20:
32:
2485:
1363:
1064:
Veeramah et al: " It is perhaps surprising that no local individual was found to share recent common genetic ancestry with a Roman soldier living in the same area ~200 y earlier. The analysis of his genome identifies him to be of southwest
European origin. Thus, our results, though only based on one
1034:
Veeramah et al: "A much more diverse ancestry was observed among the females with elongated skulls, as demonstrated by a significantly greater group-based FIS (SI Appendix, Fig. S35). All these females had varying amounts of genetic ancestry found today predominantly in southern
European countries ,
890:
Postclassical
Archaeologies. 1. p. 49. "Both the manner of their burial and the positions of their graves indicate that the different life-histories suggested by their modified skulls and possibly foreign childhood was subsumed into the local group identity by the time of their death. Regardless of
1054:
Veeramah et al: "While the immigrant females would have been clearly distinguishable physically among the local population based on the combination of their enlarged crania as well as their different eye, hair, and perhaps even skin pigmentation patterns, it is noteworthy that their assemblies of
1044:
Veeramah et al: "Based on the HIrisPlex system (13), the majority (~80%) of individuals with normal or intermediate skulls (and thus northern/central
European ancestry) showed high probabilities for blue eyes and blonde hair (SI Appendix, Fig. S7 A and B); in contrast, the majority of women with
1074:
Veeramah et al: "A population assignment analysis (PAA) at the level of individual modern nation states suggested greatest genetic similarity of these normal-skulled individuals with modern
Germans, consistent with their sampling location (Fig. 4 A and B and SI Appendix, Table
487:. Genetic and archeological evidence shows that these women were migrants from eastern cultures, who married Bavarii males, suggesting the importance of exogamy within the Bavarii culture. The migrant women were fully integrated in to Bavarii culture.
564:
No significant admixture with Roman populations from territories further south of the area was detected. Among modern populations, the surveyed male individuals did not have modified skulls and were found to be most closely related to modern-day
776:
Velte, Maren; Czermak, Andrea; Grigat, Andrea; Haas-Gebhard, Brigitte; Gairhos, Anja; Toncala, Anita; Trautmann, Bernd; Haberstroh, Jochen; Päffgen, Bernd; Heyking, Kristin von; Lösch, Sandra; Burger, Joachim; Harbeck, Michaela (5 April 2023).
891:
whether these women may have had a foreign identity during their lifetime, in death they were treated as local women with no evidence of their possible migration other than that which was inscribed on their bodies during childhood."
274:, lead his people into their area which had previously been inhabited by the Celtic Boii. Whether the Baiuvarii settled Bavaria in a specific later migration, after Maroboduus, either from the north (Bohemia) or from
1035:
and while the majority of samples were found to be closest to modern southeastern
Europeans (Bulgaria and Romania, Fig. 4C), at least one individual, AED_1108, appeared to possess ~20% East Asian ancestry (Fig. 3)
1273:
920:
526:
877:"Further studies based on other archaeobiological proxies supported the hypothesis that female exogamy played an important role at the time (Knipper et al. 2017; Stewart 2022; Veeramah et al. 2018)."
530:
in 2018 examined the remains of 41 individuals buried at a
Bavarian cemetery ca. 500 AD. Of these, 11 whole genomes were generated. The males were found to be genetically homogeneous and of
1045:
deformed skulls had a high likelihood for brown eyes (80% of individuals), and both brown and blonde hair (~60% and 40% of individuals, respectively) were represented in the sample."
1065:
sample, argue against significant admixture between any Roman populations from more southern parts of the former Roman Empire and our individuals buried in
Bavaria around 500 AD."
887:
971:
Frieman, Catherine J.; Hofmann, Daniela (8 August 2019). "Present pasts in the archaeology of genetics, identity, and migration in Europe: a critical essay".
326:
region saw the entry of many new peoples from north and east of the
Carpathians, and the formation and destruction of many new and old political entities.
266:
of their name implies that the
Baiuvarii, being named after Bohemia, can not have existed under that name before the 1st century AD. During this period
483:
in their cemeteries. These individuals were predominantly female; there is no undisputed evidence of males with artificially deformed skulls in
1015:"Medieval blue-eyed and blond ‘Bavarians’, meanwhile, seem to have fancied brown-eyed women from south-east Europe (Veeramah et al. 2018)"
1395:
1094:
2442:
2460:
476:
The funerary traditions of the Baiuvarii are similar to those of the Alemanni, but quite different from those of the Thuringi.
549:
There were significant gender differences in skin, hair and eye pigmentation in the sample. While 80% of the Bavarii males had
737:
1269:"Population genomic analysis of elongated skulls reveals extensive female-biased immigration in Early Medieval Bavaria"
1184:
916:"Population genomic analysis of elongated skulls reveals extensive female-biased immigration in Early Medieval Bavaria"
250:, which flows north from the Austrian alps to the German Danube. They were between the Allemanni on the Danube and the
1541:
1345:
1257:
1216:
1160:
1120:
494:
ancestry. The presence of these women among the Bavarii people indicates that men from the Bavarii culture practiced
315:
1503:
2514:
2465:
1673:
2455:
1723:
1528:
1388:
480:
538:
origin. The females were less homogeneous, carried less Northern European ancestry, and were found to combine
79:. They began to appear in records by the 6th century AD, and are considered to be the ancestors of modern-day
2524:
827:"In Bavaria, ACD is mainly observed in women, and there is only disputed evidence for ACD in men or children"
1604:
1282:
929:
314:, Bavarian migration to present-day Bavaria is a legend. The early Baiuvarii are often associated with the
2470:
1483:
151:
language. Early evidence regarding the language of the Baiuvarii is limited to personal names and a few
1636:
1631:
1090:
2488:
1668:
1575:
1568:
1546:
1381:
187:
1708:
1693:
1508:
1493:
1367:
156:
725:
1823:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1518:
1498:
1455:
1337:
1249:
1208:
1152:
1104:
779:"Between Raetia Secunda and the dutchy of Bavaria: Exploring patterns of human movement and diet"
231:, with the Franks on their west, Thuringians to their north, Burgundians to their south, and the
148:
144:
457:
A collection of Bavarian tribal laws was compiled in the 8th century. This document is known as
2519:
2225:
1658:
1653:
1580:
1475:
1523:
1413:
1235:
588:
561:
and Southern European-related ancestry, generally had brown eyes, and 60% were dark haired.
557:, the women had much higher rates of brown eyes and darker hair colors. The local women with
420:
1614:
1585:
1488:
1112:
243:
180:
1055:
grave goods appear to reflect both local customs and more distant material cultures (10)."
8:
2450:
1663:
1194:
404:
400:
350:
291:
155:
inscriptions. By the 8th century AD, the Baiuvarii were speakers of an early form of the
813:
778:
490:
In 2018, genomic research showed that these foreign women had southeastern European and
2509:
1833:
1685:
1624:
1513:
1445:
1421:
1301:
1268:
1006:
948:
915:
868:
140:
353:
influence into the area. They are believed to have incorporated elements from several
1609:
1460:
1435:
1341:
1306:
1253:
1212:
1180:
1156:
1116:
1010:
998:
953:
872:
860:
839:"Isotope data in Migration Period archaeology: critical review and future directions"
818:
800:
92:
36:
1228:
From Ducatus to Regnum: Ruling Bavaria under the Merovingians and Early Carolingians
2032:
1404:
1296:
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24:
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795:
531:
465:
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330:
88:
64:
56:
888:
Roman or barbarian? Shifting identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria.
721:
2315:
2099:
1763:
1450:
1274:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1170:
921:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
855:
838:
535:
527:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
334:
515:
463:. Elements of it possibly date back to the 6th century. It is very similar to
281:
A possible earlier record of the Baiuvarii, is the 2nd century mention of the
2503:
2074:
2037:
1997:
1863:
1592:
1551:
1002:
864:
804:
393:
386:
323:
160:
2176:
1291:
938:
519:
507:
19:
1768:
1758:
1741:
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1327:
1310:
1239:
1198:
1142:
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957:
822:
408:
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247:
31:
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1912:
1902:
1813:
1597:
442:
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342:
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282:
255:
195:
191:
76:
329:
It is thus more probable that the Baiuvarii emerged in the provinces of
2427:
2215:
2198:
2146:
2136:
2121:
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2079:
1957:
1907:
1783:
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to their east, who are generally understood to have been the Bavarians.
993:
511:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2340:
2245:
2141:
2104:
2094:
2054:
2007:
2002:
1952:
1892:
1818:
1788:
1751:
1736:
1238:(2014). "Baiovarii, Romania, And Others". In Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
593:
583:
578:
558:
554:
543:
491:
300:
263:
190:
from about 520, which describes them as a people with kinship to the
120:
84:
80:
759:
757:
479:
The Baiuvarii are distinguished by the presence of individuals with
438:. By the 8th century, many Baiuvarii had converted to Christianity.
318:
archaeological group, but this is controversial. During the time of
111:". The placename Bohemia is believed to be connected to that of the
2395:
2380:
2360:
2345:
2325:
2300:
2285:
2280:
2260:
2230:
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1972:
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2017:
2012:
1992:
1982:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1858:
1843:
1793:
1197:(2014). "The Boii, Bohemia, Bavaria". In Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
754:
566:
495:
484:
374:
338:
128:
108:
72:
68:
742:
632:
39:, also known as Austro-Bavarian, dialects of the German language
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2385:
2370:
2335:
2310:
2275:
2270:
2203:
2188:
2126:
2064:
2049:
2027:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1875:
1870:
1828:
1798:
1362:
726:
http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html
446:
362:
319:
251:
224:
219:
people under the rule of the 5th century king or warlord named
207:
775:
2305:
2290:
2265:
2255:
2240:
2183:
2151:
2116:
2111:
2069:
2059:
1942:
1803:
1646:
1176:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
550:
366:
358:
216:
172:
152:
116:
2375:
2022:
296:
112:
605:
498:, preferentially marrying women from eastern populations.
1325:
656:
654:
91:. It is believed that they spoke an early version of the
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
1333:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
1245:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
1204:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
1148:
The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective
186:
One of the earliest references to the Baiuvarii is the
651:
690:
1136:
763:
748:
672:
645:
1141:(2014). "Introduction". In Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
143:. It is uncertain whether they originally spoke an
678:
285:, whose name appears to have a similar etymology.
411:(died 548) claimed control from the North Sea to
127:. The Baiuvarii gave their name to the region of
2501:
345:in 488, and the subsequent expansion of Italian
473:, with whom the Baiuvarii had close relations.
139:The language of the Baiuvarii is classified as
970:
837:Depaermentier, Margaux L. C. (16 March 2023).
445:dynasty, they were closely connected with the
1389:
836:
722:http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/iordanes1.html
385:. They might also have included non-Germanic
183:describes the region without mentioning them.
119:people who partly left the region before the
1089:
626:
1420:origin primarily identified as speakers of
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
843:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
434:dynasty with his power base at Augsburg or
16:Predecessors of the Bavarians and Austrians
1396:
1382:
399:The region was under the influence of the
103:The name of the Baiuvarii is also spelled
1300:
1290:
1234:
992:
947:
937:
854:
812:
794:
660:
27:, who is believed to have been a Bavarian
1266:
913:
894:
407:. During this period, the Frankish king
246:mentions the land Baioaria on the river
30:
18:
2461:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1267:Veeramah, Krishna R. (March 27, 2018).
1169:
1100:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
914:Veeramah, Krishna R. (March 27, 2018).
705:
2502:
1225:
1377:
1193:
684:
1403:
1179:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1113:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
227:to live in an Alpine area near the
179:The early 6th century biography of
23:Reconstruction of the grave of the
13:
1319:
469:, which was the legal code of the
223:moved to the southern side of the
14:
2536:
1355:
524:A genetic study published in the
2484:
2483:
1361:
764:Fries-Knoblach & Steuer 2014
749:Fries-Knoblach & Steuer 2014
673:Fries-Knoblach & Steuer 2014
646:Fries-Knoblach & Steuer 2014
238:In a poem about a pilgrimage to
175:sources in the 6th century AD.
67:who lived in or near modern-day
2466:Christianization of Scandinavia
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
964:
880:
830:
769:
341:'s withdrawal of population to
322:in the 5th century, the entire
2456:Christianization of the Franks
1529:Continental Germanic mythology
1097:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
730:
711:
481:artificially deformed craniums
171:The name is first attested in
107:. It probably means "men from
1:
985:10.1080/00438243.2019.1627907
599:
415:. After his death, his uncle
71:(which is named after them),
1330:; Hines, John, eds. (2014).
1283:National Academy of Sciences
930:National Academy of Sciences
886:Hakenbeck, Susanne. (2011).
796:10.1371/journal.pone.0283243
303:mountains, and north of the
7:
2471:Christianization of Iceland
572:
501:
134:
123:and then were dominated by
10:
2541:
1082:
856:10.1007/s12520-023-01739-y
505:
452:
166:
2479:
2441:
1722:
1684:
1474:
1428:
1411:
516:Visigoths § Genetics
188:Frankish Table of Nations
35:Map of the extent of the
1709:North Germanic languages
1694:Germanic parent language
1338:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
1326:Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
1250:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
1226:Hammer, Carl I. (2007).
1209:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
1153:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
1137:Fries-Knoblach, Janine;
1091:Diesenberger, Maximilian
1021:
520:Alemanni § Genetics
508:Lombards § Genetics
254:who were based near the
157:Austro-Bavarian language
1714:West Germanic languages
1704:East Germanic languages
1699:Proto-Germanic language
1519:Proto-Germanic folklore
1456:Romano-Germanic culture
1292:10.1073/pnas.1719880115
1105:Oxford University Press
939:10.1073/pnas.1719880115
270:, king of the Germanic
98:
2515:Early Germanic peoples
1242:; Hines, John (eds.).
1201:; Hines, John (eds.).
1145:; Hines, John (eds.).
316:Friedenhain-Přešťovice
289:described them in his
60:
40:
28:
1524:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1414:Ethnolinguistic group
589:Elbe Germanic peoples
512:Goths § Genetics
506:Further information:
441:Through their ruling
430:. He established the
34:
22:
2525:History of Altbayern
1370:at Wikimedia Commons
351:Merovingian Frankish
244:Venantius Fortunatus
181:Severinus of Noricum
2451:Gothic Christianity
1236:Haubrichs, Wolfgang
405:Theodoric the Great
401:Ostrogothic Kingdom
295:as living near the
1834:Germani cisrhenani
1542:Funerary practices
1446:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1422:Germanic languages
1252:. pp. 23–82.
1211:. pp. 11–22.
540:Southeast European
262:Evidence from the
215:described how the
41:
29:
2497:
2496:
1669:Gothic and Vandal
1461:Germanic Iron Age
1436:Nordic Bronze Age
1418:Northern European
1366:Media related to
1155:. pp. 1–10.
973:World Archaeology
627:Diesenberger 2018
93:Bavarian language
2532:
2487:
2486:
2443:Christianization
2033:Ripuarian Franks
1405:Germanic peoples
1398:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1351:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1263:
1231:
1222:
1190:
1166:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1036:
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1016:
1014:
996:
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951:
941:
911:
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884:
878:
876:
858:
834:
828:
826:
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798:
773:
767:
761:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
715:
709:
703:
688:
682:
676:
675:, pp. 1, 3.
670:
664:
658:
649:
643:
630:
624:
536:central European
460:Lex Baiuvariorum
357:, including the
355:Germanic peoples
287:Claudius Ptolemy
278:, is uncertain.
125:Germanic peoples
25:Kemathen warrior
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2475:
2437:
1718:
1680:
1642:Gothic alphabet
1534:Norse mythology
1470:
1424:
1407:
1402:
1358:
1348:
1322:
1320:Further reading
1317:
1260:
1219:
1187:
1171:Goffart, Walter
1163:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1107:. p. 195.
1085:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
969:
965:
912:
895:
885:
881:
835:
831:
789:(4): e0283243.
774:
770:
762:
755:
747:
743:
735:
731:
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704:
691:
683:
679:
671:
667:
659:
652:
644:
633:
625:
606:
602:
575:
522:
504:
466:Lex Thuringorum
455:
331:Noricum ripense
169:
137:
101:
89:South Tyroleans
65:Germanic people
17:
12:
11:
5:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2522:
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2512:
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2179:
2169:
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2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:Thracian Goths
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2062:
2057:
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2015:
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1759:Adrabaecampi
1742:Bucinobantes
1484:Architecture
1332:
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713:
706:Goffart 2010
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668:
648:, p. 3.
563:
548:
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409:Theudebert I
398:
328:
309:
290:
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261:
232:
206:
170:
138:
104:
102:
52:
48:
44:
42:
2209:Nahanarvali
2132:Hilleviones
2045:Frisiavones
1913:Cananefates
1903:Burgundians
1814:Banochaemae
1664:Anglo-Saxon
1615:Anglo-Saxon
1581:Anglo-Saxon
1564:Anglo-Saxon
1547:Anglo-Saxon
443:Agilolfings
432:Agilolfings
347:Ostrogothic
307:mountains.
305:Asciburgius
283:Banochaemae
196:Thuringians
192:Burgundians
159:within the
77:South Tyrol
2504:Categories
2428:Vinoviloth
2216:Marcomanni
2199:Helveconae
2177:Heaðobards
2147:Istvaeones
2137:Ingaevones
2122:Hermunduri
2090:Ostrogoths
2080:Greuthungi
1958:Chattuarii
1784:Angrivarii
1779:Ampsivarii
1747:Lentienses
1576:Literature
1466:Viking Age
1230:. Brepols.
1095:"Baiuvari"
994:1956/22151
720:in Latin:
685:Green 2014
600:References
559:East Asian
546:ancestry.
544:East Asian
492:East Asian
436:Regensburg
428:of Bavaria
421:Garibald I
419:appointed
417:Chlothar I
337:following
272:Marcomanni
268:Maroboduus
2510:Baiuvarii
2423:Vidivarii
2418:Victohali
2408:Vangiones
2341:Thuringii
2246:Nuithones
2142:Irminones
2105:Visigoths
2095:Thervingi
2055:Gambrivii
2008:Dulgubnii
2003:Dauciones
1953:Chasuarii
1893:Brondings
1819:Bastarnae
1809:Baiuvarii
1789:Armalausi
1752:Raetovari
1686:Languages
1654:Symbology
1514:Folklore
1509:Festivals
1128:March 14,
1011:204480648
1003:0043-8243
873:257537106
865:1866-9565
849:(4): 42.
805:1932-6203
594:Irminones
584:Bavarians
579:Austrians
555:blue eyes
553:hair and
391:romanized
312:Karl Bosl
301:Melibokus
292:Geography
264:etymology
256:river Inn
121:Roman era
85:Austrians
81:Bavarians
63:) were a
61:Bajuwaren
53:Bavarians
45:Baiuvarii
2489:Category
2396:Hasdingi
2381:Usipetes
2361:Tubantes
2346:Toxandri
2326:Tencteri
2301:Suarines
2286:Sicambri
2281:Semnones
2261:Reudigni
2231:Mattiaci
2221:Marsacii
2172:Lombards
2162:Lacringi
2157:Juthungi
1988:Corconti
1973:Cherusci
1948:Charudes
1928:Chaedini
1898:Bructeri
1883:Bateinoi
1854:Eburones
1849:Condrusi
1844:Caeroesi
1839:Atuatuci
1774:Ambrones
1737:Brisgavi
1732:Alemanni
1610:Paganism
1499:Clothing
1494:Calendar
1441:Germania
1311:29531040
1173:(2010).
1093:(2018).
958:29531040
823:37018190
814:10075417
783:PLOS ONE
736:Ptolemy
573:See also
502:Genetics
471:Thuringi
413:Pannonia
383:Lombards
379:Thuringi
371:Alemanni
276:Pannonia
242:in 565,
240:Augsburg
233:Baibaros
229:Alemanni
221:Hunimund
213:Jordanes
200:Lombards
163:family.
141:Germanic
135:Language
105:Baiuvari
37:Bavarian
2413:Varisci
2401:Silingi
2391:Vandals
2366:Tulingi
2356:Triboci
2351:Treveri
2331:Teutons
2321:Taifals
2296:Sitones
2236:Nemetes
2194:Helisii
2167:Lemovii
2085:Gutones
2018:Firaesi
2013:Favonae
1993:Cugerni
1983:Cobandi
1938:Chamavi
1933:Chaemae
1923:Casuari
1918:Caritni
1888:Betasii
1859:Paemani
1794:Auiones
1659:Warfare
1637:Scripts
1605:Numbers
1429:History
1368:Bavarii
1302:5879695
1083:Sources
949:5879695
567:Germans
496:exogamy
485:Bavaria
453:Culture
375:Naristi
339:Odoacer
217:Suebian
211:(551),
205:In his
167:History
129:Bavaria
109:Bohemia
73:Austria
69:Bavaria
49:Bavarii
2433:Warini
2386:Vagoth
2371:Tungri
2336:Thelir
2316:Swedes
2311:Sunici
2276:Saxons
2271:Rugini
2204:Manimi
2189:Diduni
2127:Heruli
2065:Gepids
2050:Frisii
2028:Franks
1978:Cimbri
1968:Chauci
1963:Chatti
1876:Nervii
1871:Morini
1829:Belgae
1824:Batavi
1799:Avarpi
1764:Angles
1724:Groups
1674:Viking
1620:Gothic
1598:Gothic
1504:Family
1344:
1309:
1299:
1281:(13).
1256:
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1075:S35)."
1009:
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928:(13).
871:
863:
821:
811:
803:
718:Getica
518:, and
447:Franks
363:Heruli
349:, and
320:Attila
252:Breuni
225:Danube
208:Getica
117:Celtic
75:, and
57:German
2306:Suebi
2291:Sciri
2266:Rugii
2256:Quadi
2241:Njars
2226:Marsi
2184:Lugii
2152:Jutes
2117:Harii
2112:Gutes
2070:Goths
2060:Geats
1998:Danes
1943:Chali
1864:Segni
1804:Baemi
1647:Runes
1632:Rings
1625:Norse
1593:Names
1586:Norse
1569:Norse
1552:Norse
1022:Notes
1007:S2CID
869:S2CID
551:blond
532:north
367:Suebi
359:Sciri
343:Italy
173:Latin
153:Runic
51:, or
2376:Ubii
2023:Fosi
1908:Buri
1342:ISBN
1307:PMID
1254:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1130:2020
1117:ISBN
999:ISSN
954:PMID
861:ISSN
819:PMID
801:ISSN
738:2.10
542:and
381:and
333:and
297:Elbe
248:Lech
198:and
115:, a
113:Boii
99:Name
87:and
43:The
2251:Osi
1559:Law
1489:Art
1416:of
1297:PMC
1287:doi
1279:115
1109:doi
989:hdl
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