979:
1040:
German with only a slight accent. This accent usually only exists in families where
Bavarian is spoken regularly. Families that do not use Bavarian at home usually use Standard German instead. In Austria, some parts of grammar and spelling are taught in Standard German lessons. As reading and writing in Bavarian is generally not taught at schools, almost all literate speakers of the language prefer to use Standard German for writing. Regional authors and literature may play a role in education as well, but by and large, Standard German is the
162:
3340:
449:
365:
424:
4498:
377:
4141:
2903:
36:
3928:
4546:
5444:
3874:
2983:). The use of the article is considered mandatory when using this linguistic variation. In addition, nicknames different from the family name exist for almost all families, especially in small villages. They consist largely of their profession, names or professions of deceased inhabitants of their homes or the site where their homes are located. This nickname is called
934:
Differences are clearly noticeable within those three subgroups, which in
Austria often coincide with the borders of the particular states. For example, each of the accents of Carinthia, Styria, and Tyrol can be easily recognised. Also, there is a marked difference between eastern and western central
1039:
Bavaria and
Austria officially use Standard German as the primary medium of education. With the spread of universal education, the exposure of speakers of Bavarian to Standard German has been increasing, and many younger people, especially in the region's cities and larger towns, speak Standard
999:
can almost always read, write and understand
Standard German, but they may have very little opportunity to speak it, especially in rural areas. In those regions, Standard German is restricted to use as the language of writing and the media. It is therefore often referred to as
935:
Bavarian, roughly coinciding with the border between
Austria and Bavaria. In addition, the Viennese dialect has some characteristics distinguishing it from all other dialects. In Vienna, minor, but recognizable, variations are characteristic for distinct districts of the city.
3017:
3014:
3015:
450:
1064:
in
Bavarian, there is no common orthographic standard. Poetry is written in various Bavarian dialects, and many pop songs use the language as well, especially ones belonging to the
3016:
1464:
Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain
Bavarian dialects or only appear as allophones or in diphthongs. Nasalization may also be distinguished in some dialects.
3765:(= Deutscher Sprachatlas. Regionale Sprachatlanten. Hg. von Ludwig Erich Schmitt, Karl Kurt Klein, Reiner Hildebrandt, Kurt Rein. Bde. 3/1–3). Marburg: N. G. Elwert Verlag.
603:
is derived from the name of the people who settled
Bavaria along with their tribal dialect. The origin of the word is disputed. The most common theory traces the word to
545:
Reasons why
Bavarian can be viewed as a dialect of German include the perception of its speakers, the lack of standardization, the traditional use of Standard German as a
4255:
2987:(en: name of the house) and is seldom used to name the person, but more to state where they come from or live or to whom they are related. Examples of this are:
1943:
tense is very rare in
Bavarian and has been retained for only a few verbs, including 'to be' and 'to want'. In general, the perfect is used to express past time.
1654:
inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by
498:. Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area of around 125,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi), making it the largest of all
7768:
6355:
554:
4237:
4414:
4404:
4419:
1073:
Although Bavarian as a spoken language is in daily use in its region, Standard German, often with strong regional influence, is preferred in the
4424:
4409:
4129:
3916:
519:
6730:
5808:
4589:
4534:
4107:
3894:
6528:
3481:
3446:
665:
The dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German (Bavarian) and West Upper German (Alemannic) became more tangible in the
535:
384:
3885:
5005:
4512:
939:
17:
100:
72:
5251:
3790:
3712:
4738:
6345:
4360:
2760:
is added to the nominative to form the adjective form of the possessive pronoun, like mei(nige), dei(nige), and the like.
5774:
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.
3779:
Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. Volume 2: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts
406:
79:
7257:
4790:
4122:
3909:
3889:
3878:
3604:
2920:
53:
4560:
1936:
Bavarian usually has case inflection only for the article. With very few exceptions, nouns are not inflected for case.
978:
3856:
3674:
3362:
2942:
119:
5801:
4527:
86:
310:
5104:
4680:
3457:
Von der Verbreitung und von der Sprecherzahl her ist das Bairische die am weitesten verbreitete deutsche Mundart.
396:
2924:
57:
68:
7763:
7624:
4501:
4451:
4115:
3902:
658:(Old Bavarian), even though at this early date there were few distinctive features that would divide it from
4137:
3924:
3428:, p. 16: "Bairisch ist der oberdeutsche Dialekt, der dem Stamm der Baiern (oder Bajuwaren) eigen ist."
7654:
6824:
6786:
6771:
3476:
6098:
3459:[In terms of distribution and number of speakers, Bavarian is the most widespread German dialect.]
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1448:
1436:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1403:
1387:
1356:
1336:
1329:
1307:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1179:
1170:
1165:
7634:
7494:
6844:
6803:
6793:
5794:
4520:
4046:
3471:
1452:
1378:
1362:
3774:
7753:
6010:
5307:
4896:
3991:
4542:
3637:
7351:
5120:
4629:
1442:
1440:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1360:
3339:
7758:
7629:
7583:
7578:
7502:
7112:
7096:
6975:
6834:
6725:
6720:
5386:
5377:
4782:
4335:
443:
7568:
7512:
7507:
7427:
7100:
7050:
6350:
6168:
5924:
5852:
5840:
5546:
5531:
5317:
5225:
5082:
4959:
4762:
4379:
3782:
2913:
1422:
240:
230:
46:
7690:
7410:
6808:
7573:
7055:
7021:
6639:
6455:
6315:
6155:
6050:
5672:
5589:
5504:
5312:
5022:
4483:
4318:
4018:
4013:
3986:
3947:
2959:
for those who bear traditional Bavarian or German names like Josef, Theresa or Georg (becoming
1136:
93:
7731:
7695:
6963:
6956:
6908:
6678:
6649:
6618:
6581:
6506:
6263:
6176:
6037:
5999:
5735:
5584:
5088:
4931:
4728:
4367:
4295:
1023:
1013:
471:
245:
7196:
6071:
5054:
7700:
7680:
7649:
7522:
7382:
7128:
6946:
6538:
6365:
6327:
6322:
6196:
6143:
5901:
5579:
5556:
5327:
5187:
5141:
4882:
4345:
4145:
4092:
3932:
812:
7356:
5481:
5473:
4994:
4581:
4565:
3843:
3749:
Hinderling, Robert (1984). "Bairisch: Sprache oder Dialekt?". In Harnisch, Rüdiger (ed.).
502:. In 2008, 45 percent of Bavarians claimed to use only dialect in everyday communication.
8:
7639:
6875:
6829:
6763:
6516:
6163:
6076:
5874:
5526:
5487:
5231:
4877:
4710:
4685:
4396:
4355:
4340:
3101:
Sérawas*/Zéas/D'Ere/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bĩ da Beeder und kumm/kimm fõ Minchn/Minicha.
816:
7186:
7031:
6278:
5661:
5208:
4986:
2975:, respectively). Bavarians often refer to names with the family name coming first (like
7778:
7773:
7685:
7609:
7537:
7527:
7482:
7244:
7171:
7068:
6913:
6888:
6883:
6776:
6604:
6489:
6310:
6088:
6083:
6062:
6023:
5827:
5817:
5513:
5322:
5272:
4869:
4860:
4846:
4664:
4609:
4550:
4468:
4176:
4051:
4041:
3112:
Sérwus/Habedéare/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bin/bĩ da Beeder und kimm/kumm fo Minga/Minka.
1131:
666:
645:
594:
569:
235:
6839:
549:, the relative closeness to German which does not justify Bavarian to be viewed as an
354:
347:
161:
7659:
7458:
7374:
7367:
7322:
7266:
7026:
7016:
6999:
6898:
6660:
6460:
6421:
6401:
6239:
6131:
6113:
5965:
5666:
5656:
5574:
5464:
5394:
5363:
5350:
5341:
5286:
5280:
5265:
5111:
5049:
5031:
4937:
4913:
4836:
4809:
4795:
4767:
4718:
4695:
4585:
4573:
4569:
4384:
4372:
4265:
4212:
4008:
3981:
3852:
3796:
3786:
3708:
3670:
3666:
3600:
3358:
1153:
1143:
1030:, that is an alternative naming many High German dialect speakers regard justified.
907:
874:
800:
288:
278:
5134:
5095:
4945:
402:
7614:
7405:
7339:
7295:
7290:
7250:
7239:
7231:
7036:
7004:
6951:
6940:
6853:
6562:
6501:
6291:
6273:
6108:
5869:
5861:
5405:
5259:
5201:
5180:
5164:
5157:
5148:
5074:
4923:
4905:
4815:
4749:
4743:
4733:
4646:
4638:
4613:
4601:
4463:
4437:
4327:
4286:
4247:
4200:
4063:
3813:
3737:
1529:
1126:
1105:
991:
to make it difficult for native speakers to adopt standard pronunciation. Educated
878:
870:
866:
842:
828:
804:
787:
694:
659:
641:
550:
283:
7451:
7644:
7604:
7437:
7344:
7327:
7312:
7307:
7300:
7009:
6918:
6903:
6858:
6710:
6673:
6665:
6644:
6631:
6611:
6597:
6360:
6337:
6268:
6258:
6250:
6030:
5740:
5721:
5691:
5639:
5620:
5536:
5412:
5238:
5127:
5044:
5039:
4999:
4968:
4605:
4350:
4303:
4205:
4185:
4164:
4159:
4003:
3976:
3951:
3594:
3494:[Bairisch refers to the southeastern group of the Upper German dialects.]
3308:
3303:
1955:
1553:
1300:
1160:
1148:
988:
972:
943:
896:
808:
721:
649:
633:
inhabitants of the area, with the name passing to the mixed population of Celts,
622:
577:
565:
561:
511:
499:
475:
435:
222:
3074:
Das Bairische ist eine Gruppe von Dialekten im Süden des deutschen Sprachraumes.
3055:בײַעריש איז אַ גרופּע דיאַלעקטן אויפֿן דרום פֿונעם דײַטשישן שפּראַך־קאָנטינוּום.
774:
637:, and successive waves of German arrivals during the early medieval period.
7725:
7619:
7599:
7551:
7443:
7317:
6987:
6754:
6693:
6472:
6429:
6386:
6303:
6298:
6187:
6137:
5988:
5939:
5894:
5887:
5727:
5603:
5566:
5551:
5399:
5358:
5194:
4700:
4690:
4656:
4597:
4308:
4260:
4229:
4080:
4068:
4036:
3770:
3769:
Rowley, Anthony (2011). "Bavarian: Successful Dialect or Failed Language?". In
3492:
Mit Bairisch wird die südöstliche Gruppe der oberdeutschen Dialekte bezeichnet.
3438:
2980:
1582:
1188:
1019:
736:
614:
573:
364:
306:
299:
1026:, out of which the then new, written standard was developed and as opposed to
942:, the linguistic border of Bavarian with Czech was on the farther side of the
7747:
7675:
7517:
7273:
7224:
7041:
6980:
6893:
6798:
6736:
6683:
6567:
6494:
5696:
5625:
5612:
5541:
5419:
4976:
4593:
4577:
4270:
4217:
3817:
3800:
3741:
3695:
Schmeller, Johann Andreas; edited by Frommann, Georg Karl (1872 & 1877).
3390:
1477:
1042:
915:
886:
882:
862:
854:
836:
832:
690:
686:
3753:. Bayreuth: Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaftliche Fakultät. pp. 47–64.
7544:
6968:
6932:
6865:
6688:
6511:
6484:
6467:
6411:
6370:
5952:
5931:
5746:
5521:
5449:
4723:
4458:
4058:
3596:
Barbarian Rites: The Spiritual World of the Vikings and the Germanic Tribes
1655:
1082:
634:
468:
250:
7191:
3327:
3061:
Bayerish iz a grupe dyalektn afn dorem funem daytshishn shprakh-kontinuum.
553:, or the fact that no country applied for Bavarian to be entered into the
331:
7361:
7334:
7152:
7060:
6742:
6703:
6286:
5981:
5945:
5880:
5754:
4617:
1951:
1505:
1496:
1489:
1472:
1322:
919:
743:
732:
546:
491:
487:
203:
184:
7206:
2768:
Just like the possessive pronouns listed above, the indefinite pronouns
423:
7201:
7181:
6546:
6216:
5917:
5064:
4801:
4085:
3998:
3332:
3085:
3043:
s Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin fóm daitschn Schproochraum.
2927: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1947:
1611:
1482:
1352:
Aspiration may occur among voiceless plosives in word-initial position.
1074:
1057:
1027:
901:
717:
427:
Upper German language area after 1945: blue: Bavarian-Austrian dialects
735:
and a handful of linguistic enclaves of Cimbrian and Carnic people in
490:. Prior to 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern
7387:
7135:
6781:
6698:
6479:
6434:
6406:
6232:
5786:
4841:
2956:
2671:* These are typically used in the very northern dialects of Bavarian.
1940:
1659:
1258:
1230:
1065:
996:
992:
923:
523:
340:
324:
199:
195:
7211:
3624:
3505:
3032:
s Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin fåm dætschn Shbroochråm.
2902:
1435:
Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise
376:
35:
7176:
6524:
5171:
1959:
824:
702:
515:
414:
7217:
6813:
6715:
5701:
5217:
4772:
4757:
4140:
3927:
3291:
911:
762:
751:
747:
713:
698:
682:
495:
483:
479:
410:
180:
175:
3705:
Wörterbuch Bairisch-Englisch, Von Apfelbutzen bis Zwickerbusserl
6520:
5059:
3873:
927:
890:
858:
850:
820:
781:
758:
706:
531:
1946:
Bavarian features verbal inflection for several moods such as
6438:
4545:
1651:
1061:
728:
630:
3290:
The dialects can be seen to share a number of features with
3143:
Hallo/Servus/Grüß dich, ich bin Peter und komme aus München.
971:
For the use of Bavarian and standard German in Austria, see
3641:
3627:
vol. 10 (originally Odense University Press 1994), p. 23 f.
3084:
Bavarian is a group of dialects in the south of the German
2844:, "what" are inflected the same way the indefinite pronoun
1101:
846:
609:
1962:. See the table below for inflection of the Bavarian verb
538:
since 2009; however, the classification of Bavarian as an
413:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3558:
3546:
3522:
672:
3751:
Jahrbuch der Johann-Andreas-Schmeller-Gesellschaft 1983
3355:
Boarisch – Boirisch – Bairisch: Eine Sprachgeschichte
3130:
Sholem-aleykhem, ikh bin Peter un ikh kum fun Minkhn.
2787:, "something". It is inflected in the following way:
652:
documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as
5439:
3371:
3001:
Moosrees (Theresa (Rees/Resi) who lives near a moss)
930:, and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland.
27:
West Germanic language spoken in Bavaria and Austria
555:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
510:Bavarian is commonly considered to be a dialect of
383:Bavarian is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3835:The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey
3534:
3124:שלום־עליכם, איך בין פּעטער און איך קום פֿון מינכן.
1085:was a noted German author who wrote works such as
982:Public sign combining Standard German and Bavarian
861:, which has a standard German-speaking majority),
542:has been criticized by some scholars of Bavarian.
3407:
3357:(in German). Friedrich Pustet GmbH & Co. KG.
946:and its Bohemian foreland was Bavarian-speaking.
607:, meaning 'inhabitants of Bojer land'. In turn,
7745:
5472:
640:The local population eventually established the
3699:. 2nd ed. in 2 vol., Rudolf Oldenbourg, München
3196:Lize/Lizl hot zikh (hotsekh) tsebrokhn dem fus.
3008:
2998:Bachbauer (farmer who lives near a brook/creek)
3469:
3241:
3230:
3176:
3164:
3110:
3099:
3041:
3030:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2518:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2357:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2177:
2170:
2160:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1975:
1963:
1006:("written German") rather than the usual term
520:International Organization for Standardization
151:
145:
5802:
5385:
4528:
4123:
3910:
3259:
3253:
3194:
3188:
3166:D'Lisa/'s-Liasl hod sé an Haxn bróchn/brócha.
3128:
3122:
3059:
3053:
949:Alternatively, there are four main dialects:
807:, but also in adjacent areas (small parts of
514:, but some sources classify it as a separate
5611:
3728:Eibl, Melanie (2014). "Bairisch nach Maß?".
3623:, John Benjamins Publishing Company 2012 as
3272:
3207:
3141:
3072:
1086:
1007:
1001:
653:
3823:
3663:Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems
3621:Consonant Strength in Upper German Dialects
3482:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
3447:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
5809:
5795:
4535:
4521:
4130:
4116:
3917:
3903:
3807:
3748:
3592:
3576:
3153:Hello, I am Peter and I come from Munich.
375:
363:
160:
7769:Languages of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
3832:
2943:Learn how and when to remove this message
2831:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4868:
3841:
3763:Vokalismus, Konsonantismus, Sprachatlas.
3586:
3425:
3232:I ho(b)/hã/hoo a Göd/Goid gfundn/gfunna.
3012:
2756:inflect in the same manner. Oftentimes,
977:
940:expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
644:, forming the south-eastern part of the
588:
536:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
422:
385:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
5349:
3810:Die Phonologie des Westmittelbairischen
3702:
1022:and Upper German together comprise the
407:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7746:
5816:
3768:
3580:
3552:
3528:
3413:
3377:
3352:
2763:
2675:
673:Geographical distribution and dialects
564:is larger than the difference between
505:
7480:
7094:
5838:
5790:
4516:
4111:
3898:
3826:Der Vokalismus im Ostmittelbairischen
3190:ליזע/ליזל האָט זיך צעבראָכן דעם פֿוס.
3178:D'Lisa/As /Lisl hod sé an Hax brócha.
2783:, "someone" with its impersonal form
2779:There is also the indefinite pronoun
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1481:
796:Three main dialects of Bavarian are:
669:period, from about the 12th century.
442:
3727:
3564:
3540:
2925:adding citations to reliable sources
2896:
2776:, "one" are inflected the same way.
2225:
629:) originated as the name for former
560:The difference between Bavarian and
478:area, including the German state of
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
6371:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
3254:
3189:
3123:
3054:
1410:'to travel', where the sibilant is
1375:word-internally and is realised as
1108:website was available in Bavarian.
987:Bavarian differs sufficiently from
24:
7730:Languages between parentheses are
7095:
4711:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
3684:
3321:
25:
7790:
3866:
3498:
3209:Lisa hat sich das Bein gebrochen.
746:, it is spoken in the village of
5442:
4561:Historical linguistic minorities
4544:
4497:
4496:
4139:
3926:
3872:
3338:
3255:איך האָב (כ׳האָב) געפֿונען געלט.
2901:
701:. It is also spoken in southern
474:spoken in the south-east of the
34:
5768:
3655:
3630:
3613:
3593:Hasenfratz, Hans-Peter (2011).
3570:
3243:I ho(b) a Gejd/Goid/Göld gfuna.
3219:Lisa broke/has broken her leg.
2955:Bavarians produce a variety of
2912:needs additional citations for
1451:, which is an extension of the
1056:Although there exist grammars,
45:needs additional citations for
7734:of the language on their left.
3890:Boarische Dialekte im Vagleich
3757:Kühebacher, Egon (1965–1971).
3463:
3431:
3419:
3383:
3346:
3261:ikh hob (kh'hob) gefunen gelt.
1665:
13:
1:
7625:Germanic substrate hypothesis
7481:
3886:Knowledge:Boarische Umschrift
3824:Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982),
3707:, Regenstauf: SüdOst Verlag,
3470:Anthony Rowley (2010-04-26).
3314:
1116:
1050:
7655:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
6346:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
3640:. 2021-10-11. Archived from
3477:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
3443:Bayerisches Wörterbuch (BWB)
3009:Samples of Bavarian dialects
3004:Schreiner (joiner/carpenter)
1111:
1068:wave of the 1970s and 1980s.
877:, the northern parts of the
788:the United States and Canada
685:, the language is spoken in
7:
7635:High German consonant shift
3808:Schikowski, Robert (2009),
3665:. New York, 1953. Reprint,
3439:"Bairisch versus bayerisch"
3353:Rowley, Anthony R. (2023).
3297:
3260:
3195:
3129:
3060:
2836:The interrogative pronouns
2220:
1453:High German consonant shift
1406:'to be named', compared to
1060:, and a translation of the
10:
7795:
6173:Westlauwers–Terschellings
5826:According to contemporary
5308:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
4791:Central-Southern Calabrian
3638:"Home – FC Bayern München"
2892:
1930:
1650:Bavarian has an extensive
1447:word-initially and before
1421:may also be realised as a
1359:is frequently realised as
970:
592:
583:
486:and the Italian region of
7717:
7668:
7592:
7561:
7493:
7489:
7476:
7425:
7398:
7352:Southern Schleswig Danish
7283:
7164:
7120:
7111:
7107:
7090:
6931:
6874:
6762:
6753:
6658:
6630:
6589:
6580:
6555:
6537:
6448:
6420:
6394:
6385:
6336:
6249:
6224:
6215:
6154:
6049:
5998:
5973:
5964:
5860:
5851:
5847:
5834:
5824:
5714:
5684:
5647:
5638:
5602:
5565:
5512:
5503:
5463:
5459:
5437:
5376:
5340:
5298:
5250:
5121:Comasco-Lecchese dialects
5073:
5030:
5021:
4985:
4967:
4958:
4922:
4904:
4895:
4859:
4827:
4781:
4709:
4673:
4655:
4637:
4628:
4624:
4557:
4492:
4476:
4450:
4395:
4326:
4317:
4294:
4285:
4246:
4228:
4184:
4175:
4152:
4029:
3969:
3960:
3939:
3845:Das bairische Dialektbuch
3842:Zehetner, Ludwig (1985).
3833:Wiesinger, Peter (1990),
2885:
2869:
2824:
2808:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2237:
2234:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1603:
1574:
1545:
1521:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1402:(lengthened), such as in
1033:
393:
374:
362:
338:
322:
317:
296:
272:
219:
209:
191:
171:
159:
144:
139:
134:
7630:West Germanic gemination
7584:Ancient Belgian language
7579:Germanic parent language
7523:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
6645:Austrian Standard German
5839:
4452:Other minority languages
4256:Lake Constance Alemannic
3759:Tirolischer Sprachatlas.
3625:NOWELE Supplement Series
2748:The possessive pronouns
1974:
1432:can be realised as or .
1016:" or "Standard German").
18:Austro-Bavarian language
4681:Central-Northern Latian
3851:. München: C. H. Beck.
3783:Oxford University Press
3619:Kurt Gustav Goblirsch,
3274:Ich habe Geld gefunden.
3242:
3231:
3177:
3165:
3111:
3100:
3042:
3031:
2661:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2519:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2178:
2171:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2017:
2010:
2000:
1976:
1964:
152:
146:
7691:Preterite-present verb
7574:Proto-Germanic grammar
7528:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
6640:German Standard German
6316:East Frisian Low Saxon
5313:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
5105:Bustocco and Legnanese
4484:Austrian Sign Language
4019:Lower Sorbian language
4014:Upper Sorbian language
3818:10.5282/ubm/epub.10991
3742:10.5282/journalipp/189
3703:Hietsch, Otto (2015),
3697:Bayerisches Wörterbuch
3599:. Simon and Schuster.
3284:I (have) found money.
3273:
3208:
3142:
3073:
3022:
2832:Interrogative pronouns
1095:
1087:
1008:
1002:
983:
966:
845:along the main rivers
654:
626:
618:
568:and some varieties of
534:lists Bavarian in the
522:has assigned a unique
467:, is a major group of
439:
428:
395:This article contains
215:15 million (2012)
166:Parking sign in Munich
7696:Grammatischer Wechsel
6679:Namibian Black German
6650:Swiss Standard German
6619:Early New High German
6177:Mainland West Frisian
6038:Harlingerland Frisian
5736:Italian Sign Language
5685:Other German dialects
4828:Other Italo-Dalmatian
4361:North Pohorje-Remšnik
3567:, pp. 90–91, 96.
3020:
2025:2. Sg (informal)
1104:. Also, the official
1024:High German languages
981:
959:South Middle Bavarian
593:Further information:
589:History and etymology
426:
7764:Languages of Germany
7701:Indo-European ablaut
7681:Germanic strong verb
7650:Germanic spirant law
6787:Southeast Limburgish
6283:Gelders-Overijssels
5912:Irish Middle English
5902:Early Modern English
5188:Southwestern Lombard
4146:Languages of Austria
4093:German Sign Language
3952:Standard High German
3933:Languages of Germany
3884:Bavarian Knowledge:
3881:at Wikimedia Commons
3785:. pp. 299–309.
3472:"Bairische Dialekte"
2921:improve this article
2694:Plural (any gender)
1455:to velar consonants.
1088:Lausbubengeschichten
54:improve this article
7669:Synchronic features
7640:Germanic a-mutation
7593:Diachronic features
6943:in the broad sense
6876:East Central German
6830:Lorraine Franconian
6804:Transylvanian Saxon
6764:West Central German
6539:East Low Franconian
6449:West Low Franconian
5488:Vaccarizzo Albanian
4397:Burgenland Croatian
3669:, The Hague, 1963,
3555:, pp. 301–307.
3531:, pp. 301–302.
2764:Indefinite pronouns
2676:Possessive pronouns
2248:2nd person informal
2186:2. Sg (formal)
900:) and the Northern
803:, mainly spoken in
770:Outside of Europe:
765:) and surroundings.
540:individual language
506:Language or dialect
69:"Bavarian language"
7686:Germanic weak verb
7495:Language subgroups
6845:Pennsylvania Dutch
6794:Moselle Franconian
6772:Central Franconian
6605:Middle High German
6356:Central Pomeranian
6311:Northern Low Saxon
6024:Wangerooge Frisian
5818:Germanic languages
5323:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5299:Other Gallo-Italic
4551:Languages of Italy
4047:Moselle Franconian
3837:, pp. 438–519
3828:, pp. 289–333
3023:
2685:Masculine singular
1102:Bavarian Knowledge
984:
813:Wunsiedel district
790:(Hutterite German)
667:Middle High German
646:kingdom of Germany
595:History of Bavaria
429:
369:Extent of Bavarian
7754:Bavarian language
7741:
7740:
7726:extinct languages
7713:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7660:Great Vowel Shift
7472:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7421:
7420:
7267:Greenlandic Norse
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7017:Southern Bavarian
7000:Northern Bavarian
6976:Highest Alemannic
6927:
6926:
6661:standard variants
6576:
6575:
6422:Standard variants
6381:
6380:
6240:Middle Low German
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6011:Saterland Frisian
5784:
5783:
5763:
5762:
5710:
5709:
5667:Southern Bavarian
5634:
5633:
5598:
5597:
5590:Triestine Serbian
5499:
5498:
5474:Arbëresh language
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5372:
5371:
5336:
5335:
5089:Brianzöö dialects
5017:
5016:
4954:
4953:
4891:
4890:
4855:
4854:
4510:
4509:
4446:
4445:
4433:
4432:
4281:
4280:
4266:Highest Alemannic
4213:Southern Bavarian
4194:
4168:
4153:Official language
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
3961:Regional/minority
3940:Official language
3879:Bavarian language
3877:Media related to
3792:978-0-19-983799-1
3714:978-3-86646-307-3
3577:Hinderling (1984)
3506:"bar | ISO 639-3"
3336:(26th ed., 2023)
3288:
3287:
3223:
3222:
3157:
3156:
3092:
3091:
3018:
2963:or more commonly
2953:
2952:
2945:
2890:
2889:
2829:
2828:
2746:
2745:
2688:Feminine singular
2672:
2668:
2667:
2251:2nd person formal
2226:Personal pronouns
2218:
2217:
1928:
1927:
1648:
1647:
1499:
1492:
1390:can be voiced to
1346:
1345:
908:Southern Bavarian
879:State of Salzburg
875:Aichach-Friedberg
817:Bayreuth district
801:Northern Bavarian
444:[ˈbaɪʁɪʃ]
421:
420:
403:rendering support
399:phonetic symbols.
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
7786:
7518:Elbe (Irminonic)
7491:
7490:
7478:
7477:
7406:Mainland Gutnish
7296:Swedish dialects
7258:Middle Icelandic
7232:Middle Norwegian
7121:Historical forms
7118:
7117:
7109:
7108:
7092:
7091:
7051:South Franconian
7037:Hutterite German
7005:Central Bavarian
6825:Rhine Franconian
6760:
6759:
6590:Historical forms
6587:
6586:
6502:Surinamese Dutch
6395:Historical forms
6392:
6391:
6225:Historical forms
6222:
6221:
5974:Historical forms
5971:
5970:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5848:
5836:
5835:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5775:
5772:
5749:
5730:
5675:
5645:
5644:
5609:
5608:
5510:
5509:
5490:
5470:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5383:
5382:
5347:
5346:
5289:
5275:
5268:
5252:Emilian–Romagnol
5241:
5234:
5220:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5114:
5107:
5098:
5091:
5028:
5027:
5008:
4987:Franco-Provençal
4965:
4964:
4940:
4902:
4901:
4897:Occitano-Romance
4866:
4865:
4818:
4804:
4783:Extreme Southern
4752:
4647:Regional Italian
4635:
4634:
4626:
4625:
4582:Franco-Provençal
4549:
4548:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4500:
4499:
4324:
4323:
4292:
4291:
4248:Alemannic German
4238:Tyrolean Swabian
4201:Central Bavarian
4188:
4182:
4181:
4162:
4144:
4143:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4109:
4108:
3967:
3966:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3876:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3804:
3754:
3745:
3717:
3678:
3661:Uriel Weinrich,
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3590:
3584:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3510:iso639-3.sil.org
3502:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3325:
3276:
3269:Standard German
3263:
3257:
3256:
3245:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3211:
3204:Standard German
3198:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3145:
3138:Standard German
3132:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3076:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3045:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3019:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2905:
2897:
2851:
2850:
2790:
2789:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2522:
2515:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2361:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2181:
2174:
2164:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2020:
2013:
2003:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1670:
1669:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1497:
1490:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1439:as an affricate
1438:
1431:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1338:
1331:
1309:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1121:
1120:
1106:FC Bayern Munich
1092:
1090:
1078:
1069:
1047:
1017:
1011:
1005:
867:Upper Palatinate
843:Central Bavarian
829:Middle Franconia
805:Upper Palatinate
695:Upper Palatinate
660:Alemannic German
657:
642:Duchy of Bavaria
551:abstand language
547:roofing language
454:
453:
452:
446:
387:
379:
367:
357:
350:
334:
327:
302:
225:
164:
155:
149:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7759:German dialects
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7705:
7664:
7645:Germanic umlaut
7610:Holtzmann's law
7588:
7557:
7485:
7464:
7417:
7394:
7328:South Jutlandic
7313:Danish dialects
7279:
7160:
7103:
7074:
7056:East Franconian
7010:Viennese German
6923:
6904:Silesian German
6870:
6859:Central Hessian
6749:
6674:Namibian German
6663:
6654:
6632:Standard German
6626:
6612:New High German
6598:Old High German
6572:
6551:
6533:
6444:
6416:
6377:
6361:East Pomeranian
6351:Brandenburgisch
6338:East Low German
6332:
6259:Dutch Low Saxon
6251:West Low German
6245:
6203:
6169:Schiermonnikoog
6150:
6045:
6031:Wursten Frisian
5994:
5960:
5843:
5830:
5820:
5815:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5745:
5726:
5706:
5692:Austrian German
5680:
5671:
5630:
5621:Calabrian Greek
5594:
5561:
5547:Natisone Valley
5532:Inner Carniolan
5495:
5486:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5427:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5368:
5332:
5300:
5294:
5285:
5271:
5264:
5246:
5237:
5230:
5226:Eastern Lombard
5216:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5110:
5103:
5094:
5087:
5083:Western Lombard
5069:
5013:
5004:
4981:
4950:
4936:
4918:
4887:
4851:
4829:
4823:
4814:
4800:
4777:
4763:Southern Latian
4748:
4729:Castelmezzanese
4705:
4669:
4651:
4620:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4511:
4506:
4488:
4472:
4442:
4429:
4391:
4313:
4277:
4242:
4224:
4206:Viennese German
4186:Austro-Bavarian
4171:
4160:Austrian German
4148:
4138:
4136:
4106:
4097:
4025:
3962:
3956:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3869:
3859:
3848:
3793:
3771:Fishman, Joshua
3715:
3687:
3685:Further reading
3682:
3681:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3583:, p. 301).
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3486:
3484:
3468:
3464:
3451:
3449:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3309:Viennese German
3304:Austrian German
3300:
3021:Spoken Bavarian
3013:
3011:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2918:
2906:
2895:
2834:
2766:
2691:Neuter singular
2678:
2228:
2223:
1933:
1668:
1462:
1398:, unless it is
1383:word-initially.
1138:
1119:
1114:
1098:
1081:
1072:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1036:
989:Standard German
986:
976:
973:Austrian German
969:
956:Middle Bavarian
944:Bohemian Forest
897:Viennese German
809:Upper Franconia
675:
650:Old High German
597:
591:
586:
562:Standard German
526:language code (
508:
500:German dialects
476:German language
465:Austro-Bavarian
463:), alternately
448:
447:
401:Without proper
389:
388:
382:
370:
358: Bavarian
353:
352:
351: Bairisch
346:
330:
323:
303:
298:
268:
226:
223:Language family
221:
212:
211:Native speakers
204:South Tyroleans
202:
198:
183:
179:
167:
140:Austro-Bavarian
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7792:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7569:Proto-Germanic
7565:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7510:
7505:
7499:
7497:
7487:
7486:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7444:Crimean Gothic
7433:
7431:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7320:
7318:Insular Danish
7315:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7301:Rinkebysvenska
7298:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7149:
7147:Old East Norse
7144:
7142:Old West Norse
7132:
7124:
7122:
7115:
7105:
7104:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7022:South Tyrolean
7014:
7013:
7012:
7002:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6964:High Alemannic
6961:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6937:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6880:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6832:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6806:
6801:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6768:
6766:
6757:
6755:Central German
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6696:
6694:Barossa German
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6591:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6473:French Flemish
6465:
6464:
6463:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6389:
6387:Low Franconian
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6236:
6228:
6226:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6188:Westereendersk
6182:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6111:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6066:
6055:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5989:Middle Frisian
5985:
5977:
5975:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5895:Modern English
5891:
5888:Middle English
5884:
5877:
5866:
5864:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5832:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5814:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:Italian Hebrew
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:South Tyrolean
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5567:Serbo-Croatian
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5478:
5476:
5467:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5387:Rhaeto-Romance
5380:
5378:Rhaeto-Romance
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5235:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5184:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5161:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5079:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4477:Sign languages
4474:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4332:
4330:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4261:High Alemannic
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4230:Swabian German
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4195:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4081:Low Franconian
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4037:Central German
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3868:
3867:External links
3865:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3805:
3791:
3775:García, Ofelia
3766:
3755:
3746:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3654:
3629:
3612:
3606:978-1594774218
3605:
3585:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3497:
3462:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3382:
3380:, p. 300.
3370:
3363:
3345:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2981:Edmund Stoiber
2977:da Stoiber Ede
2951:
2950:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2848:is inflected.
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2772:, "none", and
2765:
2762:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2584:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2322:
2315:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1433:
1426:
1417:A trill sound
1415:
1384:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1052:
1049:
1035:
1032:
1020:Central German
1003:Schriftdeutsch
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:South Bavarian
960:
957:
954:
953:North Bavarian
932:
931:
905:
840:
794:
793:
792:
791:
784:
778:
768:
767:
766:
755:
740:
737:Northern Italy
725:
710:
674:
671:
590:
587:
585:
582:
507:
504:
419:
418:
405:, you may see
391:
390:
381:
380:
372:
371:
368:
360:
359:
344:
336:
335:
328:
320:
319:
318:Language codes
315:
314:
313:(historically)
307:Latin alphabet
304:
300:Writing system
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
281:
274:
270:
269:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
229:
227:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
193:
189:
188:
173:
169:
168:
165:
157:
156:
142:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7791:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7733:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7676:Germanic verb
7674:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7615:Sievers's law
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:Reconstructed
7560:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7375:Middle Danish
7372:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7251:Old Icelandic
7248:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7225:Old Norwegian
7222:
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7043:
7042:Gottscheerish
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6981:Walser German
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6947:Low Alemannic
6945:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6909:High Prussian
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Erzgebirgisch
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6799:Luxembourgish
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6737:Klezmer-loshn
6734:
6732:
6731:Scots Yiddish
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6569:
6568:Meuse-Rhenish
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:Kleverlandish
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:Central Dutch
6454:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Stellingwarfs
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:Wood Frisian
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6051:North Frisian
6048:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5853:Anglo-Frisian
5850:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5771:
5767:
5756:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5613:Italiot Greek
5610:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Slavomolisano
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5440:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:Judeo-Italian
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Gallo-Romance
4957:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4932:Vivaro-Alpine
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Italo-Romance
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4272:
4271:Walser German
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4218:Gottscheerish
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3858:3-406-30562-8
3854:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:90-279-2689-1
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3644:on 2021-10-11
3643:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3543:, p. 96.
3542:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3493:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3426:Zehetner 1985
3422:
3415:
3410:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3364:9783791734378
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:Mohler (e.g.
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2947:
2944:
2936:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2910:This section
2908:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:, "who", and
2839:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1978:
1973:
1968:, 'make; do':
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
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1792:
1788:
1785:
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1777:
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1697:
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1531:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1428:Intervocalic
1427:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1401:
1395:
1386:Intervocalic
1385:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
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1313:
1311:
1306:
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1302:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1260:
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1253:
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1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
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1155:
1152:
1150:
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1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:lingua franca
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
980:
974:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
941:
936:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
898:
892:
888:
887:Lower Austria
884:
883:Upper Austria
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Lower Bavaria
860:
856:
855:Upper Bavaria
852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
837:Lower Bavaria
834:
833:Upper Bavaria
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
798:
797:
789:
785:
783:
779:
776:
772:
771:
769:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
704:
700:
697:districts in
696:
692:
691:Lower Bavaria
688:
687:Upper Bavaria
684:
680:
679:
677:
676:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
602:
596:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
398:
392:
386:
378:
373:
366:
361:
356:
349:
345:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
326:
321:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
295:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
271:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:West Germanic
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:Indo-European
228:
224:
218:
214:
208:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
170:
163:
158:
154:
148:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:February 2010
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
7721:
7605:Verner's law
7550:
7545:Gotho-Nordic
7543:
7536:
7457:
7450:
7442:
7436:
7426:
7411:Fårö Gutnish
7373:
7366:
7272:
7265:
7256:
7249:
7230:
7223:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7067:
6994:
6969:Swiss German
6933:Upper German
6866:Amana German
6840:Volga German
6809:Hunsrückisch
6735:
6689:Unserdeutsch
6684:Berlinerisch
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6556:Cover groups
6512:Mohawk Dutch
6507:Jersey Dutch
6485:East Flemish
6468:West Flemish
6412:Middle Dutch
6366:Low Prussian
6238:
6231:
6197:Terschelling
6181:Clay Frisian
6156:West Frisian
6144:Wiedingharde
6136:
6124:
6084:Heligolandic
6061:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6017:
6000:East Frisian
5987:
5980:
5953:Middle Scots
5951:
5944:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5911:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5770:
5747:Sinte Romani
5648:
5557:Torre Valley
5505:South Slavic
5450:Italy portal
5142:Vallassinese
5023:Gallo-Italic
4559:
4459:Sinte Romani
4346:Rosen Valley
4190:
4073:
4059:Upper German
4030:Unrecognized
3844:
3834:
3825:
3809:
3778:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3733:
3729:
3704:
3696:
3662:
3657:
3646:. Retrieved
3642:the original
3632:
3620:
3615:
3595:
3588:
3581:Rowley (2011
3572:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3524:
3513:. Retrieved
3509:
3500:
3491:
3485:. Retrieved
3475:
3465:
3456:
3450:. Retrieved
3442:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3398:. Retrieved
3394:
3385:
3373:
3354:
3348:
3331:
3323:
3289:
3258:
3193:
3127:
3058:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2939:
2930:
2919:Please help
2914:verification
2911:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2669:
2627:
2506:
2352:
2162:se måchan(t)
1988:Subjunctive
1649:
1463:
1411:
1399:
1355:The phoneme
1347:
1099:
1091:in Bavarian.
1083:Ludwig Thoma
1080:
1071:
1058:vocabularies
1054:
1041:
1037:
985:
948:
937:
933:
894:
873:district of
853:, spoken in
795:
782:Pozuzo, Peru
775:Treze Tílias
664:
639:
608:
604:
600:
598:
559:
544:
539:
527:
509:
494:and western
469:Upper German
464:
460:
456:
455:; Bavarian:
431:
430:
394:
339:
255:
251:Upper German
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
7620:Kluge's law
7600:Grimm's law
7383:Dalecarlian
7362:Perkerdansk
7335:East Danish
7153:Old Gutnish
7129:Proto-Norse
7069:Langobardic
7061:Vogtlandian
6889:Upper Saxon
6743:Lachoudisch
6704:Lotegorisch
6582:High German
6328:Westphalian
6323:Eastphalian
6287:Achterhooks
6164:Hindeloopen
6099:Bökingharde
6068:Föhr–Amrum
5982:Old Frisian
5946:Early Scots
5881:Old English
5755:Wenzhounese
5580:Montenegrin
5527:Gail Valley
5328:Piedmontese
5232:Bergamasque
4878:Campidanese
4719:Beneventano
4686:Marchigiano
4618:Wenzhounese
4356:Jaun Valley
4341:Gail Valley
4052:Upper Saxon
3553:Rowley 2011
3529:Rowley 2011
3414:Rowley 2011
3378:Rowley 2011
2979:instead of
2875:Accusative
2864:Nominative
2859:Impersonal
2814:Accusative
2803:Nominative
2798:Impersonal
2725:Accusative
2699:Nominative
2537:Accusative
2268:Nominative
2263:3rd person
2254:3rd person
2110:mia måchadn
2096:mia måchan*
1985:Imperative
1982:Indicative
1952:subjunctive
1941:simple past
1666:Orthography
1323:Approximant
1100:There is a
1018:Given that
1014:High German
1009:Hochdeutsch
938:Before the
920:South Tyrol
865:, southern
857:(including
744:Switzerland
733:South Tyrol
678:In Europe:
655:Altbairisch
572:or between
530:), and the
492:Sudetenland
488:South Tyrol
409:instead of
311:Marcomannic
246:High German
185:South Tyrol
7748:Categories
7452:Burgundian
7368:Old Danish
7357:Gøtudanskt
7340:Bornholmsk
7202:Vestlandsk
7182:Kebabnorsk
6919:Halcnovian
6884:Thuringian
6547:Limburgish
6517:Stadsfries
6490:Brabantian
6217:Low German
6063:Eiderstedt
5918:Fingallian
5273:Parmigiano
5065:Tabarchino
5055:Monégasque
4883:Logudorese
4802:Manduriano
4665:Florentine
4336:Carinthian
4189:(see also
4163:(see also
4086:Limburgish
3999:Low German
3970:Recognized
3730:JournaLIPP
3690:Dictionary
3648:2021-12-02
3579:quoted in
3515:2023-02-26
3487:2023-02-26
3452:2023-02-26
3400:2017-08-31
3395:Ethnologue
3391:"Bavarian"
3333:Ethnologue
3315:References
3086:Sprachraum
2995:– painter)
2628:Unstressed
2507:Unstressed
2353:Unstressed
2260:2nd person
2257:1st person
2245:1st person
2205:Si måchadn
2172:se måchadn
2157:3. Pl
2143:eß måchats
2124:2. Pl
2091:1. Pl
2058:3. Sg
2044:du måchast
1996:1. Sg
1956:imperative
1948:indicative
1756:e:~ɛ: (ə)
1530:Near-close
1117:Consonants
1075:mass media
1051:Literature
1028:Low German
902:Burgenland
823:(southern
718:Vorarlberg
693:, and the
605:Bajowarjōz
482:, most of
80:newspapers
7779:Altbayern
7774:Baiuvarii
7732:varieties
7724:indicate
7538:Northwest
7483:Philology
7388:Elfdalian
7323:Jutlandic
7245:Icelandic
7220:(written)
7214:(written)
7192:Trøndersk
7172:Norwegian
7136:Old Norse
6957:Coloniero
6941:Alemannic
6914:Wymysorys
6782:Colognian
6777:Ripuarian
6699:Rotwelsch
6529:Midslands
6480:Zeelandic
6461:Hollandic
6435:Afrikaans
6407:Old Dutch
6233:Old Saxon
6132:Karrharde
6114:Goesharde
6095:Mainland
5828:philology
5514:Slovenian
5364:Triestine
5301:languages
5287:Forlivese
5266:Bolognese
5112:Legnanese
5050:Intemelio
4995:Valdôtain
4938:Mentonasc
4914:Algherese
4870:Sardinian
4861:Sardinian
4847:Sassarese
4842:Gallurese
4830:languages
4796:Salentino
4768:Tarantino
4739:Cosentino
4696:Romanesco
4610:Sardinian
4469:Hungarian
4385:Prekmurje
4380:Pannonian
4064:Alemannic
4042:Ripuarian
3992:Saterland
3963:languages
3801:721195501
3736:: 87–99.
3722:Philology
3565:Eibl 2014
3541:Eibl 2014
3173:Bavarian
2957:nicknames
2933:July 2021
2212:måchadn’S
2198:måchan’S!
2191:Si måchan
2129:eß måchts
2077:er måchad
2030:du måchst
1991:Optative
1673:Spelling
1660:tenseness
1554:Close-mid
1491:unrounded
1449:/m,n,l,r/
1259:Fricative
1231:Affricate
1112:Phonology
1066:Austropop
997:Austrians
993:Bavarians
924:Carinthia
716:, except
599:The word
570:Norwegian
524:ISO 639-3
472:varieties
341:Glottolog
325:ISO 639-3
200:Austrians
196:Bavarians
192:Ethnicity
178:(Germany)
7459:Vandalic
7402:Gutnish
7207:Vikværsk
7187:Sognamål
7177:Bergensk
7027:Cimbrian
6995:Bavarian
6952:Alsatian
6899:Lusatian
6835:Palatine
6525:Amelands
6402:Frankish
6292:Sallaans
6274:Gronings
6125:Southern
6118:Northern
6109:Halligen
6058:Insular
5875:dialects
5657:Cimbrian
5649:Bavarian
5575:Croatian
5482:Arbëresh
5465:Albanian
5406:Cadorino
5395:Friulian
5351:Venetian
5342:Venetian
5281:Romagnol
5209:Cremunés
5202:Novarese
5181:Varesino
5172:Ossolano
5165:Ticinese
5158:Milanese
5149:Lecchese
5032:Ligurian
4837:Corsican
4816:Pantesco
4810:Sicilian
4750:Arianese
4744:Irpinian
4734:Cilentan
4691:Marinese
4590:Germanic
4586:Friulian
4574:Croatian
4566:Albanian
4502:Category
4191:Bavarian
4177:Germanic
4074:Bavarian
3777:(eds.).
3761:3 Vol.:
3328:Bavarian
3298:See also
3281:English
3250:Yiddish
3216:English
3185:Yiddish
3150:English
3119:Yiddish
3081:English
3050:Yiddish
2985:Hausname
2973:Schorsch
2856:Personal
2795:Personal
2235:Singular
2221:Pronouns
2179:måchadns
2117:måchadma
2070:er måch!
2063:er måcht
2011:i måchad
1960:optative
1583:Open-mid
1404:/hɔasːn/
1139:alveolar
1132:Alveolar
825:Vogtland
777:, Brazil
703:Vogtland
601:Bavarian
516:language
461:Boirisch
457:Boarisch
440:Bairisch
432:Bavarian
415:Help:IPA
355:bava1246
348:baye1239
289:Southern
279:Northern
273:Dialects
256:Bavarian
236:Germanic
153:Boirisch
147:Boarisch
135:Bavarian
7722:Italics
7345:Scanian
7291:Swedish
7240:Faroese
7218:Nynorsk
7197:Valdris
7032:Mòcheno
6988:Swabian
6854:Hessian
6814:Hunsrik
6726:Western
6721:Eastern
6716:Yiddish
6666:creoles
6563:Bergish
6279:Drèents
6269:Tweants
6121:Central
6103:Mooring
5966:Frisian
5925:Kildare
5870:English
5702:Yiddish
5662:Mòcheno
5537:Istrian
5260:Emilian
5239:Cremish
5218:Spasell
5128:Comasco
5075:Lombard
5045:Genoese
5040:Brigasc
5006:Cellese
4924:Occitan
4906:Catalan
4773:Vastese
4758:Molisan
4674:Central
4639:Italian
4614:Slovene
4602:Occitan
4570:Catalan
4464:Turkish
4438:Serbian
4415:Dolinci
4368:Styrian
4351:Ebriach
4328:Slovene
4069:Swabian
4009:Sorbian
3982:Frisian
3292:Yiddish
3069:German
2893:Society
2883:Dative
2822:Dative
2785:ebb(a)s
2781:ebba(d)
2733:Dative
2717:mei(n)s
2648:, ...,
2416:Dative
2238:Plural
2150:måchats
2136:måchts!
2103:måchma!
2084:måchada
2051:måchast
2018:måchadi
1931:Grammar
1897:öi, äi
1889:oi, åi
1498:rounded
1478:Central
1408:/rɔasn/
1348:Notes:
1154:Glottal
1144:Palatal
912:Samnaun
871:Swabian
763:Hungary
752:Grisons
748:Samnaun
714:Austria
699:Bavaria
683:Germany
584:Origins
496:Hungary
484:Austria
480:Bavaria
411:Unicode
284:Central
187:(Italy)
181:Austria
176:Bavaria
94:scholar
7438:Gothic
7308:Danish
7212:Bokmål
6711:Yenish
6521:Bildts
6304:Veluws
6299:Urkers
6138:Strand
5862:Anglic
5741:Romani
5722:Hebrew
5715:Others
5697:Walser
5640:German
5552:Resian
5413:Fornes
5359:Fiuman
5195:Pavese
5135:Laghée
5096:Canzés
5060:Royasc
5000:Faetar
4977:Aostan
4969:French
4946:Niçard
4724:Barese
4701:Sabino
4657:Tuscan
4606:Romani
4578:French
4420:Poljan
4373:Kozjak
4304:Slovak
4287:Slavic
4165:German
4004:Romani
3977:Danish
3948:German
3855:
3799:
3789:
3711:
3673:
3667:Mouton
3603:
3361:
2961:Sepp'l
2825:ebbam
2817:ebban
2720:meine
2001:i måch
1753:e (ə)
1676:Short
1656:length
1460:Vowels
1400:fortis
1127:Labial
1034:School
928:Styria
891:Vienna
869:, the
859:Munich
851:Danube
821:Saxony
759:Sopron
722:Reutte
707:Saxony
648:. The
635:Romans
631:Celtic
623:German
578:Slovak
566:Danish
532:UNESCO
518:: the
512:German
436:German
172:Region
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
7552:South
7503:North
7113:North
7097:North
6439:Kaaps
6430:Dutch
6077:Amrum
6018:Weser
5940:Scots
5626:Griko
5604:Greek
5542:Karst
5420:Nones
5400:Ladin
4598:Ladin
4594:Greek
4319:South
4309:Czech
3987:North
3849:(PDF)
2993:Maler
2809:ebbs
2770:koana
2758:-nige
2754:Seina
2750:Deina
2742:meim
2739:meina
2728:mein
2711:meine
2705:meina
2607:eich*
2486:eich*
2037:måch!
1977:måcha
1965:måcha
1679:Long
1652:vowel
1506:Close
1473:Front
1445:]
1441:[
1412:lenis
1396:]
1392:[
1381:]
1377:[
1373:]
1369:[
1365:]
1361:[
1301:Trill
1161:Nasal
1149:Velar
1137:Post-
1062:Bible
916:Tyrol
750:, in
729:Italy
705:, in
627:Boier
615:Latin
610:Bojer
574:Czech
101:JSTOR
87:books
7513:West
7508:East
7428:East
7284:East
7274:Norn
7165:West
7101:East
7099:and
6664:and
6659:Non-
6089:Sylt
6072:Föhr
6007:Ems
5932:Yola
5841:West
5522:Brda
4425:Hati
4410:Vlah
4405:Štoj
4296:West
3853:ISBN
3797:OCLC
3787:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3601:ISBN
3359:ISBN
2971:and
2969:Resi
2965:Sepp
2886:wem
2878:wen
2870:wås
2846:ebba
2806:ebba
2774:oana
2752:and
2736:meim
2714:mei
2708:mei
2702:mei
2620:eana
2575:iara
2569:eara
2556:Eana
2499:eana
2454:iara
2448:eara
2435:Eana
1958:and
1939:The
1612:Open
1483:Back
1423:flap
1189:Stop
995:and
895:see
849:and
847:Isar
835:and
815:and
720:and
619:Boii
576:and
73:news
3814:doi
3738:doi
3330:at
2923:by
2867:wea
2842:wås
2838:wea
2662:-'s
2651:-'s
2645:-'n
2601:enk
2594:ins
2588:uns
2581:des
2563:eam
2549:-di
2542:-mi
2520:-da
2513:-ma
2480:enk
2473:ins
2467:uns
2460:dem
2442:eam
2428:dia
2421:mia
2409:-'s
2402:-'s
2395:-ma
2388:-'s
2382:-'s
2369:-'S
2338:ia*
2319:mia
2312:des
1924:ɔʊ
1921:ou
1916:ɐʊ
1913:au
1908:uɪ
1905:ui
1900:ɛʏ
1892:ɔɪ
1884:ɛɪ
1881:ei
1876:uɐ
1873:ua
1868:ɔɐ
1865:oa
1860:iɐ
1857:ia
1852:ɛɐ
1849:ea
1778:e:
1767:ɛ:
1745:ɛ:
1734:ɑ:
1723:a:
1717:àà
1712:ɐ:
1706:aa
1701:a:
1690:ɐ:
1658:or
1443:k͡x
1437:/k/
1430:/v/
1419:/r/
1388:/s/
1367:or
1357:/h/
1246:t͡ʃ
1241:t͡s
1236:p͡f
1096:Web
967:Use
910:in
827:),
819:),
786:In
780:In
773:In
757:In
742:In
731:in
727:In
712:In
681:In
528:bar
459:or
397:IPA
332:bar
56:by
7750::
4616:,
4612:,
4608:,
4604:,
4600:,
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4592:,
4588:,
4584:,
4580:,
4576:,
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3732:.
3508:.
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3294:.
3088:.
2967:,
2638:Si
2617:,
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2604:/
2591:,
2578:,
2566:,
2496:,
2493:ea
2483:/
2470:,
2457:,
2445:,
2385:,
2379:,
2376:-a
2364:--
2345:se
2335:/
2332:öß
2326:eß
2309:,
2306:de
2300:se
2297:,
2294:ea
2287:Si
2280:du
1954:,
1950:,
1844:y
1841:ʏ
1838:y
1833:y
1830:ʏ
1827:ü
1822:u
1819:ʊ
1816:u
1811:ø
1808:œ
1805:ö
1800:o
1797:ɔ
1794:o
1789:i
1786:ɪ
1783:i
1775:e
1772:é
1764:ɛ
1761:è
1750:e
1742:ɛ
1739:ä
1731:ɑ
1728:å
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1698:a
1695:à
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2167:—
2006:—
1643:ɒ
1637:ɑ
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1625:ɶ
1623:(
1618:æ
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1605:ɔ
1599:ɐ
1597:(
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1588:ɛ
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1394:z
1379:h
1371:x
1363:ç
1337:j
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1267:v
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