Protestant western countries, and a series of generalised and universal cultural phenomena only appear in the west. 939:

is a widespread belief in Japan that Japanese women's skin color is "better" than white women's, and the placement of European female models in local advertisements does not reflect any special status of white women within Japan.

397:, a term coined by Eric Jones in 1981, refers to the surprising rise of Europe during the Early Modern period. During the 15th to 18th centuries, a great divergence took place, comprising the European Renaissance, the European 653:

states that Eurocentricism contrasts greatly with Indigenous worldviews: "the discord between Aboriginal and Eurocentric worldviews is dramatic. It is a conflict between natural and artificial contexts." Indigenous scholars

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Olumide, Yetunde M.; Akinkugbe, Ayesha O.; Altraide, Dan; Mohammed, Tahir; Ahamefule, Ngozi; Ayanlowo, Shola; Onyekonwu, Chinwe; Essen, Nyomudim (April 2008). "Complications of chronic use of skin lightening cosmetics".

2182:, Bergen/London 2000, 1–9. Please quote or refer only to the published article") "The expression Middle East is an old British label based on a British Western perception of the East divided into middle or near and far". 457:

such as India and China do not contain the factors which would enable them to develop capitalism in a sufficient manner. Weber wrote and published many treatises in which he emphasized the distinctiveness of Europe. In

646:(2000) argued that Eurocentrism indeed went beyond other ethnocentrisms, as the scale of European colonial expansion was historically unprecedented and resulted in the formation of a "colonizer's model of the world". 480:

had developed claims about national traditions and values that were set against those of Europe in Africa and India. In some cases, as China, where local ideology was even more exclusionist than the Eurocentric one,

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Arab journalists have called out the 'racist, orientalist' news coverage on the war in Ukraine, which they've accused of Eurocentric bias and ignoring the reality of conflict for many in the Middle East and North

569:. Brohman (1995) argued that Eurocentrism "perpetuated intellectual dependence on a restricted group of prestigious Western academic institutions that determine the subject matter and methods of research". 2346:, Center on Democracy in a Multiracial Society (2006), p. 9.: "Philosophical methods are well suited for unpacking the political, ontological, and epistemological conditions that foster racism and hold 850:

world: that having the ability to transcribe the texts of the past Islamic world would give great knowledge and insight on oriental studies. In order to do this, many researchers underwent training in

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as the center of world events or superior to all other cultures. The exact scope of Eurocentrism varies from the entire Western world to just the continent of Europe or even more narrowly, to

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Denzin, Norman K.; Lincoln, Yvonna S. (2008). "Critical Methodologies and Indigenous Inquiry: Locating the Field: Performing Theories of Decolonizing Inquiry". In Tuhiwai Smith, Linda (ed.).

1389:: "Fanon and Eurocentric Psychology", where "Eurocentric psychology" refers to "a psychology derived from a white, middle-class male minority, which is generalized to humanity everywhere". 772:, and the domination of European powers across the continent meant African history was written from an entirely European perspective under the pretence of Western superiority supported by 809:

Stemming from Eurocentrism's innate bias towards Western civilization came the creation of the concept of the "European Society," which favoured the components (mainly Christianity) of

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points out that since antiquity, the outward-looking spirit of Western civilization has been more curious about other peoples and more open about learning about them than any other:

374: 3660:(mixed race brown woman) is the quit-essential icon of a longstanding ideology of racial democracy in Brazil, portrayed in eroticized images of carnival, samba, and football. The 366: 2164:. Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies (The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world Oslo, 13–16 August 1998). Archived from 327:, it has for various reasons a position that places it before all others.... Its inhabitants have excellent customs, they are courteous and erudite in both sciences and crafts". 498:, were attempting to construct multifocal models of world civilizations. Toynbee also drew attention in Europe to non-European historians, such as the medieval Tunisian scholar 447:. Hegel's ideas had a profound impact on western historiography and attitudes. Some scholars disagree with his ideas that the Oriental countries were outside of world history. 3296: 3394: 2412:

Yoshitaka Miike, "An Anatomy of Eurocentrism in Communication Scholarship: The Role of Asiacentricity in De-Westernizing Theory and Research," in Wimal Dissanayake (Ed.),

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in February 2022, when the depth and scope of coverage and concern contrasted with that devoted to longer-running contemporary wars outside Europe such as those in

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del Giudice, Pascal; Yves, Pinier (February 2002). "The widespread use of skin lightening creams in Senegal: a persistent public health problem in West Africa".

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Yoshitaka Miike, "What Makes Multicultural Dialogue Truly Multicultural? Rethinking Cultural Convergence, Theoretical Globalism, and Comparative Eurocentrism",

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stated that it looked like them. The people who carried out the study noted that Eurocentrism is deeply rooted in different cultures, including Latin cultures.

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Molefi Kete Asante, "Afrocentricity: Toward a New Understanding of African Thought in the World," in Molefi Kete Asante, Yoshitaka Miike, and Jing Yin (Eds.),

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scholar, Yoshitaka Miike, has critiqued theoretical, methodological, and comparative Eurocentrism in knowledge production about Asian societies and cultures.

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Yoshitaka Miike, "Beyond Eurocentrism in the Intercultural Field: Searching for an Asiacentric Paradigm," in William J. Starosta and Guo-Ming Chen (Eds.),

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at the time, who commented that countries with European civilizations should be those which comprise the international society, and that countries like

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Lewis, Kelly M.; Robkin, Navit; Gaska, Karie; Njoki, Lillian Carol (1 March 2011). "Investigating Motivations for Women's Skin Bleaching in Tanzania".

953:; a mixed-race brown woman who is supposed to represent the best characteristics of every racial group in Brazil. According to Alexander Edmond's book 380:

The assumption of European exceptionalism is widely reflected in popular genres of literature, especially in literature for young adults (for example,

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The term "Eurocentrism" dates back to the late 1970s but it did not become prevalent until the 1990s, when it was frequently applied in the context of

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Fancy, Nahyan (2013). "Medical Commentaries: A Preliminary Examination of Ibn al-Nafīsʾs Shurūḥ, the Mūjaz and Subsequent Commentaries on the Mūjaz".

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societies have been termed oral civilisations rather than literate civilisations due to their reverence for the oral word. The academic discipline of

1495:(1997), p. 53. "our incomplete perception of Chinese behavior, which tends to be 'Western-centric' " (using scare-quotes) in: Houman A. Sadri, 460: 838:

Eurocentrism's reach has not only affected the perception of the cultures and civilizations of the Islamic world, but also the aspects and ideas of

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Schmidl, P. G. (2007) "ҁUrḍī: Mu'ayyad (al‐Milla wa‐) al‐Dīn (Mu'ayyad ibn Barīk ) al‐ҁUrḍī (al‐ҁĀmirī al‐Dimashqī)". In: Hockey T. et al. (eds)

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In the 1990s, there was a trend of criticising various geographic terms current in the English language as Eurocentric, such as the traditional

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Rüsen, Jörn (December 2004). "How to Overcome Ethnocentrism: Approaches to a Culture of Recognition by History in the Twenty-First Century1".

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itself has Eurocentric traits (in spite of "Eurocentrism" originating in the vocabulary of Marxian economics), because it supposes that the

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Duzgun, Eren (1 June 2020). "Against Eurocentric Anti-Eurocentrism: International Relations, Historical Sociology and Political Marxism".

1018: 690:, have argued that there is a prevalence of Eurocentric thought in the processing of much of academia on African affairs. Similarly, the 3725: 899: 2060:

Brohman, John (1995). "Universalism, Eurocentrism, and Ideological Bias in Development Studies: From Modernisation to Neoliberalism".

705:, states that Eurocentric thought exists in almost all aspects of academia in many parts of the world, especially in the humanities. 3639: 1631: 73:). When the term is applied historically, it may be used in reference to the presentation of the European perspective on history as 4304: 3179: 3119: 204:

is recorded by 1979. According to Amin, Eurocentrism dates back to the Rennaisance, and did not flourish until the 19th century.

3742:"A purely African appearance with no mixture of white characteristics is perceived as ugly in Brazil (Goldstein 2003; Wade 2009)." 3147: 3102: 4600: 3611: 3583: 667: 650: 491:

developed in the late 18th century as a disproportionate Western interest in and idealization of Eastern (i.e. Asian) cultures.

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that industrialised countries offered to developing countries. The term has since been used to critique Western narratives of

4355: 4177: 4052: 4008: 3768: 3735: 3649: 3621: 3593: 3565: 3538: 3157: 3129: 2646: 2144: 1950: 1675: 1491:"pluralistic cultural coexistence as opposed to Western centrism and Asian centrism" (unhyphenated) in: Mabel Lee, Meng Hua, 1465: 1284: 426: 1972:"Navigating Beyond the Eurofetishist Frontier of Critical IR Theory: Exploring the Complex Landscapes of Non-Western Agency" 1503:. "Euro- or western-centrism" in the context of the "traditional discourse on minority languages" in: Jonathan Owens (ed.), 3472: 3427: 1590: 1343:). The context is Haushofer's comparison of the "Pacific space" in terms of global politics vs. "Europe-centric" politics. 108:, Western scholars who have downplayed and ignored non-Western contributions, and to contrast Western epistemologies with 554: 1719: 797:

has predominantly come from a fundamental statement of preventing the account of lower-level explanation and account of

4768: 2234: 2178:("unedited paper as given at the Oslo conference. An updated and edited version has been published in Utvik and Vikør, 1826: 1123: 728: 714:

experience, producing a discourse that is implicitly counter-productive to the anti-Eurocentric values they advocate."

1436: 4778: 4434: 4406: 4211: 4119: 3991: 3977: 3960: 3942: 3859: 3271:"Mexicans recreate 'black doll-white doll' experiment to measure skin color preference south of the border – theGrio" 3086: 3055: 3025: 2967: 2870: 2813: 2327: 2201: 1899: 1866: 1799: 1729: 1544: 1312: 1892:

The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Environmental Narrative from the Fifteenth to the Twenty-First Century

46:. "The bright colors denote those countries that are the Subjects of history, previous to the discovery of America". 4569: 2161: 1303:

Youngblood Henderson, James (Sákéj) (2011). "Ayukpachi: Empowering Aboriginal Thought". In Battiste, Marie (ed.).

880: 2543: 1195: 1143: 1068: 3555: 2539:"Historicising Eurocentrism and anti-Eurocentrism in IR: A revisionist account of disciplinary self-reflexivity" 671: 4125:

Kren, Claudia (December 1971). "The Rolling Device of Naṣir al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme?".

3656:"In Brazil and Jamaica, national discourses of race mixture shaped alternative beauty ideals. For example, the 1932: 630:", as it is found in most of the world's cultures, especially in cultures with imperial aspirations, as in the 4302:

Mozaffari, S. Mohammad; Zotti, Georg (2012). "Ghāzān Khān's Astronomical Innovations at Marāgha Observatory".

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and contribution in actions like international law. This exclusion was seen as acceptable by individuals like

776:. Post-colonial and contemporary historians have been and are still tasked with decolonising African history. 4788: 3324: 589: 431: 666:

vs. Eurocentrism have come to play a role in the 2000s to 2010s in the context of the academic discourse on

3297:"Mexicans Recreate 'Black Doll-White Doll' Experiment to Measure Skin Color Preference South of the Border" 3252: 1976: 468:

the social progress. Weber regarded rationality as a proprietary article for western capitalist society.)

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de Boer, Karin (6 June 2017). Moyar, Dean (ed.). "Hegel's Lectures on the History of Modern Philosophy".

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Indigenous philosophies have been noted to greatly contrast with Eurocentric thought. Indigenous scholar

546: 152: 17: 2026:"Ukraine invasion: Arab journalists call out 'orientalist, racist' double standards on Ukraine coverage" 1562:"National Museum's fine contribution to our fascination with ancient Egypt (print: Secrets of the past)" 3888:"First detailed description of axial traction techniques by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu in the 15th century" 1745:

Farmer, Edward L. (1985). "Civilization as a Unit of World History: Eurasia and Europe's Place in It".

1556: 224: 143:, has been in use in various contexts since at least the 1920s. The term was popularised (in French as 1372:

n.m. 1974) « fait de considérer (un problème général, mondial) d'un point de vue européen »"

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Springer. p. 77. 3338:10.1177/0361684310392356 2261:Journal of World History 2225:Toynbee, Arnold (1987). 1163:Journal of Black Studies 367:rise of colonial empires 61:) refers to viewing the 4741:Template:Exceptionalism 4429:. New York: Routledge. 4206:. New Press, New York. 3515:Li, Min & Belk 2008 2921:International Sociology 1693:Oxford Handbooks Online 1620:, 1847. Vol. 1, p. 373. 1203:(1). Routledge: 16–27. 1156:Hoskins, Linus (1992). 894:Mexican doll experiment 820:University of Cambridge 723:Colonial historiography 325:world's four continents 274:European exceptionalism 215:According to historian 69:(especially during the 3997:Bairoch, Paul (1993). 3893:European Spine Journal 3527:Lundström, C. (2014). 2127:The Myth of Continents 1890:Marks, Robert (2015). 1568:The Weekend Australian 699:Seyed Mohammad Marandi 538: 478:anticolonial movements 338: 333:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie 321:Johann Heinrich Zedler 132: 77:or absolute, or to an 47: 4114:, Pluto Press, 2014, 4045:10.2307/j.ctv8j74r.19 3046:Said, Edward (2000). 2678:Vansina, Jan (1971). 2639:10.4324/9781315170480 2484:Science & Society 2274:10.1353/jwh.2011.0118 2063:Third World Quarterly 1859:10.4324/9781912282708 1405:6 August 2018 at the 1327:The German adjective 1114:Hobson, John (2012). 1079:Pan-European identity 875:Clark doll experiment 811:European civilization 575:political correctness 533: 430:, published in 1837, 371:Industrial Revolution 363:Commercial Revolution 359:Scientific Revolution 349:thus grew out of the 339:Conversations-Lexicon 310:European colonial era 278:Further information: 123: 35: 4789:Political neologisms 4574:Bielefeld University 4415:. Springer, New York 4364:Rabasa, Jose (1994) 3982:Blaut, J. M. (2000) 3850:. Paris 1988, engl. 3233:on 13 September 2018 2958:Amin, Samir (1989). 2299:. pp. 259–261. 1666:Jones, Eric (2003). 1399:"Anciens directeurs" 707:Edgar Alfred Bowring 703:University of Tehran 284:The European Miracle 147:) in the context of 3257:The Harvard Crimson 2516:Small World History 2093:. pp. 638–643. 1748:The History Teacher 1559:(3–4 August 2024). 1251:2005Antip..37..956S 734:Sub-Saharan African 674:, aiming to expose 590:division of Eurasia 567:development studies 355:Early Modern period 85:and other forms of 4525:Trevor-Roper, Hugh 4401:. Pantheon Books. 4375:History and Theory 4108:Van der Pijl, Kees 3986:. Guilford Press. 3972:. Guilford Press. 3374:. 14 February 2019 3014:Heraclides, Alexis 2351:and human nature". 2227:A study of history 2168:on 18 October 2013 1991:10.1093/isr/vix013 1650:Tarzan of the Apes 1511:. 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(1989). 1286:978-0-333-74072-9 1005:Anti-Eurocentrism 774:scientific racism 764:or had adapted a 676:white supremacism 634:in China; in the 496:Arnold J. 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In: 1582: 1548: 1521: 1484: 1466: 1446: 1428: 1411: 1391: 1374: 1345: 1333:Karl Haushofer 1320: 1313: 1292: 1285: 1264: 1245:(5): 956–962. 1224: 1181: 1148: 1131: 1125:978-1107020207 1124: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1094:Western values 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1064: 1063:Related topics 1061: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 984: 981: 980: 978: 975: 944: 941: 933:Chinese people 924: 921: 908: 905: 895: 892: 879:Main article: 876: 873: 859: 856: 835: 832: 790: 787: 781: 778: 766:writing script 754:oral tradition 727:Main article: 724: 721: 719: 716: 644:James M. 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