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6501:
5053:
the 1840s through the mid-1860s, although shipping and operating costs for slave traders seem to have risen considerably. In addition, increased bribes to
Spanish colonial officials effectively raised operating costs for slavers. These factors did not restrict the number of Africans embarking for Cuba, nor can they be used alone to explain Cuban slave price rises in the late 1850s and early 1860s. Three interacting factors produced the overwhelming demand for slaves responsible for pushing prices to the high levels The first was the uncertainty surrounding the future of the slave trade itself. The long and persistent British campaign to force an end to the Cuban trade had traditionally been circumvented by collusion between Spanish colonial officials and Cuban slave traders. An additional obstacle to British efforts was the unwillingness of the United States to permit the search of U.S.-flag vessels suspected of involvement in the slave trade". By the mid-1860s, prices of Africans in their elderly years decreased while prices of younger Africans increased because they were considered to be of prime working age. According to research, in 1860 in
3278:
existed in Europe against enslaving
Christians (few Europeans not being Christian at the time) and those slaves that existed in Europe tended to be non-Christians and their immediate descendants (since a slave converting to Christianity did not guarantee emancipation) and thus by the 15th century Europeans as a whole came to be regarded as insiders. Eltis argues that while all slave societies have demarked insiders and outsiders, Europeans took this process further by extending the status of insider to the entire European continent, rendering it unthinkable to enslave a European since this would require enslaving an insider. Conversely, Africans were viewed as outsiders and thus qualified for enslavement. While Europeans may have treated some types of labour, such as convict labour, with conditions similar to that of slaves, these labourers would not be regarded as chattel and their progeny could not inherit their subordinate status, thus not making them slaves in the eyes of Europeans. The status of chattel slavery was thus confined to non-Europeans, such as Africans.
6624:
5262:. During the Atlantic slave trade following the discovery of the New World, diseases such as these are recorded as causing mass mortality. Due to the many diseases in the African continent, Europeans nicknamed Sierra Leone in West Africa "white man's grave" because of the number of European deaths from diseases. From 1819 to 1836, the regions of Africa that had the highest European deaths from malaria were Sierra Leone and Senegal. Out of European deaths per 1,000, 164.66 whites died from malaria in Senegal, and 483 whites died from malaria in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone had the highest number of whites dying from malaria accounting for 40 percent of deaths each year, because of this it was nicknamed "white man's grave." The phrase white man's grave was coined in the 1830s. However, Europeans prior to the creation of the phrase considered Africa a dangerous environment due to tropical heat and the high death rates of people dying from diseases, which was why the phrase was created in the 19th century.
5960:
4748:, 50% of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves. This includes not only those who died in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to slave ports on the various coasts. The practice of enslaving enemy combatants and their villages was widespread throughout Western and West Central Africa, although wars were rarely started to procure slaves. The slave trade was largely a by-product of tribal and state warfare as a way of removing potential dissidents after victory or financing future wars. In addition, European nations instigated war between African nations and increased the number of war captives by making alliances with warring nations and shifted trade locations in coastal areas to follow patterns of African military conflicts to acquire more slaves. Some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving, such as
2775:
6497:, took the opposite view, arguing that the fragile local economy and societies were being severely harmed by the trade. According to research from historian Nathan Nunn, the underdeveloped infrastructure and economy in Africa is a result of colonization and the slave trade. Nunn wrote: "...Africa's poor economic performance is a result of postcolonial state failure, the roots of which lie in the underdevelopment and instability of precolonial polities..., because of a lack of significant political development during colonial rule, the limited precolonial political structures continued to exist after independence. As a result, Africa's postindependence leaders inherited nation states that did not have the infrastructure necessary to extend authority and control over the whole country. Many states were, and still are, unable to collect taxes from their citizens, and as a result they are also unable to provide a minimum level of public goods and services".
4932:. Meltzer's research puts this phase of the slave trade's overall mortality at 12.5%. Their deaths were the result of brutal treatment and poor care from the time of their capture and throughout their voyage. Around 2.2 million Africans died during these voyages, where they were packed into tight, unsanitary spaces on ships for months at a time. Measures were taken to stem the onboard mortality rate, such as enforced "dancing" (as exercise) above deck and the practice of force-feeding enslaved persons who tried to starve themselves. The conditions on board also resulted in the spread of fatal diseases. Other fatalities were suicides, slaves who escaped by jumping overboard. The slave traders would try to fit anywhere from 350 to 600 slaves on one ship. Before the African slave trade was completely banned by participating nations in 1853, 15.3 million enslaved people had arrived in the Americas.
2732:(1972) has argued that it was an unequal relationship, with Africans being forced into a "colonial" trade with the more economically developed Europeans, exchanging raw materials and human resources (i.e. slaves) for manufactured goods. He argued that it was this economic trade agreement dating back to the 16th century that led to Africa being underdeveloped in his own time. These ideas were supported by other historians, including Ralph Austen (1987). This idea of an unequal relationship was contested by John Thornton (1998), who argued that "the Atlantic slave trade was not nearly as critical to the African economy as these scholars believed" and that "African manufacturing was more than capable of handling competition from preindustrial Europe". However, Anne Bailey, commenting on Thornton's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade, wrote:
6777:
5219:
2747:
5002:
3294:
6510:
Thus, as
African scholar John Thornton argues, African leaders who allowed the continuation of the slave trade likely derived an economic benefit from selling their subjects to Europeans. The Kingdom of Benin, for instance, participated in the African slave trade, at will, from 1715 to 1735, surprising Dutch traders, who had not expected to buy slaves in Benin. The benefit derived from trading slaves for European goods was enough to make the Kingdom of Benin rejoin the trans-Atlantic slave trade after centuries of non-participation. Such benefits included military technology (specifically guns and gunpowder), gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations. The slave trade was, therefore, a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages. Historian
3107:
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took matters into their own hands, however, and paired enslaved men and women together with the intent that they would procreate." Enslaved teenage girls gave birth at the ages of fifteen or sixteen years old. Enslaved women gave birth in their early twenties. To meet the demands of slaveholders' needs to birth more slaves, enslaved girls and women had seven or nine children. Enslaved girls and women were forced to give birth to as many slaves as possible. The mortality rate of enslaved mothers and children was high because of poor nutrition, sanitation, lack of medical care, and overwork. In the United States a slave's life expectancy was 21 to 22 years, and a black child through the age of 1 to 14 had twice the risk of dying of a white child of the same age.
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3206:
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dominated and which resulted in a general declaration condemning the slave trade. The problem was that the treaties and declarations were hard to enforce, given the very high profits available to private interests. As
Foreign Minister, Castlereagh cooperated with senior officials to use the Royal Navy to detect and capture slave ships. He used diplomacy to make search-and-seize agreements with all the governments whose ships were trading. There was serious friction with the United States, where the southern slave interest was politically powerful. Washington recoiled at British policing of the high seas. Spain, France and Portugal also relied on the international slave trade to supply their colonial plantations.
3274:
seen to labour." In a 2015 paper, economist Elena
Esposito argued that the enslavement of Africans in colonial America was attributable to the fact that the American south was sufficiently warm and humid for malaria to thrive; the disease had debilitating effects on the European settlers. Conversely, many enslaved Africans were taken from regions of Africa which hosted particularly potent strains of the disease, so the Africans had already developed natural resistance to malaria. This, Esposito argued, resulted in higher malaria survival rates in the American south among enslaved Africans than among European labourers, making them a more profitable source of labour and encouraging their use.
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70:
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4082:. He called it "one of the worst holocausts in human history", and claims arguments to the contrary such as "it was in slave owners' interest to keep slaves alive, not exterminate them" to be "mostly sophistry" stating: "the killing and destruction were intentional, whatever the incentives to preserve survivors of the Atlantic passage for labour exploitation. To revisit the issue of intent already touched on: If an institution is deliberately maintained and expanded by discernible agents, though all are aware of the hecatombs of casualties it is inflicting on a definable human group, then why should this not qualify as genocide?"
5942:
3263:
3343:
7601:. Despite the prohibition, it took another three years for the trade to effectively end. Between the first law in 1831 and the effective ban of transatlantic trade in 1850, an estimated 500,000 Africans were enslaved and illegally trafficked to Brazil, and until 1856, the year of the last recorded seizure of a slave ship by the Brazilian authorities, around 38,000 Africans still entered the country as slaves. Historians João José Reis, Sidney Chalhoub, Robert W. Slenes and Flávio dos Santos Gomes proposed that another reason for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil was the
7635:"recent" argument of a "moral shift" (the basis of the previous lines of this article) is described by Hardt and Negri as an "ideological" apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society. Although moral arguments did play a secondary role, they usually had major resonance when used as a strategy to undercut competitors' profits. This argument holds that Eurocentric history has been blind to the most important element in this fight for emancipation, precisely, the constant revolt and the antagonism of slaves' revolts. The most important of those being the
2918:
7565:
4915:
5920:
5066:
31972:
5025:, and for most of the Caribbean, mortality rate was high because of the taxing labor of sugar cultivation. Sugar was a major cash crop and as the Caribbean plantations exported sugar to Europe and North America, they needed an enslaved work force to make its production economically viable, so slaves were imported from Africa. Enslaved Africans lived in inhumane conditions and the mortality rate of enslaved children under the age of five was forty percent. Many enslaved persons died from smallpox and intestinal worms contracted from contaminated food and water.
3142:, the British maintained this position during the 18th century, becoming the biggest shippers of slaves across the Atlantic. It is estimated that more than half of the entire slave trade took place during the 18th century, with the Portuguese, British, and French being the main carriers of nine out of ten slaves abducted in Africa. At the time, slave trading was regarded as crucial to Europe's maritime economy, as noted by one English slave trader: "What a glorious and advantageous trade this is ... It is the hinge on which all the trade of this globe moves."
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slaves for
European consumer goods. Also, Europeans shifted the location of disembarkation points for trade along the African coast to follow military conflicts in West-Central Africa. In areas of Africa where slavery was not prevalent, European slave traders worked and negotiated with African rulers on their terms for trade, and African rulers refused to supply European demands. Africans and Europeans profited from the slave trade; however, African populations, the social, political, and military changes to African societies suffered greatly. For example,
6586:, in an article written before Williams' book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation, not before. However, each of these works focus primarily on the slave trade or the Industrial Revolution, and not the main body of the Williams thesis, which was on sugar and slavery itself. Therefore, they do not refute the main body of the Williams thesis.
5206:, established a colony on Galveston Island in 1817 and participated in privateering for four years and made a profit by smuggling in slaves and sold over 200 Africans to slaveholders in the United States. Lafitte used intermediaries such as the Bowie brothers, John, Resin, and James who contracted with slave traders and planters from the United States who had an interest in buying slaves. From 1818 to 1820, Lafitte and the Bowie brothers made $ 65,000 smuggling Africans into the Southern states and selling them to planters in Louisiana and Mississippi.
8010:
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2021:
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6738:". In this invasion and subsequent colonization, the seven European powers (Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy) removed African kingdoms of power, created national borders that did not align with the already existing ethnic borders in Africa and forced diverse tribal ethnic groups to coexist and be controlled under one colonial power. This caused an unnatural division of people and was the groundwork for the instability in the African continent beginning in the 20th century into the present day.
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Europeans, at the time primarily
Portuguese traders, began to move their activities down the western coast of Africa, performing raids in which slaves would be captured to be later sold in the Mediterranean. Although initially successful in this venture, "it was not long before African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers, and the Portuguese ships began to meet strong and effective resistance", with the crews of several of them being killed by African sailors, whose boats were better equipped at traversing the
8066:
7671:" After free and enslaved people gained their independence from France, France and French slaveholders wanted financial compensation from Haiti in the amount of 150 million francs to compensate for their lost wealth, calling it an "Independence Debt" because France had lost its wealthiest colony when Haiti gained independence. Haitians defeated the French, British, and Spanish during the revolution. Prior to the revolution, the United States was a major trade partner with Saint Domingue. After the revolution, the
5093:
influential jurist and politician
Agostinho Marques Perdigão Malheiro, was officially endorsed by Pedro II as the most practical means to end slavery in a controlled and peaceful manner. This conservative proposal, a modified version of which became the 'free womb' law passed by Parliament in 1871, did provide for the freedom of children subsequently born of enslaved women, while it forced those children to serve their mothers' masters until age twenty-one, and deferred complete emancipation to a later date".
6638:
demographic shift have been the subject of much debate. In addition to the depopulation Africa experienced because of the slave trade, African nations were left with severely imbalanced gender ratios, with females comprising up to 65 percent of the population in hard-hit areas such as Angola. Moreover, many scholars (such as
Barbara N. Ramusack) have suggested a link between the prevalence of prostitution in Africa today with the temporary marriages that were enforced during the course of the slave trade.
6711:: "European trade goods supplanted former African reliance on indigenous material goods, natural resources and products as the economic basis of their society. At the same time Europeans increasingly required people in exchange for trade goods. Once this stage was reached an African society had little choice but to trade human lives for European goods and guns; guns that had become necessary to wage wars for further captives in order to trade for goods upon which an African society was now dependent".
5976:
2635:
2437:. "It is important to distinguish between European slavery and African slavery. In most cases, slavery systems in Africa were more like indentured servitude in that the slaves retained some rights and children born to slaves were generally born free. The slaves could be released from servitude and join a family clan. In contrast, European slaves were chattel, or property, who were stripped of their rights. The cycle of slavery was perpetual; children of slaves would, by default, also be slaves."
7905:
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unless it is wine and flour for Mass. It is our wish that this
Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves ... Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise that your subjects have brought into our domains. To satisfy this inordinate appetite, they seize many of our black free subjects ... They sell them. After having taken these prisoners secretly or at night ... As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red-hot iron.
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7639:. The shock of this 1804 revolution introduced an essential political argument into the end of the slave trade as slaveholders in North America feared a similar situation could happen in the United States, where enslaved people in the Southern states might free themselves through an armed resistance movement and free all enslaved people. The success of enslaved and free blacks in Haiti in freeing themselves through revolt invoked fear among many whites in North America.
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whether enemies or just neighbors. These captive slaves were considered "other", not part of the people of the ethnic group or "tribe"; African kings were only interested in protecting their own ethnic group, but sometimes criminals would be sold to get rid of them. Most other slaves were obtained from kidnappings, or through raids that occurred at gunpoint through joint ventures with the Europeans. The kingdom of Dahomey supplied war captives to European slave traders.
2173:, religion and not race was a determining factor for who was considered to be a legitimate target of slavery. While Christians did not enslave Christians and Muslims did not enslave Muslims, both allowed the enslavement of people they regarded to be heretics or insufficiently correct in their religion, which allowed Catholic Christians to enslave Orthodox Christians, and Sunni Muslims to enslave Shia Muslims; similarly both Christians and Muslims approved of enslaving
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2092:. It involved the transfer of goods unique to one hemisphere to another. Europeans brought cattle, horses, and sheep to the New World, and from the New World Europeans received tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Other items and commodities becoming important in global trade were the tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton crops of the Americas, along with the gold and silver brought from the American continent not only to Europe but elsewhere in the Old World.
28353:
4047:
3239:, failed to provide a sufficient workforce. Many crops could not be sold for profit, or even grown, in Europe. Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland. A vast amount of labour was needed to create and sustain plantations that required intensive labour to grow, harvest, and process prized tropical crops. Western Africa (part of which became known as "the
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5266:
Africans born in regions where malaria was dominate were higher. Historian Elena Esposito explains: "By looking at the historical prices of African slaves in the United States, we find evidence of a malaria premium granted by resistance to the disease. In fact, we show that on Louisiana plantations, more malaria resistant individuals - those born in regions of Africa with a higher prevalence of malaria - commanded significantly higher prices."
7615:
4710:
5639:, which classified children of slave mothers as slaves, regardless of paternity. Under British law, children born of white male slave owners and black female slaves would have inherited the father's status and rights. The change to maternal inheritance for slaves guaranteed that anyone born with any slave ancestors was a slave, with no regard to the nature of the relations between the white father and the black mother, consensual or not.
5041:. Florida remained under Spanish control until 1821 which made it difficult for the United States to cease the smuggling of enslaved Africans from Cuba. In 1821, Florida was ceded to the United States and the smuggling of enslaved Africans continued, and from 1821 to 1841 Cuba became a main supplier of enslaved Africans for the United States. Between 1859 and 1862, slave traders made 40 illegal voyages between Cuba and the United States.
6475:
6450:
the populations of Europe and the Americas grew exponentially, while the population of Africa remained stagnant. Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas. Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams, he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas. He cited examples such as the
4071:
slave raids and wars in Africa and forced marches to ports. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young. Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Arabian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets. Of the slaves shipped to the Americas, the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean.
7844:
30:
7935:, South Africa, African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave-trading countries. Some nations were ready to express an apology, but the opposition, mainly from the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States blocked attempts to do so. A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition. As of 2009, efforts are underway to create a
2847:
2282:"Written as a logical sequel to Dum Diversas, Romanus Pontifex allowed the European Catholic nations to expand their dominion over 'discovered' land. Possession of non-Christian lands would be justified along with the enslavement of native, non-Christian 'pagans' in Africa and the 'New World.'" Dum Diversas and Romanus Pontifex may have had an influence with the creation of doctrines supportive of empire building.
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6723:
ports and trading posts". The trans-Atlantic slave trade resulted in the colonization of Africa. Colonization in Africa continues to have negative effects as some traditional African cultures are erased, along with traditional languages and traditional African religions. After the trans-Atlantic slave trade had ceased, European colonial powers fought over the land and resources in Africa. The development of the
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6582:. Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income. Historian
2687:
5202:
Galveston Island is located in the Gulf of Mexico and is 800 miles away from the slave ports in Cuba and between 60 and 70 miles away from the Louisiana border. Smugglers utilized these geographic locations to their advantage and illegally imported enslaved Africans from Cuba and made a profit by selling Africans to slaveholders in Texas and Louisiana. For example, French pirate and privateer
2316:
7371:, which became the dominant mode of US slave trading until the 1860s. In 1805 the British Order-in-Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands. Britain continued to press other nations to end its trade; in 1810 an Anglo-Portuguese treaty was signed whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies; an
5187:
7444:, established in 1808, grew by 1850 to a force of some 25 vessels, which were tasked with combating slavery along the African coast. Between 1807 and 1860, the Royal Navy's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels. Several hundred slaves a year were transported by the navy to the British colony of
3399:
could momentarily stop trade and even capture or kill Europeans. Europeans who desired safe and uninterrupted trade aimed to prevent kidnapping incidents, and the British passed the "Acts of Parliament for Regulating the Slave Trade" in 1750 which outlawed the abduction of free Africans by "fraud, force, or violence". According to a source from the Lowcountry Digital Library at the
3403:, "When Portuguese, and later their European competitors, found that peaceful commercial relations alone did not generate enough enslaved Africans to fill the growing demands of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, they formed military alliances with certain African groups against their enemies. This encouraged more extensive warfare to produce captives for trading."
2000:(although there is much debate about whether it existed and if it did, just what it was). Between 1600 and 1800, approximately 300,000 sailors engaged in the slave trade visited West Africa. In doing so, they came into contact with societies living along the west African coast and in the Americas which they had never previously encountered. Historian
6673:
percent of the population are Christian, 20 percent Muslim, 3 percent adhere to indigenous or animistic religious beliefs, and 6 percent belong to other religious groups or have no religious beliefs". Historian Nana Osei Bonsu argued that the transatlantic slave trade not only took millions of Africans from the continent but also caused a decline of
2838:. Abdul Kader Khan and Futa Toro nation resisted French slave traders and colonizers who wanted to enslave Africans and Muslims from Futa Toro. Other forms of resistance against the Atlantic slave trade by African nations was migrating to different areas in West Africa such as swamps and lake regions to escape slave raids. In West Africa,
4089:
life has no normative value, when no humans are involved, when the population is, in effect, seen as already dead." Hartman highlights how the Atlantic slave trade created millions of corpses but, unlike the concentration camp or the gulag, extermination was not the final objective; it was a corollary to the making of commodities.
2875:
pieces of wood, tools, and any objects they found and passed them to the men to free themselves and fight the crew. According to historical research from the records of slave ship captains, between 1698 and 1807, there were 353 acts of insurrection aboard slave ships. The majority of the rebellions by the Africans were defeated.
2073:. This diversity led Thornton to describe the initial "exploration of the Atlantic" as "a truly international exercise, even if many of the dramatic discoveries were made under the sponsorship of the Iberian monarchs". That leadership later gave rise to the myth that "the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration".
1869:, with legal standing similar to that of contract-based workers coming from Britain and Ireland. However, by the middle of the 17th century, slavery had hardened as a racial caste, with African slaves and their future offspring being legally the property of their owners, as children born to slave mothers were also slaves (
17121:, which the master of the vessel related to him, was brought back again, but not released. His two children taken prisoners with him were redeemed by Mr. Elliot, and afterward his wife, their mother, taken captive, which woman was a sober Christian woman and is employed to teach school among the Indians at
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period, while those of Europe and Asia grew dramatically. According to Rodney, all other areas of the economy were disrupted by the slave trade as the top merchants abandoned traditional industries in order to pursue slaving, and the lower levels of the population were disrupted by the slaving itself.
7691:
argued on the basis of these writings that the British colonies would be better off, in their economic position as well as in their security, if the trade was abolished. Consequently, according to historian Christer Petley, abolitionists argued, and even some absentee plantation owners accepted, that
7355:
On 22 February 1807, the House of Commons passed a motion by 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. Hence, the slave trade was abolished, but not the still-economically viable institution of slavery itself, which provided Britain's most lucrative import at the time, sugar. Abolitionists
7289:
in 1778 became the first slave-owning state and one of the first jurisdictions anywhere to stop the importation of new slaves for sale; it made it a crime for traders to bring in slaves from out of state or from overseas for sale; migrants from within the United States were allowed to bring their own
6663:
As Joseph E. Inikori argues, the history of the region shows that the effects were still quite deleterious. He argues that the African economic model of the period was very different from the European model, and could not sustain such population losses. Population reductions in certain areas also led
6564:
in 1994 argued that the profits that Britain received from its sugar colonies, or from the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean, contributed to the financing of Britain's industrial revolution. However, he says that by the time of the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, and the emancipation
6533:
Both Thornton and Fage contend that while African political elite may have ultimately benefited from the slave trade, their decision to participate may have been influenced more by what they could lose by not participating. In Fage's article "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African
5028:
The Atlantic slave trade exportation of slaves to Cuba was illegal by 1820; however, Cuba continued to import enslaved Africans from Africa until slavery was abolished in 1886. After the abolition of the slave trade to the United States and British colonies in 1807, Florida imported enslaved Africans
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There were over 173 city-states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853, when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade. Of those 173, no fewer than 68 could be deemed nation-states with political and military infrastructures
3359:
On the Gold Coast, it was common for slave-trading African rulers to encourage their children to learn about Europeans by sending them to sail on European ships, live inside European forts, or travel to Europe or America for an education. Diplomats also traveled to European capital cities. The elites
3250:
The basic reason for the constant shortage of labour was that, with much cheap land available and many landowners searching for workers, free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves relatively quickly, thus increasing the need for workers. Labour shortages were mainly met by the
2541:
However, estimates are imprecise, which can affect comparison between different slave trades. Two rough estimates by scholars of the numbers African slaves held over twelve centuries in the Muslim world are 11.5 million and 14 million, while other estimates indicate a number between 12 and 15 million
2016:
of the Middle East, which was viewed as a commercial, political and religious threat to European Christendom. In particular, European traders wanted to trade for gold, which could be found in western Africa, and to find a maritime route to "the Indies" (India), where they could trade for luxury goods
8081:
who participated in trade calling for an apology for their role in the Atlantic slave trade: "We cannot continue to blame the white men, as Africans, particularly the traditional rulers, are not blameless. In view of the fact that the Americans and Europe have accepted the cruelty of their roles and
7675:
refused to recognize Haiti as an independent Black nation. Haiti was no longer the main exporter of sugar after the revolution, Cuba became the main supplier of sugar to foreign nations, and Louisiana became a center of sugar production in the United States. Slave revolts affected the economy of the
6706:
that was endemic to the region and "they could not dominate further than their guns could fire, from ship or fort". The slave trade also left warlords in charge in African societies as they wanted to trade with Europeans to obtain guns to defeat their enemies and sell them to Europeans. The European
6614:
the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signaled the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production". He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the "primitive accumulation" of capital, the 'non-capitalist' accumulation of wealth that preceded and
5983:
In 18th-century France, returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6%; as compared to 5% for most domestic alternatives, this represented a 20% profit advantage. Risks—maritime and commercial—were important for individual voyages. Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships
5595:
enslaved population in South Kingston, Rhode Island was thirty percent, in Boston the slave population was ten percent, in New London it was nine percent, and in New York it was 7.2 percent. The earliest documentation of enslaved people in New England was 1638. In Northern American British colonies,
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Levels and extent of immunity varies from disease to disease. For smallpox and measles for example, those who survive are equipped with the immunity to combat the disease for the rest of their life in that they cannot contract the disease again. There are also diseases, such as malaria, which do not
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caused reproductive health issues. Enslaved women found ways to resist forced reproduction by causing miscarriages and abortions by taking plants and medicines. Slaveholders tried to control enslaved women's reproduction by encouraging them to have relationships with enslaved men. "Some slaveholders
3456:
Forms of slavery varied both in Africa and in the New World. In general, slavery in Africa was not heritable—that is, the children of slaves were free—while in the Americas, children of slave mothers were considered born into slavery. This was connected to another distinction: slavery in West Africa
3398:
and native resistance. They typically resided in fortresses on the coasts, where they waited for Africans to provide them captured slaves from the interior in exchange for goods. Cases of European merchants kidnapping free Africans into slavery often resulted in fierce retaliation from Africans, who
2239:
because the Spanish Crown worried Muslims and non-Christians might introduce Islam and other religions to Native Americans. The law also led to the enslavement of Jews and Muslims, prevented Jews from entering the country and from joining the military, universities and other civil services. Although
2011:
noted, "A number of technical and geographical factors combined to make Europeans the most likely people to explore the Atlantic and develop its commerce". He identified these as being the drive to find new and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe. Additionally, there was the desire to
1914:
while awaiting shipment. Current estimates are that about 12 million to 12.8 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic over a span of 400 years. The number purchased by the traders was considerably higher, as the passage had a high death rate, with between 1.2 and 2.4 million dying
7800:
The American Colonization Society's proposal to send African Americans to Liberia was not universally popular among African Americans, and the proposal was seen as a plot to weaken the influence of the abolitionist movement. The scheme was widely rejected by prominent African-American abolitionists
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was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the trade. The abolitionists argued that the trade was not necessary for the economic success of sugar in the British West Indian colonies. This argument was accepted by wavering politicians, who did not want to destroy the valuable
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explained, "New World slavery was a racialized institution in which slaves were black and slave owners were white. In contrast, owners and slaves in the Old World were generally of the same race. Distinctions between enslaved and freeborn people were often framed not in racial terms but in terms of
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in Ghana during the years of the slave trade were owned and used by the British colonial administration as their headquarters well into the 20th century. British forts in Ghana were vacated after Ghana gained independence in 1957. The placement of these forts dislocated African societies that lived
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Some African rulers saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders. With the exception of Portuguese-controlled Angola, coastal African leaders "generally controlled access to their coasts, and were able to prevent direct enslavement of their subjects and citizens".
6449:
has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century, although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa, it was not very substantial. Both continents were using Iron Age technology. The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building. During the period of slavery,
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in Africa and the Middle East. One practice features Arab traders in Africa "buying-off" the disease in which a cloth that had been previously exposed to the sickness was to be tied to another child's arm to increase immunity. Another practice involved taking pus from a smallpox scab and putting it
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Historian Ernest Obadele-Starks estimated that after 1807 the number of enslaved Africans smuggled into the United States annually averaged as low as 3,500. New Orleans, Louisiana and Florida were centers for the illegal importation of slaves in the United States because of their close proximity to
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The costs of the shipment of human cargo from Africa and operating costs of the slave trade from Africa into Cuba rose in the mid-19th century. Historian Laird Bergad writes of the Cuban slave trade and slave prices: "...slave prices on the African coast seem to have remained remarkably stable from
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was the leading cause of death. Captives who could not be sold were inevitably destroyed. Around 5 million Africans died in these camps, reducing the number of survivors to about 10 million. The purpose of seasoning camps were to obliterate the Africans' identities and culture and prepare them
4803:
Each day the traders are kidnapping our people—children of this country, sons of our nobles and vassals, even people of our own family. This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated. We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise,
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Patrick Manning estimates that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, but about 1.5 million died on board ship. About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the
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has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on Western Hemisphere shores; the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factors—including the disembarking region, the ability to be sold on the
3350:
It is difficult to reconstruct and generalize how Africans residing in Africa understood the Atlantic slave trade, though there is evidence for some societies that African elites and slave traders had awareness of the conditions of the slaves who were transported to the Americas. According to Robin
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attributed the use of slave labour in part to the climate, and the consequent idle leisure afforded by slave labour: "For in a warm climate, no man will labour for himself who can make another labour for him. This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever
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between African states. Some Africans had made a business out of capturing war captives or members of neighboring ethnic groups and selling them. A reminder of this practice is documented in the Slave Trade Debates of England in the early 19th century: "All the old writers ... concur in stating not
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celebrate the day they became part of the U.S. But for Danish people and Denmark the day is a dark chapter. We exploited the slaves in the West Indian Islands during 250 years and made good money on them, but when we had to pay wages, we sold them instead, without even asking the inhabitants (...)
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The historian Walter Rodney contends that it was a decline in the profitability of the triangular trades that made it possible for certain basic human sentiments to be asserted at the decision-making level in a number of European countries—Britain being the most crucial because it was the greatest
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As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. It was illegal under American law for American ships to engage in the slave trade, but the idea of Britain enforcing
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switched his position and became a strong supporter of the movement. Britain arranged treaties with Portugal, Sweden and Denmark in the period between 1810 and 1814, whereby they agreed to end or restrict their trading. These were preliminary to the Congress of Vienna negotiations that Castlereagh
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Similarly, John Darwin writes, "The rapid conversion from white indentured labour to black slavery ... made the English Caribbean a frontier of civility where English (later British) ideas about race and slave labour were ruthlessly adapted to local self-interest.... Indeed, the root justification
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As the European slave trade grew more profitable, the demand for slaves increased, which affected African coastal societies in the following ways: "Commerce with the world outside Africa changed from overland to sea and coastal villages whose main trades had been fishing and salt production became
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wraps up its study in 1823, and does not address the majority of the Williams thesis, which covers the decline of the sugar plantations after 1823, the emancipation of the slaves in the 1830s, and the subsequent abolition of sugar duties in the 1840s. These arguments do not refute the main body of
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has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation (which he researched on the example of West Central Africa) was caused primarily by domestic factors. Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument, estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had
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to increase the slave population through enslaved female reproduction, because in the 19th century, Brazil needed a large enslaved labor force to work on the sugar plantations in Bahia and the agricultural and mining industries of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. After the abolition of
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Most of the Atlantic slave trade was carried out by seven nations and most of the slaves were carried to their own colonies in the new world. But there was also significant other trading which is shown in the table below. The records are not complete, and some data is uncertain. The last rows show
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has argued that the deaths of enslaved people was incidental to the acquisition of profit and to the rise of capitalism: "Death wasn't a goal of its own but just a by-product of commerce, which has the lasting effect of making negligible all the millions of lives lost. Incidental death occurs when
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The slaves in Africa, I suppose, are nearly in the proportion of three to one to the freemen. They claim no reward for their services except food and clothing, and are treated with kindness or severity, according to the good or bad disposition of their masters ... The slaves which are thus brought
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was a pre-European-contact practice used to integrate the "other" from a differing African tribe. Early on in the Atlantic slave trade, it was common for the powerful elite West African families to marry off their women to the European traders in alliance, bolstering their syndicate. The marriages
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Indian textiles, and other factory-made goods. The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands. The third and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas. The goods were the products of
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in the Caribbean after arrival in the New World. Millions of people also died as a result of slave raids, wars, and during transport to the coast for sale to European slave traders. Near the beginning of the 19th century, various governments acted to ban the trade, although illegal smuggling still
8149:
passed House Joint Resolution Number 728 acknowledging "with profound regret the involuntary servitude of Africans and the exploitation of Native Americans, and call for reconciliation among all Virginians". With the passing of that resolution, Virginia became the first of the 50 United States to
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in 1835. On January 25, 1835, an estimated 600 free and enslaved Africans armed with guns ran through the streets of Salvador murdering whites and slaveholders. Abolitionists argued that if the slave trade and slavery continued, slave resistance movements would increase, resulting in more deaths.
7551:
In regard to the slave trade, Mr. Douglas stated that there was not the shadow of doubt but that it had been carried on quite extensively for a long time back, and that there had been more slaves imported into the Southern States during the last year than had ever been imported before in any one
6529:
The Atlantic trade brought new crops to Africa and more efficient currencies which were adopted by the West African merchants. This can be interpreted as an institutional reform which reduced the cost of doing business. But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including
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organized and profited from the trans-Atlantic voyages out of Boston and imported manufactured goods from Europe, and imported enslaved people, rum, and sugar from the Caribbean. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island were the three New England states with the largest slave populations. The
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The life expectancy for Brazil's slave plantation's for African descended slaves was around 23 years. The trans-Atlantic slave trade into Brazil was outlawed in 1831. To replace the demand for slaves, slaveholders in Brazil turned to slave reproduction. Enslaved women were forced to give birth to
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Historian David Eltis argues that Africans were enslaved because of cultural beliefs in Europe that prohibited the enslavement of cultural insiders, even if there was a source of labour that could be enslaved (such as convicts, prisoners of war and vagrants). Eltis argues that traditional beliefs
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in 1729. On other slave ships enslaved Africans sunk ships, killed the crew, and set fire to ships with explosives. Slave traders and white crewmembers prepared and prevented possible rebellions by loading women, men, and children separately inside slave ships because enslaved children used loose
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in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area. Although Kongo later joined a coalition in 1591 to force the Portuguese out, Portugal had secured a foothold on the continent that it continued to occupy until the 20th century. Despite these incidents of occasional violence between
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was supposed proof of their inferiority. Through these and other writings, European writers established a hitherto unheard of connection between a cursed people, Africa and slavery, which laid the ideological groundwork for justifying the transatlantic slave trade. The term "race" was used by the
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said that the Netherlands "recognizes the grave injustices of the past." On 1 July 2013, at the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the Dutch West Indies, the Dutch government expressed "deep regret and remorse" for the involvement of the Netherlands in the Atlantic slave trade. The
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argue that it was neither a strictly economic nor a moral matter. First, because slavery was (in practice) still beneficial to capitalism, providing not only an influx of capital but also disciplining hardship into workers (a form of "apprenticeship" to the capitalist industrial plant). The more
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Abraham Lincoln faced significant constitutional challenges in his fight to abolish slavery, as the U.S. Constitution had provided protections for slavery. Despite these challenges, Lincoln's leadership and the creation of a strong federal government allowed for the eventual abolition of slavery
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The role of slavery in promoting racist prejudice and ideology has been carefully studied in certain situations, especially in the USA. The simple fact is that no people can enslave another for four centuries without coming out with a notion of superiority, and when the colour and other physical
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in Brazil wanted to abolish slavery by removing partus sequitur ventrem because it was used to perpetuate slavery. For example, historian Martha Santos writes of the slave trade, female reproduction, and abolition in Brazil: "A proposal centered on the 'emancipation of the womb', authored by the
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the slave trade was opened for the traditional enemies of Spain, losing a large share of the trade to the Dutch, French, and English. For 150 years, Spanish transatlantic traffic was operating at trivial levels. In many years, not a single Spanish slave voyage set sail from Africa. Unlike all of
2765:
Sometimes trading between Europeans and African leaders was not equal. For example, Europeans influenced Africans to provide more slaves by forming military alliances with warring African societies to instigate more fighting which would provide more war captives to the African rulers to trade as
2697:
By 1494, the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples, enabling the Portuguese to "tap into" the "well-developed commercial economy in Africa ... without engaging in hostilities". "Peaceful trade
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As historian John Thornton remarked, "the actual motivation for European expansion and for navigational breakthroughs was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities". Using the Canary Islands as a naval base,
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and enslave Native Americans and Africans. Inter Caetera also settled a dispute between Portugal and Spain over those lands. The declaration included a north–south divide 100 leagues West of the Cape Verde Islands and gave the Spanish Crown exclusive rights to travel and trade west of that line.
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had made ocean travel particularly difficult and risky for the ships that were then available. Thus, there had been very little, if any, maritime contact between the peoples living in these continents. In the 15th century, however, new European developments in seafaring technologies, such as the
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The Haitian Revolution affected France's colonial economy. Saint Domingue (Haiti) was France's wealthiest colony and the world's top producer of sugar and coffee; it was also a global leader in cacao and indigo. Enslaved labor made Saint Domingue the wealthiest colony in the world and furnished
6672:
The cultural effects of the transatlantic slave trade in Africa are the reduction of traditional African religious practices. According to research in a 2021 census of religions practiced in Ghana published by the Office of International Religious Freedom, in 2021 the Ghana Embassy reported "71
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The demographic effects of the slave trade is a controversial and highly debated issue. Although scholars such as Paul Adams and Erick D. Langer have estimated that sub-Saharan Africa represented about 18 percent of the world's population in 1600 and only 6 percent in 1900, the reasons for this
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Malaria thrives in warm and humid climates. In North America malaria did not spread as much because certain climatic regions were not conducive to the disease's survival. European American slaveholders preferred Africans who had immunity to malaria be trafficked to the slave ports. The price of
5020:
In the Caribbean, Dutch Guiana, and Brazil, the death rate of enslaved people was high, and the birth rates were low, slaveholders imported more Africans to sustain the slave population. The rate of natural decline in the slave population ran as high as 5 percent a year. While the death rate of
3305:
African partners, including rulers, traders and military aristocrats, played a direct role in the slave trade. They sold slaves acquired from wars or through kidnapping to Europeans or their agents. Those sold into slavery were usually from a different ethnic group than those who captured them,
2720:
fought against the expansion of the Portuguese slave trade into Mbundu people's lands in Central Africa in the 1620s. The Portuguese encroached onto Mbundu lands to expand their mission of trading slaves and establishing a settlement. Nzinga allowed sanctuary to runaway slaves in her nation and
18599:
6837:. "Europeans brought a different kind of slavery to North America, however. Many Europeans saw enslaved people merely as property to be bought and sold. This 'chattel slavery' was a dehumanizing and violent system of abuse and subjugation. Importantly, Europeans viewed slavery in racist terms.
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argued that the export of so many people had been a demographic disaster which left Africa permanently disadvantaged when compared to other parts of the world, and it largely explains the continent's continued poverty. He presented numbers showing that Africa's population stagnated during this
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among Africans during the voyages of the Atlantic slave trade. He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade, primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining. "In the eighteenth century many slave voyages took at least 2½ months. In the
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Europeans would buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere from markets across West Africa. The number of enslaved people sold to the New World varied throughout the slave trade. As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity, certain areas produced far more enslaved people than
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must have had an "informed understanding" of the fates of the Africans they sold into slavery. Dahomey sent diplomats to Brazil and Portugal who returned with information about their trips. In addition, a few royal elites of Dahomey had experienced slavery for themselves in the Americas before
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and then exported some of them from Spain to its colonies in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, with 1 to 40 slaves per ship. These supplemented enslaved Native Americans. In 1518, the Spanish king gave permission for ships to go directly from Africa to the Caribbean colonies, and they started taking
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with a cargo of ninety-six enslaved Africans. A few of the slaves slipped out of their iron chains and killed three of the watchmen on deck and imprisoned the captain and the rest of the crew. The captain and crew made a deal with the Africans and promised them their freedom. The Africans took
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finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations
5146:
of the United States needed more slaves to work in the cotton and sugar fields. To fill the demand for more slaves, slave breeding was practiced in Richmond, Virginia. Richmond sold thousands of enslaved people to slaveholders in the Deep South to work the cotton, rice, and sugar plantations.
2736:
o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade. Africans had great influence on the continent itself, but they had no direct influence on the engines behind the trade in the capital firms, the shipping and insurance
17125:, and her children are with her, but her husband held as before, a servant; though several that know the said Joseph and his former carriage, have interceded for his release, but cannot obtain it; some informing authority that he had been active against the English when he was with the enemy.
10942:: "Total of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes through the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade.""
5201:
which was the main illegal slave port in Texas. Texas was part of Mexico from 1821 until 1836, and Cuba continued to supply African slaves to many Latin American countries. After 1821, the smuggling of slaves into Texas increased because of slaveholders' demand for additional enslaved labor.
3665:
The different ethnic groups brought to the Americas closely correspond to the regions of heaviest activity in the slave trade. Over 45 distinct ethnic groups were taken to the Americas during the trade. Of the 45, the ten most prominent, according to slave documentation of the era and modern
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from the interior may be divided into two distinct classes—first, such as were slaves from their birth, having been born of enslaved mothers; secondly, such as were born free, but who afterwards, by whatever means, became slaves. Those of the first description are by far the most numerous ...
2558:
and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol. The European demand for slaves provided a new and larger market for the already existing trade. While those held as slaves in their own region of Africa could hope to escape, those shipped away had little chance of returning to their homeland.
7420:
and other British foreign ministers continued the Castlereagh policies. Eventually, in 1842 in 1845, an arrangement was reached between London and Washington. With the arrival of a staunchly anti-slavery government in Washington in 1861, the Atlantic slave trade was doomed. In the long run,
3179:
The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833. For each captive, the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe. These included guns,
4054:
The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside the Americas. Estimates have ranged from as low as 2 million to as high 60 million. "More than a million people are thought to have died" during their transport to the
1837:
that was endemic in the African continent. An article from PBS explains: "Malaria, dysentery, yellow fever, and other diseases reduced the few Europeans living and trading along the West African coast to a chronic state of ill health and earned Africa the name 'white man's grave.' In this
7643:, a Virginian jurist, said this about the Haitian Revolution: "enough to make one shudder in fear of similar calamities in this country". Some white Americans and whites in the Caribbean suggested ending the slave trade and slavery to prevent an uprising like the one in Haiti. A Jamaican
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which gradually abolished slavery in the British Empire, the UK government took out a loan of £15 million ($ 4.25 billion in 2023) to compensate former slave owners for the loss of their "property" after their slaves were freed. Compensation was not given to the formerly enslaved people.
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Zakharia, Fouad; Basu, Analabha; Absher, Devin; Assimes, Themistocles L.; Go, Alan S.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Iribarren, Carlos; Knowles, Joshua W.; Li, Jun; Narasimhan, Balasubramanian; Sidney, Steven; Southwick, Audrey; Myers, Richard M.; Quertermous, Thomas; Risch, Neil (22 December 2009).
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resisted the Atlantic slave trade and refused to participate in the selling of African people. However, as time progressed more European slave traders entered into West Africa and were having more influence in African nations and the Mossi became involved in slave trading in the 1800s.
5486:
and Brazil, imported the largest number of African slaves to the New World, generating the single-greatest concentration of black populations outside of the African continent." About 4 million enslaved Africans were transported to the Caribbean by way of the transatlantic slave trade.
5324:
The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century. Before that, contact with African slave markets was made to ransom Portuguese who had been captured by the intense North African
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made a partial apology for Britain's role in the African slavery trade. However African rights activists denounced it as "empty rhetoric" that failed to address the issue properly. They feel his apology stopped shy to prevent any legal retort. Blair again apologized on 14 March 2007.
4739:
According to Kimani Nehusi, the presence of European slavers affected the way in which the legal code in African societies responded to offenders. Crimes traditionally punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and sale to slave traders. According to
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But what is often overlooked is that, before 1820, perhaps three times as many enslaved Africans crossed the Atlantic as Europeans. This was the largest transoceanic migration of a people until that day, and it provided the Americas with a crucial labour force for their own economic
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slave dealers participated in slave dealing as a form of protection against enslavement. African resistance movements were carried out in every phase of the slave trade to resisting marches to the slave holding stations, resistance at the slave coast, and resistance on slave ships.
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argued that "the slave population of the colonies could be maintained without it". Petley points out that government took the decision to abolish the trade "with the express intention of improving, not destroying, the still-lucrative plantation economy of the British West Indies."
6659:
Other scholars accused Walter Rodney of mischaracterizing the trade between Africans and Europeans. They argue that Africans, or more accurately African elites, deliberately let European traders join in an already large trade in enslaved people and that they were not patronized.
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was built in 1653 as a trading post that later expanded to other European nations. With the arrival of British colonization, Cape Coast Castle became the headquarters of British colonial administration. "Throughout the 18th century, the Castle served as a 'grand emporium' of the
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and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until the end, and that moralistic reform, not economic incentive, was primarily responsible for abolition. They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture. However, Drescher's
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not existed. Patrick Manning has shown that the slave trade did have a profound impact on African demographics and social institutions, but criticized Inikori's approach for not taking other factors (such as famine and drought) into account, and thus being highly speculative.
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Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the "Williams thesis" in academia. David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. Economic historian
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4955:
were badly paid and subject to harsh discipline. Mortality of around 20%, a number similar and sometimes greater than those of the slaves, was expected in a ship's crew during the course of a voyage; this was due to disease, flogging, overwork, or slave uprisings. Disease
2802:
coalition and fought African and European slave raiders and protected themselves from capture and enslavement. Chief Tomba was born in 1700 and his adopted father was a general from the Jalonke-speaking people who fought against the slave trade. Tomba became ruler of the
4853:
grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships. The Bight of Benin's shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast".
11260:
8126:. "You can look across there to see the institutions that still have the benefit of the wealth they created from slavery," he said, pointing towards the financial district, before breaking down in tears. He said that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery.
2142:, various systems of slavery continued in the successor Islamic and Christian kingdoms of the peninsula through the early modern era of the Atlantic slave trade. In 1441–1444, Portuguese traders first captured Africans on the Atlantic coast of Africa (in what is today
3643:
Although the slave trade was largely global, there was considerable intracontinental slave trade in which 8 million people were enslaved within the African continent. Of those who did move out of Africa, 8 million were forced out of Eastern Africa to be sent to Asia.
5739:
from Brazil. From 1580 to 1640, the main commercial activity for Buenos Aires was the slave trade. More than 70 percent of the value of all imports arriving in Buenos Aires were enslaved Africans. Slaves came primarily from Brazil via the Portuguese slave trade from
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slaves on ships committed suicide by jumping overboard as an act of resistance to enslavement. To prevent further suicides, white crewmen placed nets around slave ships to catch enslaved persons that jumped overboard. White captains and crewmen invested in firearms,
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coast where other commodities and enslaved people were traded. These trade routes were used by Africans for centuries and societies and kingdoms developed as a result. Europeans chose to trade primarily along the Atlantic coast because they did not have immunity to
3385:
A common assumption by Africans who were unaware of the true purpose of the Atlantic slave trade was that the Europeans were cannibals who planned on cooking and eating their captives. This rumour was a common source of significant distress for enslaved Africans.
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along the coast of West Africa. By 1500, Portugal and Spain had taken about 50,000 thousand West Africans. The Africans worked as domestic servants, artisans, and farmers. Other Africans were taken to work the sugar plantations on the Azores, Madeira, Canary, and
2332:
Africans. An increase of enslaved African people from Senegal occurred in the Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century. As the number of Senegalese slaves grew larger Europeans developed new terminologies that associated slavery with skin color. The Spanish city of
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year, even when the slave trade was legal. It was his confident belief that over 15,000 slaves had been brought into this country during the past year. He had seen, with his own eyes, three hundred of these recently-imported, miserable beings, in a slave-pen in
1838:
environment, European merchants were rarely in a position to call the shots." The earliest known use of the phrase began in the 1830s, and the earliest written evidence was found in an 1836 published book by F. H. Rankin. Portuguese coastal raiders found that
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8441:* Some of those enslaved were captured directly by the European slave traders. Enslavers ambushed and captured local people in Africa. Most slave ships used European "factors", men who lived full-time in Africa and bought enslaved people from local leaders.
7268:'s decision in 1772, many abolitionists and slave-holders believed that slaves became free upon entering the British isles. However, in reality occasional instances of slavery continued in Britain right up to abolition in the 1830s. The Mansfield ruling on
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in Europe to have come from the Americas, saw smallpox as the European revenge against the Natives. Africans and Europeans, unlike the native population, often had lifelong immunity, because they had often been exposed to minor forms of the illness such as
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lack of resistance to African borne diseases. Compared to Africans and Europeans, New World populations did not have a history of exposure to diseases such as malaria, and therefore, no genetic resistance had been produced as a result of adaptation through
17456:
5566:. By November, the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100, and their slaves from 100 to 70. The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe, while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether (1527). The area of the future
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an enslaved woman named Macária was promised her freedom after she gave birth to eight children. An enslaved woman Delfina killed her baby because she did not want her enslaver Manoel Bento da Costa to own her baby and enslave her child. Brazil practiced
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In the Americas, slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family. New World slaves were considered the property of their owners, and slaves convicted of revolt or murder were executed.
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6013:(western Hispaniola, now Haiti), to a slave revolt in 1791 and supported revolts against its rival Britain, in the name of liberty after the 1793 French revolution. Before 1791, British sugar had to be protected to compete against cheaper French sugar.
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6525:
was earning an estimated £250,000 per year by selling captive African soldiers and enslaved people to the European slave-traders. Many West African countries also already had a tradition of holding slaves, which was expanded into trade with Europeans.
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kingdoms depended heavily on the slave trade for their economy. A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the
2602:. By 1460, seven hundred to eight hundred African people were taken annually and imported into Portugal. In Portugal, the Africans taken were used as domestic servants. From 1460 to 1500, the removal of Africans increased as Portugal and Spain built
7297:
Denmark, which had been active in the slave trade, was the first country to ban the trade through legislation in 1792, which took effect in 1803. Britain banned the slave trade in 1807, imposing stiff fines for any slave found aboard a British ship
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After 1791, the British islands produced the most sugar, and the British people quickly became the largest consumers. West Indian sugar became ubiquitous as an additive to Indian tea. It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of
3164:
on the African slave trade that same year, it declined, but the period thereafter still accounted for 28.5% of the total volume of the Atlantic slave trade. Between 1810 and 1860, over 3.5 million slaves were transported, with 850,000 in the 1820s.
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English beginning in the 16th century and referred to family, lineage, and breed. The idea of race continued to develop further through the centuries and was used as a justification for the continuation of the slave trade and racial discrimination.
1568:
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passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws. The language included a reference to the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality and inhumanity of slavery and Jim Crow" segregation. On 18 June 2009, the
2218:
which translates as "blood purity" or "cleanliness of blood", a proto-racial law. It prevented people with Jewish and Muslim ancestry from settling in the New World. Limpieza de sangre did not guarantee rights for Jews or Muslims who converted to
2327:
In Portugal and Spain people had been enslaved because of their religious identity, race had not been a developed factor for enslaving people; nonetheless, by the 15th century, Europeans used both race and religion as a justification to enslave
6504:
Slaving guns (Birmingham History Galleries). In the second half of the 18th century, Europeans sold 300,000 rifles a year in Africa, maintaining the endemic state of war in which men, who were taken prisoner, were sold to supply the demand for
1807:. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting through the 19th century. The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were from
33150:
7623:
carrier of African captives across the Atlantic. Rodney states that changes in productivity, technology, and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation in the trade in 1807.
6677:
and Ghanaian indigenous culture as Europeans believed African people's culture and religions were irrelevant and inferior. The slave trade resulted in the colonization of Africa and its people forcing many Africans to convert to Christianity.
7793:, and within a decade around two thousand African Americans had been settled there. Such resettlement continued throughout the 19th century, increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the Southern states of the US following
2932:
The Atlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras, known as the first and second Atlantic systems. Slightly more than 3% of the enslaved people exported from Africa were traded between 1525 and 1600, and 16% in the 17th century.
3472:
The treatment of slaves in Africa was more variable than in the Americas. At one extreme, the kings of Dahomey routinely slaughtered slaves in hundreds or thousands in sacrificial rituals, and slaves as human sacrifices were also known in
17101:; yet notwithstanding all this service they were, with others of our Christian Indians, through the harsh dealings of some English, in a manner constrained, for want of shelter, protection, and encouragement, to fall off to the enemy at
8102:
acknowledges its responsibility for its involvement in three centuries of the slave trade. The city council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool's black communities.
16413:
10329:
5633:, Virginia – in 1619. The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years. Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656, and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of
2715:
seized a French vessel and its crew for illegally trading on his coast. In addition, Afonso complained to the king of Portugal that Portuguese slave traders continued to kidnap his people, which was causing depopulation in his kingdom.
1920:
occurred. It was generally thought that the transatlantic slave trade ended in 1867, but evidence was later found of voyages until 1873. In the early 21st century, several governments issued apologies for the transatlantic slave trade.
8170:, signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" for Alabama's role in slavery and apologizing for slavery's wrongs and lingering effects. Alabama is the fourth state to pass a slavery apology, following votes by the legislatures in
11339:
3360:
even rescued fellow elites who were tricked into slavery in the Americas by sending demands to the Dutch and the British governments, who complied due to fears of reduced trade and physical harm to hostages. An example is the case of
17011:
8082:
have forcefully apologized, it would be logical, reasonable and humbling if African traditional rulers ... accept blame and formally apologize to the descendants of the victims of their collaborative and exploitative slave trade."
20429:
7979:
Denmark had a foothold in Ghana for more than 200 years and trafficked as many as 4,000 enslaved Africans per year. Danish Foreign Minister, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen declared publicly in 1992: "I understand why the inhabitants in the
7491:, the Atlantic slave trade was "re-open ... by way of retaliation". In 1859, "the trade in slaves from Africa to the Southern coast of the United States is now carried on in defiance of Federal law and of the Federal Government."
7317:, which prohibited the building or outfitting of ships in the U.S. for use in the slave trade. The U.S. Constitution (Article I, section 9, clause 1) barred a federal prohibition on importing slaves for 20 years; at that time the
2614:
Upon discovering new lands through their naval explorations, European colonisers soon began to migrate to and settle in lands outside their native continent. Off the coast of Africa, European migrants, under the directions of the
6688:
was a slave fort in Ghana built in 1482 by the Portuguese and later used by the British colonial administration as its headquarters from 1872 into the 20th century, following which they used it as a prison to incarcerate African
5429:, and surrounding towns, was built in the late 18th century, and for much of the 19th century, was based on the processing of slave-picked cotton and manufacture of cloth. Other British cities also profited from the slave trade.
2489:
The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the
6820:
Although slavery was practiced in ancient times in various cultures, it did not have a global effect like the transatlantic slave trade and slavery in the Americas created by Europeans. The transatlantic slave trade's legacy is
3078:
between the Spanish and Portuguese empire, but this was against the WIC-charter". The Royal African Company usually refused to deliver slaves to Spanish colonies, though they did sell them to all comers from their factories in
17709:
10951:
Raymond Mauny estimates a total of 14 million black slaves were traded in Islam through the 20th century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p.57, source: "Les Siecles obscurs de l'Afrique Noire (Paris: Fayard,
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had decimated the already destabilized Tupani communities. By 1630, Africans had replaced the Tupani as the largest contingent of labour on Brazilian sugar plantations. This ended the European medieval household tradition of
3026:. Cartagena, Veracruz, Buenos Aires, and Hispaniola received the majority of slave arrivals, mainly from Angola. This division of the slave trade between Spain and Portugal upset the British and the Dutch who invested in the
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4820:
believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law. When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally enslaved persons to sell, he wrote to King João III in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice.
4799:, he writes that Portuguese merchandise flowing in is what is fueling the trade in Africans. He requests the King of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries. In one of his letters he writes:
3017:
Until the middle of the 17th century, Mexico was the largest single market for slaves in Spanish America. While the Portuguese were directly involved in trading enslaved peoples to Brazil, the Spanish Empire relied on the
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which gave the King of Portugal the right to enslave non-Christians to perpetual slavery. The clause included Muslims in West Africa and legitimized the slave trade under the Catholic church. In 1454, Pope Nicholas issued
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11250:
5135:. Birth rates were low for the first generation of slaves imported from Africa, but, in the US, may have increased in the 19th century to some 55 per thousand, approaching the biological maximum for human populations.
14876:
1857:, and other Europeans soon followed. Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible, there to be sold to work on coffee, tobacco, cocoa, sugar, and cotton
1815:
and had been sold by West African slave traders to European slave traders, while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids. European slave traders gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at
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says that abolitionists assumed "that an end to slave imports would lead automatically to the amelioration and gradual abolition of slavery". In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by members of the
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Before 1820, the number of enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic to the New World was triple the number of Europeans who reached North and South American shores. At the time this was the largest oceanic
2235:. Some Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity hoping it would grant them rights under Spanish laws. After the "discovery" of new lands across the Atlantic, Spain did not want Jews and Muslims immigrating to the
2208:, and then directly from the African West coast through Portuguese outposts, which developed into the Atlantic slave trade and expanded significantly after the establishment of the colonies in the Americas in 1492.
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returning to their homeland. The only apparent moral issue that the kingdom had with slavery was the enslavement of fellow Dahomeyans, an offense punishable by death, rather than the institution of slavery itself.
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4964:) was the most common cause of death among sailors. A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port.
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which did not allow Spanish ships in African ports. Spain had to rely on Portuguese ships and sailors to bring slaves across the Atlantic. From 1525, slaves were transported directly from the Portuguese colony of
3477:. On the other hand, slaves in other places were often treated as part of the family, "adopted children", with significant rights including the right to marry without their masters' permission. Scottish explorer
2432:
Slavery was prevalent in many parts of Africa for many centuries before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. An article from PBS explains the differences between African slavery and European slavery in the
1824:
explains: "European traders captured some Africans in raids along the coast, but bought most of them from local African or African-European dealers." Many European slave traders generally did not participate in
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nineteenth century, 2 months appears to have been the maximum length of the voyage, and many voyages were far shorter. Fewer slaves died in the Middle Passage over time mainly because the passage was shorter."
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the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil, the inter-provincial trade increased which slaveholders forced and depended on enslaved women to give birth to as many children as possible to supply the demand for slaves.
3125:
By the 1690s, the English were shipping the most slaves from West Africa. By the 18th century, Portuguese Angola had become again one of the principal sources of the Atlantic slave trade. After the end of the
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prohibited imports on the first day the Constitution permitted: January 1, 1808. It was generally thought that the transatlantic slave trade ended in 1867, but evidence was later found of voyages until 1873.
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By far the most financially profitable West Indian colonies in 1800 belonged to the United Kingdom. After entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as
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16759:
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7997:(the then French President) said that 10 May would henceforth be a national day of remembrance for the victims of slavery in France, marking the day in 2001 when France passed a law recognising slavery as a
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to widespread problems. Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase, even prior to the introduction of modern medicines.
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gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony,
17033:
13408:
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Ralph Austen originally proposed that 17,000,000 Black slaves crossed the Sahara, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean Paul Lovejoy reworked the data to indicate that over 6,000,000 left between 650 and 1500
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for the system of slavery and the savage apparatus of coercion on which its preservation depended was the ineradicable barbarism of the slave population, a product, it was argued, of its African origins".
15756:
5491:, the largest slave colony in Hispanic America, imported 800,000 enslaved Africans and participated in the illegal slave trade longer than any other. Enslaved Africans worked about 16 hours a day on the
18343:
the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signalised the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production. These idyllic proceedings are the chief momenta of primitive
13800:
Veeramah, Krishna R.; Connell, Bruce A.; Pour, Naser Ansari; Powell, Adam; Plaster, Christopher A.; Zeitlyn, David; Mendell, Nancy R.; Weale, Michael E.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (31 March 2010).
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5694:. They later enslaved Africans brought from West and Central Africa in ships by way of the Atlantic slave trade. Brazil imported 4.8 million enslaved Africans. Africans who escaped slavery there formed
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For labour in the plantations and the 80 engeñhos (sugar mills), the Portuguese began to bring slaves from the Canaries and Africa, reaching almost 2,000 in number by the end of the fifteenth century.
7821:, which originated in Jamaica, where 92% of the population are descended from the Atlantic slave trade, has made efforts to publicise the slavery and to ensure it is not forgotten, especially through
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7921:
5044:
4865:
The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth ... the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery ...
4059:
according to a BBC report. More died soon after their arrival. The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved.
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in West Africa and made alliances with nearby African villages against African and European slave traders. His efforts were unsuccessful: Tomba was captured by African traders and sold into slavery.
1563:
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his history of slavery in the Muslim world, Ronald Segal cites some estimates. One scholar puts the rough total at 11.5 million slaves during more than a dozen centuries, and another at 14 million.
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8923:
15406:
11768:
10735:
5179:
became a major slave market in the United States domestic slave trade after the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade in 1807. Between 1819 and 1860, 71,000 enslaved people were transported to
5057:, about 39.6 percent of slaves sold were young prime aged Africans of either sex; in 1870 the percentage was 74.3 percent. In addition, as the cost of sugar increased so did the price of slaves.
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Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 29-31
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in 2022 following a review by an advisory committee. Government ministers were sent to seven former colonies to reiterate the Dutch state's formal apology. Some activists continued to call for
6500:
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that there were also smaller numbers of slaves carried to Europe and to other parts of Africa, and at least 1.8 million did not survive the journey and were buried at sea with little ceremony.
2675:. John later turned to piracy and stole 300 Africans from a Spanish slave ship after failures in Guinea trying to capture Africans as most of his men died after fights with the local Africans.
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in the Caribbean were instigated by these new slaves, and some abolitionists suggested ending the slave trade to prevent further slave insurrections. In Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822,
3430:-inhabited region and the accompanying banditry also spiked in this period. Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states, such as the
2177:, who came to be a preferred and comparatively profitable target of the slave trade in the Middle Ages: Spain and Portugal were provided with non-Catholic slaves from Eastern Europe via the
17829:
17003:
12851:
7963:, minister of environment and housing for Benin, later said: "The slave trade is a shame, and we do repent for it." Researchers estimate that 3 million slaves were exported out of the
5941:
21634:
20935:
15876:
13871:
6693:
The transatlantic slave trade affected traditional trade routes in West-Central Africa. Africans traded goods and slaves using trade routes in the interior of Africa that connected to the
18431:
5667:) being enslaved and sent to Caribbean destinations. Captive Indigenous opponents, including women and children, were also sold into slavery at a substantial profit, to be transported to
5371:, resulted in Brazil's receiving the most enslaved Africans, and revealed sugar cultivation and processing as the reason that roughly 84% of these Africans were shipped to the New World.
3039:
their imperial competitors, the Spanish almost never delivered slaves to foreign territories. By contrast, the British, and the Dutch before them, sold slaves everywhere in the Americas.
20131:
8150:
acknowledge through the state's governing body their state's involvement in slavery. The passing of this resolution came on the heels of the 400th-anniversary celebration of the city of
4894:
that around 4.5% of deaths attributed to the transatlantic slave trade occurred during this phase. In other words, over 820,000 people are believed to have died in African ports such as
2698:
became the rule all along the African coast", although there were some rare exceptions when acts of aggression led to violence. For instance, Portuguese traders attempted to conquer the
7676:
slave trade as slaveholders lost property in enslaved people through death, running away, and a decrease in the production of cash crops resulting in a shift in trade to other nations.
5437:
town in Britain at the time, supplied guns to be traded for slaves. 75% of all sugar produced in the plantations was sent to London, and much of it was consumed in the highly lucrative
3042:
The second Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans by mostly English, French, and Dutch traders and investors. The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean islands
15365:
31930:
28990:
27427:
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17705:
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3153:(where prices by then were similar) before deciding where to sell. For the last sixteen years of the transatlantic slave trade, Spain was the only transatlantic slave-trading empire.
2888:
was a captain of slave ships and recorded in his personal journal how Africans mutinied on ships, and some were successful in overtaking the crew. For example, in 1730 the slave ship
2711:
African and European forces, many African states ensured that any trade went on in their own terms, for instance, imposing custom duties on foreign ships. In 1525, the Kongolese King
19303:"An Ancient Practice Transformed by the Arrival of Europeans Slavery existed in Africa long before Columbus, but the trans-Atlantic trade turned it into a very different institution"
11026:
Historian Roger Botte estimates that Arab slave trade of Africans until the 20th century has involved from 12 to 15 million persons, with the active participation of African leaders.
9217:
29091:
19402:
16973:
7606:
Seventy three percent of the Africans in the Malê revolt were Yoruba men who converted to Islam; some white Brazilians believed they had a spirit of resistance against enslavement.
19060:
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slaves. The new law freed all slaves brought in illegally after its passage and imposed heavy fines on violators. All the other states in the United States followed suit, although
5358:, Portuguese merchants on the West African coast began to supply enslaved Africans to the sugar planters. While at first these planters had relied almost exclusively on the native
5222:
These anti-malarial pills were used by travelers or people living in areas where malaria was common. This photo is a bottle of 100 anti-malarial pills from London, England in 1891.
2830:
and Senegalese leader Abd al-Qadir, advocated resistance against the forced exportation of Africans. In the 1770s, leader Abdul Kader Khan opposed the Atlantic slave trade through
20972:
11997:
7985:
That really wasn't a decent thing to do. We could at least have called a referendum, and asked people which nation they wanted to belong to. Instead we just let down the people."
7687:, wrote that the slave trade could be abolished for the benefit of the British colonies, and the latter's pamphlet was often used in parliamentary debates in favour of abolition.
2004:
termed the consequences of European navigation "disenclavement", with it marking an end of isolation for some societies and an increase in inter-societal contact for most others.
19302:
2866:
For example, aboard the slave ship Clare, the enslaved Africans revolted and drove the crew from the vessel and took control of the ship and liberated themselves and landed near
16537:
15881:
17499:
6598:
the Williams thesis, which presents economic data to show that the slave trade was minor compared to the wealth generated by sugar and slavery itself in the British Caribbean.
2936:
The first Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans to, primarily, American colonies of the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Before the 1520s, slavers took Africans to
1861:, gold and silver mines, rice fields, the construction industry, cutting timber for ships, as skilled labour, and as domestic servants. The first enslaved Africans sent to the
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20380:
19593:
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was taught in schools and some colleges in the United States and Europe in the 19th century and early 20th centuries that was used as a justification to enslave Africans. The
19334:
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We think this trade must go on. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself.
11121:
23029:
3149:, reducing international complications. After 1790, by contrast, captains typically checked out slave prices in at least two of the major markets of Kingston, Havana, and
20953:
9828:
7407:, although slavery itself persisted in the colonies until 1833. Abolitionists after 1807 focused on international agreements to abolish the slave trade. Foreign Minister
6565:
of the slaves in 1833, the sugar plantations of the British West Indies had lost their profitability, and it was in Britain's economic interest to emancipate the slaves.
2987:
captured Africans in what is now Sierra Leone and took 300 people to sell in the Caribbean. In 1564, he repeated the process, this time using Queen Elizabeth's own ship,
2790:. Some African nations organized into military resistance movements and fought African slave raiders and European slave traders entering their villages. For example, the
20563:
Hodges, Graham Russell; Cook, Susan Hawkes; Brown, Alan Edward (October 1996). "The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution".
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18506:
11162:
9403:
Escudero, Antonio Gutiérrez (2014). "Hispaniola's Turn to Tobacco: Products from Santo Domingo in Atlantic Commerce". In Aram, Bethany; Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé (eds.).
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for enslavement. In seasoning camps, enslaved Africans learned a new language and adopted new customs. This process of seasoning slaves took about two or three years.
4967:
The slave trade was hated by many sailors, and those who joined the crews of slave ships often did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment.
1689:
17393:
16714:
11714:
10548:
3364:, who was rescued from slavery in Barbados after being recognised by a visiting slave trader of the same Fante ethnic group, and later became a slave trader himself.
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only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves, but that they are fomented by Europeans, with a view to that object." People living around the
25227:
24406:
15024:
14188:
13803:"Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria"
6746:
and fished along the coast. British colonists used the fort to imprison African resistance leaders who organized resistance movements against colonization. In 1900,
5183:
on slave ships that departed from ports in the United States along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans to supply the demand for slaves in the Deep South.
2627:
during the 15th century, where they converted much of the land to the production of wine and sugar. Along with this, they also captured native Canary Islanders, the
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16763:
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in Parliament. Many people joined the movement and they began to protest against the trade, but they were opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings. Following
6623:
33118:
21332:
19875:
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apologized for the role of directors in the Atlantic slave trade and pledged to remove pictures and statues of the 25 bank leaders who owned or traded in slavery.
7651:, observed the Haitian revolution and argued that the enslaved people who revolted were newly imported slaves from Africa. Edwards and other planters believed the
7364:
6656:
from Europe during this period. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa.
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of enslavement, to explain the differences between Europeans and Africans in his writings. Annius, who frequently wrote of the "superiority of Christians over the
1948:
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the next week (March 2, 1807), although probably without mutual consultation. The act only took effect on the first day of 1808; since a compromise clause in the
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Diagram of a slave ship from the Atlantic slave trade. From an Abstract of Evidence delivered before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1790 and 1791.
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argued that "A racial twist given to what is basically an economic phenomenon. Slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery."
5017:. A slave imported into Haiti was expected to die, on average, within 3 years of arrival, and slaves born on the island had a life expectancy of only 15 years.
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Slave Port of West Africa a UNESCO World Heritage Site remembering the slave ports of West Africa and the lives irreparably altered by the African slave trade.
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system of monetization implemented with the slave trade replaced cowrie shells, the currency traditionally used among Africans. According to research from the
1853:. The Portuguese, in the 16th century, were the first to transport slaves across the Atlantic. In 1526, they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to
1553:
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attacks on Portuguese ships and coastal villages, frequently leaving them depopulated. The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the
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27755:
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While Philip and the vast majority of hostile Natives were killed outright during the war or sold into slavery in the West Indies, the friendly Wampanoag at
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Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. 242
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where France agreed with Britain that the trade is "repugnant to the principles of natural justice" and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years; the
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started in 1526. Historian Nigel Bolland writes of the slave trade in Central America: "The demand for labor in the early Spanish settlements of Hispaniola,
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21022:
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13879:
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10413:
5708:, a quilombo community, lasted for 100 years while other communities were quickly removed by the Dutch and Portuguese. The Africans imported to Brazil were
5159:
Slave breeding replaced the demand for enslaved laborers after the decline of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States which caused an increase in the
2725:
against the Portuguese. Nzinga formed alliances with other rival African nations and led an army against the Portuguese slave traders in a thirty-year war.
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companies of Europe and America, or the plantation systems in Americas. They did not wield any influence on the building manufacturing centres of the West.
1438:
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547:
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eight or more enslaved children. Some slaveholders promised enslaved women their freedom if they gave birth to eight children. In 1873 in the village of
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at the same time. In that way, they were able to diversify a large part of the risk away. Between voyages, ship shares could be freely sold and bought.
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Many diseases, each capable of killing a large minority or even a majority of a new human population, arrived in the Americas after 1492. They include
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began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563, and 1581, respectively. According to research, about 40 percent of enslaved Africans arrived at
5290:
Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing a significant decrease in the Indigenous population of the New World. The effects on survivors included
3034:
producing sugar. After the Iberian Union fell apart, Spain prohibited Portugal from directly engaging in the slave trade as a carrier. According the
21208:
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Andersen, Astrid Nonbo (2013). ""We Have Reconquered the Islands": Figurations in Public Memories of Slavery and Colonialism in Denmark 1948–2012".
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The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil; a first law was approved in 1831, however it was only enforced in 1850 through the new
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to work in the sugar and indigo plantations. The majority of the Africans working in the plantations were from the Luanda region in Central Africa.
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others. Between 1650 and 1900, 10.2 million enslaved Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions:
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27405:
25449:
25074:
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23591:
23586:
23581:
23576:
23571:
18873:
17600:
11928:
9947:
9710:
5919:
5151:
for sale. About 300,000 to 350,000 enslaved people were sold from Richmond's slave breeding farms. Slave breeding farms and forced reproduction on
5110:
2774:
507:
17841:
17605:
16172:
13289:
12928:
12859:
12243:
6730:
in 1820 enabled Europeans to colonize the interior of Africa. By the end of the 19th century, European powers laid claim to 90 percent of land in
6556:
This map argues that import prohibitions and high duties on sugar were artificially inflating prices and inhibiting manufacturing in England. 1823
4886:
After being marched to the coast for sale, enslaved people were held in large forts called factories. The amount of time in factories varied, but
1996:, resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents, and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean; the Portuguese set up a
33640:
32110:
30966:
27953:
27193:
25084:
24902:
24797:
24335:
23490:
21669:
21166:
20939:
11362:
10973:
5164:
2778:
Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants. To escape slave raids some Africans escaped into swamp regions or to other areas.
18420:
18028:
17907:
14086:
8517:
2297:. The Doctrine of Discovery stated that non-Christian lands should be taken and ruled by Christian nations, and Indigenous people (Africans and
1906:. Several had established outposts on the African coast, where they purchased slaves from local African leaders. These slaves were managed by a
33758:
29244:
28743:
28022:
27997:
25219:
23798:
20135:
19846:
19155:
12748:
12645:
Domingues da Silva, Daniel B. (1 January 2013). "The Atlantic Slave Trade from Angola: A Port-by-Port Estimate of Slaves Embarked, 1701–1867".
862:
18621:
16339:
15779:
15373:
11285:
8662:
8453:
2728:
Historians have widely debated the nature of the relationship between these African kingdoms and the European traders. The Guyanese historian
28958:
28120:
28007:
28002:
26934:
26382:
25206:
19540:
17683:
15505:
14814:
10163:
8190:
issued an apologetic statement decrying the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery". The news was welcomed by
6485:
The effect of the trade on African societies is much debated, due to the influx of goods to Africans. Proponents of the slave trade, such as
5421:
merchants became increasingly involved in the trade. By the late 18th century, one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a
3418:
estimated that Europeans were bringing an estimated 52,000 slaves to the Caribbean yearly, with the French bringing the most Africans to the
17194:
Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677
17143:
Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677
10740:
10621:
9225:
2782:
Although there were African nations that participated and profited from the Atlantic slave trade, many African nations resisted such as the
32205:
32200:
32149:
31920:
31438:
30855:
27723:
27559:
27268:
27258:
26916:
26906:
25114:
25054:
24953:
24700:
24628:
24529:
24440:
24416:
24322:
24203:
24119:
24042:
23990:
23910:
23512:
17230:
The following accounts show the harsh custom of the times, and reveal a source of Colonial revenue not open to our country since that day.
15194:
8855:
7763:. More than 1,200 volunteered to settle and establish the new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the
7309:
moved to stop other nations from continuing the slave trade and declared that slaving was equal to piracy and was punishable by death. The
6776:
5629:
The 17th century saw an increase in shipments. Africans were brought to Point Comfort – several miles downriver from the English colony of
3422:(13,000 out of the yearly estimate). The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century, during and following the
2994:
Around 1560, the Portuguese began a regular slave trade to Brazil. From 1580 until 1640, Portugal was temporarily united with Spain in the
1558:
1408:
19412:
18406:
Joseph E. Inikori, "Ideology versus the Tyranny of Paradigm: Historians and the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Societies",
18326:
17105:, the story whereof follows in its place; and one of them, viz. Sampson, was slain in fight, by some scouts of our praying Indians, about
17092:
16981:
16579:
7736:. Most of the first group of settlers died due to disease and warfare with Indigenous peoples. About 64 survived to establish the second "
6814:
5316:
in the cut of a healthy individual in an attempt to have a mild case of the disease in the future rather than the effects becoming fatal.
32195:
32105:
31961:
31859:
29332:
27765:
27537:
25885:
25233:
24995:
24810:
23527:
23034:
22967:
21437:
Oxford History of the British Empire volume 1: The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth century
21271:
20762:
18954:
18498:
14341:
12778:
12108:
11179:
10049:
7684:
889:
20990:
20246:
18457:
16601:
13006:
12437:
11985:
11225:
7785:
In 1816, a group of wealthy European-Americans, some of whom were abolitionists and others who were racial segregationists, founded the
5590:
in Massachusetts, about 166 transatlantic voyages embarked out of Boston. Boston imported enslaved people from Africa and exported rum.
2901:
control of the ship and sailed back to Africa's shore. The captain and his crew tried to re-enslave the Africans but were unsuccessful.
2659:
After the success of Portugal and Spain in the slave trade other European nations followed. In 1530, an English merchant from Plymouth,
2240:
Jewish conversos and Muslims experienced religious and racial discrimination, some also participated in the slave trade of Africans. In
32229:
31686:
28930:
27985:
26929:
26924:
25576:
25522:
25486:
25059:
24448:
23229:
22667:
Wheat, David (March 2011). "The First Great Waves: African Provenance Zones for the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Cartagena de Indias".
19312:
14363:
12316:
7719:
7428:
in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul
7417:
6538:
there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state" without the slave trade.
5896:
5562:
The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in July 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize
5345:, 1512–13). The first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501. After Portugal had succeeded in establishing sugar plantations (
4033:
3457:
was not reserved for racial or religious minorities, as it was in European colonies, although the case was otherwise in places such as
1635:
387:
18706:
18550:
16304:
11331:
8487:
8420:
8046:, which was involved in slavery between 1814 and 1863, apologized for their involvement on 1 July 2021 and 1 July 2022, respectively.
2134:
had established its system of slavery in ancient times. Historian Benjamin Isaac suggests proto-racism existed in ancient times among
33654:
32412:
32294:
32266:
32256:
32012:
31069:
28297:
27644:
27148:
26257:
25132:
25069:
25064:
25017:
24426:
23978:
23938:
21133:
21101:
17491:
16545:
13962:
13696:
10513:
8391:
8298:
7367:
prohibited federal, although not state, restrictions on the slave trade before 1808. The United States did not, however, abolish its
5482:
received its first shipment of 4,000 slaves in 1518. "Between the 1490s and the 1850s, Latin America, including the Spanish-speaking
837:
20394:
20346:
19597:
15853:
15429:
14975:
13441:
The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe
12019:
11597:
10390:
2746:
33753:
33635:
33409:
32088:
32047:
32042:
31997:
31696:
29307:
27992:
27622:
27143:
26365:
26197:
25491:
25403:
25389:
25248:
25199:
25152:
25147:
25094:
25044:
24989:
24492:
24357:
24169:
23142:
22581:
Schultz, Kara (2015). "The Kingdom of Angola is not very far from here: The South Atlantic Slave Port of Buenos Aires, 1585–1640".
19348:
15553:
10762:
10299:
7672:
7524:
and the last surviving slave brought from Africa to the United States, but recent research has found that two other survivors from
7352:, and they believed they had to abolish the trade to prevent a similar conflagration from occurring in a British Caribbean colony.
7187:
7013:
6547:
1608:
1428:
601:
20811:
20224:
17434:
16883:
14916:
13369:
12533:
9983:
9806:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 48-49
9357:
33773:
32183:
31814:
31185:
29025:
28080:
27958:
27918:
27760:
27664:
27593:
27198:
25875:
25535:
25481:
25079:
25038:
25009:
24581:
23485:
22850:
22838:
22797:
17254:"A Question of Plain Dealing: Josiah Cotton, Native Christians, and the Quest for Security in Eighteenth-Century Plymouth County"
16797:
14259:
13924:
10352:
10264:
9916:
9334:
8033:
At a UN conference on the Atlantic slave trade in 2001, the Dutch Minister for Urban Policy and Integration of Ethnic Minorities
7794:
5783:
West Central Africa was the most common source region of Africa, and Portuguese America (Brazil) was the most common destination.
5551:
5218:
2258:
to Africans and Native Americans and created a racial caste system, believing them to be impure because they were not Christian.
1966:
1766:
13147:"Slave-Raiders and Middlemen, Monopolists and Free-Traders: The Supply of Slaves for the Atlantic Trade in Dahomey c. 1715-1850"
12946:
12673:
8824:
7368:
5599:
was the center for slave trading and colonial Boston was a major slave port in the North importing slaves directly from Africa.
3293:
33803:
33783:
33572:
33393:
33313:
32309:
32246:
32188:
32095:
31971:
29005:
28017:
28012:
27980:
27750:
27654:
27617:
27564:
27398:
25142:
24981:
24966:
24891:
24874:
23405:
23234:
23127:
20957:
20150:
15080:
14311:
14056:
13637:
12528:
9816:
9551:
8182:
7693:
6575:
5001:
3197:, considered the pioneer of the English slave trade, was the first to run the triangular trade, making a profit at every stop.
2400:
1849:
and other commodities. This was viewed as crucial by those Western European states which were vying with one another to create
872:
290:
20291:
1820:
on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. Some Portuguese and Europeans participated in slave raids. As the
33345:
33174:
32115:
31271:
29357:
29352:
29015:
28868:
28771:
27975:
27933:
27745:
26293:
26159:
26154:
26039:
26003:
25571:
25468:
25376:
25121:
25003:
24960:
24825:
23793:
23788:
23775:
23171:
22571:
22548:
22502:
22456:
22414:
22391:
22348:
22325:
22227:
22115:
21971:
21889:
21825:
21799:
21776:
21723:
21614:
21586:
21560:
21537:
21509:
21448:
21402:
20844:
20756:
20626:
20085:
19959:
19823:"William Wilberforce 'condoned slavery', Colonial Office papers reveal...Rescued slaves forced into unpaid 'apprenticeships'"
19663:
19577:
18930:
18782:
18593:
18141:
18059:
17537:
17358:
15978:
15302:
15166:
14859:
14755:
14691:
14182:
14032:
14007:
13908:
13710:
13326:
13246:
13212:
12732:
12562:
11680:
11219:
11019:
10837:
10797:
10449:
9730:
9522:
9469:
9428:
8898:
8288:
7865:
7759:
owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. The Crown had offered slaves freedom who left rebel masters, and
7360:
7318:
7097:
5270:
5139:
3900:
3653:
that enabled them to dominate their neighbours. Nearly every present-day nation had a pre-colonial predecessor, sometimes an
3394:
Europeans provided the market for slaves, rarely traveling beyond the coast or entering the African interior, due to fear of
3161:
2441:
2298:
1944:
1450:
1127:
899:
24913:
19908:
17741:
16431:
11856:
5131:
The birth rate was more than 80 percent higher in the United States because of a natural growth in the slave population and
2948:
During the first Atlantic system, most of these slavers were Portuguese, giving them a near-monopoly. Decisive was the 1494
1910:, who was established on or near the coast to expedite the shipping of slaves to the New World. Slaves were imprisoned in a
33190:
31597:
29637:
29367:
28978:
28492:
28470:
27923:
27908:
27772:
27681:
27676:
27610:
26071:
24787:
23700:
23458:
23191:
22757:
20903:
17381:
15467:"Fertility control, shared nurturing, and dual exploitation: the lives of enslaved mothers in the antebellum United States"
14522:
7408:
5902:
The number of Africans who arrived in each region is calculated from the total number of slaves imported, about 10,000,000.
5115:
3754:
3022:
system, awarding (Catholic) Genoese merchant bankers the license to trade enslaved people from Africa to their colonies in
2196:
and closed off from Europe, Spain and Portugal replaced this source of slaves by importing slaves first from the conquered
1970:
1954:
1642:
1603:
1246:
17:
20313:
17176:
Sampson was killed by some English scouts near Wachuset, and Joseph was captured and sold into slavery in the West Indies.
15479:
15002:
14281:
5768:
By 1802, Russian colonists noted that "Boston" (U.S.-based) skippers were trading African slaves for otter pelts with the
3223:, itself in turn created by the desire of European colonists to exploit New World land and resources for capital profits.
3146:
3055:
33768:
32998:
32251:
32215:
32100:
32032:
31992:
31980:
31888:
30510:
29740:
29535:
29325:
29234:
28920:
27898:
27735:
27705:
27487:
27066:
26278:
25993:
25410:
25160:
24713:
24653:
24243:
23757:
23438:
20109:
16719:
15709:
15007:
14582:
11799:
10687:
8054:
5691:
5539:
in the second quarter of the 16th century. Indeed, the first colonial economy of the region was based on slave trading."
5163:. The sailing of slaves in the domestic slave trade is known as "sold down the river," indicating slaves being sold from
5152:
5132:
4836:. As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. Like the
3334:
were even performed using African customs, which Europeans did not object to, seeing how important the connections were.
3106:
2037:
1962:
1684:
1321:
981:
832:
628:
537:
32550:
22950:
21342:
20010:
Durkin, Hannah (19 March 2020). "Uncovering The Hidden Lives of Last Clotilda Survivor Matilda McCrear and Her Family".
16715:"From the "Kingdoms of Angola" to Santiago de Guatemala: The Portuguese Asientos and Spanish Central America, 1595–1640"
11392:
6825:
on an international scale that led to racial discrimination in educational institutions and public places. In addition,
5841:
5657:
33529:
33401:
32632:
32271:
32139:
32134:
32078:
32061:
31910:
31854:
31807:
30739:
30540:
29347:
29259:
28983:
28781:
28736:
27888:
27782:
27698:
27542:
27323:
27123:
26274:
26252:
25988:
25475:
25238:
25099:
25031:
24971:
24765:
24268:
24258:
24174:
22649:
22340:
21693:
Osei-Tutu, Brempong (2006). "Contested Monuments: African-Americans and the commoditization of Ghana's slave castles".
21606:
19804:
19279:
18298:
13702:
13312:
10154:
8734:
8158:
to survive in what would become the United States. Jamestown is also recognized as one of the first slave ports of the
7680:
7331:
7023:
6838:
5643:
5532:
5492:
4260:
3224:
2440:
Millions of enslaved people from some parts of Africa were exported to states in Africa, Europe, and Asia prior to the
1958:
1846:
1704:
1398:
1152:
20134:[It's time to talk about commercial and modern slavery] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Nexo Jornal. Archived from
19832:
19700:
Reich, Jerome (1968). "The Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna – A Study in English Public Opinion".
18458:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: An Examination of the Incorrectness of the Ghana Senior High School History Syllabus"
17315:
16636:
7789:
with the express desire of sending liberated African Americans to West Africa. In 1820, they sent their first ship to
6552:
5190:
The Gulf of Mexico was utilized by privateers in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas to smuggle enslaved Africans from Cuba.
3006:" or their descendants, the union of crowns presented commercial opportunities in the slave trade to Spanish America.
1845:
The colonial South Atlantic and Caribbean economies were particularly dependent on slave labour for the production of
33798:
33793:
33788:
33630:
33590:
32358:
32286:
32210:
32163:
32073:
31839:
29654:
29400:
29224:
29030:
28171:
28035:
26425:
26076:
25137:
25127:
24663:
24300:
24137:
23720:
23443:
23132:
22711:
22657:
22634:
22615:
22525:
22479:
22437:
22368:
22252:
22191:
22169:
22146:
22096:
22077:
22058:
21994:
21862:
21751:
21474:
21425:
21303:
20686:
20476:
20256:
19445:
17803:
17575:
16256:
16224:
16155:
16018:
15653:
15519:
15081:""Slave Mothers", Partus Sequitur Ventrem, and the Naturalization of Slave Reproduction in Nineteenth-Century Brazil"
15063:
14786:
14726:
14658:
14243:
14136:
12605:
12431:
11968:
10901:
10878:
10701:
10658:
10595:
10558:
10240:
10208:
10202:
10020:
9892:
9865:
9788:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 117-120
9663:
9636:
9609:
9057:
8984:
7891:
7509:
7086:
6928:
5892:
2469:
2465:
2461:
1526:
1403:
827:
596:
463:
19246:
17661:
16913:
16073:
15877:"The Origin and Development of the African Slave Trade in Galveston, Texas, and Surrounding Areas from 1816 to 1836"
14877:"All the Devils Are Here – How the visual history of the Haitian Revolution misrepresents Black suffering and death"
11545:
7873:
7356:
did not move against sugar and slavery itself until after the sugar industry went into terminal decline after 1823.
33678:
33449:
32339:
32334:
32304:
32083:
31623:
31445:
30749:
30137:
29735:
29677:
29342:
29020:
28953:
28276:
27963:
27928:
27913:
27671:
27273:
26517:
26487:
26303:
26032:
25436:
24690:
24519:
24352:
24312:
24191:
23725:
23653:
23039:
22810:
22161:
17794:
15943:
15890:
15343:
14434:
14391:
13612:
13534:
13204:
12906:
9772:
Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam
9271:
7061:
6830:
5160:
5102:
4991:
3962:
2534:
to Arabia and Aden, with sick slaves being thrown overboard, or they were marched across the Sahara desert via the
2261:
Europeans enslaved Muslims and people practicing other religions as a justification to Christianize them. In 1452,
2139:
1657:
867:
852:
798:
483:
473:
468:
297:
153:
18955:"From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British"
18499:"From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British"
13123:
12293:
12220:
12169:
12086:
11155:"From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British"
9331:
5269:
Evolutionary history may also have played a role in African people's resistance to diseases in the contitent, and
3235:, prohibited slavery of the Indigenous people. A labour shortage resulted. Alternative sources of labour, such as
1373:
33733:
33620:
33182:
32329:
32241:
32017:
32002:
31727:
29699:
29682:
29362:
29337:
29320:
28995:
28828:
28236:
28216:
27970:
27893:
27688:
27532:
27263:
27128:
26833:
26472:
25637:
25371:
25327:
24723:
24221:
24077:
23502:
23279:
23224:
22730:
22268:
21685:
20067:
17102:
15586:
14939:
14527:
13642:
13594:
10424:
8612:
7928:
6652:
compared the demographic effect on the continent as a whole. David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of
6451:
5546:
and other West African regions. Between 1607 and 1640, Portuguese slave traders imported Africans from Angola to
3209:
2473:
1652:
1423:
229:
21947:
10050:"The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico"
4486:
The regions of Africa from which these slaves were taken is given in the following table, from the same source.
3319:(taken from Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese), meaning 'to set up house'. It is derived from the Portuguese word
3313:
Africans from the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) also participated in the slave trade through intermarriage, or
3205:
2611:. Europeans participated in African enslavement because of their need for labor, profit, and religious motives.
2448:
across the Sahara had functioned since antiquity, and continued to do so up until the 20th-century; in 652, the
33743:
33662:
32319:
31154:
30981:
30976:
30949:
30809:
30127:
29315:
29000:
28973:
28818:
27740:
27634:
27549:
27153:
25107:
24976:
24743:
22882:
22877:
21642:
21047:
19890:
18101:
17529:
16145:
15639:
13439:
11851:
11804:
11004:
Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005)
8587:
8283:
8212:
8191:
7869:
5167:
which was a slave trading city and supplier of slaves. Louisville, Kentucky, Virginia, and other states in the
4026:
3935:
3194:
2984:
2668:
2660:
2620:
1122:
1110:
690:
502:
148:
30515:
20453:"An Explosion of Violence: How the Haitian Revolution Rearranged the Trade Patterns of the Western Hemisphere"
19791:
19128:
16290:
9882:
7348:
and important sugar colonies of the British Caribbean. Parliament was also concerned about the success of the
6489:, argued that African societies were robust and not much affected by the trade. In the 19th century, European
5779:
3281:
For the British, slaves were no more than animals and could be treated as commodities, so situations like the
2582:, was built in 1482 by Portuguese traders and was the first European-slave trading post in Sub-Saharan Africa.
2301:) living on their lands should convert to Christianity. In 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull called
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33337:
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32993:
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27777:
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27133:
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26502:
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21017:
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15172:
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7756:
7092:
6674:
5496:
4833:
4075:
3915:
3262:
3254:
3127:
2286:
2138:. Racial prejudices were based on dehumanizing the foreign peoples they conquered through warfare. Since the
1694:
1477:
338:
20084:
Eric Foner, "Lincoln's Evolving Thoughts On Slavery, And Freedom," National Public Radio, October 11, 2010,
19975:
Durkin, Hannah (2019). "Finding last middle passage survivor Sally 'Redoshi' Smith on the page and screen".
19735:
Duram, James C. (1965). "A Study of Frustration: Britain, the USA, and the African Slave Trade, 1815–1870".
17981:
17955:
17766:
17192:
17141:
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15608:
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traits of those peoples were quite different it was inevitable that the prejudice should take a racist form.
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25356:
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25297:
25213:
24820:
24330:
24104:
23998:
23783:
23709:
22471:
21835:
Boruki, David Eltis; Wheat, David (April 2015). "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America".
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18180:
18178:
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14944:
13015:
12597:
12423:
11575:
8525:
8356:
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In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves. The King of Bonny (now in
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1862:
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From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century
20794:
19946:
Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America
18834:
17418:
From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century
15914:"Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic"
12824:
Lovejoy, Paul E. (1994). "The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade. A Synthesis". In Northrup, David (ed.).
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9851:
5180:
69:
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The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe
20727:
18812:
16980:. Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. 15 June 2015. Archived from
16517:
Wynter, Sylvia (1984a). "New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas: Part One".
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15158:
14608:
14491:
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The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe
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The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe
11746:
11011:
9046:
The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe
8996:
Lovejoy, Paul E. (1989). "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature".
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for sale of Maryland and Virginia slaves. Maryland and Virginia sold thousands of enslaved people to the
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would be transported from these markets to the coast and sold in European trading ports, in exchange for
1759:
1709:
1433:
1351:
478:
259:
79:
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18185:
Engerman, Stanley L. (1972). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century".
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12932:
10006:
9499:
From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000
5013:
Over the colony's hundred-year course, about a million slaves succumbed to the conditions of slavery in
4198:
3227:
peoples were at first utilized as slave labour by Europeans until a large number died from overwork and
2818:
from 1718 to 1740, opposed the Atlantic slave trade and refused to sell African people and attacked the
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32314:
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31126:
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22138:
21963:
21837:
21578:
21489:
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19655:
18168:
David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807," in P. J. Marshall, ed.
18133:
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17595:
17553:
14819:
14778:
14174:
14091:
13297:
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10858:
8998:
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to encourage the overthrow of King Kosoko. The new King Akitoye was a docile non-slave-trading puppet.
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212:
38:
34:
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20553:
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty
18897:"Forts and Castles in the Colonial Period: Uses and Understandings of the Pre-colonial Fortifications"
17732:"His parents urged him to keep their 'dodgy' family history quiet. Now Benedict Cumberbatch could pay"
11370:
10226:
9322:
7235:(1759–1833), politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade
2598:
and kidnapped twelve Africans and returned to Portugal and presented the captive Africans as gifts to
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22108:
Born in Blackness: Africa, Africans, and the Making of the Modern World, 1471 to the Second World War
21986:
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18361:
18338:
18078:
18018:
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17591:
17261:
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12395:
11534:"Queen Nzinga managed to call a halt to Portuguese slave raids in her kingdom through clever tactics"
9974:
9857:
9453:
8886:
8667:
8551:
8316:
8146:
7582:
7247:
In Britain, America, Portugal, and in parts of Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade.
7067:
7051:
5735:
Historian Erika Edwards writes of the slave trade in Argentina: "In 1587 the first slaves arrived in
5147:
Virginia was known as a "breeder state." A slaveholder in Virginia bragged his slaves produced 6,000
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4019:
3920:
3059:
3009:
2535:
2445:
2404:
2201:
2008:
1714:
1613:
1144:
1132:
722:
695:
200:
32677:
30042:
21909:"Profitability of Slave and Long-Distance Trading in Context: The Case of Eighteenth-Century France"
19850:
19163:
12758:
3050:, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. In 1672, the
2925:
2244:
during the 16th and 17th centuries, Muslims financed by Jewish conversos traded Africans across the
33214:
32859:
32398:
31722:
31170:
31078:
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30923:
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What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives
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1903:
1494:
1363:
916:
705:
190:
91:
32654:
31029:
24367:
22012:
Eltis, David (2001). "The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment".
19678:
Drescher, Seymour, "Whose abolition? Popular pressure and the ending of the British slave trade."
19548:
14824:
11954:
10146:
5341:. The alarming decline in the native population had spurred the first royal laws protecting them (
2693:
fought against the expansion of the Portuguese slave trade in a thirty-year war in Central Africa.
370:
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31747:
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31019:
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24835:
24152:
24097:
23898:
23313:
23308:
23198:
22993:
22517:
21680:
Handley, Fiona J. L. (2006). "Back to Africa: Issues of hosting 'Roots' tourism in West Africa".
21440:
21435:
Hair, Paul; Law, Robin (1998). "The English in western Africa to 1700". In Nicholas Canny (ed.).
20251:
19951:
19916:
19623:
19569:
19344:
19307:
19242:
18278:
Ward, J. R. (1998). "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition". In Marshall, P. J. (ed.).
17118:
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15055:
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5084:
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2545:
According to John K. Thornton, Europeans usually bought enslaved people who had been captured in
2146:), taking their captives to slavery in Europe, and established a fort for the slave trade at the
1871:
1679:
1418:
1368:
1296:
1069:
847:
791:
774:
205:
30152:
29897:
23843:
17815:
Manning, Patrick: "Contours of Slavery and Social change in Africa". In: Northrup, David (ed.):
17068:
15332:"The Significance of Richmond's Shockoe Bottom: Why it's the wrong place for a baseball stadium"
15205:
14650:
14644:
10525:
5542:
In the 16th century, the majority of Africans imported to Central America came from present-day
4992:
Conditions of slavery on plantations before and after abolition of the transatlantic slave trade
4796:
2980:
Mexico in 1519. The graveyard had been in use from approximately 1550 to the late 17th century.
2510:
caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean.
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33385:
32874:
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23833:
23517:
23497:
23477:
23360:
23176:
23137:
23003:
22988:
22887:
22783:
22264:"Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016"
21601:
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19191:
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17300:
17122:
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12116:
9502:
8091:
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7487:
Even though it was prohibited, in response to the North's reluctance or refusal to enforce the
7380:
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7156:
7149:
6948:
6845:
justified the violence of slavery for hundreds of years." Another example from an article from
5563:
4520:
3925:
3910:
3885:
3512:
2643:
2479:
The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa; as Elikia M'bokolo wrote in
1895:
1752:
1721:
1226:
967:
879:
727:
451:
417:
412:
21281:
20746:
20613:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870
19563:
18971:
18515:
17691:
17206:
17155:
14333:
14168:
13569:
The Intestines of the State: Youth, Violence and Belated Histories in the Cameroon Grassfields
12772:
11154:
10077:
9653:
9599:
9041:
7755:; these were newly freed African Americans and their descendants. Many of the adults had left
2357:
33808:
33417:
33353:
32966:
32940:
32838:
32602:
32537:
32459:
31602:
31592:
31487:
31226:
30892:
30804:
30789:
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30282:
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30212:
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29520:
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28531:
28390:
28144:
27805:
27318:
27183:
27138:
26954:
26673:
26638:
26457:
26440:
26247:
26164:
25742:
25737:
25612:
25335:
24886:
24869:
24845:
24738:
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24680:
24502:
24470:
24278:
24263:
23853:
23828:
23813:
23147:
22383:
22244:
20318:
20260:
19649:
19541:"Founders Online: Bill to Prevent the Importation of Slaves, &c., [16 June 1777]"
18629:
18585:
18472:
16827:
16793:
16613:
16248:
15294:
14772:
14718:
14708:
14405:
13678:
13608:
12591:
12548:
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9049:
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8377:
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8043:
7744:
7499:
7466:
7182:
7137:
7056:
7018:
6708:
6579:
6026:
5947:
Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them
5410:
5405:
As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the
4832:
into transatlantic slavery; they would otherwise have been killed in a ceremony known as the
3679:
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3400:
3112:
2949:
2481:
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757:
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527:
302:
224:
195:
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13019:
10550:
The Popes, the Catholic Church and the Transatlantic Enslavement of Black Africans 1418-1839
7403:
Abolitionist opinion in Britain was strong enough in 1807 to abolish the slave trade in all
5720:
and others. Their religions from Africa developed into new world religions in Brazil called
5466:
The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of
5311:
disease in childhood. By the late 16th century, there existed some forms of inoculation and
4914:
3342:
2917:
2076:
European overseas expansion led to the contact between the Old and New Worlds producing the
33615:
33267:
33158:
33051:
32853:
31480:
30931:
30900:
30847:
30754:
30674:
30573:
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29473:
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29297:
29276:
29072:
28752:
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28152:
28128:
28047:
27455:
27218:
27029:
26981:
26853:
26743:
26648:
26415:
26405:
26377:
26242:
26013:
25832:
25797:
25702:
25677:
25366:
24863:
24815:
24755:
24591:
24512:
24372:
24295:
24253:
24132:
24082:
24067:
24050:
23950:
23838:
22179:
21855:
Christopher Columbus and the Afrikan Holocaust: Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism
21363:
18718:
18540:
17736:
17237:
17188:
17137:
16312:
15844:
15645:
15232:"From '20. and odd' to 10 million: The growth of the slave population in the United States"
13816:
13692:
12681:
12358:
Diasporas within the Diaspora. Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1510–1740)
8495:
8428:
8187:
7764:
7728:
In 1787, the British helped 400 freed slaves, primarily African Americans freed during the
7667:
two-thirds of France's overseas trade—because of Saint Domingue's wealth it was nicknamed "
7441:
7301:
7121:
7074:
6978:
6938:
6822:
5621:
in Charleston, South Carolina, received the majority of imported slaves from Bunce Island.
5065:
5030:
3945:
3860:
3375:
3236:
3157:
3084:
3051:
2884:, and ordered ship crews to watch slaves to prevent or prepare for possible slave revolts.
2416:
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1726:
1630:
1593:
1521:
1465:
1334:
1291:
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392:
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183:
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20086:
https://www.npr.org/2010/10/11/130489804/lincolns-evolving-thoughts-on-slavery-and-freedom
18099:
Fage, J. D. (1969). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History".
16760:"Once the US's largest slave port, Charleston will open African American museum next year"
13716:
9461:
8381:
2307:
which gave Spain and Portugal rights to claim and colonize all non-Christian lands in the
2248:
and enslaved Africans before and during the Atlantic slave trade in Europe and Africa. In
8:
33610:
33222:
33013:
32920:
32802:
32761:
32756:
32649:
31951:
31541:
31386:
31296:
31144:
30918:
30819:
30629:
29902:
29790:
29689:
29488:
29271:
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28292:
28231:
27830:
27188:
27103:
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26372:
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25607:
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23117:
23017:
22919:
22902:
22845:
21337:
20723:
20358:
20354:
17837:
13063:
Rupprecht, Anita (Autumn 2007). "Excessive Memories: Slavery, Insurance and Resistance".
12413:
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11607:
11541:
10650:
10382:
10232:
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8258:
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8217:
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7404:
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7261:
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6933:
6923:
6742:
6735:
6698:
5888:
5811:
5705:
5630:
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5383:
5333:, who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as
4581:
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4000:
3905:
3092:
3088:
3027:
2652:
2531:
2522:
Slaves were marched in shackles to the coasts of Sudan, Ethiopia and Somali, placed upon
2507:
2495:
2408:
2262:
2193:
2101:
2066:
2054:
2017:
such as spices without having to obtain these items from Middle Eastern Islamic traders.
1916:
1866:
1214:
1194:
1079:
1064:
933:
904:
894:
784:
732:
700:
497:
355:
323:
318:
271:
128:
29877:
29795:
29765:
27835:
20151:"Slave resistance and the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to Brazil in 1850"
17560:. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas".
17140:(1906). "Capt. Thomas Wheeler and his Men; with Capt. Edward Hutchinson at Brookfield".
13820:
13379:
10770:
9450:
Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650–1850
8637:
7564:
5409:, they became the leading slave traders. At one stage the trade was the monopoly of the
3035:
33564:
32843:
32614:
32513:
31830:
31701:
31691:
31658:
31403:
31311:
31266:
31256:
31149:
31113:
31104:
31034:
30971:
30905:
30784:
30734:
30724:
30252:
30237:
30102:
30087:
30007:
29947:
29912:
29138:
28526:
28512:
28507:
28261:
27903:
27840:
27583:
27041:
26808:
26788:
26693:
26618:
26445:
26350:
26340:
26328:
26219:
26116:
26091:
25837:
25812:
25717:
25657:
25632:
25602:
25592:
25191:
25186:
25176:
25166:
24879:
24857:
24377:
24236:
24211:
24181:
24142:
24025:
23868:
23507:
23400:
23380:
23338:
23303:
23259:
23186:
22867:
22686:
22300:
22029:
21939:
21874:
21850:
20885:
20877:
20678:
20611:
20572:
20460:
20063:
20035:
19992:
19944:
19880:
19746:
19717:
19683:
19208:
19103:
18683:
18657:"Quinine, an old antimalarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria"
18656:
18245:
18210:
18202:
17951:
17945:"Chapter 5. Shackled to the Past: The Causes and Consequences of Africa's Slave Trades"
17557:
17464:
17430:
17426:
17416:
17278:
16891:
16609:
16454:
16119:
16007:
15935:
15570:
15258:
15231:
14552:
14125:
13847:
13802:
13777:
13740:
13174:
13166:
13115:
13107:
13068:
12753:
12654:
12212:
12161:
12070:
11986:"A Study of West African Slave Resistance from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries"
10968:
10488:
10120:
10069:
9573:
9446:"Cultivating Knowledge: African Tobacco and Cotton Workers in Colonial British America"
9412:
8604:
8386:
8326:
8309:
8273:
8123:
7981:
7818:
7806:
7636:
7557:
7513:
7349:
7270:
6983:
6886:
6875:
6853:
6731:
5869:
5831:
5801:
5753:
5618:
5583:
5475:
5120:
5038:
5022:
5021:
enslaved populations in the United States was the same on Jamaican plantations. In the
4322:
3875:
3431:
3419:
2969:
2616:
2449:
2213:
2178:
2121:
2077:
2062:
1929:
1830:
1460:
1306:
1281:
1271:
1236:
1231:
1199:
1164:
1157:
1098:
1091:
948:
767:
762:
752:
522:
375:
333:
328:
281:
249:
239:
176:
33090:
32495:
31940:
30322:
16785:
14267:
13934:
10360:
9908:
9405:
Global Goods and the Spanish Empire, 1492–1824: Circulation, Resistance, and Diversity
9317:
9097:
Eltis, David; Richardson, David (2002). "The Numbers Game". In Northrup, David (ed.).
8009:
7959:) issued a national apology for the role Africans played in the Atlantic slave trade.
5413:, operating out of London. But, following the loss of the company's monopoly in 1689,
2988:
1975:
The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "
397:
343:
33476:
33062:
32946:
32659:
32261:
31636:
31571:
31431:
31371:
31366:
31261:
31216:
31121:
31014:
31001:
30958:
30799:
30622:
30447:
30442:
30422:
30262:
30202:
30117:
30052:
29872:
29010:
28968:
28963:
28690:
28663:
28573:
28482:
28338:
28317:
28178:
28136:
27350:
27071:
26733:
26703:
26298:
26055:
26009:
25772:
25727:
25667:
25642:
25597:
25540:
24777:
24608:
24421:
24008:
23803:
23764:
23646:
23463:
23348:
23269:
23212:
22892:
22860:
22818:
22653:
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22611:
22567:
22544:
22521:
22498:
22475:
22452:
22433:
22410:
22387:
22364:
22344:
22321:
22248:
22223:
22187:
22165:
22142:
22121:
22111:
22092:
22073:
22054:
22037:
22000:
21990:
21983:
From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery
21967:
21943:
21931:
21895:
21885:
21858:
21821:
21795:
21772:
21747:
21719:
21661:
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21582:
21556:
21533:
21505:
21470:
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21421:
21398:
21241:
21143:
21111:
20982:
20889:
20840:
20752:
20682:
20661:
20622:
20472:
20058:
20039:
20027:
19996:
19955:
19773:
19659:
19573:
19441:
19107:
18926:
18688:
18589:
18214:
18137:
18055:
18049:
17799:
17571:
17564:
17533:
17286:
17270:
17218:
17210:
17167:
17159:
17084:
16921:
16458:
16262:
16252:
16220:
16151:
16024:
16014:
15984:
15974:
15649:
15578:
15515:
15298:
15263:
15162:
15059:
15048:
14855:
14782:
14751:
14722:
14687:
14664:
14654:
14625:
14544:
14303:
14239:
14178:
14132:
14038:
14028:
14003:
13904:
13894:
13852:
13834:
13782:
13764:
13706:
13322:
13242:
13208:
13178:
13119:
12728:
12601:
12558:
12427:
12078:
11964:
11676:
11666:
11400:
11215:
11015:
10833:
10803:
10793:
10697:
10654:
10591:
10554:
10256:
10236:
10198:
10016:
9888:
9861:
9726:
9659:
9632:
9605:
9556:
9518:
9475:
9465:
9424:
9377:
9053:
8980:
8904:
8894:
8812:
8794:
8278:
8159:
7692:
the trade could be abolished "without substantial damage to the plantation economy".
7640:
7248:
6826:
6771:
6494:
5859:
5587:
5275:
5172:
4976:
4817:
4809:
4792:
4627:
4604:
4009:
3940:
3855:
3821:
3617:
3606:
3451:
3406:
3135:
3080:
3019:
2977:
2867:
2712:
2707:
2647:
2394:
2293:, was used as a justification by Spain to take lands from non-Christians West of the
2290:
2162:
2135:
2127:
2058:
2041:
1883:
1842:
was too costly and often ineffective and opted for established commercial relations.
1788:
1548:
1266:
1261:
1204:
1189:
1169:
991:
986:
921:
884:
717:
683:
512:
365:
254:
133:
31876:
20173:
19270:"The roots of European racism lie in the slave trade, colonialism – and Edward Long"
16948:"Freetown City Council Host CEO of the International African American Museum (IAAM)"
15967:
Epidemics and enslavement: biological catastrophe in the Native Southeast, 1492–1715
15507:
Sold Down the River Slavery in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley of Alabama and Georgia
15095:
14556:
14260:"Winthrop, reading by John Thornton, "African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade""
14064:
12954:
12115:. United Nations, Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from
7924:. Since then there have been a number of events recognizing the effects of slavery.
7274:
only decreed that a slave could not be transported out of England against his will.
4078:
characterized the deaths of millions of Africans during the Atlantic slave trade as
3311:
Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast,
2586:
The Atlantic slave trading of Africans began in 1441 with two Portuguese explorers,
2020:
1875:). As property, the people were considered merchandise or units of labour, and were
33275:
33030:
32721:
32556:
31946:
31752:
31551:
31473:
31459:
31346:
31326:
31221:
31064:
31024:
30842:
30824:
30779:
30636:
30608:
30566:
30412:
30397:
30362:
30347:
30327:
30312:
30247:
30217:
30177:
30062:
30027:
30012:
29597:
29505:
29386:
29148:
28793:
28497:
28487:
28421:
28416:
28266:
27506:
27477:
27472:
27370:
27338:
27311:
27036:
26653:
26623:
26613:
26608:
26175:
25802:
25682:
25647:
25545:
25460:
25455:
24946:
24384:
24347:
24273:
24231:
24127:
24087:
23888:
23883:
23433:
23370:
23162:
22678:
22590:
22429:
22277:
22021:
21923:
21651:
21313:
20869:
20670:
20464:
20425:
20390:
20220:
20165:
20019:
19984:
19709:
19200:
19095:
19038:
19034:
18916:
18908:
18678:
18668:
18581:
18237:
18194:
18110:
17993:
17886:
17876:
17422:
17202:
17151:
17076:
16728:
16683:
16446:
16111:
15927:
15562:
15401:
15290:
15253:
15245:
15016:
14714:
14617:
14536:
13842:
13824:
13772:
13754:
13201:
Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast
13158:
13099:
12361:
12327:
12204:
12153:
12062:
11813:
11171:
10583:
10480:
10112:
10061:
9979:
9775:
9718:
9565:
9510:
9457:
9416:
9373:
9102:
9007:
8596:
8268:
8207:
8034:
7448:, where they were made to serve as "apprentices" in the colonial economy until the
7425:
7278:
7176:
7033:
6998:
6963:
6958:
6833:
explained how European slavery differed from the slavery practiced by Africans and
6714:
6589:
6570:
6486:
6462:
5910:
5773:
5660:
5499:
from West Africa; these developed in the new world as religions that scholars call
5368:
5210:
Cuba and the other Caribbean islands that provided Southern states enslaved labor.
5198:
5197:
participated in the illegal slave trade and imported enslaved persons from Cuba to
4936:
4813:
4757:
4623:
4229:
4063:
3990:
3952:
3895:
3395:
3270:
3186:
3174:
3139:
3075:
2703:
2699:
2538:
route to the Nile, many of them dying from exposure or swollen feet along the way.
2381:
2353:
2277:
2205:
2109:
1997:
1940:
1800:
1738:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1276:
1241:
1209:
1179:
1052:
1040:
1018:
996:
943:
779:
747:
49:
22751:
22594:
22282:
22263:
20023:
19988:
19527:
All Honor to Jefferson?: The Virginia Slavery Debates and the Positive Good Thesis
18221:
17982:"The Economic, Political, and Social Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa"
16462:
15249:
12339:
12193:"Crossing the Lake of Fire: Slave Resistance during the Middle Passage, 1720-1842"
10453:
9940:"Limpieza de Sangre: Legal Applications of the Spanish Doctrine of "Blood Purity""
6857:
4975:
Meltzer also states that 33% of Africans would have died in the first year at the
3689:
2998:. Most Portuguese contractors who obtained the asiento between 1580 and 1640 were
33646:
33600:
33425:
33377:
33361:
33329:
33198:
33041:
32977:
32909:
32792:
32751:
32708:
32608:
32507:
32421:
31936:
31788:
31742:
31706:
31681:
31504:
31424:
31417:
31336:
31331:
31301:
31286:
31251:
31098:
31094:
31090:
31082:
30587:
30427:
30382:
30377:
30357:
30232:
30207:
30182:
29862:
29857:
29810:
29780:
29607:
29525:
29483:
29468:
29292:
29131:
29051:
28711:
28668:
28623:
28395:
28380:
28256:
28226:
28195:
27501:
27328:
27238:
27233:
27164:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
27014:
26969:
26823:
26813:
26793:
26778:
26678:
26553:
26543:
26182:
25870:
25807:
25762:
25662:
24668:
24601:
24497:
24458:
24342:
24285:
24157:
24060:
23958:
23878:
23873:
23823:
23662:
23534:
23415:
23395:
23390:
23385:
23375:
23074:
22945:
22872:
22855:
22737:
22238:
22203:
Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660
21809:
21762:
21711:
21523:
20816:
20657:"Averting a Crisis: The Proslavery Critique of the American Colonization Society"
20595:
20104:
19920:
17110:
17106:
16417:
16208:
16100:"The End of the "White Man's Grave"? Nineteenth-Century Mortality in West Africa"
14225:
12353:
10739:. California Historical Society & California History-Social Science Project.
9853:
Genealogical Fictions Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico
8890:
8134:
8119:
8115:
7948:
7652:
7569:
7540:
7533:
7505:
7257:
7243:"Am I not a woman and a sister?" antislavery medallion from the late 18th century
7080:
6842:
5997:
5845:
5536:
5488:
5395:
5391:
4777:
4722:
4562:
4136:
4085:
3870:
3792:
3654:
3590:
3423:
3220:
3213:
3067:
3023:
2893:
2664:
2575:
2546:
2349:
2220:
1850:
1647:
1538:
1533:
1286:
1256:
1251:
974:
938:
737:
655:
360:
106:
30122:
22742:
20913:
20592:
Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?
16173:"The Side Effects of Immunity: Malaria and African Slavery in the United States"
10191:
Unsettling Truths: The Ongoing, Dehumanizing Legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery
8049:
A formal apology on behalf of the Dutch government was issued by Prime Minister
6852:
language, culture and religion." Scientific racism and the history of enslaving
5586:, which was the largest slave port in the United States. In the 17th century in
4476:
The timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves.
3329:
formed political and economic bonds between European and African slave traders.
3098:
2741:
2587:
2452:
in Egypt enforced an annual tribute of 400 slaves from the Christian Kingdom of
33056:
33036:
33023:
32961:
32925:
32848:
32766:
32683:
32620:
32483:
32477:
32175:
31882:
31321:
30910:
30535:
30417:
30342:
30317:
30277:
29992:
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27051:
26993:
26828:
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26683:
26187:
26111:
25550:
24618:
24596:
24574:
24552:
24547:
24072:
24003:
23933:
23678:
23611:
23566:
23561:
23556:
23181:
23059:
20731:
20323:
20071:
19894:
19403:"The use of dubious science to defend racism is as old as the Founding Fathers"
19187:"The Ending of the Slave Trade and the Evolution of European Scientific Racism"
18778:
17762:
17098:
15466:
15430:"Exploitation and Resistance, Enslaved Motherhood at the University of Alabama"
14710:
Bury the Chains: Prophets, Slaves, and Rebels in the First Human Rights Crusade
14289:
13759:
13745:
13103:
12524:"The Royal African Company Trades for Commodities Along the West African Coast"
12331:
12157:
9658:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. pp. 9, 18, 32, 57, 150.
9577:
8233:
8175:
8018:
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7968:
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3439:
3415:
3379:
3367:
3244:
3181:
3003:
2941:
2787:
2767:
2680:
2634:
2631:, to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean.
2624:
2518:
Enslaved Africans in chains marched to the East coast of Africa by Arab slavers
2499:
2338:
2197:
2189:
2158:
2070:
2050:
2049:, members of many European nationalities were involved, including sailors from
2013:
1911:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1808:
1804:
1731:
1625:
517:
158:
116:
31894:
31799:
31316:
28721:
22682:
22125:
21927:
20873:
18912:
18114:
17997:
17881:
17864:
17290:
16687:
15721:
15020:
14621:
14592:
14540:
14231:
King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
14042:
13162:
10807:
9569:
9514:
9011:
8600:
7602:
7508:. The Africans on board were sold as slaves; however, slavery in the U.S. was
33717:
33067:
33046:
33018:
32956:
32915:
32904:
32864:
32823:
32818:
32781:
32727:
32531:
32501:
32299:
31777:
31561:
31281:
31276:
31236:
30545:
30500:
30480:
30452:
30337:
30287:
30267:
30187:
30032:
29987:
29942:
29837:
29760:
29725:
29577:
29126:
28900:
28613:
28436:
26896:
26878:
26868:
26838:
26783:
26738:
26723:
26668:
26658:
26643:
26593:
26588:
26558:
26355:
26283:
26106:
24760:
24537:
23667:
23428:
23112:
22494:
22317:
22089:
The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation
22070:
Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database
21935:
21768:
21665:
21596:
21529:
21497:
21245:
20986:
20031:
19777:
18673:
17789:
17274:
17222:
17171:
17063:
16732:
16204:
15988:
14851:
14606:
Cohn, Raymond L. (September 1985). "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage".
14548:
13838:
13768:
13507:
13445:
12484:
The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation
11817:
9420:
9313:
9195:
8127:
8065:
7904:
7656:
7644:
7631:
7627:
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7143:
6905:
6800:
6788:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6685:
6641:
6583:
6561:
6511:
6446:
5849:
5717:
5709:
5591:
5308:
5295:
5291:
4291:
3774:
3699:
3530:
3466:
3282:
3118:
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2965:
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2729:
2571:
2567:
2303:
2224:
2147:
2001:
1988:
1839:
1826:
1669:
1598:
1045:
1028:
803:
633:
623:
407:
57:
29113:
22762:
22291:
Landers, Jane (1984). "Spanish Sanctuary: Fugitives in Florida, 1687–1790".
22004:
21788:
African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame
21656:
21549:
Where the Negroes are masters: an African port in the era of the slave trade
20468:
20169:
19764:
Short, Giles D. (1977). "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851".
18228:
Pares, Richard (1937). "The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire".
17067:
16266:
16028:
13829:
13088:"Partners or Captives in Commerce?: The Role of Africans in the Slave Trade"
11668:
African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame
7740:" following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789.
5756:, Tucuman, and Salta Jujuy as well as to Chile, Paraguay, and what is today
5679:
4928:
After being captured and held in the factories, slaves entered the infamous
33545:
33537:
32879:
32833:
32807:
32746:
32626:
31641:
31566:
31356:
31306:
31246:
31241:
31231:
30837:
30764:
30643:
30594:
30580:
30495:
30457:
30432:
30387:
30372:
30352:
30272:
30172:
30162:
30112:
30107:
30097:
30077:
30067:
29982:
29842:
29750:
29642:
29557:
29510:
28895:
28683:
28678:
28658:
28653:
28648:
28638:
28628:
28608:
28603:
28543:
28385:
27208:
26976:
26901:
26873:
26858:
26843:
26798:
26773:
26753:
26663:
26633:
26628:
26598:
26548:
26400:
26086:
24749:
24685:
24226:
23453:
23069:
22540:
22091:. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Vol. CS614. Aldershot: Variorum.
22041:
21791:
21519:
21458:
21236:
21171:
21042:
21013:"Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery"
20977:
20956:[Apologies for involvement and measures] (in Dutch). Archived from
20698:
20556:
19884:
19827:
19274:
18692:
18170:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century
17088:
17004:"Tracing the Trade in Enslaved Africans back to Bunce Island, Sierra Leone"
15582:
15267:
14629:
13856:
13786:
12266:
12082:
11672:
9140:
8991:
It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic
8972:
8194:
8078:
7960:
7802:
7733:
7517:
7445:
7421:
Castlereagh's strategy on how to stifle the slave trade proved successful.
6869:
6759:
6490:
6010:
5736:
5610:
5606:
5438:
5387:
5362:
for slave labour, after 1570 they began importing Africans, as a series of
5255:
5203:
5168:
5089:
4961:
4850:
4761:
4646:
4524:
3840:
3802:
3788:
3740:
3671:
3544:
3538:
3526:
3462:
3031:
2968:, Mexico, suggests enslaved Africans had been brought there not long after
2897:
2851:
2827:
2799:
2754:
2562:
2491:
2369:
2361:
2320:
2270:
2131:
2045:
2040:, although many of the initial Atlantic naval explorations were led by the
1980:
1899:
1876:
1674:
1511:
1487:
1393:
1386:
1117:
645:
618:
581:
559:
446:
163:
143:
121:
111:
101:
96:
86:
30302:
21317:
20674:
20656:
19473:
Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade.
15931:
15840:"Before the Civil War, New Orleans Was the Center of the U.S. Slave Trade"
12140:"African Resistance to Enslavement: The Nature and the Evidentiary Record"
10886:
10587:
7922:
International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
7576:
shakes hands with Jefferson Davis, representing the Southern slave system.
7228:
6810:
6021:
plantations created up to one-in-twenty of every pound circulating in the
5721:
5602:
2460:
treaty, which was to be in effect for centuries. It supplied Africans for
926:
33259:
33003:
32951:
32771:
32714:
32519:
32471:
31556:
31531:
31519:
31381:
30367:
30297:
30092:
30072:
30022:
29937:
29927:
29704:
29229:
29171:
29035:
28880:
28873:
28633:
28598:
28593:
28588:
28583:
28312:
28246:
27228:
27213:
27061:
27024:
26863:
26818:
26803:
26568:
26563:
26410:
24641:
24569:
24485:
24305:
24030:
23448:
23365:
23079:
23064:
22406:
22216:
The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade
21899:
21817:
21371:
20102:[The controversial debate on reparations for slavery in Brazil].
18921:
18741:"European and African interaction from the 15th through the 18th century"
18320:
17891:
17653:
17566:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
17040:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from
16450:
16285:
16213:
When Disease Makes History: Epidemics and Great Historical Turning Points
15372:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from
14684:
Royal Navy Versus the Slave Traders: Enforcing Abolition at Sea 1808–1898
14668:
13977:
Contours of the world economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in macro-economic history
13515:
13415:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from
11713:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from
11175:
11098:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from
11056:. Colonial History. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall. 1968. pp. 203–204.
10911:
9687:
9408:
9224:. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from
8977:
The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa
7660:
7504:, which in 1859 illegally smuggled a number of Africans into the town of
6606:
6018:
5745:
5668:
5614:
5571:
5406:
5359:
5312:
5176:
4067:
market, the kind of work performed, gender, age, religion, and language.
3734:
3730:
3723:
3598:
3566:
3552:
3427:
3337:
2885:
2876:
2839:
2804:
2791:
2783:
2758:
2672:
2595:
2551:
2329:
2200:
and then from mainland Africa, initially from Arab slave traders via the
2170:
1882:
The major Atlantic slave trading nations, in order of trade volume, were
1812:
1796:
1516:
1504:
857:
660:
650:
608:
422:
23100:
22690:
22304:
21764:
Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic
21232:"Bank of England apologises for role of former directors in slave trade"
20881:
20633:
Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
19750:
18771:"Learning from Slavery– The Legacy of the Slave Trade on Modern Society"
15939:
15913:
13618:
13072:
12658:
10855:
Slavery and African life: occidental, oriental, and African slave trades
9279:
7455:
4062:
The trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures. Historian
2954:
2153:
2130:(Portugal and Spain) of Western Europe throughout recorded history. The
33484:
33433:
33369:
33096:
32971:
32884:
32868:
32776:
32525:
32007:
31653:
31587:
31351:
31211:
31131:
31074:
30794:
30475:
30437:
30402:
30197:
30017:
29997:
29967:
29962:
29922:
29867:
29805:
29785:
29770:
29582:
29540:
29183:
28673:
28643:
28352:
28271:
28251:
28058:
26763:
26748:
26718:
26713:
26462:
26430:
26269:
26237:
24728:
24636:
24542:
24475:
24248:
22380:
The French Atlantic Triangle: Literature and Culture of the Slave Trade
22135:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
22033:
20576:
19721:
19212:
19186:
19084:"Slavery, Anthropological Knowledge, and the Racialization of Africans"
18249:
18206:
17282:
13948:
Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images
13111:
13087:
12216:
12192:
12165:
12139:
12074:
12050:
10492:
10468:
10124:
10100:
10073:
9136:"Transatlantic slavery continued for years after 1867, historian finds"
8107:
8050:
7939:
as a permanent remembrance of the victims of the Atlantic slave trade.
7909:
7306:
7282:
6653:
6649:
6461:
Other historians have attacked both Rodney's methodology and accuracy.
6455:
5891:
in history, eclipsing even the far-flung, but less-dense, expansion of
5713:
5575:
5543:
5467:
5462:, 1836, lithograph. In 1834, Britain abolished slavery in its colonies.
5430:
5426:
5422:
5338:
5251:
5143:
5124:
4952:
4753:
4749:
4600:
3806:
3748:
3719:
3715:
3636:
3632:
3520:
3499:
3435:
3371:
3247:, became the source for enslaved people to meet the demand for labour.
3071:
3047:
2958:
2881:
2855:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2608:
2603:
2591:
2345:
in 1479 provided traders the right to supply Spaniards with Africans."
2266:
2211:
In the 15th century, Spain enacted a racially discriminatory law named
2188:
In the 15th century, when the Balkan slave trade was taken over by the
2143:
2029:
1858:
1833:
was less than one year during the period of the slave trade because of
1817:
1664:
961:
665:
532:
27099:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
24564:
21395:
African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency
20938:[Slavery commemoration speech 2021] (in Dutch). Archived from
20837:
The New Age of Empire: How Racism and Colonialism Still Rule the World
19687:
17706:"Britain's Slave Owner Compensation Loan, reparations and tax havenry"
16123:
16099:
15745:"What Does 'Sold Down The River' Really Mean? The Answer Isn't Pretty"
15574:
15548:
14523:"Revealing the Relationship Between Ship Crowding and Slave Mortality"
13239:
Ouidah: the social history of a West African slaving 'port', 1727–1892
13170:
13146:
12452:
8608:
8582:
4935:
Raymond L. Cohn, an economics professor whose research has focused on
4046:
3043:
31536:
30615:
30227:
30132:
30002:
29972:
29545:
29500:
29193:
28885:
28848:
28843:
27377:
27223:
26728:
26512:
26450:
26345:
24394:
24013:
23863:
22537:
Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World
20609:
Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
19629:
18312:
18150:
17521:
Dauenhauer, Nora Marks; Dauenhauer, Richard; Black, Lydia T. (2008).
15283:"Women and Reproduction in the United States during the 19th Century"
15154:
Slave Breeding: Sex, Violence, and Memory in African American History
13999:
13553:
12464:
11211:
10829:
10579:
9327:
8521:
8167:
8130:
praised Mayor Livingstone and added that reparations should be made.
8099:
7614:
6601:
5516:
5483:
5418:
5363:
5330:
5243:
4984:
4788:
4781:
4709:
4056:
3995:
3228:
2249:
2012:
create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim
1984:
1976:
909:
574:
436:
26024:
22560:
Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora
22184:
Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links
22025:
19713:
19204:
18241:
18198:
17554:
W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research
16602:"Cuba and the United States in the Atlantic Slave Trade (1789–1820)"
14212:
Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800
12208:
12066:
12051:"Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade"
10484:
10383:"AD 1493: The Pope asserts rights to colonize, convert, and enslave"
10116:
10065:
9206:] (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 54–58.
7843:
6474:
5965:
A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname
5690:
The Spanish and Portuguese colonized South America and enslaved the
2494:(from the ninth to the nineteenth) ... Four million enslaved people
2028:
ships and traveled south along the West African coast and colonized
591:
33251:
32935:
32893:
32390:
31514:
31361:
31341:
31206:
30192:
30142:
30047:
29932:
29515:
28853:
27850:
27845:
27355:
24770:
24708:
24480:
24399:
22746:
21308:
21276:
21138:
21106:
20908:
19407:
19099:
17830:"Riches & misery: the consequences of the Atlantic slave trade"
17252:
Winiarski, Douglas L. (September 2004). Rhoads, Linda Smith (ed.).
16147:
Abson & Company Slave Traders in Eighteenth-Century West Africa
16115:
15566:
15152:
14439:
14386:
13929:
12852:"Indian cotton textiles in the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy"
10927:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
8171:
7752:
7286:
6001:
5993:
5696:
5567:
5547:
5512:
5299:
5227:
5054:
4895:
4079:
3985:
3829:
3796:
3602:
3474:
3232:
3190:
2999:
2628:
2434:
2365:
2323:- The Curse of Ham was used as a justification to enslave Africans.
2308:
2236:
2228:
2174:
2113:
1792:
1499:
1057:
1001:
953:
613:
458:
313:
219:
29:
27114:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
22775:
22627:
The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870
22337:
The Final Victims: Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810
21575:
Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800
17526:, Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804
16432:"The Birmingham Gun Trade and The American System of Manufactures"
15710:"The 'Capitalized Womb': A Review of Ned and Constance Sublette's
15641:
The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry
13741:"Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans"
9495:"Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 1500–1800"
9479:
8908:
6615:
created the financial conditions for Britain's industrialisation.
5171:
supplied slaves to the Deep South carried on boats going down the
5079:
3298:
3063:
2315:
33321:
30650:
30257:
29592:
29572:
29198:
28890:
28578:
28302:
28221:
28112:
26467:
22758:
British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 1788–1793
22158:
Slaves and Englishmen: Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic
21203:
14167:
Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).
12805:
12793:
12571:
12504:
11280:
11278:
8924:"The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
8074:
7956:
7790:
7663:
planned a slave insurrection inspired by the Haitian Revolution.
7529:
7520:, who died in 1935, was long believed to be the last survivor of
7336:
6727:
6703:
6522:
5989:
5757:
5729:
5725:
5701:
5579:
5479:
5414:
5247:
5231:
5186:
5006:
4980:
4957:
4870:
4858:
4825:
4773:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3744:
3594:
3584:
3548:
3516:
3445:
3352:
3315:
2937:
2846:
2835:
2453:
2377:
2334:
2232:
2025:
1993:
1834:
1482:
564:
244:
61:
33207:
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
28358:
21525:
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution
18052:
Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery
17214:
17163:
14976:"Amelia Island Pays Homage to Slaves Middle Passage with Marker"
14940:"The Case Against a Nineteenth-Century Cuba-Florida Slave Trade"
11842:
10646:
The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870
10228:
The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870
10008:
The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870
8576:
8574:
6758:
because she led a war against the British for possession of the
6681:
5294:
on the skin which left deep scars, commonly causing significant
3219:
The Atlantic slave trade was the result of, among other things,
2514:
33283:
31956:
31648:
31546:
30525:
30407:
29892:
29587:
29562:
29409:
29166:
28858:
28089:
27301:
22806:
19335:"Skulls in print: scientific racism in the transatlantic world"
18866:"Hidden Histories of Ghana's Slave Forts and Castles 1482-2022"
18574:"The Archaeology of Slavery in Atlantic West Africa, 1450–1900"
18395:
Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
17198:
17147:
17114:
16575:
16281:"British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
11598:"Women Leaders in African History: Ana Nzinga, Queen of Ndongo"
11007:
10147:"Miscegenation and Racism: Afro-Mexicans in Colonial New Spain"
9365:
8787:
8785:
8353:
Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator
8253:
7932:
7917:
7822:
6694:
6478:
5741:
5622:
5524:
5304:
5239:
5034:
4899:
4846:
4841:
4516:
4353:
3768:
3693:
3683:
3625:
3534:
2973:
2750:
2555:
2426:
2294:
2245:
2241:
1854:
1184:
1006:
586:
569:
431:
266:
234:
33143:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
30666:
20100:"O polêmico debate sobre reparações pela escravidão no Brasil"
19594:"Danish decision to abolish transatlantic slave trade in 1792"
18050:
François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna (2010).
11275:
9915:. Center for Research and Dissemination of Sephardic Culture.
7239:
5748:. Once arriving in Buenos Aires, they could be sent as far as
5663:(not, in fact, opposing combatants, but imprisoned members of
5005:
Enslaved people inside a sugar boiling house on the island of
2858:
revolted and took control of the ship. This incident led to a
2421:
31376:
30392:
30332:
29775:
29602:
28517:
27113:
21814:
The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation and Human Rights
21695:
African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora
21682:
African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora
21199:"Bank of England says sorry for slave links as UK faces past"
19023:"Trans-Atlantic Slavery and the Internationalization of Race"
15549:"Work, Pregnancy, and Infant Mortality among Southern Slaves"
15122:"Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery"
13272:
13270:
12317:"Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595), merchant and naval commander"
9042:"The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System"
8571:
8025:
apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade.
8022:
7952:
7609:
5471:
5374:
5194:
5014:
4951:
Despite the vast profits of slavery, the ordinary sailors on
4906:, reducing the number of those shipped to 17.5 million.
4849:
settlements of Africa's west coast, particularly the French.
4765:
3782:
3711:
3707:
3610:
3580:
3562:
2871:
2815:
2795:
2742:
African resistance movements against the Atlantic slave trade
2686:
2671:, sailed to the Guinea Coast and his voyage was supported by
2639:
2579:
2373:
441:
427:
402:
21960:
The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867
19620:
White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution
18261:
18259:
13512:
The World is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy Since World War II
11918:"African-American Passages: Black Lives in the 19th Century"
9497:. In Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr (eds.).
8782:
6458:, which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean.
5625:
in the Sea Islands can trace their ancestry to Sierra Leone.
3389:
3231:
diseases. Furthermore, in the mid-16th century, the Spanish
29977:
29188:
29178:
27158:
21463:
Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa
19565:
Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South
16606:
Hutchins Center for African & African American Research
14382:"The Story of Africa: West African Kingdoms: Ife and Benin"
13352:
13350:
13311:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2012).
11844:"Slavery and the Natural World, People and the Slave Trade"
9763:
9680:"Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640"
9316:; Sampaolo, Marco; Wallenfeldt, Jeff (30 September 2019) .
9200:
Conquête et exploitation des nouveaux mondes (xvie siècles)
5749:
5528:
5520:
5334:
3703:
3576:
3288:
2523:
2457:
308:
138:
21633:
Borucki, Alex; Eltis, David; Wheat, David (1 April 2015).
21486:
Transformations in Slavery: a history of slavery in Africa
20973:"Dutch PM apologises for Netherlands' role in slave trade"
19483:
19481:
19479:
19462:
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution: 1770–1823
19129:"Confronting Anti-Black Racism Resource Scientific Racism"
19061:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade Led to the Birth of Racism"
18317:"Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist"
14025:
Lose your mother: a journey along the Atlantic slave route
13531:
Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery
13267:
11468:
11466:
11427:
11312:
11036:
11034:
9312:
9164:
3503:
Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries
3266:
Slaves embarked to America from 1450 until 1866 by country
3258:
Slaves embarked to America from 1450 until 1800 by country
3251:
English, French and Portuguese with African slave labour.
33:
Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in
29378:
28863:
21744:
The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810
21635:"Atlantic History and the slave Trade to Spanish America"
20789:
20247:"The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804"
19808:
19651:
Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture
18714:
18545:
18282:. Vol. II: The Eighteenth Century. pp. 415–439.
18256:
18130:
A History of the Global Economy: From 1500 to the Present
17596:"Understanding the Database - Methodology - Introduction"
17520:
17320:
16398:
The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810
16327:
Informed Power: Communication in the Early American South
15752:
13799:
13737:
13241:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. pp. 148–149.
12688:
12286:"Skeletons Discovered: First African Slaves in New World"
11634:
11622:
11251:"Africa, Europe, and the Rise of Afro-America, 1441-1619"
11126:
10616:
9817:"The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Emperor Charles V"
9252:
9152:
8848:"Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade"
8491:
8424:
8403:
8401:
7390:
4829:
3494:
2372:, they would inevitably remain permanently subjugated by
2095:
33119:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
29114:
Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States
20812:"Benin Officials Apologize For Role In U.S. Slave Trade"
14150:
14148:
13488:
13476:
13464:
13452:
13391:
13389:
13347:
12832:
12700:
12590:
Rawley, James A.; Behrendt, Stephen D. (December 2005).
9204:
Conquest and exploitation of new worlds (16th centuries)
9035:
9033:
5478:) in 1502. Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513.
2913:
Map of Meridian Line set under the Treaty of Tordesillas
2563:
European colonization and slavery in West-Central Africa
2380:. He wrote that the fact that so many Africans had been
2165:(blue) in the period of their personal union (1581–1640)
1949:
Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
22403:
The Dutch Atlantic: Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation
22237:
Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L., eds. (1992).
22186:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
21414:
Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes, 1730–1807
20862:
International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society
20534:
20532:
20201:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 114–128.
19476:
19239:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
18707:"Implications of the slave trade for African societies"
17562:
Behrendt, Stephen (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade".
16044:""The White Man's Grave:" Image and Reality, 1780-1850"
14649:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp.
12647:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
12626:
11646:
11478:
11463:
11451:
11439:
11415:
11031:
10261:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
9018:
8488:"Implications of the slave trade for African societies"
7592:
7476:
6841:
and African peoples were seen as less than human. This
6469:
2590:
and António Gonçalves. Tristão and Gonçalves sailed to
22314:
Captives as Commodities: The Transatlantic Slave Trade
20636:
20132:"É hora de falar sobre escravidão mercantil e moderna"
19437:
After Abolition Britain and the Slave Trade Since 1807
18989:
16245:
Epidemics and history: disease, power, and imperialism
14675:
14366:[Precolonial Mali] (in French). Archived from
13370:"Historical survey > The international slave trade"
13255:
11072:
11060:
9294:
9240:
9176:
9044:. In Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.).
8398:
8038:
municipal government of Amsterdam, which co-owned the
3338:
African awareness of the conditions of the slave trade
3058:
became deeper involved in slave trade. From 1677, the
2425:
A depiction of enslaved people transported across the
22754: – Teaching resources at Black History 4 Schools
19493:
15683:"Slavebreeding in the South's "Peculiar Institution""
14218:
14145:
13386:
9604:. Princeton University Press. pp. 26, 142, 175.
9349:
9030:
6604:, in his influential economic history of capitalism,
4092:
22646:
Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, 1570–1640
20529:
16488:"Aug. 1, 1834: Britain Passes Slavery Abolition Act"
14435:"The Story of Africa: Slavery: African Slave Owners"
14166:
13958:
13956:
13925:"Quick guide: The slave trade; Who were the slaves?"
13649:
10879:"Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis"
7483:
Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States
7399:
Abolition of Slavery The Glorious 1st of August 1838
6900:
6627:
A Linen Market with enslaved Africans. West Indies,
5107:
Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States
2192:
and the Black Sea slave trade was supplanted by the
1439:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
21038:"African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade"
20288:
Archives and Special Collections of Richter Library
18811:. GeoPolitical Futures. 3 June 2016. Archived from
18421:"Ghana 2022 International Religious Freedom Report"
17117:, and sent to Jamaica, but upon the importunity of
16637:"The Christianization of Slaves in the West Indies"
14131:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
13008:
Side Effects of Immunities: the African Slave Trade
11707:"African Participation and Resistance to the Trade"
9884:
An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States
9756:
9754:
8879:"Slave Cooking and Meals – Arrival in the Americas"
8638:"Confronting the Legacy of the African Slave Trade"
8098:in the slave trade. It was unanimously agreed that
7424:Prime Minister Palmerston detested slavery, and in
6548:
Historiography of the British Empire § Slavery
4873:) was horrified at the conclusion of the practice:
2086:
global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries
33687:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
29144:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
22700:"Slave-grown cotton in Greater Manchester museums"
21957:
21873:
21304:"Ala. governor signs bill apologizing for slavery"
20610:
19943:
18295:Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition
18083:A Cultural History of the Atlantic World 1250–1820
17563:
17070:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians
16006:
15047:
14124:
13872:"Jon Stewart: Slave trade caused 5 million deaths"
12644:
12326:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
12315:
12244:"Details of Brutal First Slave Voyages Discovered"
10777:
10612:"The Historical Origins and Development of Racism"
8979:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4.
8870:
8793:
6863:
5979:Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia
5653:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians
2667:and left with a few slaves. In 1564, Hawkin's son
21632:
21368:"Obama praises 'historic' Senate slavery apology"
20617:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
20457:A Global History of Trade and Conflict since 1500
20418:"A History of United States Policy Towards Haiti"
18073:
18071:
17201:: The Rockwell and Churchill Press. p. 479.
17150:: The Rockwell and Churchill Press. p. 109.
14334:"Benin seeks forgiveness for role in slave trade"
13953:
12811:
12799:
12577:
12510:
12470:
12458:
12272:
10257:"Colonization, Captivity, and Catholic Authority"
8877:Covey, Herbert C.; Eisnach, Dwight, eds. (2009).
7732:who had been evacuated to London, to relocate to
6541:
3426:. Wars among tiny states along the Niger River's
2904:
33715:
29240:Slave health on plantations in the United States
27149:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
23708:
22731:Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
21167:"Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery"
19156:"The story of Black slavery in Canadian history"
17908:"The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades"
17785:
17783:
17781:
17779:
17601:Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
17097:But this shows the prudence and fidelity of the
16824:Boston African American National Historical Park
16538:"The Black Experience in Colonial Latin America"
15287:Oxford Research Encyclopedias / American History
15126:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
13444:. London: R. Baldwin. p. 21. Archived from
12718:
12550:The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815
11956:Fighting the Slave Trade West African Strategies
10546:
10326:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
9751:
9684:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
9218:"Launching the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa"
8928:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
7365:US Constitution (Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1)
5346:
5111:History of slavery in the United States by state
4727:The cries of Africa to the inhabitants of Europe
3320:
3087:. In 1682, Spain allowed governors from Havana,
2126:By the 15th century, slavery had existed in the
1787:involved the transportation by slave traders of
1554:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
33641:List of last surviving American enslaved people
31829:
28751:
27194:Black players in professional American football
27144:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
22466:Rawley, James A.; Behrendt, Stephen D. (2005).
22400:
22262:Jensen, Niklas Thode; Simonsen, Gunvor (2016).
22236:
22200:
22067:
20562:
20494:"Sugar & the Rise of the Plantation System"
20212:"Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the U. S."
16203:
15195:"A Guide to the History of Slavery in Maryland"
13917:
13698:Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas
13310:
9715:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
9096:
8122:) apologized publicly for London's role in the
4983:held one of the most notorious of these camps.
3002:. For Portuguese merchants, many of whom were "
33231:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
29245:Treatment of the enslaved in the United States
22465:
22261:
22068:Eltis, David; Richardson, David, eds. (2008).
21029:
19909:"Cudjo Lewis: Last African Slave in the U.S.?"
19792:"The Royal Navy and the Battle to End Slavery"
18465:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
18068:
17865:"The legacies of slavery in and out of Africa"
17819:. D.C. Heath & Company, 1994, pp. 148–160.
17382:"The Practicality of Slavery in Latin America"
17316:"What It Means To Be 'Black In Latin America'"
17245:
16790:Boston African American National Historic Site
16342:. International Slavery Museum. Archived from
14429:
14427:
12589:
12411:
11737:"The history of the transatlantic slave trade"
10783:
10469:"The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought"
10450:"The bull of Julius II in Portuguese archives"
10101:"The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought"
9631:. Princeton University Press. pp. 55–60.
9628:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity
9601:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity
8800:. The Viking Press. pp. Introduction–1–5.
7416:American laws was unacceptable to Washington.
6534:History", he notes that for West Africans "...
6247:World population (by percentage distribution)
5613:exported tens of thousands of Africans to the
3647:
3446:Slavery in Africa and the New World contrasted
3285:occurred without any justice for the victims.
3070:. The Spanish proposed to get the slaves from
2706:, took control of the south-western region of
2368:", claimed that due to the curse imposed upon
2088:and led to direct European involvement in the
32406:
31815:
29394:
29099:
28737:
28074:
26040:
23979:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
23694:
22791:
22767:
22423:
21070:"Liverpool and the transatlantic slave trade"
20594:(Unpublished master's dissertation). London:
20290:. University of Miami Library. Archived from
18430:. Office of International Religious Freedom.
17776:
17584:
17414:
16884:"The Importation and Sale of Enslaved People"
16672:"Colonization and slavery in central America"
15718:African American Intellectual History Society
14412:. Vol. V. July–December 1854. p. 94
13290:"William Ansah Sessarakoo, Slave Trader born"
13056:
12024:Department of the State United States America
11800:"The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
10995:
10414:"The Papal Bull Inter Caetera of May 4, 1493"
9860:. pp. 1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50.
9396:
9073:
9071:
9069:
8819:. Department of Art History and Archaeology,
8382:"Opinion – How to End the Slavery Blame-Game"
7747:from Nova Scotia settled and established the
7460:
7209:
6481:shells were used as money in the slave trade.
5650:through Atlantic trade routes. The 1677 work
5298:. Some Europeans, who believed the plague of
5033:. A clandestine slave ferry operated between
4027:
2757:cavalry returning with captives from a raid,
2702:in 1535. In 1571, Portugal, supported by the
2253:
1760:
31439:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
26907:Historically black colleges and universities
24903:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
20589:
20415:
19968:
19889:. 29 October 1859. p. 1. Archived from
17113:, and sold for a slave to some merchants at
16914:"Slavery and the Slave Trade in New England"
14868:
14735:
12674:"The South Sea Company's slaving activities"
12407:
12405:
12374:
10899:
10567:
9880:
9306:
8876:
8106:On 27 November 2006, British Prime Minister
5570:received its first enslaved people in 1533.
2822:built along the slave coast in West Africa.
2506:, perhaps as many as nine million along the
1559:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
22604:Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System
22051:The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
21834:
21411:
20954:"Excuses voor betrokkenheid en maatregelen"
20806:
20804:
20066:. 30 August 1859. p. 4. Archived from
19153:
17514:
17109:; and the other, Joseph, taken prisoner in
16368:. New York: Universal Library, 1963, p. 48.
15464:
14424:
14209:
13547:
13046:The rise of African slavery in the Americas
12970:Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System
12880:
12694:
10728:
10689:Racism: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edn)
9774:. Studies in Global Slavery. Vol. 11.
9655:Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
9437:
9170:
8552:"The capture and sale of enslaved Africans"
8094:passed a formal motion apologising for the
7872:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7685:Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux
7343:'s slave trade in the 1780s, and from 1789
3657:with which European traders had to barter.
32413:
32399:
31822:
31808:
29401:
29387:
29106:
29092:
28931:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
28744:
28730:
28121:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
28081:
28067:
26047:
26033:
23701:
23687:
22798:
22784:
22201:Heywood, Linda; Thornton, John K. (2007).
18864:Apter, Andrew; et al. (2 June 2021).
17979:
17034:"New World Labor Systems: African Slavery"
16411:"Slave-grown cotton in greater Manchester"
16391:
16389:
14706:
14224:
12048:
11952:
11882:"Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
11498:"Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
10961:
10755:
9486:
9129:
9127:
9066:
8952:
8632:
8630:
8518:"West Africa – National Museums Liverpool"
8069:Slave Port in Badagry, Lagos State Nigeria
7720:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
7610:Economic motivation to end the slave trade
7512:five years later following the end of the
7387:where the Dutch outlawed its slave trade.
7216:
7202:
5425:. Much of the wealth on which the city of
4034:
4020:
3839:
2542:African slaves prior to the 20th century.
1767:
1753:
33655:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
31070:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
28298:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
27124:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
24427:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
22557:
22534:
22281:
21808:
21655:
20351:Journal of International Law and Politics
20344:
19870:
19868:
19020:
18920:
18901:Forts, Castles and Society in West Africa
18682:
18672:
18377:Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History
17890:
17880:
17862:
17251:
17232:Account of Captives sold by Mass. Colony.
15280:
15257:
15039:
14774:The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History
14686:. Pen & Sword Books. pp. 26–27.
14118:
14116:
14114:
13846:
13828:
13776:
13758:
13431:
13062:
12881:Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L.
12583:
12402:
12389:
11197:
11092:"Slavery before the Trans-Atlantic Trade"
11001:
10902:"The impact of the slave trade on Africa"
10518:African American Heritage and Ethnography
8810:
8458:African American Heritage and Ethnography
8372:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8299:Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies
7892:Learn how and when to remove this message
7572:advocating equality with a worker, while
6784:woman, with her black servant, circa 1780
5444:
5048:Afro Cubans working in a sugar plantation
3390:European participation in the slave trade
3243:"), Angola and nearby Kingdoms and later
2530:to the Gulf or Aden. Others were carried
1829:because life expectancy for Europeans in
33819:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa
33636:Treatment of slaves in the United States
33410:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
32724:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
31697:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
28814:Decline and legacy of the British Empire
28088:
22704:Revealing Histories, Remembering Slavery
22468:The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History
22446:
22401:Nimako, Kwame; Willemsen, Glenn (2011).
22334:
22053:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
21980:
21710:
21595:
21569:
20859:
20801:
20705:
19635:
19433:
19184:
19088:The University of Chicago Press Journals
18995:
18374:
18355:
18292:
18280:The Oxford History of the British Empire
18265:
18184:
18156:
18077:
17561:
17349:"The African Slave Trade and Slave Life"
16757:
16535:
16429:
16170:
16104:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
15637:
15554:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
15546:
15394:
15150:
15045:
14978:. The Free Press of Jacksonville. 2022.
14520:
14470:
14468:
14466:
14464:
14462:
14154:
14057:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates"
13974:
13892:
13528:
13494:
13482:
13470:
13458:
13356:
13004:
12874:
12838:
12719:Bradley, Keith; Cartledge, Paul (2011).
12706:
12593:The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History
12419:The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History
11701:
11699:
11697:
11695:
11652:
11484:
11472:
11457:
11445:
11433:
11421:
11318:
11290:African American History and Ethnography
11078:
11066:
11040:
10955:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10817:
10784:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006).
10685:
10576:The Curse of Ham in the Early Modern Era
10573:
10047:
9708:
9651:
9552:"Proto-Racism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity"
9402:
9300:
9258:
9246:
9182:
9158:
9077:
9024:
8953:Klein, Herbert S.; Klein, Jacob (1999).
8731:National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago
8407:
8064:
8008:
7903:
7704:
7613:
7563:
7498:slave ship to land on U.S. soil was the
7465:by the British Royal Navy in the 1800s.
7454:
7394:
7238:
7227:
6809:
6775:
6713:
6680:
6622:
6551:
6499:
6473:
6029:in the latter half of the 18th century.
5974:
5778:
5678:
5601:
5453:
5373:
5217:
5185:
5114:
5064:
5043:
5000:
4913:
4716:
4708:
4478:
4045:
3498:
3405:
3351:Law, the royal elites of the kingdom of
3341:
3292:
3289:African participation in the slave trade
3261:
3253:
3204:
3105:
3097:
3008:
2916:
2908:
2845:
2773:
2745:
2685:
2633:
2566:
2513:
2420:
2314:
2227:to Catholicism were respectively called
2152:
2019:
1915:during the voyage, and millions more in
1564:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1429:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1409:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
28:
24582:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
22580:
22488:
22451:. Independence, KY: Wadsworth Cengage.
22358:
22311:
22290:
21703:
21679:
21483:
21457:
21434:
21380:
20834:
20654:
20642:
20284:"Resistance and the Haitian Revolution"
19487:
19369:
19267:
18805:"Colonial Powers in Sub-Saharan Africa"
17181:
17130:
17056:
16669:
16516:
16386:
15874:
15707:
15395:Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (August 2015).
15336:African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter
15329:
14741:
14681:
14474:
14022:
13672:
13655:
13566:
13437:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13226:
13224:
12823:
12632:
12323:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
12235:
11797:
11773:Revealing Histories Remembering Slavery
10939:
10876:
10852:
10553:. Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 185–188.
10411:
10187:
9937:
9133:
9124:
9039:
8995:
8627:
7325:
7260:and establishment Evangelicals such as
5970:
5319:
3666:genealogical studies are listed below.
3309:According to Pernille Ipsen, author of
2991:, and numerous English voyages ensued.
1967:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
14:
33716:
33573:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
33394:Queen: The Story of an American Family
33314:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
28023:Topics related to the African diaspora
27129:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
22624:
22511:
22424:Newson, Linda; Minchin, Susie (2007).
22377:
22155:
22105:
21958:Domingues da Silva, Daniel B. (2017).
21906:
21871:
21849:
21785:
21760:
21741:
21546:
21518:
21496:
21392:
21374:, 18 June 2009. Accessed 22 July 2009.
20970:
20744:
20711:
20608:
20538:
20148:
20097:
20009:
19974:
19865:
19820:
19647:
19499:
19400:
19081:
18952:
18586:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.837
18496:
18094:
18092:
17905:
17415:Newson, Linda; Minchin, Susie (2007).
17379:
17062:
16820:"The Atlantic Empire of Peter Faneuil"
16712:
16395:
16377:
16238:
16236:
16199:
16197:
16143:
16097:
16041:
16000:
15998:
15964:
15777:
15742:
15295:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.426
15229:
15078:
15000:
14937:
14907:"Illness and death among the enslaved"
14845:
14642:
14304:"Dahomey (historical kingdom, Africa)"
14282:"Museum Theme: The Kingdom of Dahomey"
14111:
14027:. London: Serpent's Tail. p. 31.
13996:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
13963:American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission
13886:
13863:
13668:
13666:
13664:
13506:
13413:Lowcountry Digitial History Initiative
13395:
13276:
13261:
13085:
12721:The Cambridge World History of Slavery
12546:
12352:
12241:
12137:
11983:
11711:Lowcountry History Digitial Initiative
11664:
11640:
11628:
11332:"Cape Coast Castle, Cape Coast (1653)"
11152:
10736:University of California, Davis Campus
10642:
10224:
10188:Mark, Charles; Rah, Soon-Chan (2019).
10004:
9970:"Spain and the Human Diaspora in 1492"
9938:Mayeaux, Stephen (10 September 2021).
9723:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.903
9443:
9194:
8921:
8791:
8363:
8350:
8183:United States House of Representatives
8073:In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of
7694:William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville
7391:Castlereagh and Palmerston's diplomacy
3495:Slave market regions and participation
2798:, and Asebu people organized into the
2401:History of slavery in the Muslim world
2382:enslaved even by the heretical Muslims
2096:European slavery in Portugal and Spain
33759:European colonization of the Americas
33346:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
33175:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
32611:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
32394:
31803:
30856:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
29382:
29087:
28725:
28062:
28003:Landmark African-American legislation
26054:
26028:
25510:
25272:
24934:
23738:
23682:
22779:
22766:
22666:
22643:
22601:
22213:
22132:
22086:
22048:
22011:
21333:"House Issues An Apology For Slavery"
21330:
21229:
20550:
20450:
20098:Duarte, Fernando (20 November 2015).
19941:
19763:
19734:
19699:
19513:The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783
19370:Gates, Henry Louis; Curran, Andrews.
19300:
18863:
18654:
18541:"The development of foreign colonies"
18455:
18227:
18127:
17664:from the original on 12 February 2009
17608:from the original on 11 December 2020
17590:
17471:from the original on 4 September 2021
17457:"African-Derived Religions in Brazil"
17437:from the original on 16 December 2023
17187:
17136:
17038:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative
17014:from the original on 28 February 2024
16954:from the original on 28 February 2024
16858:Medford Historical Society and Museum
16800:from the original on 22 February 2024
16694:from the original on 29 February 2024
16380:London: Metropolis of the Slave Trade
16242:
16004:
15778:Holmes, Leah Preble (15 April 2018).
15619:from the original on 23 December 2023
15503:
15427:
15370:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative
15132:from the original on 24 February 2024
14881:The University of Edinburgh Race .edu
14770:
14459:
14447:from the original on 23 December 2001
14344:from the original on 14 December 2018
14122:
13993:
13869:
13685:
13633:"The Negro Plot Trials: A Chronology"
13198:
13043:
12967:
12495:
12223:from the original on 28 February 2024
12172:from the original on 27 February 2024
11692:
11538:The Open University, History and Arts
11203:
11096:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative
10976:from the original on 19 December 2017
10924:
10865:
10823:
10624:from the original on 14 February 2024
10466:
10393:from the original on 28 December 2023
10169:from the original on 27 February 2024
10144:
10098:
9946:. Library of Congress. Archived from
9849:
9821:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative
9624:
9597:
9549:
9492:
9222:Lowcountry History Digital Initiative
8971:
8845:
8694:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative
8580:
8376:
8289:Slavery in the colonial United States
7812:
7435:
7361:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
7319:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
7188:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
4812:, slavery had already existed in the
3901:Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders
3200:
3189:and included cotton, sugar, tobacco,
2442:European colonization of the Americas
1945:European colonization of the Americas
1451:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1128:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
33191:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
32686:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
32420:
31598:International Talk Like a Pirate Day
28471:Timeline of African-American history
27134:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
22752:Slave Trade and Abolition of slavery
22516:(Revised ed.). Washington, DC:
22178:
22072:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
21625:
21164:
20936:"Toespraak slavernijherdenking 2021"
20751:. Black Classic Press. p. 250.
19561:
19524:
19511:John E. Selby and Don Higginbotham,
19232:
19058:
18894:
18571:
18437:from the original on 10 October 2023
18277:
18098:
17502:from the original on 9 December 2022
17297:from the original on 22 March 2020.
15911:
15589:from the original on 3 February 2024
15485:from the original on 3 February 2024
15311:from the original on 3 February 2024
14875:Daut, Marlene L. (27 October 2020).
14874:
14605:
14492:"Slave Ships and the Middle Passage"
13691:
13221:
13126:from the original on 17 January 2024
12774:Dr H.'s Memoirs of his own Life time
11824:from the original on 19 January 2024
11360:
11185:from the original on 18 January 2024
11134:from the original on 18 January 2024
10763:"Historical survey, Slave societies"
10743:from the original on 16 January 2024
10710:from the original on 16 January 2024
10332:from the original on 19 January 2024
10285:
9919:from the original on 23 January 2024
9769:
9384:from the original on 28 October 2020
9355:
9115:
8827:from the original on 17 January 2024
7870:adding citations to reliable sources
7837:
7593:Brazil ends the Atlantic slave trade
7477:Last slave ship to the United States
6750:(Queen mother and war leader of the
6718:Africa before and after colonization
6470:Effect on the economy of West Africa
6045:
4909:
4704:
4102:Flag of vessels carrying the slaves
4050:Slave trade out of Africa, 1500–1900
3465:were taken as slaves for the ethnic
3145:Meanwhile, it became a business for
1971:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1955:British colonization of the Americas
1643:Slave marriages in the United States
1247:Human trafficking in the Middle East
28921:Black and Asian Studies Association
27488:African-American Vernacular English
22805:
22697:
21272:"House Joint Resolution Number 728"
21134:"Blair 'sorry' for UK slavery role"
20904:"Chirac names slavery memorial day"
20765:from the original on 19 August 2020
20491:
20281:
19876:"How to Oppose Slavery with Effect"
19268:Olusoga, David (8 September 2015).
19154:McCullough, Steve; McRae, Matthew.
18089:
18054:. Bordeaux: Le Festin. p. 92.
17489:
16762:. The Art Newspaper. Archived from
16720:Hispanic American Historical Review
16634:
16233:
16194:
15995:
15814:The Historic New Orleans Collection
15743:Ghandi, Lakshmi (27 January 2014).
15465:West, Shear; Shearer, Erin (2017).
15008:Hispanic American Historical Review
13661:
13236:
13144:
12547:Postma, Johannes (3 January 2008).
12308:
12190:
11361:Roth, Catherine (2 December 2009).
10729:Barksdale, Dante; Hutton, Shennan.
9462:10.18574/nyu/9780814748183.003.0004
8454:"Exchanging People for Trade Goods"
8394:from the original on 26 April 2010.
8055:Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
6765:
6667:
5788:Distribution of slaves (1519–1867)
5282:confer effective lasting immunity.
5271:Indigenous peoples/Native Americans
3168:
3130:, as part of the provisions of the
2498:, another four million through the
2080:, named after the Italian explorer
2038:first wave of European colonization
1963:French colonization of the Americas
982:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
33530:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
33402:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
32680:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
32633:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
31921:Spanish occupation 1861–1865
30665:
27406:U.S. cities with large populations
27109:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
24269:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
24259:Assassination of James A. Garfield
22712:"Afro Atlantic Histories resource"
22650:University of North Carolina Press
22535:Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. (2007).
22341:University of South Carolina Press
22110:. New York: Liveright Publishing.
21734:
21607:University of North Carolina Press
21110:. 27 November 2006. Archived from
21021:. 19 December 2022. Archived from
20839:. London: Allen Lane. p. 98.
20345:DelGrande, Joe (27 January 2022).
19821:Davies, Caroline (2 August 2010).
18876:from the original on 20 April 2024
18845:from the original on 16 April 2024
18751:from the original on 16 April 2024
18553:from the original on 16 April 2024
18329:from the original on 19 March 2020
18299:University of North Carolina Press
18031:from the original on 12 April 2024
17942:
17915:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
16860:. 25 February 2013. Archived from
16641:Slave Resistance a Caribbean Study
15680:
15609:"What was Life Like Under Slavery"
15027:from the original on 14 March 2024
14742:Rediker, Marcus (4 October 2007).
14646:The Atlantic slave trade: a census
14521:Duquette, Nicolas J. (June 2014).
14502:from the original on 25 March 2016
14314:from the original on 26 April 2008
14170:The Politics of Heritage in Africa
13703:University of North Carolina Press
13638:University of Missouri–Kansas City
13587:"Rights & Treatment of Slaves"
12089:from the original on 29 April 2024
11514:from the original on 30 March 2024
11336:Ghana Museums and Monuments Boards
10786:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery
10267:from the original on 1 August 2023
10197:. Intervarsity Press. p. 16.
10155:The Journal of Pan African Studies
9337:from the original on 21 April 2020
8615:from the original on 29 April 2024
8140:
7761:thousands joined the British lines
7332:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
7294:reopened its slave trade in 1803.
7098:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
6954:End of slavery in British colonies
6648:Others have challenged this view.
5925:Punishing slaves at Calabouco, in
5674:
5644:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
5557:
5506:
5140:trans-atlantic slave trade in 1807
4970:
4093:Destinations and flags of carriers
2388:
2348:In addition, in the 15th century,
1959:Dutch colonization of the Americas
1934:
1636:last survivors of American slavery
25:
33830:
33631:Songs of the Underground Railroad
33591:Abolitionism in the United States
33099:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
32730:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
31488:Silver: Return to Treasure Island
28936:National Black Police Association
28172:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
26279:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
26275:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
26082:African American founding fathers
24301:Assassination of William McKinley
23444:Confederation of African Football
22724:
21857:. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books.
21385:
21102:"Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade"
21035:
20912:. 30 January 2006. Archived from
20824:from the original on 15 May 2021.
20689:from the original on 24 July 2019
20655:Egerton, Douglas R. (June 1997).
18655:Achan, Jane; et al. (2011).
18602:from the original on 26 July 2024
18356:Adams, Paul; et al. (2000).
18019:"The effect of slavery in Africa"
17712:from the original on 29 July 2021
17570:. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
17396:from the original on 18 June 2023
17329:from the original on 26 July 2024
16928:from the original on 26 July 2024
16739:from the original on 26 July 2024
16651:from the original on 26 July 2024
16582:from the original on 26 July 2024
16211:(2006). Hämäläinen, Pekka (ed.).
15810:"Mapping the Coastal Slave Trade"
15759:from the original on 26 July 2024
15708:Jackson, Kellie (31 March 2016).
15662:from the original on 26 July 2024
15528:from the original on 26 July 2024
15446:from the original on 26 July 2024
15409:from the original on 26 July 2024
15175:from the original on 25 July 2021
15119:
15003:"Slave Prices in Cuba, 1840-1875"
14982:from the original on 2 March 2024
14956:from the original on 2 March 2024
14795:from the original on 26 July 2024
14563:from the original on 26 July 2024
14489:
14210:Stride, G. T.; Ifeka, C. (1986).
14191:from the original on 26 July 2024
13614:Travels in the Interior of Africa
13529:Besteman, Catherine Lowe (1999).
13335:from the original on 26 July 2024
12781:from the original on 6 April 2023
12757:. 21 October 2007. Archived from
12614:from the original on 26 July 2024
12440:from the original on 26 July 2024
12292:. 31 January 2006. Archived from
12000:from the original on 26 July 2024
11228:from the original on 13 July 2024
10962:Hochschild, Adam (4 March 2001).
10929:. UK: AltaMira Press. p. 16.
10900:M'bokolo, Elikia (2 April 1998).
10667:from the original on 26 July 2024
10322:"The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493"
10029:from the original on 26 July 2024
9831:from the original on 26 July 2024
9686:. 18 October 2012. Archived from
9531:from the original on 26 July 2024
9134:Alberge, Dalya (4 January 2024).
8724:"The Rise and Fall of King Sugar"
8085:
7359:The United States passed its own
7087:The Impending Crisis of the South
6929:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
5704:with degrees of self-governance.
4881:
3134:, the Asiento was granted to the
2462:slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
1987:" (the Americas). For centuries,
597:Field slaves in the United States
464:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
33679:Slave Songs of the United States
33183:The Underground Railroad Records
33093:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
31970:
31784:
31783:
31771:
31624:A General History of the Pyrates
31446:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
30967:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
28706:
28705:
28357:
28351:
28277:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
28041:
27159:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
26304:Nadir of American race relations
26008:
25999:
25998:
25963:
25962:
24520:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
24313:Nadir of American race relations
24192:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
22558:Smallwood, Stephanie E. (2008).
22514:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
22162:University of Pennsylvania Press
21502:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
21357:
21324:
21296:
21264:
21223:
21191:
21158:
21126:
21094:
21062:
21005:
20971:Henley, Jon (19 December 2022).
20964:
20946:
20928:
20896:
20853:
20828:
20793:. 9 October 2009. Archived from
20777:
20738:
20712:Murray, Orson S. (23 Jun 1834).
20648:
20602:
20583:
20544:
20516:
20485:
20444:
20409:
20373:
20347:"France's Overdue Debt to Haiti"
20338:
20306:
20275:
20239:
20204:
20191:
20142:
20124:
20091:
20078:
20046:
20003:
19935:
19901:
19839:
19814:
19797:
19784:
19757:
19728:
19693:
19672:
19641:
19612:
19586:
19555:
19533:
19518:
19505:
19467:
19454:
19440:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 143–145.
19427:
19394:
19363:
19340:University of Cambridge Research
19327:
19294:
19261:
19235:"Historical Foundations of Race"
19226:
19178:
19160:Canadian Museum for Human Rights
19147:
19121:
19075:
19052:
19014:
19001:
18946:
18888:
18857:
18827:
18797:
18763:
18733:
18699:
18648:
18614:
18565:
18533:
18490:
18449:
18413:
18400:
18387:
18368:
18349:
18311:
18305:
18286:
18271:
18162:
18121:
18043:
18011:
17973:
17936:
17899:
17856:
17822:
17809:
17795:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
17748:
17740:. 3 January 2023. Archived from
17724:
17698:
17676:
17646:
17637:
17624:
17546:
17483:
17449:
17408:
17373:
17341:
17308:
17026:
16996:
16966:
16950:. The Calabash Newspaper. 2019.
16940:
16906:
16888:Massachusetts Historical Society
16876:
16846:
16812:
16778:
16751:
16706:
16663:
16628:
16594:
16572:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
16560:
16529:
16510:
16480:
16423:
16404:
16371:
16358:
16332:
16329:(Harvard University Press, 2016)
16319:
16297:
16273:
16164:
16137:
16091:
16066:
16035:
15958:
15946:from the original on 18 May 2024
15905:
15868:
15832:
15802:
15771:
15736:
15701:
15685:. Our Time Press. Archived from
15674:
15631:
15601:
15540:
15497:
15458:
15421:
15388:
15358:
15323:
15274:
15223:
15187:
15144:
15113:
15072:
15050:Brazil: Five Centuries of Change
14994:
14968:
14931:
14899:
14839:
14807:
14764:
14700:
14636:
14599:
14575:
14514:
14483:
14398:
14374:
14356:
14326:
14296:
14274:
14252:
14203:
14160:
14079:
14049:
14016:
13987:
13968:
13941:
13793:
13731:
13625:
13607:
13601:
13579:
13560:
13541:
13535:University of Pennsylvania Press
13522:
13500:
13409:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade"
13401:
13362:
13304:
13282:
13205:University of Pennsylvania Press
13192:
13138:
13079:
13037:
12998:
12980:
12961:
12939:
12921:
12889:
12844:
12817:
12765:
12741:
12712:
12671:
12665:
12638:
12540:
12516:
12489:
12476:
12383:
12368:
12346:
12278:
12184:
12131:
12113:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
12101:
12042:
12012:
11977:
11946:
11910:
11874:
11836:
11791:
11761:
11729:
11658:
11590:
11560:
11526:
11490:
11385:
11354:
11324:
10350:
9887:. Beacon Press. pp. 36–38.
9739:from the original on 11 May 2024
8690:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade"
8583:"Malaria and French Imperialism"
8154:, which was the first permanent
8013:Cape Coast slave castle in Ghana
7842:
7568:The image contrasts two scenes:
6831:Canadian Museum for Human Rights
6741:The slave forts built along the
6574:amounted to less than 5% of the
6367:Latin America and the Caribbean
6171:Latin America and the Caribbean
5958:
5940:
5918:
5642:In addition to African persons,
5103:Slave trade in the United States
5096:
5060:
4979:found throughout the Caribbean.
3660:
3622:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3095:to procure slaves from Jamaica.
2140:fall of the Western Roman Empire
474:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
469:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
298:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
68:
33754:European colonisation of Africa
33059:(19th century Indian Territory)
33033:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
31931:U.S. occupation 1916–1924
26165:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
26155:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
24222:First transcontinental railroad
22491:The Slave Ship: A Human History
22378:Miller, Christopher L. (2008).
22269:Scandinavian Journal of History
21916:The Journal of Economic History
21686:University College London Press
21605:(Third ed.). Chapel Hill:
21142:. 14 March 2007. Archived from
20745:Wesley, Dorothy Porter (1995).
20197:Hardt, M. and A. Negri (2000),
20108:(in Portuguese). Archived from
19372:"Inventing the Science of Race"
19347:. 19 March 2014. Archived from
18622:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade"
16013:. New York: Twayne Publishers.
14744:The Slave Ship: A Human History
14528:The Journal of Economic History
13933:. 15 March 2007. Archived from
13550:Encyclopedia of African History
13314:Dictionary of African Biography
12812:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015
12800:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015
12578:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015
12511:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015
12471:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015
12459:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015
12273:Borucki, Eltis & Wheat 2015
12242:Little, Becky (21 March 2019).
11769:"The fight: African resistance"
11397:Castles and Places of the World
11286:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade"
11243:
11146:
11114:
11084:
11046:
10945:
10933:
10918:
10893:
10846:
10722:
10679:
10636:
10604:
10547:Onyemechi Adiele, Pius (2017).
10540:
10506:
10460:
10442:
10405:
10375:
10344:
10314:
10279:
10249:
10218:
10181:
10138:
10092:
10041:
9998:
9962:
9931:
9901:
9874:
9843:
9809:
9800:
9791:
9782:
9702:
9672:
9645:
9618:
9591:
9543:
9356:Hahn, Barbara (31 July 2019) .
9264:
9210:
9188:
9109:
9090:
8965:
8946:
8915:
8839:
8813:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade"
8804:
8752:
8716:
8682:
8655:
8421:"The transatlantic slave trade"
7929:World Conference Against Racism
7713:
6864:End of the Atlantic slave trade
6618:
6051:World population (in millions)
5617:of South Carolina and Georgia.
4721:Diagram of a large slave ship.
3587:west of the Niger Delta): 20.2%
3210:Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion
1879:with other goods and services.
1424:Committee of Experts on Slavery
975:East, Southeast, and South Asia
33774:History of English colonialism
33663:Slave-Trading in the Old South
32717:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
30982:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
30977:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
30730:Anti-piracy in the West Indies
27154:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
26160:Civil right movement 1896–1954
22355:– Includes database on CD-ROM.
21643:The American Historical Review
21331:Fears, Darryl (30 July 2008).
21230:Jolly, Jasper (18 June 2020).
21207:. 19 June 2020. Archived from
20748:Early Negro Writing, 1760–1837
20590:Sivapragasam, Michael (2013).
20565:The William and Mary Quarterly
20088:. Accessed September 19, 2024.
19648:Morgan, Marcyliena H. (2002).
19039:10.1080/00086495.1976.11671898
18102:The Journal of African History
17598:. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
17530:University of Washington Press
16309:www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk
13617:. Vol. II. Archived from
13151:The Journal of African History
12990:Notes on the State of Virginia
12858:. 27 June 2013. Archived from
12055:The William and Mary Quarterly
11805:The American Historical Review
11574:. 16 June 2009. Archived from
10826:Colonization: A Global History
10473:The William and Mary Quarterly
10105:The William and Mary Quarterly
10054:The William and Mary Quarterly
9881:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2019).
9378:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0141
8817:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
8588:The Journal of African History
8544:
8510:
8480:
8446:
8413:
8344:
8284:Slavery in contemporary Africa
8213:Atlantic slave trade to Brazil
8028:
7539:However, according to Senator
7339:began to campaign against the
6542:Effects on the British economy
5449:
5153:enslaved young girls and women
2905:16th, 17th, and 18th centuries
1123:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
33804:Slavery in the British Empire
33784:History of the Atlantic Ocean
33338:The Confessions of Nat Turner
33303:
33296:
33127:The Narrative of Robert Adams
32541:
30838:Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
27334:Cherokee freedmen controversy
26310:The Negro Motorist Green Book
22595:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067397
22447:Northrup, David, ed. (2010).
22283:10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880
21882:University of Wisconsin Press
21504:. London: Bogle L'Ouverture.
21341:. p. A03. Archived from
21316:. 31 May 2007. Archived from
21165:Muir, Hugh (24 August 2007).
21018:Government of the Netherlands
20024:10.1080/0144039X.2020.1741833
19989:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1596397
18471:(4): 375, 378. Archived from
16645:University of Miami Libraries
16074:"Africa and Europe 1800-1914"
16009:Epidemics in the modern world
15919:Journal of the Early Republic
15882:East Texas Historical Journal
15437:The Crimson Historical Review
15366:"Reproduction and Resistance"
15250:10.1080/0144039x.2020.1755502
11953:Diouf Anne, Sylviane (2003).
11687:Africans were equal partners.
10514:"Africans in Spanish America"
9444:Knight, Frederick C. (2010).
9332:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
8333:
8294:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
7787:American Colonization Society
7777:American Colonization Society
6675:traditional African religions
6628:
6515:
5948:
5930:
5352:
5138:After the prohibition of the
5069:Enslaved people working on a
4730:
3812:
3128:War of the Spanish Succession
2972:completed the subjugation of
1923:
33671:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
33626:Slavery in the United States
32983:Greensbury Washington Offley
31411:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
30661:Pirate battles and incidents
29215:Slavery in the United States
29057:Multicultural London English
28556:Slavery in the United States
28551:History of the United States
25390:Hispanic and Latino American
24244:Second Industrial Revolution
24078:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
23784:Exploration of North America
23710:History of the United States
22743:Quick guide: The slave trade
22602:Solow, Barbara, ed. (1991).
22472:University of Nebraska Press
22293:Florida Historical Quarterly
21551:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
20730:on 28 July 2024 – via
20070:on 28 July 2024 – via
19893:on 27 July 2024 – via
19638:, pp. 105–106, 120–122.
19021:Edmondson, Locksley (1976).
18970:(4): 368–369. Archived from
18953:Womber, Peter Kwame (2020).
18514:(4): 368–369. Archived from
18497:Womber, Peter Kwame (2020).
18159:, pp. 100–107, 167–170.
17207:2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t
17156:2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t
16758:Angeleti, Gabriella (2022).
16150:. Hurst. pp. 1–3, 122.
15971:University of Nebraska Press
15889:(2): 154–156. Archived from
15046:Skidmore, Thomas E. (1999).
14945:Florida Historical Quarterly
14127:Exchanging Our Country Marks
14023:Hartman, Saidiya V. (2021).
13611:. "XXII – War and Slavery".
13016:Economic History Association
12968:Solow, Barbara, ed. (1991).
12598:University of Nebraska Press
12424:University of Nebraska Press
12340:UK public library membership
12197:The Journal of Negro History
11363:"Cape Coast Castle (1652- )"
11153:Womber, Peter Kwame (2020).
10731:"Was Slavery Always Racial?"
10387:National Library of Medicine
10145:Simms, Ellen Yvonne (2008).
9711:"The Portuguese Slave Trade"
9358:"Tobacco - Atlantic History"
8922:Berlin, Ira (9 April 2012).
8846:Weber, Greta (5 June 2015).
8526:International Slavery Museum
8357:University of Nebraska Press
8338:
8304:Slavery in the United States
8077:wrote an open letter to all
7833:
7828:
7556:, and also large numbers at
7543:, Lincoln's opponent in the
7375:whereby Sweden outlawed its
7254:Religious Society of Friends
7062:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
7024:Secession of Southern states
5683:A slave sale transaction in
5080:Santa Ana, province of Ceará
4996:
4490:Source of slaves, by region
3676:Democratic Republic of Congo
2721:organized a military called
2718:Queen Nzinga (Nzinga Mbande)
1414:Temporary Slavery Commission
1075:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
33695:The Hemingses of Monticello
33596:African-American literature
30810:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
30293:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
28308:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
27204:Black players in ice hockey
27139:National Urban League (NUL)
26965:American Society of Muslims
26203:Selma to Montgomery marches
26123:Brown v. Board of Education
24914:Indictments of Donald Trump
24105:First Industrial Revolution
23939:Declaration of Independence
23929:Second Continental Congress
23172:International organisations
22363:. New York: Da Capo Press.
22335:McMillin, James A. (2004).
21718:. New York: PublicAffairs.
20726:. p. 1. Archived from
20714:"Jeremiah Hubbard's letter"
19849:. June 2007. Archived from
18809:www.geopoliticalfutures.com
18747:. Encyclopedia Britannica.
18230:The Economic History Review
18187:The Business History Review
17323:South Carolina Public Radio
16536:Vinson, Ben; Graves, Greg.
16430:Williams, David J. (2005).
15512:University of Alabama Press
15281:Withycomb, Shannon (2019).
15202:The Maryland State Archives
15159:University Press of Florida
14609:Journal of Economic History
14410:The Anglo-American Magazine
13573:University of Chicago Press
13548:Shillington, Kevin (2005).
12392:The Jews of Colonial Brazil
11963:. pp. 42–45, 102–105.
11393:"Cape Coast Castle History"
11012:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10574:Whitford, David M. (2017).
8852:National Geographic Society
8200:
7057:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
6901:End of Atlantic slave trade
6762:, or Ashanti royal throne.
5398:from the British colony of
5285:
5213:
5175:to Southern slave markets.
5029:from Cuba, many landing in
3648:African kingdoms of the era
3147:privately owned enterprises
1434:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
479:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
33835:
33769:Genocides in North America
33511:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
32617:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
32433:Slave Narrative Collection
31687:Pirate films and TV series
31127:African Slave Trade Patrol
30695:Action of 11 November 2008
29484:Barbary pirates (corsairs)
29408:
29220:Children of the plantation
28984:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
27361:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
27119:Nashville Student Movement
26130:Children of the plantation
25511:
25273:
24935:
24806:Killing of Osama bin Laden
23894:First Continental Congress
23739:
23424:Africa Cricket Association
23230:Countries by GDP (nominal)
22670:Journal of African History
22608:Cambridge University Press
22207:Cambridge University Press
22139:Cambridge University Press
22014:William and Mary Quarterly
21981:Drescher, Seymour (1999).
21964:Cambridge University Press
21907:Daudin, Guillaume (2004).
21872:Curtin, Philip D. (1969).
21838:American Historical Review
21761:Araujo, Ana Lucia (2010).
21697:. London: UCL Press: 9–19.
21692:
21579:Cambridge University Press
21577:(2nd ed.). New York:
21490:Cambridge University Press
21467:Cambridge University Press
21418:Cambridge University Press
21412:Christopher, Emma (2006).
21075:National Museums Liverpool
20498:World History Encyclopedia
19656:Cambridge University Press
19185:Drescher, Seymour (1990).
18375:Ramusack, Barbara (1999).
18358:Experiencing World History
18293:Drescher, Seymour (2010).
18134:Cambridge University Press
18024:National Museums Liverpool
16048:Journal of British Studies
15151:Smithers, Gregory (2012).
14820:National Museums Liverpool
14779:Cambridge University Press
14771:Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002).
14643:Curtin, Philip D. (1969).
14175:Cambridge University Press
14123:Gomez, Michael A. (1998).
14092:National Museums Liverpool
13760:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141
13104:10.1177/002193477600600408
13050:Cambridge University Press
12974:Cambridge University Press
12947:"History Kingdom of Kongo"
12929:"Smallpox Through History"
12725:Cambridge University Press
12555:Cambridge University Press
12496:Klein, Herbert S. (2010).
12390:Wiznitzer, Arnold (1960).
12158:10.1177/002193479202300104
12049:Richardson, David (2001).
11603:Metropolitan Museum of Art
10859:Cambridge University Press
10357:World History Encyclopedia
10298:(1): 15–25. Archived from
9909:"Blood Cleansing Statutes"
9709:Caldeira, Arlindo (2024).
9652:Phillips, William (2014).
9276:World History Encyclopedia
8999:Journal of African History
8959:Cambridge University Press
8811:Ives Bortolot, Alexander.
8764:National Museums Liverpool
8557:National Museums Liverpool
8060:
7974:
7774:
7770:
7730:American Revolutionary War
7724:Sierra Leone Creole people
7717:
7489:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
7480:
7450:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
7329:
7144:Recapture of Anthony Burns
7014:1860 presidential election
6989:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
6873:
6867:
6769:
6545:
6040:
6034:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
5752:; slaves were provided to
5597:Massachusetts Bay colonies
5533:Indian (Indigenous people)
5531:resulted in a large-scale
5501:African diaspora religions
5458:A sugarcane plantation in
5100:
4923:Merseyside Maritime Museum
4808:Before the arrival of the
4787:In letters written by the
3449:
3172:
3151:Charleston, South Carolina
3054:was founded. In 1674, the
2860:Supreme Court case in 1841
2850:On July 1, 1839, enslaved
2683:coasts and river systems.
2600:Prince Henry the Navigator
2398:
2392:
2099:
1952:
1938:
1927:
1822:National Museums Liverpool
1619:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1456:Anti-Slavery International
1221:North Africa and West Asia
39:Province of South Carolina
33583:
33556:
33521:
33504:To a Southern Slaveholder
33495:
33460:
33292:The Bondwoman's Narrative
33241:
33167:My Bondage and My Freedom
33151:The Life of Josiah Henson
33135:American Slavery as It Is
33110:
33077:
32737:
32693:
32668:
32642:
32595:
32578:
32563:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
32452:
32441:
32428:
32352:
32285:
32237:
32228:
32171:
32162:
32069:
32060:
31988:
31979:
31968:
31906:Unification of Hispaniola
31838:
31765:
31715:
31674:
31667:
31615:
31580:
31497:
31395:
31197:
31184:
31176:Trans-Saharan slave trade
31112:
31043:
30775:Battle off Minicoy Island
30750:Battle of Cape Fear River
30720:Anti-piracy in the Aegean
30690:Action of 28 October 2007
30685:Action of 9 November 1822
30660:
30558:
30466:
29830:
29823:
29749:
29713:
29670:
29623:
29616:
29461:
29416:
29306:
29285:
29207:
29159:
29119:
29065:
29044:
28944:
28926:Black Equity Organisation
28911:
28827:
28760:
28703:
28566:
28458:
28450:South Carolina Lowcountry
28404:
28373:
28366:
28349:
28326:
28285:
28204:
28188:
28163:
28104:
28097:
28031:
27998:Index of related articles
27876:
27791:
27515:
27448:
27386:
27286:
27247:
27179:
27172:
27087:
27007:
26999:Doctrine of Father Divine
26945:
26887:
26536:
26391:
26383:Women's suffrage movement
26336:Reconstruction Amendments
26143:Voting Rights Act of 1965
26062:
25984:
25950:
25894:
25858:
25846:
25585:
25559:
25521:
25517:
25506:
25279:
25268:
24941:
24930:
24796:
24699:
24627:
24528:
24439:
24390:Wall Street Crash of 1929
24321:
24202:
24187:Emancipation Proclamation
24118:
24041:
23989:
23956:Articles of Confederation
23909:
23794:Native American epidemics
23774:
23749:
23745:
23734:
23716:
23640:
23547:
23476:
23439:Australian-rules football
23414:
23356:
23347:
23299:
23292:
23220:
23211:
23108:
23099:
23030:Countries and territories
23025:
23016:
22976:
22933:
22826:
22817:
22773:
22768:Links to related articles
22683:10.1017/S0021853711000119
22312:Lindsay, Lisa A. (2008).
22220:New York University Press
22087:Emmer, Pieter C. (1998).
21987:New York University Press
21928:10.1017/S0022050704002633
21816:. London & New York:
21547:Sparks, Randy J. (2014).
21484:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000).
20874:10.1007/s10767-013-9133-z
20835:Andrews, Kehinde (2021).
20551:Pybus, Cassandra (2006).
20386:John Carter Brown Library
20216:John Carter Brown Library
19942:Diouf, Sylvianne (2007).
19805:"Sailing against slavery"
19434:Sherwood, Merika (2007).
18963:Athens Journal of History
18913:10.1163/9789004380172_011
18507:Athens Journal of History
18456:Bonsu, Nana Osei (2016).
18362:New York University Press
18339:Marxists Internet Archive
18115:10.1017/S0021853700036343
17998:10.1080/10848770600918091
17882:10.1186/s40176-016-0072-0
17688:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
17262:The New England Quarterly
16688:10.1080/01440399408575123
16217:Helsinki University Press
15094:(41): 1–5. Archived from
15021:10.1215/00182168-67.4.631
14848:Haiti: A Shattered Nation
14815:"Arrival in the Americas"
14707:Hochschild, Adam (2005).
14682:Edwards, Bernard (2007).
14622:10.1017/S0022050700034604
14588:Illinois State University
14541:10.1017/S0022050714000357
13567:Argenti, Nicolas (2007).
13294:African American Registry
13163:10.1017/S0021853700030875
12828:. D.C. Heath and Company.
12396:Columbia University Press
12275:, pp. 446, 457, 460.
11798:Shumway, Rebecca (2014).
11568:"Queen Nzinga(1583-1663)"
11163:Athens Journal of History
9975:John Carter Brown Library
9944:Library of Congress Blogs
9858:Stanford University Press
9570:10.1080/00438240500509819
9515:10.1215/9780822388029-005
9454:New York University Press
9040:Manning, Patrick (1992).
9012:10.1017/S0021853700024439
8887:Santa Barbara, California
8668:Oxford English Dictionary
8601:10.1017/S0021853700021502
8317:Trans-Saharan slave trade
8147:Virginia General Assembly
8145:On 24 February 2007, the
7988:
7955:(formerly the Kingdom of
7700:
7583:Emancipation Proclamation
7373:1813 Anglo-Swedish treaty
7093:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
7068:American Slavery As It Is
6412:
6389:
6366:
6343:
6320:
6297:
6274:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6216:
6193:
6170:
6147:
6124:
6101:
6078:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
5889:displacement or migration
5868:
5858:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5810:
5800:
5795:
5792:
5763:
5656:, for example, documents
5390:, providing sanctuary in
5181:New Orlean's slave market
4683:
4664:
4645:
4622:
4599:
4580:
4561:
4542:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4443:
4412:
4383:
4352:
4321:
4290:
4259:
4228:
4197:
4166:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
3346:A slave market in Dahomey
2536:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2446:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2405:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2202:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2024:Portuguese mariners used
1902:, the United States, and
1785:transatlantic slave trade
1715:Emancipation Proclamation
1387:Opposition and resistance
1145:Sex trafficking in Europe
1133:Blackbirding in Polynesia
696:Trans-Saharan slave trade
33799:Slavery in South America
33794:Slavery in North America
33789:Slavery in the Caribbean
33450:The Underground Railroad
33215:The Peculiar Institution
32860:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
31171:Indian Ocean slave trade
31060:International piracy law
30997:Pirate attacks in Borneo
30869:Capture of the schooner
30861:Capture of the schooner
30795:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
30521:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
28772:First Africans in London
28503:History of Guinea-Bissau
28466:African-American history
28412:Beaufort, South Carolina
28334:African-American culture
28048:United States portal
27483:African-American English
26912:Inventors and scientists
26604:George Washington Carver
26208:Chicago Freedom Movement
25876:Northern Mariana Islands
24449:Strike wave of 1945–1946
22564:Harvard University Press
22489:Rediker, Marcus (2008).
22449:The Atlantic Slave Trade
22361:Slavery: A World History
22359:Meltzer, Milton (1993).
22156:Guasco, Michael (2014).
21876:The Atlantic Slave Trade
21553:Harvard University Press
21397:. London: James Currey.
21277:Commonwealth of Virginia
20422:Brown University Library
19794:, BBC, 17 February 2011.
19702:Journal of Negro History
18870:www.storymaps.arcgis.com
18674:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144
18626:Park Ethnography Program
18408:African Economic History
18381:Indiana University Press
17869:IZA Journal of Migration
17817:The Atlantic Slave Trade
17756:The World at Six Billion
17632:The Atlantic Slave Trade
17354:Brown University Library
17010:. World Monuments Fund.
16733:10.1215/00182168-2077126
16171:Esposito, Elena (2020).
16144:Alpern, Stanley (2019).
16005:Krieg, Joann P. (1992).
15784:Mississippi Encyclopedia
15712:The American Slave Coast
14938:Kriple, Kenneth (1970).
14912:Danish National Archives
14748:Penguin Publishing Group
14496:encyclopediavirginia.org
14477:Slavery: A World History
14475:Meltzer, Milton (1993).
13975:Maddison, Angus (2007).
13893:Stannard, David (1992).
13808:BMC Evolutionary Biology
13673:Inikori, Joseph (1992).
13438:Kitchin, Thomas (1778).
13199:Ipsen, Pernille (2015).
13092:Journal of Black Studies
13086:Foster, Herbert (1976).
13065:History Workshop Journal
13005:Esposito, Elena (2015).
12951:www.africafederation.net
12826:The Atlantic Slave Trade
12678:Economic History Society
12498:The Atlantic Slave Trade
12145:Journal of Black Studies
12020:"The Amistad Case, 1839"
11889:St. Louis Public Schools
11665:Bailey, Anne C. (2005).
11505:St. Louis Public Schools
11256:New Jersey State Library
11054:Slave Trade Debates 1806
11002:Beigbeder, Yves (2006).
10883:Africa Economic Analysis
10467:Sweet, James H. (1997).
10288:"Doctrines of Discovery"
10099:Sweet, James H. (1997).
10048:Martinez, Maria (2004).
9850:Maria, Martinez (2008).
9625:Isaac, Benjamin (2013).
9598:Isaac, Benjamin (2013).
9550:Isaac, Benjamin (2006).
9421:10.1057/9781137324054_12
9362:oxfordbibliographies.com
9099:The Atlantic Slave Trade
9078:Stannard, David (1993).
8955:The Atlantic Slave Trade
8244:Indian Ocean slave trade
8004:
7942:
7920:designated 23 August as
7689:William Pitt the Younger
7277:Under the leadership of
7116:Trial of Reuben Crandall
7029:Peace Conference of 1861
7004:Caning of Charles Sumner
6860:that is seen worldwide.
5746:western states in Africa
4892:Slavery: A World History
3981:Compulsory sterilization
3374:who lived and traded in
3370:was a slave trader from
3362:William Ansah Sessarakoo
3132:Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
3102:Island of Gorée, Senegal
3074:, located closer to the
3013:A slave market in Brazil
2824:Donna Beatriz Kimpa Vita
2496:exported via the Red Sea
2413:Indian Ocean slave trade
1495:Compensated emancipation
706:Indian Ocean slave trade
33621:Films featuring slavery
33085:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
33009:William Henry Singleton
32814:Ellen and William Craft
31630:Captain Charles Johnson
31054:1717–1718 Acts of Grace
30765:Battle of Mandab Strait
30745:Battle of Boca Teacapan
30740:Balanguingui Expedition
30705:Action of 23 March 2010
28809:Race Relations Act 1965
28539:History of Sierra Leone
28432:Golden Isles of Georgia
27971:African-American firsts
27020:Back-to-Africa movement
26989:Black Hebrew Israelites
26769:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
26317:Partus sequitur ventrem
25411:Middle Eastern American
25228:Technology and industry
24098:Seneca Falls Convention
23899:Continental Association
23799:Settlement of Jamestown
23486:Countries by population
23199:United States of Africa
22716:National Gallery of Art
22583:Slavery & Abolition
22518:Howard University Press
22512:Rodney, Walter (1981).
22106:French, Howard (2021).
21441:Oxford University Press
20469:10.1057/9781137326836_4
20416:Crawford-Roberts, Ann.
20252:Office of the Historian
20170:10.4013/htu.2010.143.05
20054:"Mr. Douglas' position"
20012:Slavery & Abolition
19977:Slavery & Abolition
19952:Oxford University Press
19917:Ferris State University
19624:Oxford University Press
19570:Oxford University Press
19345:University of Cambridge
19308:The Wall Street Journal
19243:Smithsonian Institution
19082:Pierre, Jemima (2020).
19059:Shad, Muhammad (2020).
17461:Harvard Divinity School
17431:10.1163/j.ctv29sfpzt.10
17081:2027/mdp.39015005075109
17008:Google Arts and Culture
16854:"Slaves in New England"
16676:Slavery & Abolition
16670:Bolland, Nigel (1994).
16098:Curtin, Philip (1990).
15850:Smithsonian Institution
15547:Campbell, John (1984).
15504:Carey, Anthony (2011).
15079:Santos, Martha (2016).
15056:Oxford University Press
14308:Encyclopædia Britannica
13981:Oxford University Press
13901:Oxford University Press
13830:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92
13591:Gambia Information Site
13375:Encyclopedia Britannica
13319:Oxford University Press
12902:Royal Museums Greenwich
12897:"Who was John Hawkins?"
12379:. pp. 225 and 250.
11742:Royal Museums Greenwich
10877:Obadina, Tunde (2000).
10790:Oxford University Press
10767:Encyclopædia Britannica
10694:Oxford University Press
10421:Doctrineofdiscovery.org
10353:"Doctrine of Discovery"
9452:. New York and London:
9370:Oxford University Press
9323:Encyclopædia Britannica
9118:The African Slave Trade
9084:Oxford University Press
8792:Mannix, Daniel (1962).
8581:Cohen, William (1983).
8351:Diffie, Bailey (1963).
8322:United States labor law
8264:The Slave Route Project
8239:Indian indenture system
7781:Americo-Liberian people
7585:and the passage of the
7545:Lincoln–Douglas debates
7532:(who died in 1937) and
7385:1814 Anglo-Dutch treaty
7315:Slave Trade Act of 1794
7009:Lincoln–Douglas debates
6848:The Wall Street Journal
6578:during any year of the
6454:of the steam engine by
5636:partus sequitur ventrem
5085:partus sequitur ventrem
4941:international migration
3410:A slave being inspected
3301:, Senegal, 18th century
2957:across the Atlantic to
2644:Swedish African Company
2528:across the Indian Ocean
2223:. Jews and Muslims who
2090:Chinese porcelain trade
1872:partus sequitur ventrem
1789:enslaved African people
1419:1926 Slavery Convention
1175:Germany in World War II
792:North and South America
314:Contract of manumission
33734:1870 disestablishments
33469:Amos Fortune, Free Man
32703:Juan Francisco Manzano
32678:Marie-Joseph Angélique
32586:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
32569:Johann Georg Wolffgang
32551:Guðríður Símonardóttir
32490:James Leander Cathcart
31867:Devastations of Osorio
30987:Operation Ocean Shield
30815:Battle of Tonkin River
30760:Battle of Doro Passage
30715:Action of 5 April 2010
30710:Action of 1 April 2010
30700:Action of 9 April 2009
30680:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
30670:
30506:Jose Campuzano-Polanco
30491:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
29638:British Virgin Islands
28212:Afro-American religion
27939:Spingarn Medal winners
27428:States and territories
27199:Black NFL quarterbacks
26699:Martin Luther King Jr.
26231:Dred Scott v. Sandford
26170:Montgomery bus boycott
25531:Admission to the Union
24897:Afghanistan withdrawal
24892:January 6 insurrection
24811:Rise in mass shootings
24783:Virginia Tech shooting
24336:Paris Peace Conference
24110:Second Great Awakening
23849:American Enlightenment
23235:Countries by GDP (PPP)
23177:Pan-African Parliament
22968:Science and technology
22214:Horne, Gerald (2007).
21742:Anstey, Roger (1975).
21716:The Fortunes of Africa
21602:Capitalism and Slavery
21393:Austen, Ralph (1987).
20451:Topik, Steven (2013).
19766:ANU Historical Journal
19562:Ford, Lacy K. (2009).
19525:Root, Erik S. (2008).
19401:Hanlon, Aaron (2017).
19301:Harms, Robert (2019).
19192:Social Science History
17524:Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká
17492:"Slavery in Argentina"
17191:(1906). "Appendix A".
16974:"Bunce Island History"
16420:, Revealing Histories.
16396:Anstey, Roger (1975).
16378:Rawley, James (2003).
16219:. pp. 18–19, 25.
15875:Robbins, Fred (1971).
15638:Sublette, Ned (2015).
15475:Women's History Review
15342:(1): 3. Archived from
15230:Hacker, David (2020).
15001:Bergad, Laird (1987).
14236:Houghton Mifflin Books
13207:. pp. 1, 21, 31.
13052:. pp. 59–84, 224.
12749:"Voyage of the Damned"
12332:10.1093/ref:odnb/12672
11852:Natural History Museum
11818:10.1093/ahr/119.5.1826
10686:Rattansi, Ali (2020).
9770:Roşu, Felicia (2021).
9503:Durham, North Carolina
8378:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
8162:. On 31 May 2007, the
8092:Liverpool City Council
8070:
8014:
7999:crime against humanity
7913:
7751:and the settlement of
7749:Colony of Sierra Leone
7710:
7669:Pearl of the Antilles.
7619:
7599:Eusébio de Queirós Law
7577:
7562:
7554:Vicksburg, Mississippi
7473:
7461:
7459:Capture of slave ship
7400:
7311:United States Congress
7244:
7236:
7157:Virginia v. John Brown
7150:Dred Scott v. Sandford
7052:Nat Turner's Rebellion
6817:
6798:
6785:
6719:
6690:
6634:
6557:
6506:
6482:
5980:
5784:
5687:
5626:
5564:San Miguel de Gualdape
5463:
5445:New World destinations
5379:
5347:
5223:
5191:
5177:New Orleans, Louisiana
5142:, slaveholders in the
5128:
5074:
5049:
5010:
4925:
4919:A Liverpool Slave Ship
4879:
4867:
4806:
4736:
4714:
4483:
4051:
3504:
3488:
3411:
3347:
3325:, meaning 'to marry'.
3321:
3302:
3267:
3259:
3216:
3212:, produced in 1787 by
3156:Following the British
3122:
3103:
3056:New West India Company
3014:
2929:
2926:Auguste François Biard
2914:
2863:
2794:, Etsi, Fetu, Eguafo,
2779:
2762:
2739:
2694:
2656:
2583:
2519:
2512:
2429:
2324:
2254:
2166:
2033:
900:British Virgin Islands
452:Circassian slave trade
418:Safavid imperial harem
413:Ottoman Imperial Harem
42:
33744:Black British history
33418:Walk Through Darkness
33354:Underground to Canada
32967:Jermain Wesley Loguen
32912:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
32839:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
32655:Konstantin Mihailović
32603:Lovisa von Burghausen
31603:Pirates versus Ninjas
31030:Slave raid of Suðuroy
30992:Persian Gulf Campaign
30877:Capture of the sloop
30805:Battle of the Leotung
30790:Battle of New Orleans
30669:
30531:Richard Avery Hornsby
30283:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
30243:Moses Cohen Henriques
30213:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
29958:Christina Anna Skytte
29496:Brethren of the Coast
29479:Baltic Slavic pirates
29426:Ancient Mediterranean
28959:Antiguan and Barbudan
28567:Related ethnic groups
28532:History of the Gambia
28391:Port Royal Experiment
28205:Religion and folklore
28145:Daughters of the Dust
27249:Athletic associations
27184:Negro league baseball
26955:African-American Jews
26674:Ketanji Brown Jackson
26639:Henry Highland Garnet
26498:Negro National Anthem
26248:George Floyd protests
26213:Post–civil rights era
25523:Territorial evolution
24887:George Floyd Protests
24870:Unite the Right rally
24739:Oklahoma City bombing
24734:Republican Revolution
24681:Space Shuttle program
24503:Civil Rights Movement
24471:North Atlantic Treaty
24279:Sherman Antitrust Act
24264:Chinese Exclusion Act
23854:French and Indian War
23844:Prelude to Revolution
23829:First Great Awakening
23789:European colonization
22888:European colonisation
22851:Pre-colonial kingdoms
22644:Wheat, David (2016).
22625:Thomas, Hugh (1997).
22384:Duke University Press
22245:Duke University Press
22180:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo
22049:Eltis, David (2000).
21786:Bailey, Anne (2006).
21746:. London: Macmillan.
21657:10.1093/ahr/120.2.433
20719:Middlebury Free Press
20675:10.1353/cwh.1997.0099
20319:National Park Service
20149:Graden, Dale (2010).
19682:143 (1994): 136–166.
19626:, 2018), pp. 200–209.
19545:founders.archives.gov
18835:"Scramble for Africa"
18630:National Park Service
17917:: 166. Archived from
17906:Nathan, Nunn (2008).
17654:"Haiti, 1789 to 1806"
17552:Stephen D. Behrendt,
17496:Oxford Bibliographies
17386:Constructing the Past
17303:retained their lands.
17189:Bodge, George Madison
17138:Bodge, George Madison
17093:archaeologiaame02amer
16978:Yale Macmillan Center
16828:National Park Service
16794:National Park Service
16713:Lokken, Paul (2013).
16542:Oxford Bibliographies
16492:www.zinnedproject.org
16325:Alejandra Dubcovsky,
16249:Yale University Press
16243:Watts, S. J. (1997).
16042:Curtin, P.D. (2017).
15965:Kelton, Paul (2007).
15932:10.1353/jer.2013.0061
15780:"Sold Down the River"
15428:Marks, Katie (2021).
15237:Slavery and Abolition
14406:"The Editor's Shanty"
14364:"Le Mali précolonial"
13693:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo
13679:Duke University Press
13044:Eltis, David (2000).
12529:The National Archives
12191:Bly, Antonio (1998).
12138:Forbes, Ella (1992).
12109:"Slave Ship Mutinies"
11990:History in the Making
11984:Wilsey, Adam (2008).
11961:Ohio University Press
11294:National Park Service
10988:Islam's Black Slaves,
10907:Le Monde diplomatique
10643:Thomas, Hugh (2013).
10588:10.4324/9781315240367
10522:National Park Service
10225:Thomas, Hugh (2013).
10005:Thomas, Hugh (2013).
9825:College of Charleston
9507:Duke University Press
9493:Nater, Laura (2006).
9050:Duke University Press
8698:College of Charleston
8462:National Park Service
8249:Liverpool slave trade
8223:Black Sea slave trade
8181:On 30 July 2008, the
8068:
8057:to issue an apology.
8044:De Nederlandsche Bank
8012:
7908:Slave dungeon inside
7907:
7745:Nova Scotian Settlers
7708:
7617:
7567:
7549:
7458:
7398:
7242:
7231:
7183:Battle of Fort Sumter
7138:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
7019:Crittenden Compromise
6813:
6793:
6779:
6754:), was imprisoned at
6717:
6709:National Park Service
6684:
6626:
6580:Industrial Revolution
6555:
6546:Further information:
6503:
6477:
6027:Industrial Revolution
6004:and the territory of
5978:
5846:British North America
5782:
5682:
5665:English-allied forces
5605:
5552:Santiago de Guatemala
5497:traditional religions
5495:. They brought their
5493:sugarcane plantations
5457:
5411:Royal African Company
5382:On November 7, 1693,
5377:
5351:) in northern Brazil
5221:
5189:
5118:
5068:
5047:
5004:
4943:, has researched the
4917:
4875:
4863:
4801:
4720:
4712:
4482:
4049:
3680:Republic of the Congo
3631:Southeastern Africa (
3618:Republic of the Congo
3616:West Central Africa (
3502:
3483:
3450:Further information:
3409:
3401:College of Charleston
3345:
3296:
3265:
3257:
3208:
3180:ammunition, alcohol,
3113:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
3109:
3101:
3012:
2950:Treaty of Tordesillas
2920:
2912:
2849:
2777:
2749:
2734:
2689:
2637:
2621:invaded and colonised
2570:
2517:
2487:
2482:Le Monde diplomatique
2466:the Umayyad Caliphate
2424:
2318:
2287:Doctrine of Discovery
2183:Black Sea slave trade
2156:
2118:Black Sea slave trade
2106:Slavery in Al-Andalus
2023:
1953:Further information:
1139:Europe and North Asia
1099:Australia and Oceania
799:Pre-Columbian America
371:Slave raid of Suðuroy
303:Slavery in al-Andalus
225:Black Sea slave trade
154:21st-century jihadism
32:
33724:Atlantic slave trade
33616:Caribbean literature
33606:Atlantic slave trade
33159:Twelve Years a Slave
33052:Booker T. Washington
32854:Jordan Winston Early
32277:Water and sanitation
31525:skull and crossbones
31481:Mistress of the Seas
31163:Capture of the brig
31140:Atlantic slave trade
30901:Falklands Expedition
30755:Battle of Cape Lopez
30675:1582 Cagayan battles
30602:Queen Anne's Revenge
30153:José Joaquim Almeida
30138:John Newland Maffitt
30058:Hayreddin Barbarossa
29898:Bartolomeu Português
29888:Artemisia I of Caria
29883:Alexandre Exquemelin
29721:Baltic Slavic piracy
29474:Anglo-Turkish piracy
29308:Lists of plantations
29277:Underground Railroad
28777:Atlantic slave trade
28753:Black British people
28478:Atlantic slave trade
28153:Gullah Gullah Island
27456:Afro-Seminole Creole
26982:Azusa Street Revival
26854:Booker T. Washington
26378:Underground Railroad
26243:Free people of color
26097:Atlantic slave trade
25437:Palestinian American
24864:Obergefell v. Hodges
24756:September 11 attacks
24592:Second-wave feminism
24513:Cuban Missile Crisis
24373:Bath School disaster
24291:Spanish–American War
24254:The Gospel of Wealth
24133:California Gold Rush
24093:Mexican–American War
24083:Nullification crisis
24051:Era of Good Feelings
23951:Confederation period
23859:Proclamation of 1763
23809:Atlantic slave trade
23459:Stadiums by capacity
23406:World Heritage Sites
22883:European exploration
22133:Green, Toby (2012).
21704:Non-academic sources
21443:. pp. 241–263.
21381:General bibliography
21364:Agence France-Presse
21082:on 29 September 2020
20942:on 25 February 2024.
20785:"Reggae and slavery"
19811:, 24 September 2014.
19600:on 21 September 2016
19572:. pp. 104–107.
19135:. Harvard University
19007:Darwin, John (2013)
18172:(1998), pp. 440–464.
18128:Baten, Jörg (2016).
17694:on 26 February 2009.
17425:. pp. 101–135.
17380:Werner, Amy (2013).
16786:"The Middle Passage"
16451:10.1179/tns.2005.004
16400:. London: Macmillan.
15912:Head, David (2013).
15845:Smithsonian Magazine
15646:Chicago Review Press
14264:Millersville College
13994:Jones, Adam (2006).
13597:on 23 December 2010.
12461:, pp. 437, 446.
12414:Behrendt, Stephen D.
12375:Lockhart; Schwartz.
11204:Butel, Paul (2002).
11176:10.30958/ajhis.6-4-4
10853:Manning, P. (1990).
10824:Ferro, Mark (1997).
10651:Simon & Schuster
10233:Simon & Schuster
10013:Simon & Schuster
9717:. Oxford Reference.
9415:. pp. 216–229.
9318:"Columbian Exchange"
9052:. pp. 119–120.
8188:United States Senate
8090:On 9 December 1999,
7993:On 30 January 2006,
7866:improve this section
7765:Sierra Leone Company
7536:(who died in 1940).
7442:West Africa Squadron
7381:Treaty of Paris 1814
7369:internal slave trade
7326:British abolitionism
7302:Slave Trade Act 1807
7122:Commonwealth v. Aves
6979:Nashville Convention
6969:Mexican–American War
6939:Nullification crisis
6854:sub-Saharan Africans
6823:institutional racism
5971:Economics of slavery
5760:and southern Peru."
5320:European competition
5165:Louisville, Kentucky
5161:domestic slave trade
5133:slave breeding farms
5073:plantation in Brazil
4921:by William Jackson.
4797:João III of Portugal
4793:Nzinga Mbemba Afonso
4628:Indian Ocean islands
3916:Recognition politics
3861:Genocides in history
3237:indentured servitude
3158:Slave Trade Act 1807
3085:Bridgetown, Barbados
3060:Compagnie du Sénégal
3052:Royal Africa Company
2681:west-central African
2417:Zanzibar slave trade
2252:, Spaniards applied
2082:Christopher Columbus
1781:Atlantic slave trade
1594:Indentured servitude
1522:Underground Railroad
1322:United Arab Emirates
711:Zanzibar slave trade
678:By country or region
491:Atlantic slave trade
393:Ma malakat aymanukum
277:Venetian slave trade
18:Atlantic Slave Trade
33749:Early modern period
33739:African slave trade
33729:1525 establishments
33611:Captivity narrative
33442:The Book of Negroes
33223:The Slave Community
33087:(1845–1847, Brazil)
33014:James Lindsay Smith
32921:John Andrew Jackson
32856:(1814 – after 1894)
32810:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
32803:William Wells Brown
32762:Jared Maurice Arter
32757:William J. Anderson
32650:Johann Schiltberger
32089:Chamber of Deputies
31952:Dominican Civil War
31916:War of Independence
31542:No purchase, no pay
31510:Davy Jones's locker
31453:The Angel's Command
31297:Guybrush Threepwood
31145:Barbary slave trade
31122:African slave trade
30919:Jiajing wokou raids
30820:Battle of Ty-ho Bay
30043:François l'Olonnais
29903:Bartholomew Roberts
29791:Republic of Pirates
29272:Fugitive slave laws
28945:Ethnic and national
28804:Bristol Bus Boycott
28293:Charleston red rice
28105:Film and television
27851:Trinidad and Tobago
27466:Black American Sign
27293:By African descent
27287:Ethnic subdivisions
27274:Southwestern (SWAC)
27189:Baseball color line
27104:Black Panther Party
27008:Political movements
26925:in computer science
26584:Carol Moseley Braun
26373:Tulsa race massacre
26366:Treatment of slaves
26198:March on Washington
26193:Birmingham movement
25886:U.S. Virgin Islands
25372:Lithuanian American
25328:Vietnamese American
24674:End of the Cold War
24664:Invasion of Grenada
24614:Iran hostage crisis
24363:Tulsa race massacre
24170:Election of Lincoln
24165:Dred Scott decision
24153:Kansas–Nebraska Act
24056:Missouri Compromise
23974:Northwest Ordinance
23964:Pennsylvania Mutiny
23959:and Perpetual Union
23919:American Revolution
23834:War of Jenkins' Ear
23143:Freedom of religion
23128:Heads of government
22920:Scramble for Africa
22629:. London: Picador.
21851:Clarke, John Henrik
21465:. African Studies.
21345:on 18 February 2024
21338:The Washington Post
20993:on 24 February 2024
20797:on 5 February 2024.
20724:Middlebury, Vermont
20355:New York University
20257:Department of State
20138:on 3 December 2023.
19551:on 19 October 2023.
19460:David Brion Davis,
19382:on 24 February 2024
19376:The New York Review
19027:Caribbean Quarterly
18572:Read, Sean (2023).
17986:The European Legacy
17838:The Open University
16918:Dartmouth Libraries
16894:on 29 February 2024
16864:on 29 February 2024
16635:Padgett, Jeffries.
16548:on 29 February 2024
16439:Trans. Newcomen Soc
15820:on 29 February 2024
15724:on 25 February 2024
14846:Abbott, E. (2011).
14370:on 1 December 2011.
13821:2010BMCEE..10...92V
13556:. pp. 333–334.
13279:, pp. 186–197.
13237:Law, Robin (2004).
13145:Law, Robin (1989).
13025:on 12 November 2020
12935:on 29 October 2009.
12862:on 25 February 2024
12684:on 9 December 2012.
12633:Hair & Law 1998
12473:, pp. 453–454.
12377:Early Latin America
11925:Library of Congress
11542:The Open University
11373:on 11 December 2023
9578:40023593?seq=11
9509:. pp. 93–117.
8961:. pp. 103–139.
8821:Columbia University
8760:"Sugar Plantations"
8663:"White Man's Grave"
8532:on 26 November 2020
8468:on 15 December 2022
8259:Red Sea slave trade
8228:Bristol slave trade
8218:Barbary slave trade
8164:Governor of Alabama
8152:Jamestown, Virginia
8114:On 24 August 2007,
7982:West Indian Islands
7947:In 1999, President
7937:UN Slavery Memorial
7738:Province of Freedom
7405:British possessions
7345:William Wilberforce
7262:William Wilberforce
7233:William Wilberforce
6994:Kansas–Nebraska Act
6934:Missouri Compromise
6924:Northwest Ordinance
6889:
6736:Scramble for Africa
6493:, most prominently
6248:
6052:
6025:at the time of the
5812:British West Indies
5789:
5378:Charles II of Spain
5119:Advertisement from
4861:said in the 1840s:
4491:
4103:
4001:Forced assimilation
3121:in the 18th century
3093:Cartagena, Colombia
3089:Porto Bello, Panama
3028:British West Indies
2964:A burial ground in
2653:British slave trade
2504:of the Indian Ocean
2472:(750–1258) and the
2409:Red Sea slave trade
2343:Treaty of Alcacuvas
2319:Noah curses Ham by
2194:Crimean slave trade
2102:Slavery in Portugal
1867:indentured servants
1865:were classified as
1799:regularly used the
1680:Slave Route Project
811:Americas indigenous
701:Red Sea slave trade
691:Contemporary Africa
554:Topics and practice
324:Crimean slave trade
319:Bukhara slave trade
272:Genoese slave trade
149:Contemporary Africa
129:Forced prostitution
33565:Unchained Memories
33070:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
32844:Frederick Douglass
32615:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
32514:Maria ter Meetelen
32206:Telecommunications
31889:Spanish reconquest
31860:Colonial governors
31831:Dominican Republic
31702:Timeline of piracy
31659:Piracy kidnappings
31312:Jacquotte Delahaye
31267:Charlotte de Berry
31257:Captain Sabertooth
31150:Blockade of Africa
31105:Piracy Law of 1820
31035:Turkish Abductions
30972:Operation Atalanta
30906:Great Lakes Patrol
30785:Battle of Nam Quan
30735:Attack on Veracruz
30671:
30253:Nicholas van Hoorn
30238:Michel de Grammont
30103:Jacquotte Delahaye
30088:Hippolyte Bouchard
30008:Elise Eskilsdotter
29948:Charlotte de Berry
29913:Benjamin Hornigold
29139:Plantation economy
29036:Other black groups
28912:Civic and economic
28527:History of Senegal
28513:History of Nigeria
28508:History of Liberia
28262:John the Conqueror
27949:US representatives
27944:US cabinet members
27836:Dominican Republic
27423:Metropolitan areas
27264:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
27089:Civic and economic
27067:Self-determination
26888:Education, science
26809:Fred Shuttlesworth
26789:A. Philip Randolph
26694:Coretta Scott King
26619:Frederick Douglass
26446:Harlem Renaissance
26351:Separate but equal
26341:Reconstruction era
26329:Plessy v. Ferguson
26220:Cornerstone Speech
26134:Civil Rights Acts
26117:Black Lives Matter
26092:American Civil War
25536:Historical regions
25492:Transgender people
25050:Capital punishment
24909:Support of Ukraine
24858:Black Lives Matter
24766:War in Afghanistan
24691:Invasion of Panama
24647:Iran–Contra affair
24508:Early–mid Cold War
24378:Harlem Renaissance
24237:Compromise of 1877
24212:Reconstruction era
24148:Fugitive Slave Act
24143:Compromise of 1850
24088:Westward expansion
24026:Louisiana Purchase
23869:Stamp Act Congress
23814:King William's War
22868:Indian Ocean trade
22736:2019-07-05 at the
21252:on 7 November 2023
21211:on 31 January 2024
20463:. pp. 62–86.
20461:Palgrave Macmillan
20112:on 3 December 2023
20064:Richmond, Virginia
19881:Anti-Slavery Bugle
19680:Past & Present
19415:on 16 January 2024
19315:on 13 January 2024
18895:Hove, Jon (2018).
18841:. Saylor Academy.
17952:Harvard University
17863:Bertocchi (2016).
17772:on 1 January 2016.
17558:Harvard University
17465:Harvard University
17235:August 24th, 1676.
17197:(Third ed.).
17146:(Third ed.).
17075:. Worcester, etc.
16610:Harvard University
16468:on 21 October 2015
16416:2020-11-12 at the
16346:on 15 October 2014
16340:"European traders"
16315:on 3 October 2006.
14887:on 2 November 2023
14340:. 8 October 2002.
14292:on 1 October 2018.
14099:on 26 October 2020
14002:. pp. 23–24.
13965:report, page 43-44
13896:American Holocaust
13719:on 18 January 2017
12754:The New York Times
12412:Rawley, James A.;
12254:on 30 January 2021
11934:on 19 January 2024
11779:on 18 January 2024
11643:, pp. 81–108.
11631:, pp. 95–113.
11578:on 3 December 2023
10969:The New York Times
10925:Miers, S. (2003).
10792:. pp. 11–12.
10773:on 6 October 2014.
10653:. pp. 35–40.
10582:. pp. 105ff.
10080:on 23 January 2024
10015:. pp. 12–13.
9456:. pp. 65–85.
9413:Palgrave Macmillan
9080:American Holocaust
8934:on 17 January 2024
8893:. pp. 49–72.
8770:on 27 January 2024
8387:The New York Times
8327:Zephaniah Kingsley
8310:Tobacco and Slaves
8274:Slavery in Britain
8079:African chieftains
8071:
8015:
7914:
7819:Rastafari movement
7813:Rastafari movement
7807:Frederick Douglass
7711:
7637:Haitian Revolution
7620:
7618:Haitian Revolution
7578:
7558:Memphis, Tennessee
7514:American Civil War
7474:
7436:British Royal Navy
7401:
7350:Haitian Revolution
7271:Somerset v Stewart
7245:
7237:
6984:Compromise of 1850
6887:American Civil War
6880:
6876:Blockade of Africa
6818:
6786:
6732:Sub-Saharan Africa
6720:
6691:
6635:
6558:
6514:estimates that by
6507:
6483:
6246:
6050:
5981:
5870:Danish West Indies
5832:French West Indies
5802:Portuguese America
5787:
5785:
5702:maroon communities
5688:
5627:
5476:Dominican Republic
5464:
5423:slave trading ship
5380:
5224:
5192:
5129:
5075:
5050:
5039:Pensacola, Florida
5023:Danish West Indies
5011:
4926:
4746:American Holocaust
4737:
4715:
4605:off-shore Atlantic
4489:
4484:
4323:Danish West Indies
4101:
4052:
3505:
3432:kingdom of Dahomey
3420:French West Indies
3412:
3382:as a free person.
3348:
3303:
3268:
3260:
3217:
3201:Labour and slavery
3123:
3104:
3015:
2945:200-300 per trip.
2930:
2915:
2892:departed from the
2864:
2854:people aboard the
2780:
2763:
2695:
2657:
2617:Kingdom of Castile
2609:Cape Verde islands
2584:
2532:across the Red Sea
2520:
2450:Rashidun Caliphate
2430:
2339:African population
2325:
2255:limpieza de sangre
2214:limpieza de sangre
2179:Balkan slave trade
2167:
2163:Portuguese Empires
2136:Greco-Roman people
2122:Balkan slave trade
2078:Columbian exchange
2034:
1998:Navigator's School
1930:History of slavery
1831:sub-Saharan Africa
1461:Blockade of Africa
768:Somali slave trade
684:Sub-Saharan Africa
376:Turkish Abductions
334:Khivan slave trade
329:Khazar slave trade
282:Balkan slave trade
240:Prague slave trade
43:
33711:
33710:
33705:
33704:
33477:I, Juan de Pareja
33461:Young adult books
33268:Uncle Tom's Cabin
33111:Non-fiction books
33106:
33105:
33063:Harriet E. Wilson
32947:Elizabeth Keckley
32793:Henry "Box" Brown
32711:(1860–1965, Cuba)
32705:(1797–1854, Cuba)
32660:George of Hungary
32635:(1792 – fl. 1828)
32388:
32387:
32348:
32347:
32224:
32223:
32158:
32157:
32145:Political parties
32106:Foreign relations
32056:
32055:
31962:COVID-19 pandemic
31797:
31796:
31778:Piracy portal
31761:
31760:
31738:Fictional pirates
31637:Truce of Ratisbon
31611:
31610:
31572:Walking the plank
31432:On Stranger Tides
31372:Tony Tony Chopper
31262:Captain Stingaree
31199:Fictional pirates
31015:Sack of Baltimore
31010:Raid on Cartagena
30952:Moscow University
30831:Beluga Nomination
30800:Battle of Pianosa
30725:Antelope incident
30616:Marquis of Havana
30554:
30553:
30263:Olivier Levasseur
30203:Louis-Michel Aury
30168:Klaus Störtebeker
30118:Jeanne de Clisson
30038:François Le Clerc
29873:Anne Dieu-le-Veut
29819:
29818:
29736:South China Coast
29700:Strait of Malacca
29376:
29375:
29081:
29080:
28954:African-Caribbean
28719:
28718:
28699:
28698:
28574:African Americans
28483:History of Angola
28439:(protected site)
28347:
28346:
28339:Culture of Africa
28318:Robot Hive/Exodus
28286:Music and culture
28179:Vibration Cooking
28129:A Soldier's Story
28056:
28055:
27884:African Americans
27756:Dallas–Fort Worth
27351:Black Southerners
27282:
27281:
26734:Thurgood Marshall
26704:Bernard Lafayette
26299:Million Man March
26056:African Americans
26022:
26021:
25980:
25979:
25976:
25975:
25541:American frontier
25502:
25501:
25432:Lebanese American
25417:Egyptian American
25352:Estonian American
25342:Albanian American
25336:European American
25313:Japanese American
25303:Filipino American
25264:
25263:
24926:
24925:
24922:
24921:
24875:COVID-19 pandemic
24778:Hurricane Katrina
24719:Los Angeles riots
24609:Watergate scandal
24454:Start of Cold War
24422:Manhattan Project
24009:Whiskey Rebellion
23839:King George's War
23804:Thirteen Colonies
23765:Pre-Columbian Era
23676:
23675:
23543:
23542:
23472:
23471:
23288:
23287:
23265:Natural resources
23207:
23206:
23153:Linguistic rights
23095:
23094:
23012:
23011:
22718:. Washington, DC.
22573:978-0-674-03068-8
22562:. Cambridge, MA:
22550:978-0-7656-1257-1
22504:978-0-14-311425-3
22470:(Rev. ed.).
22458:978-0-618-64356-1
22416:978-0-7453-3108-9
22393:978-0-8223-4127-7
22350:978-1-57003-546-3
22327:978-0-13-194215-8
22229:978-0-8147-3688-3
22117:978-1-63149-582-3
21973:978-1-107-17626-3
21953:on 9 August 2020.
21891:978-0-299-05400-7
21827:978-1-84467-569-2
21801:978-0-8070-5513-7
21778:978-1-60497-714-1
21725:978-1-61039-635-6
21626:Academic articles
21616:978-1-4696-6369-2
21588:978-0-521-62217-2
21562:978-0-674-72487-7
21539:978-0-06-053916-0
21511:978-0-9501546-4-0
21450:978-0-19-164734-5
21404:978-0-85255-009-0
20846:978-0-241-43744-5
20758:978-0-933121-59-1
20662:Civil War History
20628:978-0-8020-7402-7
20598:. pp. 40–43.
20158:História Unisinos
20059:Richmond Enquirer
19961:978-0-19-531104-4
19790:Huw Lewis-Jones,
19665:978-0-521-00149-6
19618:Christer Petley,
19579:978-0-19-975108-2
19233:Roediger, David.
19009:Unfinished Empire
18932:978-90-04-38014-1
18595:978-0-19-027773-4
18325:. Vol. One.
18143:978-1-107-50718-0
18061:978-2-36062-009-8
17684:"Digital History"
17539:978-0-295-98601-2
17532:. pp. XXVI.
17240:Journal page 398.
17099:Christian Indians
16922:Dartmouth College
16364:Elkins, Stanley:
16110:(1): 63, 65, 67.
16078:BBC World service
15980:978-0-8032-1557-3
15681:Fierce, Mildred.
15397:""Good Breeders""
15346:on 10 August 2024
15304:978-0-19-932917-5
15168:978-0-8130-4260-2
14861:978-1-4683-0160-1
14757:978-1-4406-2084-3
14693:978-1-84415-633-7
14583:"Raymond L. Cohn"
14394:on 19 April 2023.
14270:on 16 March 2010.
14184:978-1-107-09485-7
14034:978-1-78816-814-4
14009:978-0-415-35385-4
13910:978-0-19-508557-0
13712:978-0-8078-5862-2
13621:on 24 March 2024.
13537:. pp. 83–84.
13328:978-0-19-538207-5
13248:978-0-8214-1572-6
13214:978-0-8122-4673-5
13014:(Working Paper).
12761:on 17 April 2009.
12734:978-0-521-84066-8
12564:978-0-521-04824-8
12416:(December 2005).
12338:(Subscription or
11682:978-0-8070-5512-0
11436:, pp. 29–31.
11321:, pp. 28–29.
11221:978-1-134-84305-3
11021:978-90-04-15329-5
10861:. pp. 28–29.
10839:978-0-415-14007-2
10799:978-0-19-522151-0
10528:on 31 August 2024
10292:Wash. U. Jue. Rev
9778:. pp. 35–36.
9732:978-0-19-027773-4
9690:on 10 August 2016
9557:World Archaeology
9524:978-0-8223-3753-9
9471:978-0-8147-4818-3
9430:978-1-137-32405-4
9261:, pp. 24–26.
9161:, pp. 15–17.
9116:Davidson, Basil.
8900:978-0-313-37497-5
8380:(22 April 2010).
8279:Slavery in Canada
8160:American colonies
8040:colony of Surinam
7902:
7901:
7894:
7641:St. George Tucker
7472:freed 466 slaves.
7440:The Royal Navy's
7249:David Brion Davis
7226:
7225:
7075:Uncle Tom's Cabin
6882:Events leading to
6858:anti-black racism
6827:scientific racism
6815:Scientific racism
6772:anti-black racism
6725:antimalarial drug
6610:, wrote that "...
6495:David Livingstone
6442:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6390:Northern America
6239:
6238:
6194:Northern America
5878:
5877:
5860:Dutch West Indies
5692:Indigenous people
5623:African Americans
5550:and were sold in
5511:Slave exports to
5276:natural selection
5173:Mississippi River
5149:enslaved children
4910:Atlantic shipment
4840:to the east, the
4818:Afonso I of Kongo
4705:African conflicts
4702:
4701:
4474:
4473:
4168:British Caribbean
4137:Portuguese Brazil
4074:Canadian scholar
4044:
4043:
3856:List of genocides
3607:Equatorial Guinea
3452:Slavery in Africa
3297:Slave traders in
3187:slave plantations
3136:South Sea Company
3115:(Job ben Solomon)
3081:Kingston, Jamaica
3036:Treaty of Münster
3020:Asiento de Negros
2868:Cape Coast Castle
2673:Queen Elizabeth I
2648:Cape Coast Castle
2470:Abbasid Caliphate
2395:Slavery in Africa
2354:Annius of Viterbo
2291:Pope Alexander VI
2128:Iberian Peninsula
2084:. It started the
1992:invention of the
1777:
1776:
1727:Freedmen's Bureau
1549:Third Servile War
1544:International law
1111:Human trafficking
873:Human trafficking
548:Thirteen colonies
366:Sack of Baltimore
134:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
33826:
33779:History of sugar
33764:Forced migration
33308:
33305:
33301:
33298:
33276:The Heroic Slave
33031:Pierre Toussaint
33026:(1793 VA – 1860)
32990:(1827 VA – 1900)
32722:Pierre Toussaint
32557:Antoine Qaurtier
32546:
32543:
32450:
32449:
32422:Slave narratives
32415:
32408:
32401:
32392:
32391:
32368:
32361:
32235:
32234:
32179:
32169:
32168:
32067:
32066:
31986:
31985:
31974:
31947:Parsley massacre
31824:
31817:
31810:
31801:
31800:
31787:
31786:
31776:
31775:
31774:
31672:
31671:
31474:Pirate Latitudes
31467:Long John Silver
31460:Voyage of Slaves
31327:Long John Silver
31222:Captain Birdseye
31195:
31194:
31065:Letter of marque
31025:Salvador Pirates
31020:Sack of Campeche
30843:Chepo Expedition
30825:Battle of Tysami
30780:Battle off Mukah
30770:Battle of Manila
30609:Quedagh Merchant
30567:Adventure Galley
30413:Victual Brothers
30398:Thomas Cavendish
30363:Sayyida al Hurra
30348:Samuel Hall Lord
30328:Roche Braziliano
30313:Robert Culliford
30248:Nathaniel Gordon
30218:Martin Frobisher
30178:Laurens de Graaf
30148:Jørgen Jørgensen
30083:Henry Strangways
30063:Hendrick Lucifer
30013:Eustace the Monk
29878:António de Faria
29828:
29827:
29796:Republic of Salé
29766:Île Sainte-Marie
29621:
29620:
29598:Victual Brothers
29506:Cilician pirates
29403:
29396:
29389:
29380:
29379:
29149:Plantation house
29108:
29101:
29094:
29085:
29084:
28746:
28739:
28732:
28723:
28722:
28709:
28708:
28498:History of Ghana
28493:History of Congo
28488:History of Benin
28422:Eulonia, Georgia
28417:Daufuskie Island
28371:
28370:
28361:
28355:
28102:
28101:
28083:
28076:
28069:
28060:
28059:
28046:
28045:
28044:
28008:Lynching victims
27507:Louisiana Creole
27478:American English
27366:Louisiana Creole
27339:Choctaw freedmen
27177:
27176:
26714:Huddie Ledbetter
26654:Fannie Lou Hamer
26624:W. E. B. Du Bois
26614:Claudette Colvin
26609:Shirley Chisholm
26426:Family structure
26294:Military history
26176:Browder v. Gayle
26049:
26042:
26035:
26026:
26025:
26012:
26002:
26001:
25966:
25965:
25895:Outlying islands
25852:Washington, D.C.
25847:Federal District
25546:Manifest destiny
25519:
25518:
25508:
25507:
25450:Native Americans
25422:Iranian American
25396:Mexican American
25382:Serbian American
25367:Italian American
25357:Finnish American
25347:English American
25298:Chinese American
25285:African American
25270:
25269:
25075:Direct democracy
25065:The Constitution
25024:Higher education
24947:American Century
24932:
24931:
24385:Great Depression
24358:Women's suffrage
24348:Roaring Twenties
24274:Haymarket affair
24232:Enforcement Acts
24021:Jeffersonian era
23969:Shays' Rebellion
23889:Intolerable Acts
23884:Boston Tea Party
23819:Queen Anne's War
23747:
23746:
23736:
23735:
23703:
23696:
23689:
23680:
23679:
23656:
23649:
23434:Afro-Asian Games
23354:
23353:
23297:
23296:
23275:Renewable energy
23240:Countries by HDI
23218:
23217:
23106:
23105:
23023:
23022:
22824:
22823:
22800:
22793:
22786:
22777:
22776:
22764:
22763:
22719:
22707:
22694:
22663:
22640:
22621:
22598:
22577:
22554:
22531:
22508:
22485:
22462:
22443:
22420:
22397:
22374:
22354:
22331:
22308:
22287:
22285:
22276:(4–5): 475–494.
22258:
22233:
22210:
22197:
22175:
22160:. Philadelphia:
22152:
22129:
22102:
22083:
22064:
22045:
22008:
21977:
21954:
21952:
21946:. Archived from
21913:
21903:
21879:
21868:
21846:
21831:
21810:Blackburn, Robin
21805:
21782:
21757:
21729:
21712:Meredith, Martin
21698:
21689:
21676:
21675:on 19 June 2024.
21674:
21668:. Archived from
21659:
21639:
21620:
21592:
21566:
21543:
21515:
21493:
21480:
21459:Lovejoy, Paul E.
21454:
21431:
21408:
21375:
21361:
21355:
21354:
21352:
21350:
21328:
21322:
21321:
21314:Associated Press
21300:
21294:
21293:
21291:
21289:
21280:. Archived from
21268:
21262:
21261:
21259:
21257:
21248:. Archived from
21227:
21221:
21220:
21218:
21216:
21195:
21189:
21188:
21186:
21184:
21175:. Archived from
21162:
21156:
21155:
21153:
21151:
21146:on 26 March 2023
21130:
21124:
21123:
21121:
21119:
21098:
21092:
21091:
21089:
21087:
21078:. Archived from
21066:
21060:
21059:
21057:
21055:
21050:on 29 March 2024
21046:. Archived from
21033:
21027:
21026:
21009:
21003:
21002:
21000:
20998:
20989:. Archived from
20968:
20962:
20961:
20960:on 12 July 2023.
20950:
20944:
20943:
20932:
20926:
20925:
20923:
20921:
20900:
20894:
20893:
20857:
20851:
20850:
20832:
20826:
20825:
20808:
20799:
20798:
20781:
20775:
20774:
20772:
20770:
20742:
20736:
20735:
20709:
20703:
20702:
20696:
20694:
20652:
20646:
20640:
20634:
20632:
20616:
20606:
20600:
20599:
20587:
20581:
20580:
20560:
20548:
20542:
20536:
20527:
20520:
20514:
20513:
20511:
20509:
20500:. Archived from
20492:Hancock, James.
20489:
20483:
20482:
20448:
20442:
20441:
20439:
20437:
20428:. Archived from
20426:Brown University
20413:
20407:
20406:
20404:
20402:
20393:. Archived from
20391:Brown University
20377:
20371:
20370:
20368:
20366:
20357:. Archived from
20342:
20336:
20335:
20333:
20331:
20322:. Archived from
20310:
20304:
20303:
20301:
20299:
20282:Bromley, Jason.
20279:
20273:
20272:
20270:
20268:
20259:. Archived from
20243:
20237:
20236:
20234:
20232:
20223:. Archived from
20221:Brown University
20208:
20202:
20195:
20189:
20188:
20186:
20184:
20178:
20172:. Archived from
20155:
20146:
20140:
20139:
20128:
20122:
20121:
20119:
20117:
20095:
20089:
20082:
20076:
20075:
20050:
20044:
20043:
20007:
20001:
20000:
19983:(4): 631–658 u.
19972:
19966:
19965:
19949:
19939:
19933:
19932:
19930:
19928:
19919:. Archived from
19905:
19899:
19898:
19872:
19863:
19862:
19860:
19858:
19853:on 15 March 2024
19843:
19837:
19836:
19835:on 6 March 2024.
19831:. Archived from
19818:
19812:
19801:
19795:
19788:
19782:
19781:
19761:
19755:
19754:
19732:
19726:
19725:
19697:
19691:
19676:
19670:
19669:
19645:
19639:
19633:
19627:
19616:
19610:
19609:
19607:
19605:
19596:. Archived from
19590:
19584:
19583:
19559:
19553:
19552:
19547:. Archived from
19537:
19531:
19530:
19522:
19516:
19509:
19503:
19497:
19491:
19485:
19474:
19471:
19465:
19458:
19452:
19451:
19431:
19425:
19424:
19422:
19420:
19411:. Archived from
19398:
19392:
19391:
19389:
19387:
19378:. Archived from
19367:
19361:
19360:
19358:
19356:
19351:on 15 April 2024
19331:
19325:
19324:
19322:
19320:
19311:. Archived from
19298:
19292:
19291:
19289:
19287:
19282:on 14 March 2024
19278:. Archived from
19265:
19259:
19258:
19256:
19254:
19245:. Archived from
19230:
19224:
19223:
19221:
19219:
19182:
19176:
19175:
19173:
19171:
19162:. Archived from
19151:
19145:
19144:
19142:
19140:
19125:
19119:
19118:
19116:
19114:
19079:
19073:
19072:
19070:
19068:
19056:
19050:
19049:
19047:
19045:
19018:
19012:
19005:
18999:
18993:
18987:
18986:
18984:
18982:
18976:
18959:
18950:
18944:
18943:
18941:
18939:
18924:
18892:
18886:
18885:
18883:
18881:
18861:
18855:
18854:
18852:
18850:
18831:
18825:
18824:
18822:
18820:
18801:
18795:
18794:
18792:
18790:
18785:on 18 March 2022
18781:. Archived from
18767:
18761:
18760:
18758:
18756:
18737:
18731:
18730:
18728:
18726:
18717:. Archived from
18703:
18697:
18696:
18686:
18676:
18652:
18646:
18645:
18643:
18641:
18632:. Archived from
18618:
18612:
18611:
18609:
18607:
18569:
18563:
18562:
18560:
18558:
18537:
18531:
18530:
18528:
18526:
18520:
18503:
18494:
18488:
18487:
18485:
18483:
18477:
18462:
18453:
18447:
18446:
18444:
18442:
18436:
18425:
18417:
18411:
18404:
18398:
18391:
18385:
18384:
18372:
18366:
18365:
18353:
18347:
18346:
18336:
18334:
18309:
18303:
18302:
18290:
18284:
18283:
18275:
18269:
18268:, pp. 1–21.
18263:
18254:
18253:
18225:
18219:
18218:
18182:
18173:
18166:
18160:
18154:
18148:
18147:
18125:
18119:
18118:
18096:
18087:
18086:
18075:
18066:
18065:
18047:
18041:
18040:
18038:
18036:
18015:
18009:
18008:
18006:
18004:
17977:
17971:
17970:
17968:
17966:
17960:
17954:. Archived from
17949:
17940:
17934:
17933:
17931:
17929:
17924:on 22 March 2021
17923:
17912:
17903:
17897:
17896:
17894:
17884:
17860:
17854:
17853:
17851:
17849:
17840:. Archived from
17826:
17820:
17813:
17807:
17787:
17774:
17773:
17771:
17765:. Archived from
17760:
17752:
17746:
17745:
17728:
17722:
17721:
17719:
17717:
17702:
17696:
17695:
17690:. Archived from
17680:
17674:
17673:
17671:
17669:
17650:
17644:
17641:
17635:
17628:
17622:
17621:
17615:
17613:
17588:
17582:
17581:
17569:
17550:
17544:
17543:
17518:
17512:
17511:
17509:
17507:
17490:Edwards, Erika.
17487:
17481:
17480:
17478:
17476:
17453:
17447:
17446:
17444:
17442:
17412:
17406:
17405:
17403:
17401:
17377:
17371:
17370:
17368:
17366:
17357:. Archived from
17345:
17339:
17338:
17336:
17334:
17312:
17306:
17305:
17258:
17249:
17243:
17242:
17233:
17229:
17185:
17179:
17178:
17134:
17128:
17127:
17074:
17060:
17054:
17053:
17051:
17049:
17030:
17024:
17023:
17021:
17019:
17000:
16994:
16993:
16991:
16989:
16984:on 13 March 2024
16970:
16964:
16963:
16961:
16959:
16944:
16938:
16937:
16935:
16933:
16910:
16904:
16903:
16901:
16899:
16890:. Archived from
16880:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16869:
16850:
16844:
16843:
16841:
16839:
16834:on 14 April 2024
16830:. Archived from
16816:
16810:
16809:
16807:
16805:
16782:
16776:
16775:
16773:
16771:
16755:
16749:
16748:
16746:
16744:
16710:
16704:
16703:
16701:
16699:
16667:
16661:
16660:
16658:
16656:
16632:
16626:
16625:
16623:
16621:
16612:. Archived from
16598:
16592:
16591:
16589:
16587:
16564:
16558:
16557:
16555:
16553:
16544:. Archived from
16533:
16527:
16526:
16514:
16508:
16507:
16505:
16503:
16494:. Archived from
16484:
16478:
16477:
16475:
16473:
16467:
16461:. Archived from
16436:
16427:
16421:
16408:
16402:
16401:
16393:
16384:
16383:
16375:
16369:
16362:
16356:
16355:
16353:
16351:
16336:
16330:
16323:
16317:
16316:
16311:. Archived from
16301:
16295:
16294:
16289:. Archived from
16277:
16271:
16270:
16240:
16231:
16230:
16209:Panosian, Claire
16201:
16192:
16191:
16189:
16187:
16177:
16168:
16162:
16161:
16141:
16135:
16134:
16132:
16130:
16095:
16089:
16088:
16086:
16084:
16070:
16064:
16063:
16061:
16059:
16039:
16033:
16032:
16012:
16002:
15993:
15992:
15962:
15956:
15955:
15953:
15951:
15909:
15903:
15902:
15900:
15898:
15872:
15866:
15865:
15863:
15861:
15852:. Archived from
15836:
15830:
15829:
15827:
15825:
15816:. Archived from
15806:
15800:
15799:
15797:
15795:
15786:. Archived from
15775:
15769:
15768:
15766:
15764:
15740:
15734:
15733:
15731:
15729:
15720:. Archived from
15705:
15699:
15698:
15696:
15694:
15678:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15667:
15635:
15629:
15628:
15626:
15624:
15605:
15599:
15598:
15596:
15594:
15544:
15538:
15537:
15535:
15533:
15501:
15495:
15494:
15492:
15490:
15484:
15471:
15462:
15456:
15455:
15453:
15451:
15445:
15434:
15425:
15419:
15418:
15416:
15414:
15392:
15386:
15385:
15383:
15381:
15362:
15356:
15355:
15353:
15351:
15330:Edwards (2015).
15327:
15321:
15320:
15318:
15316:
15278:
15272:
15271:
15261:
15227:
15221:
15220:
15218:
15216:
15210:
15204:. Archived from
15199:
15191:
15185:
15184:
15182:
15180:
15148:
15142:
15141:
15139:
15137:
15117:
15111:
15110:
15108:
15106:
15100:
15085:
15076:
15070:
15069:
15053:
15043:
15037:
15036:
15034:
15032:
14998:
14992:
14991:
14989:
14987:
14972:
14966:
14965:
14963:
14961:
14935:
14929:
14928:
14926:
14924:
14915:. Archived from
14903:
14897:
14896:
14894:
14892:
14883:. Archived from
14872:
14866:
14865:
14843:
14837:
14836:
14834:
14832:
14823:. Archived from
14811:
14805:
14804:
14802:
14800:
14768:
14762:
14761:
14739:
14733:
14732:
14715:Houghton Mifflin
14704:
14698:
14697:
14679:
14673:
14672:
14640:
14634:
14633:
14603:
14597:
14596:
14595:on 22 June 2007.
14591:. Archived from
14579:
14573:
14572:
14570:
14568:
14518:
14512:
14511:
14509:
14507:
14490:Wolfe, Brendan.
14487:
14481:
14480:
14479:. Da Capo Press.
14472:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14452:
14431:
14422:
14421:
14419:
14417:
14402:
14396:
14395:
14390:. Archived from
14378:
14372:
14371:
14360:
14354:
14353:
14351:
14349:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14319:
14300:
14294:
14293:
14288:. Archived from
14278:
14272:
14271:
14266:. Archived from
14256:
14250:
14249:
14226:Hochschild, Adam
14222:
14216:
14215:
14207:
14201:
14200:
14198:
14196:
14164:
14158:
14152:
14143:
14142:
14130:
14120:
14109:
14108:
14106:
14104:
14095:. Archived from
14083:
14077:
14076:
14074:
14072:
14063:. Archived from
14053:
14047:
14046:
14020:
14014:
14013:
13991:
13985:
13984:
13972:
13966:
13960:
13951:
13945:
13939:
13938:
13937:on 12 July 2023.
13921:
13915:
13914:
13890:
13884:
13883:
13882:on 1 April 2023.
13878:. Archived from
13870:Greenberg, Jon.
13867:
13861:
13860:
13850:
13832:
13797:
13791:
13790:
13780:
13762:
13735:
13729:
13728:
13726:
13724:
13715:. Archived from
13689:
13683:
13682:
13670:
13659:
13653:
13647:
13646:
13645:on 22 July 2010.
13641:. Archived from
13629:
13623:
13622:
13605:
13599:
13598:
13593:. Archived from
13583:
13577:
13576:
13564:
13558:
13557:
13545:
13539:
13538:
13526:
13520:
13519:
13504:
13498:
13492:
13486:
13480:
13474:
13468:
13462:
13456:
13450:
13449:
13435:
13429:
13428:
13426:
13424:
13405:
13399:
13393:
13384:
13383:
13382:on 2 March 2012.
13378:. Archived from
13366:
13360:
13354:
13345:
13344:
13342:
13340:
13308:
13302:
13301:
13300:on 12 July 2023.
13296:. Archived from
13286:
13280:
13274:
13265:
13259:
13253:
13252:
13234:
13219:
13218:
13196:
13190:
13189:
13187:
13185:
13142:
13136:
13135:
13133:
13131:
13083:
13077:
13076:
13060:
13054:
13053:
13041:
13035:
13034:
13032:
13030:
13024:
13018:. Archived from
13013:
13002:
12996:
12995:
12984:
12978:
12977:
12965:
12959:
12958:
12953:. Archived from
12943:
12937:
12936:
12931:. Archived from
12925:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12914:
12905:. Archived from
12893:
12887:
12886:
12878:
12872:
12871:
12869:
12867:
12848:
12842:
12836:
12830:
12829:
12821:
12815:
12809:
12803:
12797:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12769:
12763:
12762:
12745:
12739:
12738:
12716:
12710:
12704:
12698:
12695:Christopher 2006
12692:
12686:
12685:
12680:. Archived from
12669:
12663:
12662:
12642:
12636:
12630:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12619:
12587:
12581:
12575:
12569:
12568:
12544:
12538:
12537:
12536:on 15 June 2024.
12532:. Archived from
12520:
12514:
12508:
12502:
12501:
12493:
12487:
12480:
12474:
12468:
12462:
12456:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12445:
12409:
12400:
12399:
12387:
12381:
12380:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12354:Israel, Jonathan
12350:
12344:
12343:
12335:
12319:
12312:
12306:
12305:
12303:
12301:
12296:on 10 April 2023
12282:
12276:
12270:
12264:
12263:
12261:
12259:
12250:. Archived from
12239:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12228:
12188:
12182:
12181:
12179:
12177:
12135:
12129:
12128:
12126:
12124:
12105:
12099:
12098:
12096:
12094:
12046:
12040:
12039:
12037:
12035:
12030:on 13 March 2024
12026:. Archived from
12016:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12005:
11981:
11975:
11974:
11950:
11944:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11933:
11927:. Archived from
11922:
11914:
11908:
11907:
11905:
11903:
11898:on 30 March 2024
11897:
11891:. Archived from
11886:
11878:
11872:
11871:
11869:
11867:
11862:on 30 March 2024
11861:
11855:. Archived from
11848:
11840:
11834:
11833:
11831:
11829:
11812:(5): 1826–1827.
11795:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11784:
11775:. Archived from
11765:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11745:. Archived from
11733:
11727:
11726:
11724:
11722:
11703:
11690:
11689:
11662:
11656:
11650:
11644:
11638:
11632:
11626:
11620:
11619:
11617:
11615:
11606:. Archived from
11594:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11583:
11564:
11558:
11557:
11555:
11553:
11544:. Archived from
11530:
11524:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11513:
11502:
11494:
11488:
11482:
11476:
11470:
11461:
11455:
11449:
11443:
11437:
11431:
11425:
11419:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11399:. Archived from
11389:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11369:. Archived from
11358:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11338:. Archived from
11328:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11296:. Archived from
11282:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11259:. Archived from
11247:
11241:
11240:
11235:
11233:
11201:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11184:
11159:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11118:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11107:
11102:on 31 March 2024
11088:
11082:
11076:
11070:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11050:
11044:
11038:
11029:
11028:
10999:
10993:
10992:
10983:
10981:
10959:
10953:
10949:
10943:
10937:
10931:
10930:
10922:
10916:
10915:
10910:. Archived from
10897:
10891:
10890:
10885:. Archived from
10874:
10863:
10862:
10850:
10844:
10843:
10821:
10815:
10814:
10781:
10775:
10774:
10769:. Archived from
10759:
10753:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10726:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10715:
10683:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10608:
10602:
10601:
10571:
10565:
10564:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10524:. Archived from
10510:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10499:
10464:
10458:
10457:
10456:on 30 July 2022.
10452:. Archived from
10446:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10430:on 26 March 2024
10429:
10423:. Archived from
10418:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10368:
10359:. Archived from
10348:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10318:
10312:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10283:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10272:
10253:
10247:
10246:
10222:
10216:
10215:
10214:on 15 July 2024.
10213:
10207:. Archived from
10196:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10168:
10151:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10096:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10085:
10076:. Archived from
10045:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9982:. Archived from
9980:Brown University
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9935:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9836:
9813:
9807:
9804:
9798:
9795:
9789:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9767:
9761:
9758:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9706:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9695:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9622:
9616:
9615:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9310:
9304:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9278:. Archived from
9268:
9262:
9256:
9250:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9171:Christopher 2006
9168:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9149:
9148:on 11 June 2024.
9144:. Archived from
9131:
9122:
9121:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9103:Houghton Mifflin
9101:(2nd ed.).
9094:
9088:
9087:
9075:
9064:
9063:
9037:
9028:
9022:
9016:
9015:
8993:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8930:. Archived from
8919:
8913:
8912:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8854:. Archived from
8843:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8789:
8780:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8766:. Archived from
8756:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8739:
8733:. Archived from
8728:
8720:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8700:. Archived from
8686:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8634:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8578:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8528:. Archived from
8514:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8494:. Archived from
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8464:. Archived from
8450:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8436:
8427:. Archived from
8417:
8411:
8405:
8396:
8395:
8374:
8361:
8360:
8348:
8269:Slave Trade Acts
8208:Atlantic history
8174:, Virginia, and
8035:Roger van Boxtel
7897:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7877:
7846:
7838:
7464:
7279:Thomas Jefferson
7218:
7211:
7204:
7177:Star of the West
7034:Corwin Amendment
6999:Ostend Manifesto
6964:Texas annexation
6959:Texas Revolution
6890:
6879:
6835:Native Americans
6766:Legacy of racism
6668:Cultural effects
6633:
6630:
6613:
6590:Seymour Drescher
6571:Stanley Engerman
6537:
6520:
6517:
6487:Archibald Dalzel
6463:Joseph C. Miller
6249:
6245:
6053:
6049:
6046:
5962:
5953:
5950:
5944:
5935:
5932:
5922:
5911:British Honduras
5790:
5786:
5774:Southeast Alaska
5661:prisoners of war
5658:English colonial
5357:
5354:
5350:
5199:Galveston Island
4937:economic history
4814:Kingdom of Kongo
4735:
4732:
4624:Southeast Africa
4510:% did not arrive
4492:
4488:
4230:Spanish Americas
4199:French Caribbean
4104:
4100:
4064:Ana Lucia Araujo
4036:
4029:
4022:
3991:Ethnic cleansing
3866:Effects on youth
3843:
3833:
3817:
3816:
3777:of southwestern
3757:of southeastern
3324:
3271:Thomas Jefferson
3175:Triangular trade
3169:Triangular trade
3140:South Sea Bubble
3076:demarcation line
3068:house the slaves
2704:Kingdom of Kongo
2700:Bissagos Islands
2492:Muslim countries
2474:Mamluk Sultanate
2337:had the largest
2299:Native Americans
2278:Romanus Pontifex
2257:
2110:Slavery in Spain
1941:Age of Discovery
1863:English colonies
1851:overseas empires
1801:triangular trade
1769:
1762:
1755:
1739:Emancipation Day
1572:
1539:Slave Trade Acts
230:Byzantine Empire
72:
45:
44:
21:
33834:
33833:
33829:
33828:
33827:
33825:
33824:
33823:
33714:
33713:
33712:
33707:
33706:
33701:
33647:Book of Negroes
33601:Anti-Tom novels
33579:
33552:
33517:
33491:
33456:
33426:The Known World
33306:
33299:
33237:
33199:Up from Slavery
33102:
33091:Miguel de Buría
33073:
33042:Wallace Turnage
32978:Solomon Northup
32910:Fountain Hughes
32752:Jordan Anderson
32739:
32733:
32709:Esteban Montejo
32695:
32689:
32670:
32664:
32638:
32609:Olaudah Equiano
32591:
32574:
32544:
32508:Elizabeth Marsh
32496:Ólafur Egilsson
32484:Felice Caronni
32445:
32443:
32437:
32424:
32419:
32389:
32384:
32371:
32364:
32357:
32344:
32281:
32267:Public holidays
32220:
32177:
32154:
32052:
32028:Protected areas
32003:Ciudad Colonial
31975:
31966:
31941:Héctor Trujillo
31926:Restoration War
31834:
31828:
31798:
31793:
31772:
31770:
31757:
31723:Barbary pirates
31711:
31707:Women in piracy
31663:
31607:
31576:
31505:Buried treasure
31493:
31425:Facing the Flag
31418:Treasure Island
31391:
31337:Vaas Montenegro
31332:Monkey D. Luffy
31302:Hector Barbossa
31287:Elizabeth Swann
31252:Captain Pugwash
31189:
31187:
31180:
31157:Veloz Passagera
31155:Capture of the
31108:
31039:
30848:Capture of the
30656:
30588:Flying Dutchman
30550:
30516:Miguel Enríquez
30468:
30462:
30428:William Dampier
30383:Simon Mascarino
30378:Shirahama Kenki
30358:Samuel Pallache
30323:Roberto Cofresí
30233:Mary Wolverston
30208:Mansel Alcantra
30183:Lawrence Prince
29863:Albert W. Hicks
29815:
29753:
29745:
29709:
29666:
29612:
29608:Women in piracy
29573:Sindhi corsairs
29526:French corsairs
29516:Cossack pirates
29469:Albanian piracy
29462:Types of pirate
29457:
29412:
29407:
29377:
29372:
29302:
29293:Convict leasing
29281:
29203:
29155:
29132:Ancient planter
29115:
29112:
29082:
29077:
29061:
29052:British English
29040:
28946:
28940:
28913:
28907:
28859:British hip hop
28830:
28823:
28788:Empire Windrush
28763:
28756:
28750:
28720:
28715:
28695:
28562:
28459:Related history
28454:
28400:
28396:Stono Rebellion
28381:Bilali Document
28362:
28356:
28343:
28327:Related culture
28322:
28281:
28257:Hot foot powder
28227:Flying Africans
28200:
28196:Gullah language
28184:
28159:
28093:
28087:
28057:
28052:
28042:
28040:
28027:
27993:Historic places
27986:US state firsts
27872:
27787:
27511:
27444:
27416:2010 majorities
27411:2000 majorities
27382:
27329:Black Seminoles
27278:
27269:Southern (SIAC)
27252:
27251:and conferences
27250:
27243:
27239:Serena Williams
27234:Jackie Robinson
27168:
27092:
27090:
27083:
27003:
26970:Nation of Islam
26941:
26889:
26883:
26824:Sojourner Truth
26814:Clarence Thomas
26779:Gabriel Prosser
26679:Michael Jackson
26554:Crispus Attucks
26544:Ralph Abernathy
26532:
26488:Musical theater
26387:
26253:Great Migration
26225:COVID-19 impact
26183:Sit-in movement
26058:
26053:
26023:
26018:
25972:
25946:
25890:
25854:
25842:
25581:
25555:
25513:
25498:
25404:Jewish American
25377:Polish American
25318:Korean American
25308:Indian American
25275:
25260:
25115:Merchant Marine
25085:Law enforcement
24937:
24918:
24792:
24788:Great Recession
24695:
24669:Reagan Doctrine
24623:
24602:Stonewall riots
24524:
24498:Project Mercury
24459:Truman Doctrine
24435:
24343:First Red Scare
24317:
24286:Progressive Era
24198:
24158:Bleeding Kansas
24114:
24061:Monroe Doctrine
24037:
23985:
23944:Treaty of Paris
23905:
23879:Boston Massacre
23874:Sons of Liberty
23770:
23741:
23730:
23712:
23707:
23677:
23672:
23659:
23652:
23645:
23636:
23539:
23535:Youth in Africa
23513:Life expectancy
23468:
23410:
23386:Africanfuturism
23343:
23284:
23280:Stock exchanges
23203:
23091:
23050:Natural history
23008:
22972:
22929:
22878:Muslim conquest
22873:Bantu expansion
22813:
22804:
22769:
22738:Wayback Machine
22727:
22722:
22710:
22698:Poulter, Emma.
22660:
22648:. Chapel Hill:
22637:
22618:
22574:
22551:
22528:
22505:
22482:
22459:
22440:
22417:
22394:
22371:
22351:
22328:
22255:
22230:
22194:
22172:
22149:
22118:
22099:
22080:
22061:
22026:10.2307/2674417
21997:
21974:
21950:
21911:
21892:
21865:
21828:
21802:
21779:
21754:
21737:
21735:Further reading
21732:
21726:
21706:
21701:
21672:
21637:
21628:
21623:
21617:
21589:
21563:
21540:
21512:
21477:
21451:
21428:
21405:
21388:
21383:
21378:
21362:
21358:
21348:
21346:
21329:
21325:
21320:on 10 May 2021.
21302:
21301:
21297:
21287:
21285:
21284:on 12 July 2023
21270:
21269:
21265:
21255:
21253:
21228:
21224:
21214:
21212:
21197:
21196:
21192:
21182:
21180:
21179:on 4 April 2023
21163:
21159:
21149:
21147:
21132:
21131:
21127:
21117:
21115:
21100:
21099:
21095:
21085:
21083:
21068:
21067:
21063:
21053:
21051:
21034:
21030:
21025:on 15 May 2024.
21011:
21010:
21006:
20996:
20994:
20969:
20965:
20952:
20951:
20947:
20934:
20933:
20929:
20919:
20917:
20916:on 8 April 2023
20902:
20901:
20897:
20858:
20854:
20847:
20833:
20829:
20817:Chicago Tribune
20810:
20809:
20802:
20783:
20782:
20778:
20768:
20766:
20759:
20743:
20739:
20710:
20706:
20692:
20690:
20653:
20649:
20641:
20637:
20629:
20607:
20603:
20596:Open University
20588:
20584:
20549:
20545:
20537:
20530:
20521:
20517:
20507:
20505:
20490:
20486:
20479:
20449:
20445:
20435:
20433:
20414:
20410:
20400:
20398:
20397:on 20 July 2024
20379:
20378:
20374:
20364:
20362:
20343:
20339:
20329:
20327:
20326:on 18 July 2024
20314:"Denmark Vesey"
20312:
20311:
20307:
20297:
20295:
20280:
20276:
20266:
20264:
20263:on 10 July 2024
20245:
20244:
20240:
20230:
20228:
20210:
20209:
20205:
20196:
20192:
20182:
20180:
20179:on 15 July 2024
20176:
20153:
20147:
20143:
20130:
20129:
20125:
20115:
20113:
20105:BBC News Brasil
20096:
20092:
20083:
20079:
20052:
20051:
20047:
20008:
20004:
19973:
19969:
19962:
19940:
19936:
19926:
19924:
19913:Jim Crow Museum
19907:
19906:
19902:
19874:
19873:
19866:
19856:
19854:
19845:
19844:
19840:
19819:
19815:
19802:
19798:
19789:
19785:
19762:
19758:
19733:
19729:
19714:10.2307/2716488
19698:
19694:
19677:
19673:
19666:
19646:
19642:
19634:
19630:
19617:
19613:
19603:
19601:
19592:
19591:
19587:
19580:
19560:
19556:
19539:
19538:
19534:
19523:
19519:
19515:(2007), p. 158.
19510:
19506:
19498:
19494:
19486:
19477:
19472:
19468:
19464:(1975), p. 129.
19459:
19455:
19448:
19432:
19428:
19418:
19416:
19399:
19395:
19385:
19383:
19368:
19364:
19354:
19352:
19333:
19332:
19328:
19318:
19316:
19299:
19295:
19285:
19283:
19266:
19262:
19252:
19250:
19249:on 12 July 2024
19231:
19227:
19217:
19215:
19205:10.2307/1171358
19183:
19179:
19169:
19167:
19152:
19148:
19138:
19136:
19133:Harvard Library
19127:
19126:
19122:
19112:
19110:
19094:(22): 141–339.
19080:
19076:
19066:
19064:
19063:. American News
19057:
19053:
19043:
19041:
19019:
19015:
19006:
19002:
18994:
18990:
18980:
18978:
18977:on 10 July 2024
18974:
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18803:
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18768:
18764:
18754:
18752:
18739:
18738:
18734:
18724:
18722:
18705:
18704:
18700:
18661:Malaria Journal
18653:
18649:
18639:
18637:
18620:
18619:
18615:
18605:
18603:
18596:
18578:African History
18570:
18566:
18556:
18554:
18539:
18538:
18534:
18524:
18522:
18521:on 10 July 2024
18518:
18501:
18495:
18491:
18481:
18479:
18478:on 14 July 2020
18475:
18460:
18454:
18450:
18440:
18438:
18434:
18423:
18419:
18418:
18414:
18405:
18401:
18392:
18388:
18373:
18369:
18354:
18350:
18332:
18330:
18310:
18306:
18297:. Chapel Hill:
18291:
18287:
18276:
18272:
18264:
18257:
18242:10.2307/2590147
18226:
18222:
18199:10.2307/3113341
18183:
18176:
18167:
18163:
18155:
18151:
18144:
18136:. p. 321.
18126:
18122:
18097:
18090:
18076:
18069:
18062:
18048:
18044:
18034:
18032:
18017:
18016:
18012:
18002:
18000:
17980:M'baye (2006).
17978:
17974:
17964:
17962:
17958:
17947:
17941:
17937:
17927:
17925:
17921:
17910:
17904:
17900:
17861:
17857:
17847:
17845:
17828:
17827:
17823:
17814:
17810:
17788:
17777:
17769:
17758:
17754:
17753:
17749:
17744:on 9 June 2024.
17730:
17729:
17725:
17715:
17713:
17708:. 9 June 2020.
17704:
17703:
17699:
17682:
17681:
17677:
17667:
17665:
17658:www.fsmitha.com
17652:
17651:
17647:
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17313:
17309:
17256:
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17231:
17227:
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17182:
17135:
17131:
17111:Plymouth Colony
17061:
17057:
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17027:
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17015:
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16803:
16801:
16784:
16783:
16779:
16769:
16767:
16766:on 2 March 2024
16756:
16752:
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16711:
16707:
16697:
16695:
16668:
16664:
16654:
16652:
16633:
16629:
16619:
16617:
16616:on 1 March 2024
16600:
16599:
16595:
16585:
16583:
16568:"The Caribbean"
16566:
16565:
16561:
16551:
16549:
16534:
16530:
16519:Jamaica Journal
16515:
16511:
16501:
16499:
16486:
16485:
16481:
16471:
16469:
16465:
16434:
16428:
16424:
16418:Wayback Machine
16409:
16405:
16394:
16387:
16376:
16372:
16363:
16359:
16349:
16347:
16338:
16337:
16333:
16324:
16320:
16305:"Webbook Chap1"
16303:
16302:
16298:
16293:on 9 July 2024.
16279:
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16003:
15996:
15981:
15963:
15959:
15949:
15947:
15910:
15906:
15896:
15894:
15893:on 28 June 2018
15873:
15869:
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15857:
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15808:
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15692:
15690:
15679:
15675:
15665:
15663:
15656:
15636:
15632:
15622:
15620:
15613:Digital History
15607:
15606:
15602:
15592:
15590:
15545:
15541:
15531:
15529:
15522:
15514:. p. 178.
15502:
15498:
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15486:
15482:
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15463:
15459:
15449:
15447:
15443:
15432:
15426:
15422:
15412:
15410:
15393:
15389:
15379:
15377:
15376:on 13 June 2024
15364:
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15208:
15197:
15193:
15192:
15188:
15178:
15176:
15169:
15149:
15145:
15135:
15133:
15120:Mintz, Steven.
15118:
15114:
15104:
15102:
15098:
15083:
15077:
15073:
15066:
15044:
15040:
15030:
15028:
14999:
14995:
14985:
14983:
14974:
14973:
14969:
14959:
14957:
14936:
14932:
14922:
14920:
14919:on 21 June 2024
14905:
14904:
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14890:
14888:
14873:
14869:
14862:
14844:
14840:
14830:
14828:
14827:on 15 June 2021
14813:
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14808:
14798:
14796:
14789:
14769:
14765:
14758:
14750:. p. 138.
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14085:
14084:
14080:
14070:
14068:
14067:on 18 July 2024
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13565:
13561:
13552:. Vol. 1.
13546:
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13523:
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13501:
13493:
13489:
13481:
13477:
13469:
13465:
13457:
13453:
13448:on 11 May 2024.
13436:
13432:
13422:
13420:
13419:on 27 June 2024
13407:
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12957:on 28 May 2024.
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12727:. p. 583.
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12584:
12576:
12572:
12565:
12545:
12541:
12522:
12521:
12517:
12509:
12505:
12500:(2nd ed.).
12494:
12490:
12481:
12477:
12469:
12465:
12457:
12453:
12443:
12441:
12434:
12410:
12403:
12388:
12384:
12373:
12369:
12351:
12347:
12337:
12314:
12313:
12309:
12299:
12297:
12290:LiveScience.com
12284:
12283:
12279:
12271:
12267:
12257:
12255:
12240:
12236:
12226:
12224:
12209:10.2307/2649014
12189:
12185:
12175:
12173:
12136:
12132:
12122:
12120:
12107:
12106:
12102:
12092:
12090:
12067:10.2307/2674419
12047:
12043:
12033:
12031:
12018:
12017:
12013:
12003:
12001:
11982:
11978:
11971:
11951:
11947:
11937:
11935:
11931:
11920:
11916:
11915:
11911:
11901:
11899:
11895:
11884:
11880:
11879:
11875:
11865:
11863:
11859:
11846:
11841:
11837:
11827:
11825:
11796:
11792:
11782:
11780:
11767:
11766:
11762:
11752:
11750:
11735:
11734:
11730:
11720:
11718:
11717:on 20 June 2024
11705:
11704:
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11683:
11663:
11659:
11651:
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11639:
11635:
11627:
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11611:
11596:
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11579:
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11565:
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11549:
11532:
11531:
11527:
11517:
11515:
11511:
11500:
11496:
11495:
11491:
11483:
11479:
11471:
11464:
11456:
11452:
11444:
11440:
11432:
11428:
11420:
11416:
11406:
11404:
11403:on 11 July 2024
11391:
11390:
11386:
11376:
11374:
11359:
11355:
11345:
11343:
11330:
11329:
11325:
11317:
11313:
11303:
11301:
11284:
11283:
11276:
11266:
11264:
11263:on 20 June 2024
11249:
11248:
11244:
11231:
11229:
11222:
11202:
11198:
11188:
11186:
11182:
11157:
11151:
11147:
11137:
11135:
11122:"Elmina Castle"
11120:
11119:
11115:
11105:
11103:
11090:
11089:
11085:
11077:
11073:
11065:
11061:
11052:
11051:
11047:
11039:
11032:
11022:
11000:
10996:
10979:
10977:
10960:
10956:
10950:
10946:
10938:
10934:
10923:
10919:
10914:on 17 May 2024.
10898:
10894:
10875:
10866:
10851:
10847:
10840:
10832:. p. 221.
10822:
10818:
10800:
10782:
10778:
10761:
10760:
10756:
10746:
10744:
10727:
10723:
10713:
10711:
10704:
10684:
10680:
10670:
10668:
10661:
10641:
10637:
10627:
10625:
10610:
10609:
10605:
10598:
10572:
10568:
10561:
10545:
10541:
10531:
10529:
10512:
10511:
10507:
10497:
10495:
10485:10.2307/2953315
10465:
10461:
10448:
10447:
10443:
10433:
10431:
10427:
10416:
10412:Modrow; Smith.
10410:
10406:
10396:
10394:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10366:
10364:
10349:
10345:
10335:
10333:
10320:
10319:
10315:
10305:
10303:
10302:on 30 June 2024
10284:
10280:
10270:
10268:
10255:
10254:
10250:
10243:
10223:
10219:
10211:
10205:
10194:
10186:
10182:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10149:
10143:
10139:
10129:
10127:
10117:10.2307/2953315
10097:
10093:
10083:
10081:
10066:10.2307/3491806
10046:
10042:
10032:
10030:
10023:
10003:
9999:
9989:
9987:
9986:on 13 July 2024
9968:
9967:
9963:
9953:
9951:
9936:
9932:
9922:
9920:
9907:
9906:
9902:
9895:
9879:
9875:
9868:
9848:
9844:
9834:
9832:
9815:
9814:
9810:
9805:
9801:
9796:
9792:
9787:
9783:
9768:
9764:
9759:
9752:
9742:
9740:
9733:
9707:
9703:
9693:
9691:
9678:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9650:
9646:
9639:
9623:
9619:
9612:
9596:
9592:
9582:
9580:
9548:
9544:
9534:
9532:
9525:
9491:
9487:
9472:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9401:
9397:
9387:
9385:
9354:
9350:
9340:
9338:
9311:
9307:
9299:
9295:
9285:
9283:
9270:
9269:
9265:
9257:
9253:
9245:
9241:
9231:
9229:
9216:
9215:
9211:
9193:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9169:
9165:
9157:
9153:
9132:
9125:
9114:
9110:
9095:
9091:
9076:
9067:
9060:
9038:
9031:
9023:
9019:
8987:
8970:
8966:
8951:
8947:
8937:
8935:
8920:
8916:
8901:
8891:Greenwood Press
8875:
8871:
8861:
8859:
8844:
8840:
8830:
8828:
8809:
8805:
8790:
8783:
8773:
8771:
8758:
8757:
8753:
8743:
8741:
8740:on 25 June 2024
8737:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8717:
8707:
8705:
8704:on 27 June 2024
8688:
8687:
8683:
8673:
8671:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8646:
8644:
8636:
8635:
8628:
8618:
8616:
8579:
8572:
8562:
8560:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8535:
8533:
8516:
8515:
8511:
8501:
8499:
8498:on 17 July 2020
8486:
8485:
8481:
8471:
8469:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8434:
8432:
8431:on 16 July 2020
8419:
8418:
8414:
8406:
8399:
8375:
8364:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8203:
8143:
8135:Bank of England
8120:Mayor of London
8116:Ken Livingstone
8088:
8063:
8031:
8007:
7991:
7977:
7949:Mathieu Kerekou
7945:
7898:
7887:
7881:
7878:
7863:
7847:
7836:
7831:
7815:
7783:
7775:Main articles:
7773:
7726:
7718:Main articles:
7716:
7703:
7612:
7595:
7570:Abraham Lincoln
7541:Stephen Douglas
7534:Matilda McCrear
7506:Mobile, Alabama
7485:
7479:
7438:
7418:Lord Palmerston
7393:
7334:
7328:
7258:Thomas Clarkson
7222:
7193:
7192:
7171:
7163:
7162:
7111:
7103:
7102:
7081:Bleeding Kansas
7047:
7039:
7038:
6919:
6911:
6910:
6896:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6843:white supremacy
6774:
6768:
6670:
6631:
6621:
6611:
6576:British economy
6550:
6544:
6535:
6518:
6472:
6443:
6241:
6043:
6023:British economy
5998:Leeward Islands
5973:
5966:
5963:
5954:
5951:
5945:
5936:
5933:
5923:
5766:
5677:
5619:Gadsden's Wharf
5588:colonial Boston
5584:Gadsden's Wharf
5560:
5537:Central America
5535:slave trade in
5509:
5507:Central America
5452:
5447:
5396:fugitive slaves
5392:Spanish Florida
5355:
5322:
5288:
5216:
5113:
5101:Main articles:
5099:
5063:
4999:
4994:
4977:seasoning camps
4973:
4971:Seasoning camps
4945:mortality rates
4912:
4884:
4778:Aro Confederacy
4733:
4723:Thomas Clarkson
4707:
4563:Bight of Biafra
4095:
4086:Saidiya Hartman
4040:
3936:Anti-Indigenous
3890:In relation to
3832:
3830:
3815:
3663:
3650:
3591:Bight of Biafra
3497:
3454:
3448:
3424:Kongo Civil War
3392:
3340:
3291:
3221:labour shortage
3214:Josiah Wedgwood
3203:
3177:
3171:
3024:Spanish America
2989:Jesus of Lübeck
2922:The Slave Trade
2907:
2870:in present-day
2807:in present-day
2744:
2661:William Hawkins
2638:Established in
2565:
2547:endemic warfare
2526:and trafficked
2468:(661–750), the
2419:
2397:
2391:
2389:African slavery
2263:Pope Nicholas V
2124:
2098:
1973:
1951:
1939:Main articles:
1937:
1935:Atlantic travel
1932:
1926:
1917:seasoning camps
1877:sold at markets
1773:
1744:
1743:
1648:Slave narrative
1604:Fugitive slaves
1584:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1534:Slave rebellion
1389:
1379:
1378:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1149:United Kingdom
1085:Yankee princess
679:
671:
670:
398:Avret Pazarları
344:Avret Pazarları
213:Medieval Europe
179:
169:
168:
107:Forced marriage
82:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
33832:
33822:
33821:
33816:
33811:
33806:
33801:
33796:
33791:
33786:
33781:
33776:
33771:
33766:
33761:
33756:
33751:
33746:
33741:
33736:
33731:
33726:
33709:
33708:
33703:
33702:
33700:
33699:
33691:
33683:
33675:
33667:
33659:
33651:
33643:
33638:
33633:
33628:
33623:
33618:
33613:
33608:
33603:
33598:
33593:
33587:
33585:
33581:
33580:
33578:
33577:
33569:
33560:
33558:
33554:
33553:
33551:
33550:
33542:
33534:
33525:
33523:
33519:
33518:
33516:
33515:
33507:
33499:
33497:
33493:
33492:
33490:
33489:
33481:
33473:
33464:
33462:
33458:
33457:
33455:
33454:
33446:
33438:
33430:
33422:
33414:
33406:
33398:
33390:
33386:Middle Passage
33382:
33374:
33366:
33358:
33350:
33342:
33334:
33326:
33318:
33310:
33288:
33280:
33272:
33264:
33256:
33247:
33245:
33243:Fiction/novels
33239:
33238:
33236:
33235:
33227:
33219:
33211:
33203:
33195:
33187:
33179:
33171:
33163:
33155:
33147:
33139:
33131:
33123:
33114:
33112:
33108:
33107:
33104:
33103:
33101:
33100:
33094:
33088:
33081:
33079:
33075:
33074:
33072:
33071:
33065:
33060:
33057:Wallace Willis
33054:
33049:
33044:
33039:
33037:Harriet Tubman
33034:
33027:
33024:Austin Steward
33021:
33016:
33011:
33006:
33001:
32996:
32994:William Parker
32991:
32985:
32980:
32975:
32969:
32964:
32962:J. Vance Lewis
32959:
32954:
32949:
32944:
32938:
32933:
32928:
32926:Harriet Jacobs
32923:
32918:
32913:
32907:
32902:
32900:William Grimes
32897:
32892:(19th century
32887:
32882:
32877:
32872:
32862:
32857:
32851:
32849:Kate Drumgoold
32846:
32841:
32836:
32831:
32826:
32821:
32816:
32811:
32805:
32800:
32795:
32790:
32784:
32779:
32774:
32769:
32767:Solomon Bayley
32764:
32759:
32754:
32749:
32743:
32741:
32738:North America:
32735:
32734:
32732:
32731:
32725:
32718:
32712:
32706:
32699:
32697:
32694:North America:
32691:
32690:
32688:
32687:
32684:John R. Jewitt
32681:
32674:
32672:
32669:North America:
32666:
32665:
32663:
32662:
32657:
32652:
32646:
32644:
32643:Ottoman Empire
32640:
32639:
32637:
32636:
32630:
32624:
32621:Jean Marteilhe
32618:
32612:
32606:
32599:
32597:
32593:
32592:
32590:
32589:
32582:
32580:
32576:
32575:
32573:
32572:
32566:
32560:
32554:
32548:
32535:
32529:
32523:
32517:
32511:
32505:
32504:(late 19th c.)
32499:
32493:
32487:
32481:
32478:Isaac Brassard
32475:
32469:
32463:
32456:
32454:
32447:
32446:of enslavement
32439:
32438:
32436:
32435:
32429:
32426:
32425:
32418:
32417:
32410:
32403:
32395:
32386:
32385:
32383:
32382:
32377:
32370:
32369:
32362:
32354:
32353:
32350:
32349:
32346:
32345:
32343:
32342:
32337:
32332:
32327:
32322:
32317:
32312:
32307:
32302:
32297:
32291:
32289:
32283:
32282:
32280:
32279:
32274:
32269:
32264:
32259:
32254:
32249:
32244:
32238:
32232:
32226:
32225:
32222:
32221:
32219:
32218:
32213:
32208:
32203:
32198:
32193:
32192:
32191:
32181:
32172:
32166:
32160:
32159:
32156:
32155:
32153:
32152:
32147:
32142:
32137:
32132:
32131:
32130:
32120:
32119:
32118:
32108:
32103:
32098:
32093:
32092:
32091:
32086:
32076:
32070:
32064:
32058:
32057:
32054:
32053:
32051:
32050:
32045:
32040:
32035:
32030:
32025:
32023:Municipalities
32020:
32015:
32010:
32005:
32000:
31995:
31989:
31983:
31977:
31976:
31969:
31967:
31965:
31964:
31959:
31954:
31949:
31944:
31935:Trujillo Era (
31933:
31928:
31923:
31918:
31913:
31908:
31903:
31898:
31891:
31886:
31883:Era de Francia
31879:
31874:
31869:
31864:
31863:
31862:
31852:
31844:
31842:
31836:
31835:
31833: articles
31827:
31826:
31819:
31812:
31804:
31795:
31794:
31792:
31791:
31781:
31766:
31763:
31762:
31759:
31758:
31756:
31755:
31750:
31748:Piracy by year
31745:
31740:
31735:
31733:Female pirates
31730:
31728:By nationality
31725:
31719:
31717:
31713:
31712:
31710:
31709:
31704:
31699:
31694:
31689:
31684:
31678:
31676:
31669:
31665:
31664:
31662:
31661:
31656:
31651:
31645:
31644:
31639:
31634:
31633:
31632:
31619:
31617:
31613:
31612:
31609:
31608:
31606:
31605:
31600:
31595:
31590:
31584:
31582:
31578:
31577:
31575:
31574:
31569:
31564:
31559:
31554:
31549:
31544:
31539:
31534:
31529:
31528:
31527:
31517:
31512:
31507:
31501:
31499:
31495:
31494:
31492:
31491:
31484:
31477:
31470:
31463:
31456:
31449:
31442:
31435:
31428:
31421:
31414:
31407:
31399:
31397:
31393:
31392:
31390:
31389:
31384:
31379:
31374:
31369:
31364:
31359:
31354:
31349:
31344:
31339:
31334:
31329:
31324:
31322:Joshamee Gibbs
31319:
31314:
31309:
31304:
31299:
31294:
31289:
31284:
31279:
31274:
31269:
31264:
31259:
31254:
31249:
31244:
31239:
31234:
31229:
31224:
31219:
31214:
31209:
31203:
31201:
31192:
31182:
31181:
31179:
31178:
31173:
31168:
31160:
31152:
31147:
31142:
31137:
31129:
31124:
31118:
31116:
31110:
31109:
31107:
31102:
31072:
31067:
31062:
31057:
31047:
31045:
31041:
31040:
31038:
31037:
31032:
31027:
31022:
31017:
31012:
31007:
30999:
30994:
30989:
30984:
30979:
30974:
30969:
30964:
30956:
30947:
30938:
30929:
30925:Maersk Alabama
30921:
30916:
30908:
30903:
30898:
30890:
30882:
30874:
30866:
30858:
30853:
30845:
30840:
30835:
30827:
30822:
30817:
30812:
30807:
30802:
30797:
30792:
30787:
30782:
30777:
30772:
30767:
30762:
30757:
30752:
30747:
30742:
30737:
30732:
30727:
30722:
30717:
30712:
30707:
30702:
30697:
30692:
30687:
30682:
30677:
30664:
30662:
30658:
30657:
30655:
30654:
30647:
30640:
30633:
30626:
30619:
30612:
30605:
30598:
30591:
30584:
30577:
30570:
30562:
30560:
30556:
30555:
30552:
30551:
30549:
30548:
30543:
30538:
30536:Robert Maynard
30533:
30528:
30523:
30518:
30513:
30508:
30503:
30498:
30493:
30488:
30483:
30478:
30472:
30470:
30464:
30463:
30461:
30460:
30455:
30450:
30445:
30440:
30435:
30430:
30425:
30420:
30418:Vincenzo Gambi
30415:
30410:
30405:
30400:
30395:
30390:
30385:
30380:
30375:
30370:
30365:
30360:
30355:
30350:
30345:
30343:Samuel Bellamy
30340:
30335:
30330:
30325:
30320:
30318:Robert Surcouf
30315:
30310:
30308:Richard Glover
30305:
30300:
30295:
30290:
30285:
30280:
30278:Pierre Lafitte
30275:
30270:
30265:
30260:
30255:
30250:
30245:
30240:
30235:
30230:
30225:
30220:
30215:
30210:
30205:
30200:
30195:
30190:
30185:
30180:
30175:
30170:
30165:
30160:
30155:
30150:
30145:
30140:
30135:
30130:
30125:
30120:
30115:
30110:
30105:
30100:
30095:
30090:
30085:
30080:
30075:
30070:
30065:
30060:
30055:
30053:Grace O'Malley
30050:
30045:
30040:
30035:
30030:
30025:
30020:
30015:
30010:
30005:
30000:
29995:
29993:Edward England
29990:
29985:
29980:
29975:
29970:
29965:
29960:
29955:
29953:Cheung Po Tsai
29950:
29945:
29940:
29935:
29930:
29925:
29920:
29915:
29910:
29908:Benito de Soto
29905:
29900:
29895:
29890:
29885:
29880:
29875:
29870:
29865:
29860:
29855:
29853:Abraham Samuel
29850:
29848:Adam Baldridge
29845:
29840:
29834:
29832:
29825:
29821:
29820:
29817:
29816:
29814:
29813:
29808:
29803:
29801:Saint Augustin
29798:
29793:
29788:
29783:
29778:
29773:
29768:
29763:
29757:
29755:
29747:
29746:
29744:
29743:
29738:
29733:
29728:
29723:
29717:
29715:
29711:
29710:
29708:
29707:
29702:
29697:
29692:
29687:
29686:
29685:
29678:Horn of Africa
29674:
29672:
29668:
29667:
29665:
29664:
29662:Gulf of Guinea
29659:
29658:
29657:
29652:
29651:
29650:
29648:Lake Nicaragua
29640:
29629:
29627:
29625:Atlantic World
29618:
29614:
29613:
29611:
29610:
29605:
29600:
29595:
29590:
29585:
29580:
29575:
29570:
29565:
29560:
29555:
29554:
29553:
29543:
29538:
29533:
29531:Jewish pirates
29528:
29523:
29518:
29513:
29508:
29503:
29498:
29493:
29492:
29491:
29481:
29476:
29471:
29465:
29463:
29459:
29458:
29456:
29455:
29454:
29453:
29448:
29443:
29433:
29428:
29422:
29420:
29414:
29413:
29406:
29405:
29398:
29391:
29383:
29374:
29373:
29371:
29370:
29365:
29360:
29358:South Carolina
29355:
29353:North Carolina
29350:
29345:
29340:
29335:
29330:
29329:
29328:
29318:
29312:
29310:
29304:
29303:
29301:
29300:
29295:
29289:
29287:
29283:
29282:
29280:
29279:
29274:
29269:
29268:
29267:
29262:
29257:
29249:
29248:
29247:
29242:
29237:
29235:Slave breeding
29232:
29227:
29222:
29211:
29209:
29205:
29204:
29202:
29201:
29196:
29191:
29186:
29181:
29176:
29175:
29174:
29163:
29161:
29157:
29156:
29154:
29153:
29152:
29151:
29141:
29136:
29135:
29134:
29123:
29121:
29120:The plantation
29117:
29116:
29111:
29110:
29103:
29096:
29088:
29079:
29078:
29076:
29075:
29069:
29067:
29063:
29062:
29060:
29059:
29054:
29048:
29046:
29042:
29041:
29039:
29038:
29033:
29028:
29023:
29018:
29016:Sierra Leonean
29013:
29008:
29003:
28998:
28993:
28988:
28987:
28986:
28981:
28979:Montserratians
28976:
28971:
28966:
28961:
28950:
28948:
28942:
28941:
28939:
28938:
28933:
28928:
28923:
28917:
28915:
28909:
28908:
28906:
28905:
28904:
28903:
28898:
28893:
28888:
28883:
28878:
28877:
28876:
28866:
28861:
28856:
28851:
28846:
28835:
28833:
28825:
28824:
28822:
28821:
28816:
28811:
28806:
28801:
28800:
28799:
28784:
28779:
28774:
28768:
28766:
28758:
28757:
28749:
28748:
28741:
28734:
28726:
28717:
28716:
28704:
28701:
28700:
28697:
28696:
28694:
28693:
28688:
28687:
28686:
28681:
28676:
28671:
28666:
28661:
28651:
28646:
28641:
28636:
28631:
28626:
28621:
28616:
28611:
28606:
28601:
28596:
28591:
28586:
28581:
28576:
28570:
28568:
28564:
28563:
28561:
28560:
28559:
28558:
28548:
28547:
28546:
28536:
28535:
28534:
28529:
28515:
28510:
28505:
28500:
28495:
28490:
28485:
28480:
28475:
28474:
28473:
28462:
28460:
28456:
28455:
28453:
28452:
28447:
28446:
28445:
28434:
28429:
28424:
28419:
28414:
28408:
28406:
28402:
28401:
28399:
28398:
28393:
28388:
28383:
28377:
28375:
28374:History topics
28368:
28364:
28363:
28350:
28348:
28345:
28344:
28342:
28341:
28336:
28330:
28328:
28324:
28323:
28321:
28320:
28315:
28310:
28305:
28300:
28295:
28289:
28287:
28283:
28282:
28280:
28279:
28274:
28269:
28264:
28259:
28254:
28249:
28244:
28242:Black cat bone
28239:
28234:
28229:
28224:
28219:
28214:
28208:
28206:
28202:
28201:
28199:
28198:
28192:
28190:
28186:
28185:
28183:
28182:
28175:
28167:
28165:
28161:
28160:
28158:
28157:
28149:
28141:
28133:
28125:
28117:
28108:
28106:
28099:
28095:
28094:
28086:
28085:
28078:
28071:
28063:
28054:
28053:
28051:
28050:
28038:
28032:
28029:
28028:
28026:
28025:
28020:
28015:
28010:
28005:
28000:
27995:
27990:
27989:
27988:
27983:
27978:
27968:
27967:
27966:
27961:
27959:Visual artists
27956:
27951:
27946:
27941:
27936:
27931:
27926:
27921:
27919:Mathematicians
27916:
27911:
27906:
27901:
27896:
27891:
27880:
27878:
27874:
27873:
27871:
27870:
27869:
27868:
27860:
27855:
27854:
27853:
27848:
27843:
27838:
27833:
27825:
27824:
27823:
27818:
27813:
27808:
27797:
27795:
27789:
27788:
27786:
27785:
27780:
27775:
27770:
27769:
27768:
27763:
27758:
27753:
27743:
27738:
27736:South Carolina
27733:
27728:
27727:
27726:
27718:
27713:
27708:
27706:North Carolina
27703:
27702:
27701:
27691:
27686:
27685:
27684:
27674:
27669:
27668:
27667:
27659:
27658:
27657:
27651:Massachusetts
27649:
27648:
27647:
27637:
27632:
27631:
27630:
27620:
27615:
27614:
27613:
27603:
27598:
27597:
27596:
27586:
27581:
27580:
27579:
27569:
27568:
27567:
27562:
27552:
27547:
27546:
27545:
27540:
27530:
27525:
27519:
27517:
27513:
27512:
27510:
27509:
27504:
27499:
27498:
27497:
27496:
27495:
27493:social context
27490:
27480:
27470:
27469:
27468:
27458:
27452:
27450:
27446:
27445:
27443:
27442:
27441:
27440:
27435:
27425:
27420:
27419:
27418:
27413:
27403:
27402:
27401:
27390:
27388:
27384:
27383:
27381:
27380:
27375:
27374:
27373:
27363:
27358:
27353:
27348:
27347:
27346:
27344:Creek Freedmen
27341:
27336:
27331:
27321:
27319:Alabama Creole
27316:
27315:
27314:
27309:
27304:
27299:
27290:
27288:
27284:
27283:
27280:
27279:
27277:
27276:
27271:
27266:
27261:
27259:Central (CIAA)
27255:
27253:
27248:
27245:
27244:
27242:
27241:
27236:
27231:
27226:
27221:
27216:
27211:
27206:
27201:
27196:
27191:
27186:
27180:
27174:
27170:
27169:
27167:
27166:
27161:
27156:
27151:
27146:
27141:
27136:
27131:
27126:
27121:
27116:
27111:
27106:
27101:
27095:
27093:
27088:
27085:
27084:
27082:
27081:
27076:
27075:
27074:
27064:
27059:
27054:
27052:Pan-Africanism
27049:
27044:
27039:
27034:
27033:
27032:
27022:
27017:
27011:
27009:
27005:
27004:
27002:
27001:
26996:
26994:Black theology
26991:
26986:
26985:
26984:
26974:
26973:
26972:
26967:
26957:
26951:
26949:
26943:
26942:
26940:
26939:
26938:
26937:
26935:in STEM fields
26932:
26927:
26919:
26914:
26909:
26904:
26899:
26893:
26891:
26890:and technology
26885:
26884:
26882:
26881:
26876:
26871:
26866:
26861:
26856:
26851:
26846:
26841:
26836:
26831:
26829:Harriet Tubman
26826:
26821:
26816:
26811:
26806:
26801:
26796:
26791:
26786:
26781:
26776:
26771:
26766:
26761:
26759:Michelle Obama
26756:
26751:
26746:
26741:
26736:
26731:
26726:
26721:
26716:
26711:
26706:
26701:
26696:
26691:
26689:Barbara Jordan
26686:
26684:Harriet Jacobs
26681:
26676:
26671:
26666:
26661:
26656:
26651:
26646:
26641:
26636:
26631:
26626:
26621:
26616:
26611:
26606:
26601:
26596:
26591:
26586:
26581:
26576:
26574:Amelia Boynton
26571:
26566:
26561:
26556:
26551:
26546:
26540:
26538:
26537:Notable people
26534:
26533:
26531:
26530:
26525:
26520:
26515:
26510:
26505:
26500:
26495:
26490:
26485:
26480:
26475:
26473:LGBT community
26470:
26465:
26460:
26455:
26454:
26453:
26443:
26438:
26433:
26428:
26423:
26418:
26413:
26408:
26403:
26397:
26395:
26389:
26388:
26386:
26385:
26380:
26375:
26370:
26369:
26368:
26358:
26353:
26348:
26343:
26338:
26333:
26325:
26320:
26313:
26306:
26301:
26296:
26291:
26286:
26281:
26272:
26267:
26266:
26265:
26260:
26250:
26245:
26240:
26235:
26227:
26222:
26217:
26216:
26215:
26210:
26205:
26200:
26195:
26190:
26188:Freedom Riders
26185:
26180:
26172:
26162:
26157:
26152:
26151:
26150:
26145:
26140:
26132:
26127:
26119:
26114:
26112:Black genocide
26109:
26104:
26099:
26094:
26089:
26084:
26079:
26074:
26068:
26066:
26060:
26059:
26052:
26051:
26044:
26037:
26029:
26020:
26019:
26017:
26016:
26006:
25996:
25994:Historiography
25991:
25985:
25982:
25981:
25978:
25977:
25974:
25973:
25971:
25970:
25960:
25954:
25952:
25948:
25947:
25945:
25944:
25939:
25934:
25932:Navassa Island
25929:
25924:
25919:
25917:Johnston Atoll
25914:
25909:
25907:Howland Island
25904:
25898:
25896:
25892:
25891:
25889:
25888:
25883:
25878:
25873:
25868:
25866:American Samoa
25862:
25860:
25856:
25855:
25850:
25848:
25844:
25843:
25841:
25840:
25835:
25830:
25825:
25820:
25815:
25810:
25805:
25800:
25795:
25790:
25788:South Carolina
25785:
25780:
25775:
25770:
25765:
25760:
25755:
25753:North Carolina
25750:
25745:
25740:
25735:
25730:
25725:
25720:
25715:
25710:
25705:
25700:
25695:
25690:
25685:
25680:
25675:
25670:
25665:
25660:
25655:
25650:
25645:
25640:
25635:
25630:
25625:
25620:
25615:
25610:
25605:
25600:
25595:
25589:
25587:
25583:
25582:
25580:
25579:
25577:The West Coast
25574:
25569:
25563:
25561:
25557:
25556:
25554:
25553:
25551:Indian removal
25548:
25543:
25538:
25533:
25527:
25525:
25515:
25514:
25504:
25503:
25500:
25499:
25497:
25496:
25495:
25494:
25489:
25484:
25472:
25465:
25464:
25463:
25458:
25446:
25445:
25444:
25442:Saudi American
25439:
25434:
25429:
25427:Iraqi American
25424:
25419:
25407:
25400:
25399:
25398:
25386:
25385:
25384:
25379:
25374:
25369:
25364:
25362:Irish American
25359:
25354:
25349:
25344:
25332:
25331:
25330:
25325:
25320:
25315:
25310:
25305:
25300:
25292:Asian American
25288:
25280:
25277:
25276:
25266:
25265:
25262:
25261:
25259:
25258:
25257:
25256:
25251:
25246:
25241:
25236:
25224:
25223:
25222:
25220:Sexual slavery
25210:
25203:
25196:
25195:
25194:
25189:
25184:
25179:
25174:
25169:
25157:
25156:
25155:
25150:
25145:
25140:
25135:
25130:
25118:
25111:
25104:
25103:
25102:
25097:
25092:
25090:Postal service
25087:
25082:
25080:Foreign policy
25077:
25072:
25067:
25062:
25057:
25052:
25047:
25035:
25028:
25027:
25026:
25014:
25013:
25012:
25000:
24999:
24998:
24986:
24985:
24984:
24979:
24974:
24969:
24957:
24950:
24942:
24939:
24938:
24928:
24927:
24924:
24923:
24920:
24919:
24917:
24916:
24911:
24906:
24899:
24894:
24889:
24884:
24883:
24882:
24872:
24867:
24860:
24855:
24854:
24853:
24848:
24843:
24838:
24833:
24828:
24823:
24818:
24808:
24802:
24800:
24794:
24793:
24791:
24790:
24785:
24780:
24775:
24774:
24773:
24768:
24758:
24753:
24746:
24741:
24736:
24731:
24726:
24721:
24716:
24711:
24705:
24703:
24697:
24696:
24694:
24693:
24688:
24683:
24678:
24677:
24676:
24671:
24666:
24656:
24654:Crack epidemic
24651:
24650:
24649:
24644:
24633:
24631:
24625:
24624:
24622:
24621:
24619:Moral Majority
24616:
24611:
24606:
24605:
24604:
24597:Gay liberation
24594:
24589:
24587:Counterculture
24584:
24579:
24578:
24577:
24575:Fall of Saigon
24572:
24567:
24557:
24556:
24555:
24553:Apollo program
24550:
24548:Project Gemini
24540:
24534:
24532:
24526:
24525:
24523:
24522:
24517:
24516:
24515:
24505:
24500:
24495:
24490:
24489:
24488:
24483:
24478:
24473:
24466:Early Cold War
24463:
24462:
24461:
24451:
24445:
24443:
24437:
24436:
24434:
24433:
24432:
24431:
24430:
24429:
24419:
24414:
24404:
24403:
24402:
24397:
24392:
24382:
24381:
24380:
24375:
24370:
24365:
24360:
24355:
24345:
24340:
24339:
24338:
24327:
24325:
24319:
24318:
24316:
24315:
24310:
24309:
24308:
24303:
24298:
24293:
24283:
24282:
24281:
24276:
24271:
24266:
24261:
24256:
24246:
24241:
24240:
24239:
24234:
24229:
24224:
24219:
24208:
24206:
24200:
24199:
24197:
24196:
24195:
24194:
24189:
24179:
24178:
24177:
24172:
24167:
24162:
24161:
24160:
24150:
24145:
24138:Prelude to War
24135:
24130:
24128:Antebellum Era
24124:
24122:
24116:
24115:
24113:
24112:
24107:
24102:
24101:
24100:
24095:
24090:
24085:
24080:
24075:
24073:Trail of Tears
24068:Jacksonian era
24065:
24064:
24063:
24058:
24047:
24045:
24039:
24038:
24036:
24035:
24034:
24033:
24028:
24018:
24017:
24016:
24011:
24004:Federalist Era
24001:
23999:Bill of Rights
23995:
23993:
23987:
23986:
23984:
23983:
23982:
23981:
23976:
23971:
23966:
23961:
23948:
23947:
23946:
23941:
23936:
23934:Lee Resolution
23931:
23926:
23915:
23913:
23907:
23906:
23904:
23903:
23902:
23901:
23896:
23891:
23886:
23881:
23876:
23871:
23866:
23861:
23856:
23851:
23841:
23836:
23831:
23826:
23821:
23816:
23811:
23806:
23801:
23796:
23791:
23786:
23780:
23778:
23772:
23771:
23769:
23768:
23761:
23753:
23751:
23743:
23742:
23732:
23731:
23729:
23728:
23723:
23717:
23714:
23713:
23706:
23705:
23698:
23691:
23683:
23674:
23673:
23671:
23670:
23665:
23658:
23657:
23650:
23642:
23641:
23638:
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23500:
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23482:
23480:
23474:
23473:
23470:
23469:
23467:
23466:
23464:Tour d'Afrique
23461:
23456:
23451:
23446:
23441:
23436:
23431:
23426:
23420:
23418:
23412:
23411:
23409:
23408:
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23398:
23393:
23388:
23383:
23378:
23373:
23368:
23363:
23357:
23351:
23345:
23344:
23342:
23341:
23336:
23331:
23326:
23321:
23319:Climate change
23316:
23311:
23306:
23300:
23294:
23290:
23289:
23286:
23285:
23283:
23282:
23277:
23272:
23267:
23262:
23257:
23255:Infrastructure
23252:
23247:
23242:
23237:
23232:
23227:
23221:
23215:
23209:
23208:
23205:
23204:
23202:
23201:
23196:
23195:
23194:
23184:
23182:Pan-Africanism
23179:
23174:
23169:
23168:
23167:
23166:
23165:
23158:Women's rights
23155:
23150:
23145:
23135:
23133:Heads of state
23130:
23125:
23120:
23115:
23109:
23103:
23097:
23096:
23093:
23092:
23090:
23089:
23084:
23083:
23082:
23077:
23072:
23067:
23062:
23052:
23047:
23042:
23040:Impact craters
23037:
23035:Highest points
23032:
23026:
23020:
23014:
23013:
23010:
23009:
23007:
23006:
23001:
22996:
22991:
22986:
22980:
22978:
22974:
22973:
22971:
22970:
22965:
22964:
22963:
22953:
22951:Historiography
22948:
22943:
22937:
22935:
22931:
22930:
22928:
22927:
22925:Decolonisation
22922:
22917:
22916:
22915:
22910:
22905:
22900:
22890:
22885:
22880:
22875:
22870:
22865:
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22863:
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22843:
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22803:
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22795:
22788:
22780:
22774:
22771:
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22761:
22760:
22755:
22749:
22740:
22726:
22725:External links
22723:
22721:
22720:
22708:
22695:
22664:
22658:
22641:
22635:
22622:
22616:
22599:
22589:(3): 424–444.
22578:
22572:
22555:
22549:
22539:. Armonk, NY:
22532:
22526:
22509:
22503:
22486:
22480:
22463:
22457:
22444:
22438:
22421:
22415:
22398:
22392:
22382:. Durham, NC:
22375:
22369:
22356:
22349:
22332:
22326:
22309:
22299:(3): 296–313.
22288:
22259:
22253:
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22211:
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22176:
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22147:
22130:
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22103:
22097:
22084:
22078:
22065:
22059:
22046:
22009:
21995:
21978:
21972:
21955:
21922:(1): 144–171.
21904:
21890:
21869:
21863:
21847:
21832:
21826:
21806:
21800:
21783:
21777:
21758:
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21724:
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21690:
21677:
21650:(2): 433–461.
21629:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21621:
21615:
21597:Williams, Eric
21593:
21587:
21571:Thornton, John
21567:
21561:
21544:
21538:
21516:
21510:
21498:Rodney, Walter
21494:
21481:
21475:
21455:
21449:
21432:
21426:
21409:
21403:
21389:
21387:
21386:Academic books
21384:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21376:
21356:
21323:
21295:
21263:
21222:
21190:
21157:
21125:
21093:
21061:
21036:Smith, David.
21028:
21004:
20963:
20945:
20927:
20895:
20852:
20845:
20827:
20820:. 1 May 2000.
20800:
20776:
20757:
20737:
20732:newspapers.com
20704:
20669:(2): 142–156.
20647:
20635:
20627:
20601:
20582:
20543:
20528:
20526:, pp. 190–209.
20515:
20504:on 5 July 2024
20484:
20477:
20443:
20432:on 9 July 2024
20408:
20372:
20337:
20305:
20294:on 5 June 2024
20274:
20238:
20227:on 18 May 2024
20203:
20190:
20164:(3): 283–284.
20141:
20123:
20090:
20077:
20072:newspapers.com
20045:
20018:(3): 431–457.
20002:
19967:
19960:
19934:
19923:on 25 May 2017
19900:
19895:newspapers.com
19864:
19838:
19813:
19803:Jo Loosemore,
19796:
19783:
19756:
19745:(4): 220–225.
19738:Social Science
19727:
19708:(2): 129–143.
19692:
19671:
19664:
19658:. p. 20.
19640:
19628:
19611:
19585:
19578:
19554:
19532:
19517:
19504:
19492:
19490:, p. 290.
19475:
19466:
19453:
19446:
19426:
19393:
19362:
19326:
19293:
19260:
19225:
19199:(3): 415–450.
19177:
19166:on 19 May 2024
19146:
19120:
19100:10.1086/709844
19074:
19051:
19013:
19000:
18988:
18945:
18931:
18887:
18872:. Story Maps.
18856:
18826:
18815:on 20 May 2024
18796:
18779:United Nations
18762:
18732:
18721:on 18 May 2024
18698:
18647:
18613:
18594:
18564:
18532:
18489:
18448:
18412:
18399:
18386:
18367:
18364:. p. 334.
18348:
18304:
18285:
18270:
18255:
18236:(2): 119–144.
18220:
18193:(4): 430–443.
18174:
18161:
18149:
18142:
18120:
18088:
18079:Thornton, John
18067:
18060:
18042:
18010:
17992:(6): 607–622.
17972:
17961:on 18 May 2024
17943:Nathan, Nunn.
17935:
17898:
17855:
17844:on 18 May 2024
17821:
17808:
17775:
17763:United Nations
17747:
17723:
17697:
17675:
17645:
17636:
17634:, 1972, p. 88.
17623:
17583:
17576:
17545:
17538:
17513:
17482:
17448:
17407:
17372:
17361:on 4 June 2023
17340:
17307:
17269:(3): 368–413.
17244:
17180:
17129:
17064:Gookin, Daniel
17055:
17044:on 12 May 2024
17025:
16995:
16965:
16939:
16905:
16875:
16845:
16811:
16777:
16750:
16727:(2): 171–203.
16705:
16662:
16627:
16593:
16559:
16528:
16509:
16498:on 3 July 2024
16479:
16422:
16403:
16385:
16370:
16357:
16331:
16318:
16296:
16272:
16257:
16232:
16225:
16205:Diamond, Jared
16193:
16163:
16156:
16136:
16116:10.2307/204918
16090:
16065:
16034:
16019:
15994:
15979:
15957:
15926:(3): 438–439.
15904:
15867:
15856:on 10 May 2024
15831:
15801:
15790:on 6 July 2020
15770:
15735:
15700:
15689:on 3 July 2024
15673:
15654:
15630:
15600:
15567:10.2307/203466
15561:(4): 793–812.
15539:
15520:
15496:
15457:
15420:
15387:
15357:
15322:
15303:
15273:
15244:(4): 840–855.
15222:
15211:on 5 June 2024
15186:
15167:
15143:
15112:
15101:on 18 May 2024
15071:
15064:
15038:
15015:(4): 631–655.
14993:
14967:
14930:
14898:
14867:
14860:
14854:. p. 27.
14838:
14806:
14787:
14781:. p. 65.
14763:
14756:
14734:
14727:
14699:
14692:
14674:
14659:
14635:
14616:(3): 685–692.
14598:
14574:
14535:(2): 535–552.
14513:
14482:
14458:
14423:
14397:
14373:
14355:
14325:
14295:
14273:
14251:
14244:
14238:. p. 13.
14217:
14202:
14183:
14159:
14144:
14137:
14110:
14078:
14048:
14033:
14015:
14008:
13986:
13967:
13952:
13940:
13916:
13909:
13885:
13862:
13792:
13746:Genome Biology
13730:
13711:
13684:
13681:. p. 120.
13660:
13648:
13624:
13600:
13578:
13559:
13540:
13521:
13508:Winant, Howard
13499:
13497:, p. 122.
13487:
13485:, p. 311.
13475:
13473:, p. 305.
13463:
13461:, p. 304.
13451:
13430:
13400:
13385:
13361:
13359:, p. 316.
13346:
13327:
13303:
13281:
13266:
13264:, p. 243.
13254:
13247:
13220:
13213:
13191:
13137:
13098:(4): 421–434.
13078:
13055:
13036:
12997:
12979:
12960:
12938:
12920:
12888:
12873:
12856:South Asia@LSE
12843:
12841:, p. 193.
12831:
12816:
12814:, p. 457.
12804:
12802:, p. 43?.
12792:
12764:
12740:
12733:
12711:
12709:, p. 191.
12699:
12687:
12664:
12653:(1): 105–122.
12637:
12635:, p. 257.
12625:
12606:
12600:. p. 60.
12582:
12580:, p. 451.
12570:
12563:
12557:. p. 40.
12539:
12515:
12513:, p. 443.
12503:
12488:
12486:(1998), p. 17.
12475:
12463:
12451:
12432:
12426:. p. 63.
12401:
12382:
12367:
12345:
12307:
12277:
12265:
12234:
12183:
12130:
12119:on 22 May 2024
12100:
12041:
12011:
11976:
11969:
11945:
11909:
11873:
11835:
11790:
11760:
11749:on 18 May 2024
11728:
11691:
11681:
11675:. p. 62.
11657:
11645:
11633:
11621:
11610:on 2 July 2024
11589:
11559:
11548:on 4 June 2024
11525:
11489:
11477:
11462:
11460:, pp. 38.
11450:
11438:
11426:
11414:
11384:
11353:
11342:on 9 July 2024
11323:
11311:
11274:
11242:
11220:
11214:. p. 38.
11196:
11170:(4): 349–372.
11145:
11113:
11083:
11071:
11059:
11045:
11043:, p. 310.
11030:
11020:
11014:. p. 42.
10994:
10954:
10944:
10932:
10917:
10892:
10889:on 2 May 2012.
10864:
10845:
10838:
10816:
10798:
10776:
10754:
10721:
10702:
10678:
10659:
10635:
10603:
10596:
10566:
10559:
10539:
10505:
10459:
10441:
10404:
10374:
10363:on 5 July 2024
10351:Mark, Joshua.
10343:
10313:
10278:
10248:
10241:
10235:. p. 65.
10217:
10203:
10180:
10162:(3): 228–254.
10137:
10111:(1): 143–166.
10091:
10060:(3): 479–520.
10040:
10021:
9997:
9961:
9950:on 1 June 2024
9930:
9900:
9893:
9873:
9866:
9842:
9808:
9799:
9790:
9781:
9762:
9750:
9731:
9701:
9671:
9664:
9644:
9637:
9617:
9610:
9590:
9542:
9523:
9485:
9470:
9436:
9429:
9395:
9348:
9314:McNeill, J. R.
9305:
9293:
9282:on 5 July 2024
9263:
9251:
9239:
9228:on 18 May 2024
9209:
9196:Chaunu, Pierre
9187:
9175:
9173:, p. 127.
9163:
9151:
9123:
9108:
9089:
9065:
9058:
9029:
9027:, p. 194.
9017:
8985:
8964:
8945:
8914:
8899:
8869:
8858:on 7 June 2015
8838:
8803:
8781:
8751:
8715:
8681:
8654:
8626:
8570:
8543:
8509:
8479:
8445:
8412:
8410:, p. 112.
8397:
8362:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8234:Edward Colston
8231:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8176:North Carolina
8156:English colony
8142:
8139:
8087:
8086:United Kingdom
8084:
8062:
8059:
8030:
8027:
8019:Jerry Rawlings
8006:
8003:
7995:Jacques Chirac
7990:
7987:
7976:
7973:
7969:Bight of Benin
7967:bordering the
7944:
7941:
7900:
7899:
7850:
7848:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7814:
7811:
7795:Reconstruction
7772:
7769:
7743:In 1792, 1200
7715:
7712:
7702:
7699:
7679:However, both
7626:Nevertheless,
7611:
7608:
7594:
7591:
7587:13th Amendment
7528:outlived him,
7478:
7475:
7437:
7434:
7392:
7389:
7341:British Empire
7330:Main article:
7327:
7324:
7292:South Carolina
7266:Lord Mansfield
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7185:
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7169:
7168:
7165:
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7134:
7125:
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7112:
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7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
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7064:
7059:
7054:
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7044:
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7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6974:Wilmot Proviso
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6949:Tariff of 1828
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6868:Main article:
6865:
6862:
6770:Main article:
6767:
6764:
6752:Ashanti people
6669:
6666:
6620:
6617:
6543:
6540:
6521:, the King of
6471:
6468:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
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6368:
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6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6334:
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6322:
6318:
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6299:
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6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
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6279:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
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6214:
6213:
6210:
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6201:
6198:
6195:
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6135:
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6126:
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6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6032:Following the
6006:British Guiana
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5957:
5955:
5946:
5939:
5937:
5927:Rio de Janeiro
5924:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5907:British Guiana
5903:
5900:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5822:Spanish Empire
5818:
5817:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5770:Tlingit people
5765:
5762:
5685:Rio de Janeiro
5676:
5673:
5559:
5556:
5508:
5505:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5433:, the largest
5400:South Carolina
5343:Laws of Burgos
5327:Barbary pirate
5321:
5318:
5287:
5284:
5260:whooping cough
5236:bubonic plague
5215:
5212:
5098:
5095:
5062:
5059:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4972:
4969:
4930:Middle Passage
4911:
4908:
4888:Milton Meltzer
4883:
4882:Port factories
4880:
4838:Bambara Empire
4834:Annual Customs
4795:, to the King
4742:David Stannard
4706:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4666:Windward Coast
4662:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4620:
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4616:
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4610:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4544:Bight of Benin
4540:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:did not arrive
4502:
4499:
4496:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4414:did not arrive
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:Dutch Americas
4257:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4094:
4091:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3973:Related topics
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3785:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3737:
3727:
3696:
3686:
3662:
3659:
3655:African empire
3649:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3629:
3614:
3588:
3573:Bight of Benin
3570:
3556:
3545:Windward Coast
3542:
3524:
3496:
3493:
3447:
3444:
3440:Ashanti Empire
3416:Thomas Kitchin
3391:
3388:
3380:South Carolina
3368:Fenda Lawrence
3339:
3336:
3290:
3287:
3245:Central Africa
3202:
3199:
3173:Main article:
3170:
3167:
3138:. Despite the
3046:, Jamaica and
3004:New Christians
2942:Canary Islands
2906:
2903:
2834:, present-day
2820:European forts
2768:Mossi Kingdoms
2751:Boukary Koutou
2743:
2740:
2663:, visited the
2625:Canary Islands
2578:, present-day
2564:
2561:
2393:Main article:
2390:
2387:
2362:biblical story
2198:Canary Islands
2190:Ottoman Empire
2159:Spanish Empire
2097:
2094:
2067:Italian states
2014:Ottoman Empire
1989:tidal currents
1936:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1809:Central Africa
1805:Middle Passage
1803:route and its
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1626:List of slaves
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Dutch Republic
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
978:
977:
971:
970:
965:
958:
957:
956:
951:
941:
936:
931:
930:
929:
919:
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
887:
882:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
820:
819:
818:
808:
807:
806:
795:
794:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
771:
770:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
714:
713:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
641:
637:
636:
631:
629:Child soldiers
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
605:
604:
594:
589:
584:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
556:
555:
551:
550:
545:
540:
538:Spanish Empire
535:
530:
525:
520:
518:Middle Passage
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
380:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
348:
347:
346:
339:Ottoman Empire
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
294:
293:
287:
286:
285:
284:
274:
269:
264:
263:
262:
257:
252:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
215:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
186:
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
159:Sexual slavery
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
125:
124:
119:
117:Child marriage
114:
104:
99:
94:
92:Child soldiers
89:
83:
78:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
33831:
33820:
33817:
33815:
33814:Death marches
33812:
33810:
33807:
33805:
33802:
33800:
33797:
33795:
33792:
33790:
33787:
33785:
33782:
33780:
33777:
33775:
33772:
33770:
33767:
33765:
33762:
33760:
33757:
33755:
33752:
33750:
33747:
33745:
33742:
33740:
33737:
33735:
33732:
33730:
33727:
33725:
33722:
33721:
33719:
33697:
33696:
33692:
33689:
33688:
33684:
33681:
33680:
33676:
33673:
33672:
33668:
33665:
33664:
33660:
33657:
33656:
33652:
33649:
33648:
33644:
33642:
33639:
33637:
33634:
33632:
33629:
33627:
33624:
33622:
33619:
33617:
33614:
33612:
33609:
33607:
33604:
33602:
33599:
33597:
33594:
33592:
33589:
33588:
33586:
33582:
33575:
33574:
33570:
33567:
33566:
33562:
33561:
33559:
33557:Documentaries
33555:
33548:
33547:
33543:
33540:
33539:
33535:
33532:
33531:
33527:
33526:
33524:
33520:
33513:
33512:
33508:
33505:
33501:
33500:
33498:
33494:
33487:
33486:
33482:
33479:
33478:
33474:
33471:
33470:
33466:
33465:
33463:
33459:
33452:
33451:
33447:
33444:
33443:
33439:
33436:
33435:
33431:
33428:
33427:
33423:
33420:
33419:
33415:
33412:
33411:
33407:
33404:
33403:
33399:
33396:
33395:
33391:
33388:
33387:
33383:
33380:
33379:
33375:
33372:
33371:
33367:
33364:
33363:
33359:
33356:
33355:
33351:
33348:
33347:
33343:
33340:
33339:
33335:
33332:
33331:
33327:
33324:
33323:
33319:
33316:
33315:
33311:
33294:
33293:
33289:
33286:
33285:
33281:
33278:
33277:
33273:
33270:
33269:
33265:
33262:
33261:
33257:
33254:
33253:
33249:
33248:
33246:
33244:
33240:
33233:
33232:
33228:
33225:
33224:
33220:
33217:
33216:
33212:
33209:
33208:
33204:
33201:
33200:
33196:
33193:
33192:
33188:
33185:
33184:
33180:
33177:
33176:
33172:
33169:
33168:
33164:
33161:
33160:
33156:
33153:
33152:
33148:
33145:
33144:
33140:
33137:
33136:
33132:
33129:
33128:
33124:
33121:
33120:
33116:
33115:
33113:
33109:
33098:
33095:
33092:
33089:
33086:
33083:
33082:
33080:
33078:South America
33076:
33069:
33068:Zamba Zembola
33066:
33064:
33061:
33058:
33055:
33053:
33050:
33048:
33047:Bethany Veney
33045:
33043:
33040:
33038:
33035:
33032:
33028:
33025:
33022:
33020:
33019:Venture Smith
33017:
33015:
33012:
33010:
33007:
33005:
33002:
33000:
32999:James Roberts
32997:
32995:
32992:
32989:
32986:
32984:
32981:
32979:
32976:
32973:
32970:
32968:
32965:
32963:
32960:
32958:
32957:Lunsford Lane
32955:
32953:
32950:
32948:
32945:
32942:
32941:Paul Jennings
32939:
32937:
32934:
32932:
32929:
32927:
32924:
32922:
32919:
32917:
32916:Omar ibn Said
32914:
32911:
32908:
32906:
32905:Josiah Henson
32903:
32901:
32898:
32895:
32891:
32890:William Green
32888:
32886:
32883:
32881:
32878:
32876:
32873:
32870:
32866:
32865:Peter Fossett
32863:
32861:
32858:
32855:
32852:
32850:
32847:
32845:
32842:
32840:
32837:
32835:
32832:
32830:
32827:
32825:
32824:Lucinda Davis
32822:
32820:
32819:Hannah Crafts
32817:
32815:
32812:
32809:
32806:
32804:
32801:
32799:
32796:
32794:
32791:
32788:
32787:James Bradley
32785:
32783:
32782:Leonard Black
32780:
32778:
32775:
32773:
32770:
32768:
32765:
32763:
32760:
32758:
32755:
32753:
32750:
32748:
32745:
32744:
32742:
32740:United States
32736:
32729:
32728:Marcos Xiorro
32726:
32723:
32719:
32716:
32713:
32710:
32707:
32704:
32701:
32700:
32698:
32692:
32685:
32682:
32679:
32676:
32675:
32673:
32667:
32661:
32658:
32656:
32653:
32651:
32648:
32647:
32645:
32641:
32634:
32631:
32628:
32625:
32622:
32619:
32616:
32613:
32610:
32607:
32604:
32601:
32600:
32598:
32594:
32587:
32584:
32583:
32581:
32577:
32570:
32567:
32564:
32561:
32558:
32555:
32552:
32549:
32539:
32536:
32533:
32532:Thomas Pellow
32530:
32527:
32524:
32521:
32518:
32515:
32512:
32509:
32506:
32503:
32502:Petro Kilekwa
32500:
32497:
32494:
32491:
32488:
32485:
32482:
32479:
32476:
32473:
32470:
32467:
32464:
32461:
32458:
32457:
32455:
32451:
32448:
32440:
32434:
32431:
32430:
32427:
32423:
32416:
32411:
32409:
32404:
32402:
32397:
32396:
32393:
32381:
32378:
32376:
32373:
32372:
32367:
32363:
32360:
32356:
32355:
32351:
32341:
32338:
32336:
32333:
32331:
32328:
32326:
32323:
32321:
32318:
32316:
32313:
32311:
32308:
32306:
32303:
32301:
32298:
32296:
32293:
32292:
32290:
32288:
32284:
32278:
32275:
32273:
32270:
32268:
32265:
32263:
32260:
32258:
32255:
32253:
32250:
32248:
32245:
32243:
32240:
32239:
32236:
32233:
32231:
32227:
32217:
32214:
32212:
32209:
32207:
32204:
32202:
32199:
32197:
32194:
32190:
32187:
32186:
32185:
32182:
32180:
32174:
32173:
32170:
32167:
32165:
32161:
32151:
32148:
32146:
32143:
32141:
32138:
32136:
32133:
32129:
32126:
32125:
32124:
32121:
32117:
32114:
32113:
32112:
32109:
32107:
32104:
32102:
32099:
32097:
32094:
32090:
32087:
32085:
32082:
32081:
32080:
32077:
32075:
32072:
32071:
32068:
32065:
32063:
32059:
32049:
32046:
32044:
32041:
32039:
32036:
32034:
32031:
32029:
32026:
32024:
32021:
32019:
32016:
32014:
32011:
32009:
32006:
32004:
32001:
31999:
31996:
31994:
31991:
31990:
31987:
31984:
31982:
31978:
31973:
31963:
31960:
31958:
31955:
31953:
31950:
31948:
31945:
31942:
31938:
31934:
31932:
31929:
31927:
31924:
31922:
31919:
31917:
31914:
31912:
31911:La Trinitaria
31909:
31907:
31904:
31902:
31901:Spanish Haiti
31899:
31897:
31896:
31892:
31890:
31887:
31885:
31884:
31880:
31878:
31875:
31873:
31870:
31868:
31865:
31861:
31858:
31857:
31856:
31855:Santo Domingo
31853:
31851:
31850:
31846:
31845:
31843:
31841:
31837:
31832:
31825:
31820:
31818:
31813:
31811:
31806:
31805:
31802:
31790:
31782:
31780:
31779:
31768:
31767:
31764:
31754:
31751:
31749:
31746:
31744:
31741:
31739:
31736:
31734:
31731:
31729:
31726:
31724:
31721:
31720:
31718:
31714:
31708:
31705:
31703:
31700:
31698:
31695:
31693:
31690:
31688:
31685:
31683:
31680:
31679:
31677:
31673:
31670:
31666:
31660:
31657:
31655:
31652:
31650:
31647:
31646:
31643:
31640:
31638:
31635:
31631:
31628:
31627:
31626:
31625:
31621:
31620:
31618:
31616:Miscellaneous
31614:
31604:
31601:
31599:
31596:
31594:
31591:
31589:
31586:
31585:
31583:
31581:Miscellaneous
31579:
31573:
31570:
31568:
31565:
31563:
31562:Pirate utopia
31560:
31558:
31555:
31553:
31550:
31548:
31545:
31543:
31540:
31538:
31535:
31533:
31530:
31526:
31523:
31522:
31521:
31518:
31516:
31513:
31511:
31508:
31506:
31503:
31502:
31500:
31496:
31490:
31489:
31485:
31483:
31482:
31478:
31476:
31475:
31471:
31469:
31468:
31464:
31462:
31461:
31457:
31455:
31454:
31450:
31448:
31447:
31443:
31441:
31440:
31436:
31434:
31433:
31429:
31427:
31426:
31422:
31420:
31419:
31415:
31413:
31412:
31408:
31406:
31405:
31401:
31400:
31398:
31394:
31388:
31385:
31383:
31380:
31378:
31375:
31373:
31370:
31368:
31365:
31363:
31360:
31358:
31355:
31353:
31350:
31348:
31345:
31343:
31340:
31338:
31335:
31333:
31330:
31328:
31325:
31323:
31320:
31318:
31315:
31313:
31310:
31308:
31305:
31303:
31300:
31298:
31295:
31293:
31290:
31288:
31285:
31283:
31282:Elaine Marley
31280:
31278:
31277:Edward Kenway
31275:
31273:
31270:
31268:
31265:
31263:
31260:
31258:
31255:
31253:
31250:
31248:
31245:
31243:
31240:
31238:
31237:Captain Flint
31235:
31233:
31232:Captain Crook
31230:
31228:
31227:Captain Blood
31225:
31223:
31220:
31218:
31215:
31213:
31210:
31208:
31205:
31204:
31202:
31200:
31196:
31193:
31191:
31183:
31177:
31174:
31172:
31169:
31167:
31166:
31161:
31159:
31158:
31153:
31151:
31148:
31146:
31143:
31141:
31138:
31136:
31134:
31130:
31128:
31125:
31123:
31120:
31119:
31117:
31115:
31111:
31106:
31103:
31100:
31096:
31092:
31088:
31084:
31080:
31076:
31073:
31071:
31068:
31066:
31063:
31061:
31058:
31055:
31051:
31050:Acts of grace
31048:
31046:
31042:
31036:
31033:
31031:
31028:
31026:
31023:
31021:
31018:
31016:
31013:
31011:
31008:
31006:
31004:
31000:
30998:
30995:
30993:
30990:
30988:
30985:
30983:
30980:
30978:
30975:
30973:
30970:
30968:
30965:
30963:
30961:
30957:
30955:
30953:
30948:
30946:
30944:
30943:Orkim Harmony
30939:
30937:
30935:
30930:
30928:
30926:
30922:
30920:
30917:
30915:
30913:
30909:
30907:
30904:
30902:
30899:
30897:
30895:
30891:
30889:
30887:
30886:Carré d'As IV
30883:
30881:
30880:
30875:
30873:
30872:
30867:
30865:
30864:
30859:
30857:
30854:
30852:
30851:
30850:Ambrose Light
30846:
30844:
30841:
30839:
30836:
30834:
30832:
30828:
30826:
30823:
30821:
30818:
30816:
30813:
30811:
30808:
30806:
30803:
30801:
30798:
30796:
30793:
30791:
30788:
30786:
30783:
30781:
30778:
30776:
30773:
30771:
30768:
30766:
30763:
30761:
30758:
30756:
30753:
30751:
30748:
30746:
30743:
30741:
30738:
30736:
30733:
30731:
30728:
30726:
30723:
30721:
30718:
30716:
30713:
30711:
30708:
30706:
30703:
30701:
30698:
30696:
30693:
30691:
30688:
30686:
30683:
30681:
30678:
30676:
30673:
30672:
30668:
30663:
30659:
30653:
30652:
30648:
30646:
30645:
30641:
30639:
30638:
30634:
30632:
30631:
30630:Royal Fortune
30627:
30625:
30624:
30620:
30618:
30617:
30613:
30611:
30610:
30606:
30604:
30603:
30599:
30597:
30596:
30592:
30590:
30589:
30585:
30583:
30582:
30578:
30576:
30575:
30574:Ambrose Light
30571:
30569:
30568:
30564:
30563:
30561:
30557:
30547:
30546:Woodes Rogers
30544:
30542:
30541:Thomas Warren
30539:
30537:
30534:
30532:
30529:
30527:
30524:
30522:
30519:
30517:
30514:
30512:
30509:
30507:
30504:
30502:
30501:Julius Caesar
30499:
30497:
30494:
30492:
30489:
30487:
30484:
30482:
30481:Chaloner Ogle
30479:
30477:
30474:
30473:
30471:
30465:
30459:
30456:
30454:
30453:Zheng Zhilong
30451:
30449:
30446:
30444:
30441:
30439:
30436:
30434:
30431:
30429:
30426:
30424:
30421:
30419:
30416:
30414:
30411:
30409:
30406:
30404:
30401:
30399:
30396:
30394:
30391:
30389:
30386:
30384:
30381:
30379:
30376:
30374:
30371:
30369:
30366:
30364:
30361:
30359:
30356:
30354:
30351:
30349:
30346:
30344:
30341:
30339:
30338:Sadie Farrell
30336:
30334:
30331:
30329:
30326:
30324:
30321:
30319:
30316:
30314:
30311:
30309:
30306:
30304:
30301:
30299:
30296:
30294:
30291:
30289:
30288:Princess Sela
30286:
30284:
30281:
30279:
30276:
30274:
30271:
30269:
30268:Pedro Gilbert
30266:
30264:
30261:
30259:
30256:
30254:
30251:
30249:
30246:
30244:
30241:
30239:
30236:
30234:
30231:
30229:
30226:
30224:
30221:
30219:
30216:
30214:
30211:
30209:
30206:
30204:
30201:
30199:
30196:
30194:
30191:
30189:
30188:Liang Daoming
30186:
30184:
30181:
30179:
30176:
30174:
30171:
30169:
30166:
30164:
30161:
30159:
30156:
30154:
30151:
30149:
30146:
30144:
30141:
30139:
30136:
30134:
30131:
30129:
30126:
30124:
30121:
30119:
30116:
30114:
30111:
30109:
30106:
30104:
30101:
30099:
30096:
30094:
30091:
30089:
30086:
30084:
30081:
30079:
30076:
30074:
30071:
30069:
30066:
30064:
30061:
30059:
30056:
30054:
30051:
30049:
30046:
30044:
30041:
30039:
30036:
30034:
30033:Francis Drake
30031:
30029:
30026:
30024:
30021:
30019:
30016:
30014:
30011:
30009:
30006:
30004:
30001:
29999:
29996:
29994:
29991:
29989:
29988:Dominique You
29986:
29984:
29981:
29979:
29976:
29974:
29971:
29969:
29966:
29964:
29961:
29959:
29956:
29954:
29951:
29949:
29946:
29944:
29943:Charles Gibbs
29941:
29939:
29936:
29934:
29931:
29929:
29926:
29924:
29921:
29919:
29916:
29914:
29911:
29909:
29906:
29904:
29901:
29899:
29896:
29894:
29891:
29889:
29886:
29884:
29881:
29879:
29876:
29874:
29871:
29869:
29866:
29864:
29861:
29859:
29856:
29854:
29851:
29849:
29846:
29844:
29841:
29839:
29838:Abduwali Muse
29836:
29835:
29833:
29829:
29826:
29824:Major figures
29822:
29812:
29809:
29807:
29804:
29802:
29799:
29797:
29794:
29792:
29789:
29787:
29784:
29782:
29779:
29777:
29774:
29772:
29769:
29767:
29764:
29762:
29761:Barataria Bay
29759:
29758:
29756:
29752:
29751:Pirate havens
29748:
29742:
29739:
29737:
29734:
29732:
29729:
29727:
29726:Barbary Coast
29724:
29722:
29719:
29718:
29716:
29712:
29706:
29703:
29701:
29698:
29696:
29693:
29691:
29688:
29684:
29681:
29680:
29679:
29676:
29675:
29673:
29669:
29663:
29660:
29656:
29653:
29649:
29646:
29645:
29644:
29641:
29639:
29636:
29635:
29634:
29631:
29630:
29628:
29626:
29622:
29619:
29615:
29609:
29606:
29604:
29601:
29599:
29596:
29594:
29591:
29589:
29586:
29584:
29581:
29579:
29578:Timber pirate
29576:
29574:
29571:
29569:
29566:
29564:
29561:
29559:
29556:
29552:
29549:
29548:
29547:
29544:
29542:
29539:
29537:
29534:
29532:
29529:
29527:
29524:
29522:
29519:
29517:
29514:
29512:
29509:
29507:
29504:
29502:
29499:
29497:
29494:
29490:
29487:
29486:
29485:
29482:
29480:
29477:
29475:
29472:
29470:
29467:
29466:
29464:
29460:
29452:
29449:
29447:
29444:
29442:
29439:
29438:
29437:
29434:
29432:
29429:
29427:
29424:
29423:
29421:
29419:
29415:
29411:
29404:
29399:
29397:
29392:
29390:
29385:
29384:
29381:
29369:
29368:West Virginia
29366:
29364:
29361:
29359:
29356:
29354:
29351:
29349:
29346:
29344:
29341:
29339:
29336:
29334:
29331:
29327:
29324:
29323:
29322:
29319:
29317:
29314:
29313:
29311:
29309:
29305:
29299:
29298:Sharecropping
29296:
29294:
29291:
29290:
29288:
29284:
29278:
29275:
29273:
29270:
29266:
29265:Interregional
29263:
29261:
29258:
29256:
29253:
29252:
29250:
29246:
29243:
29241:
29238:
29236:
29233:
29231:
29228:
29226:
29223:
29221:
29218:
29217:
29216:
29213:
29212:
29210:
29206:
29200:
29197:
29195:
29192:
29190:
29187:
29185:
29182:
29180:
29177:
29173:
29170:
29169:
29168:
29165:
29164:
29162:
29158:
29150:
29147:
29146:
29145:
29142:
29140:
29137:
29133:
29130:
29129:
29128:
29127:Planter class
29125:
29124:
29122:
29118:
29109:
29104:
29102:
29097:
29095:
29090:
29089:
29086:
29074:
29073:Black Britons
29071:
29070:
29068:
29064:
29058:
29055:
29053:
29050:
29049:
29047:
29043:
29037:
29034:
29032:
29029:
29027:
29024:
29022:
29019:
29017:
29014:
29012:
29009:
29007:
29004:
29002:
28999:
28997:
28994:
28992:
28989:
28985:
28982:
28980:
28977:
28975:
28972:
28970:
28967:
28965:
28962:
28960:
28957:
28956:
28955:
28952:
28951:
28949:
28947:sub-divisions
28943:
28937:
28934:
28932:
28929:
28927:
28924:
28922:
28919:
28918:
28916:
28910:
28902:
28901:Drum and bass
28899:
28897:
28894:
28892:
28889:
28887:
28884:
28882:
28879:
28875:
28872:
28871:
28870:
28867:
28865:
28862:
28860:
28857:
28855:
28852:
28850:
28847:
28845:
28842:
28841:
28840:
28837:
28836:
28834:
28832:
28829:Black British
28826:
28820:
28817:
28815:
28812:
28810:
28807:
28805:
28802:
28798:
28796:
28792:
28791:
28790:
28789:
28785:
28783:
28780:
28778:
28775:
28773:
28770:
28769:
28767:
28765:
28762:Black British
28759:
28754:
28747:
28742:
28740:
28735:
28733:
28728:
28727:
28724:
28714:
28713:
28702:
28692:
28689:
28685:
28682:
28680:
28677:
28675:
28672:
28670:
28667:
28665:
28662:
28660:
28657:
28656:
28655:
28652:
28650:
28647:
28645:
28642:
28640:
28637:
28635:
28632:
28630:
28627:
28625:
28622:
28620:
28617:
28615:
28612:
28610:
28607:
28605:
28602:
28600:
28597:
28595:
28592:
28590:
28587:
28585:
28582:
28580:
28577:
28575:
28572:
28571:
28569:
28565:
28557:
28554:
28553:
28552:
28549:
28545:
28542:
28541:
28540:
28537:
28533:
28530:
28528:
28525:
28524:
28523:
28519:
28516:
28514:
28511:
28509:
28506:
28504:
28501:
28499:
28496:
28494:
28491:
28489:
28486:
28484:
28481:
28479:
28476:
28472:
28469:
28468:
28467:
28464:
28463:
28461:
28457:
28451:
28448:
28444:
28441:
28440:
28438:
28437:Sapelo Island
28435:
28433:
28430:
28428:
28425:
28423:
28420:
28418:
28415:
28413:
28410:
28409:
28407:
28403:
28397:
28394:
28392:
28389:
28387:
28384:
28382:
28379:
28378:
28376:
28372:
28369:
28365:
28360:
28354:
28340:
28337:
28335:
28332:
28331:
28329:
28325:
28319:
28316:
28314:
28311:
28309:
28306:
28304:
28301:
28299:
28296:
28294:
28291:
28290:
28288:
28284:
28278:
28275:
28273:
28270:
28268:
28267:Rabbit's foot
28265:
28263:
28260:
28258:
28255:
28253:
28250:
28248:
28245:
28243:
28240:
28238:
28235:
28233:
28230:
28228:
28225:
28223:
28220:
28218:
28215:
28213:
28210:
28209:
28207:
28203:
28197:
28194:
28193:
28191:
28187:
28181:
28180:
28176:
28174:
28173:
28169:
28168:
28166:
28162:
28155:
28154:
28150:
28147:
28146:
28142:
28139:
28138:
28134:
28131:
28130:
28126:
28123:
28122:
28118:
28115:
28114:
28110:
28109:
28107:
28103:
28100:
28096:
28091:
28090:Gullah people
28084:
28079:
28077:
28072:
28070:
28065:
28064:
28061:
28049:
28039:
28037:
28034:
28033:
28030:
28024:
28021:
28019:
28018:Neighborhoods
28016:
28014:
28011:
28009:
28006:
28004:
28001:
27999:
27996:
27994:
27991:
27987:
27984:
27982:
27981:Sports firsts
27979:
27977:
27974:
27973:
27972:
27969:
27965:
27962:
27960:
27957:
27955:
27952:
27950:
27947:
27945:
27942:
27940:
27937:
27935:
27932:
27930:
27927:
27925:
27922:
27920:
27917:
27915:
27912:
27910:
27907:
27905:
27902:
27900:
27897:
27895:
27892:
27890:
27887:
27886:
27885:
27882:
27881:
27879:
27875:
27867:
27864:
27863:
27861:
27859:
27856:
27852:
27849:
27847:
27844:
27842:
27839:
27837:
27834:
27832:
27829:
27828:
27826:
27822:
27819:
27817:
27814:
27812:
27809:
27807:
27804:
27803:
27802:
27799:
27798:
27796:
27794:
27790:
27784:
27783:West Virginia
27781:
27779:
27776:
27774:
27771:
27767:
27764:
27762:
27759:
27757:
27754:
27752:
27749:
27748:
27747:
27744:
27742:
27739:
27737:
27734:
27732:
27729:
27725:
27722:
27721:
27720:Pennsylvania
27719:
27717:
27714:
27712:
27709:
27707:
27704:
27700:
27699:New York City
27697:
27696:
27695:
27692:
27690:
27687:
27683:
27680:
27679:
27678:
27675:
27673:
27670:
27666:
27663:
27662:
27660:
27656:
27653:
27652:
27650:
27646:
27643:
27642:
27641:
27638:
27636:
27633:
27629:
27626:
27625:
27624:
27621:
27619:
27616:
27612:
27609:
27608:
27607:
27604:
27602:
27599:
27595:
27592:
27591:
27590:
27587:
27585:
27582:
27578:
27575:
27574:
27573:
27570:
27566:
27563:
27561:
27558:
27557:
27556:
27553:
27551:
27548:
27544:
27543:San Francisco
27541:
27539:
27536:
27535:
27534:
27531:
27529:
27526:
27524:
27521:
27520:
27518:
27516:By state/city
27514:
27508:
27505:
27503:
27500:
27494:
27491:
27489:
27486:
27485:
27484:
27481:
27479:
27476:
27475:
27474:
27471:
27467:
27464:
27463:
27462:
27461:American Sign
27459:
27457:
27454:
27453:
27451:
27447:
27439:
27436:
27434:
27431:
27430:
27429:
27426:
27424:
27421:
27417:
27414:
27412:
27409:
27408:
27407:
27404:
27400:
27397:
27396:
27395:
27394:Neighborhoods
27392:
27391:
27389:
27385:
27379:
27376:
27372:
27369:
27368:
27367:
27364:
27362:
27359:
27357:
27354:
27352:
27349:
27345:
27342:
27340:
27337:
27335:
27332:
27330:
27327:
27326:
27325:
27324:Black Indians
27322:
27320:
27317:
27313:
27310:
27308:
27305:
27303:
27300:
27298:
27295:
27294:
27292:
27291:
27289:
27285:
27275:
27272:
27270:
27267:
27265:
27262:
27260:
27257:
27256:
27254:
27246:
27240:
27237:
27235:
27232:
27230:
27227:
27225:
27222:
27220:
27217:
27215:
27212:
27210:
27207:
27205:
27202:
27200:
27197:
27195:
27192:
27190:
27187:
27185:
27182:
27181:
27178:
27175:
27171:
27165:
27162:
27160:
27157:
27155:
27152:
27150:
27147:
27145:
27142:
27140:
27137:
27135:
27132:
27130:
27127:
27125:
27122:
27120:
27117:
27115:
27112:
27110:
27107:
27105:
27102:
27100:
27097:
27096:
27094:
27086:
27080:
27077:
27073:
27070:
27069:
27068:
27065:
27063:
27060:
27058:
27055:
27053:
27050:
27048:
27045:
27043:
27040:
27038:
27035:
27031:
27028:
27027:
27026:
27023:
27021:
27018:
27016:
27013:
27012:
27010:
27006:
27000:
26997:
26995:
26992:
26990:
26987:
26983:
26980:
26979:
26978:
26975:
26971:
26968:
26966:
26963:
26962:
26961:
26958:
26956:
26953:
26952:
26950:
26948:
26944:
26936:
26933:
26931:
26928:
26926:
26923:
26922:
26920:
26918:
26915:
26913:
26910:
26908:
26905:
26903:
26902:Black schools
26900:
26898:
26897:Black studies
26895:
26894:
26892:
26886:
26880:
26879:Whitney Young
26877:
26875:
26872:
26870:
26869:Oprah Winfrey
26867:
26865:
26862:
26860:
26857:
26855:
26852:
26850:
26847:
26845:
26842:
26840:
26839:Denmark Vesey
26837:
26835:
26832:
26830:
26827:
26825:
26822:
26820:
26817:
26815:
26812:
26810:
26807:
26805:
26802:
26800:
26797:
26795:
26792:
26790:
26787:
26785:
26784:Joseph Rainey
26782:
26780:
26777:
26775:
26772:
26770:
26767:
26765:
26762:
26760:
26757:
26755:
26752:
26750:
26747:
26745:
26742:
26740:
26739:Toni Morrison
26737:
26735:
26732:
26730:
26727:
26725:
26724:Joseph Lowery
26722:
26720:
26717:
26715:
26712:
26710:
26707:
26705:
26702:
26700:
26697:
26695:
26692:
26690:
26687:
26685:
26682:
26680:
26677:
26675:
26672:
26670:
26669:Jesse Jackson
26667:
26665:
26662:
26660:
26659:Kamala Harris
26657:
26655:
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26644:Marcus Garvey
26642:
26640:
26637:
26635:
26632:
26630:
26627:
26625:
26622:
26620:
26617:
26615:
26612:
26610:
26607:
26605:
26602:
26600:
26597:
26595:
26594:Blanche Bruce
26592:
26590:
26589:Edward Brooke
26587:
26585:
26582:
26580:
26579:James Bradley
26577:
26575:
26572:
26570:
26567:
26565:
26562:
26560:
26559:James Baldwin
26557:
26555:
26552:
26550:
26547:
26545:
26542:
26541:
26539:
26535:
26529:
26526:
26524:
26521:
26519:
26516:
26514:
26511:
26509:
26506:
26504:
26503:Neighborhoods
26501:
26499:
26496:
26494:
26491:
26489:
26486:
26484:
26481:
26479:
26476:
26474:
26471:
26469:
26466:
26464:
26461:
26459:
26456:
26452:
26449:
26448:
26447:
26444:
26442:
26439:
26437:
26434:
26432:
26429:
26427:
26424:
26422:
26419:
26417:
26414:
26412:
26409:
26407:
26404:
26402:
26399:
26398:
26396:
26394:
26390:
26384:
26381:
26379:
26376:
26374:
26371:
26367:
26364:
26363:
26362:
26359:
26357:
26356:Silent Parade
26354:
26352:
26349:
26347:
26344:
26342:
26339:
26337:
26334:
26331:
26330:
26326:
26324:
26321:
26319:
26318:
26314:
26312:
26311:
26307:
26305:
26302:
26300:
26297:
26295:
26292:
26290:
26287:
26285:
26284:Jim Crow laws
26282:
26280:
26276:
26273:
26271:
26268:
26264:
26261:
26259:
26256:
26255:
26254:
26251:
26249:
26246:
26244:
26241:
26239:
26236:
26233:
26232:
26228:
26226:
26223:
26221:
26218:
26214:
26211:
26209:
26206:
26204:
26201:
26199:
26196:
26194:
26191:
26189:
26186:
26184:
26181:
26178:
26177:
26173:
26171:
26168:
26167:
26166:
26163:
26161:
26158:
26156:
26153:
26149:
26146:
26144:
26141:
26139:
26136:
26135:
26133:
26131:
26128:
26125:
26124:
26120:
26118:
26115:
26113:
26110:
26108:
26107:Black cowboys
26105:
26103:
26100:
26098:
26095:
26093:
26090:
26088:
26085:
26083:
26080:
26078:
26075:
26073:
26070:
26069:
26067:
26065:
26061:
26057:
26050:
26045:
26043:
26038:
26036:
26031:
26030:
26027:
26015:
26011:
26007:
26005:
25997:
25995:
25992:
25990:
25989:List of years
25987:
25986:
25983:
25969:
25961:
25959:
25958:Urban history
25956:
25955:
25953:
25949:
25943:
25940:
25938:
25937:Palmyra Atoll
25935:
25933:
25930:
25928:
25925:
25923:
25920:
25918:
25915:
25913:
25912:Jarvis Island
25910:
25908:
25905:
25903:
25900:
25899:
25897:
25893:
25887:
25884:
25882:
25879:
25877:
25874:
25872:
25869:
25867:
25864:
25863:
25861:
25859:Insular areas
25857:
25853:
25849:
25845:
25839:
25836:
25834:
25831:
25829:
25828:West Virginia
25826:
25824:
25821:
25819:
25816:
25814:
25811:
25809:
25806:
25804:
25801:
25799:
25796:
25794:
25791:
25789:
25786:
25784:
25781:
25779:
25776:
25774:
25771:
25769:
25766:
25764:
25761:
25759:
25756:
25754:
25751:
25749:
25746:
25744:
25741:
25739:
25736:
25734:
25733:New Hampshire
25731:
25729:
25726:
25724:
25721:
25719:
25716:
25714:
25711:
25709:
25706:
25704:
25701:
25699:
25696:
25694:
25693:Massachusetts
25691:
25689:
25686:
25684:
25681:
25679:
25676:
25674:
25671:
25669:
25666:
25664:
25661:
25659:
25656:
25654:
25651:
25649:
25646:
25644:
25641:
25639:
25636:
25634:
25631:
25629:
25626:
25624:
25621:
25619:
25616:
25614:
25611:
25609:
25606:
25604:
25601:
25599:
25596:
25594:
25591:
25590:
25588:
25584:
25578:
25575:
25573:
25570:
25568:
25565:
25564:
25562:
25558:
25552:
25549:
25547:
25544:
25542:
25539:
25537:
25534:
25532:
25529:
25528:
25526:
25524:
25520:
25516:
25509:
25505:
25493:
25490:
25488:
25485:
25483:
25480:
25479:
25478:
25477:
25473:
25471:
25470:
25466:
25462:
25459:
25457:
25454:
25453:
25452:
25451:
25447:
25443:
25440:
25438:
25435:
25433:
25430:
25428:
25425:
25423:
25420:
25418:
25415:
25414:
25413:
25412:
25408:
25406:
25405:
25401:
25397:
25394:
25393:
25392:
25391:
25387:
25383:
25380:
25378:
25375:
25373:
25370:
25368:
25365:
25363:
25360:
25358:
25355:
25353:
25350:
25348:
25345:
25343:
25340:
25339:
25338:
25337:
25333:
25329:
25326:
25324:
25323:Thai American
25321:
25319:
25316:
25314:
25311:
25309:
25306:
25304:
25301:
25299:
25296:
25295:
25294:
25293:
25289:
25287:
25286:
25282:
25281:
25278:
25271:
25267:
25255:
25252:
25250:
25247:
25245:
25242:
25240:
25237:
25235:
25232:
25231:
25230:
25229:
25225:
25221:
25218:
25217:
25216:
25215:
25211:
25209:
25208:
25204:
25202:
25201:
25197:
25193:
25190:
25188:
25185:
25183:
25180:
25178:
25175:
25173:
25170:
25168:
25165:
25164:
25163:
25162:
25161:Party Systems
25158:
25154:
25151:
25149:
25146:
25144:
25141:
25139:
25136:
25134:
25131:
25129:
25126:
25125:
25124:
25123:
25119:
25117:
25116:
25112:
25110:
25109:
25105:
25101:
25100:Voting rights
25098:
25096:
25093:
25091:
25088:
25086:
25083:
25081:
25078:
25076:
25073:
25071:
25068:
25066:
25063:
25061:
25058:
25056:
25053:
25051:
25048:
25046:
25043:
25042:
25041:
25040:
25036:
25034:
25033:
25029:
25025:
25022:
25021:
25020:
25019:
25015:
25011:
25008:
25007:
25006:
25005:
25001:
24997:
24994:
24993:
24992:
24991:
24987:
24983:
24980:
24978:
24975:
24973:
24970:
24968:
24965:
24964:
24963:
24962:
24958:
24956:
24955:
24951:
24949:
24948:
24944:
24943:
24940:
24933:
24929:
24915:
24912:
24910:
24907:
24905:
24904:
24900:
24898:
24895:
24893:
24890:
24888:
24885:
24881:
24878:
24877:
24876:
24873:
24871:
24868:
24866:
24865:
24861:
24859:
24856:
24852:
24849:
24847:
24844:
24842:
24839:
24837:
24834:
24832:
24829:
24827:
24824:
24822:
24819:
24817:
24814:
24813:
24812:
24809:
24807:
24804:
24803:
24801:
24799:
24795:
24789:
24786:
24784:
24781:
24779:
24776:
24772:
24769:
24767:
24764:
24763:
24762:
24761:War on terror
24759:
24757:
24754:
24752:
24751:
24747:
24745:
24742:
24740:
24737:
24735:
24732:
24730:
24727:
24725:
24722:
24720:
24717:
24715:
24712:
24710:
24707:
24706:
24704:
24702:
24698:
24692:
24689:
24687:
24684:
24682:
24679:
24675:
24672:
24670:
24667:
24665:
24662:
24661:
24660:
24659:Late Cold War
24657:
24655:
24652:
24648:
24645:
24643:
24640:
24639:
24638:
24635:
24634:
24632:
24630:
24626:
24620:
24617:
24615:
24612:
24610:
24607:
24603:
24600:
24599:
24598:
24595:
24593:
24590:
24588:
24585:
24583:
24580:
24576:
24573:
24571:
24568:
24566:
24563:
24562:
24561:
24558:
24554:
24551:
24549:
24546:
24545:
24544:
24541:
24539:
24538:Great Society
24536:
24535:
24533:
24531:
24527:
24521:
24518:
24514:
24511:
24510:
24509:
24506:
24504:
24501:
24499:
24496:
24494:
24493:Post-war boom
24491:
24487:
24484:
24482:
24479:
24477:
24474:
24472:
24469:
24468:
24467:
24464:
24460:
24457:
24456:
24455:
24452:
24450:
24447:
24446:
24444:
24442:
24438:
24428:
24425:
24424:
24423:
24420:
24418:
24415:
24413:
24410:
24409:
24408:
24405:
24401:
24398:
24396:
24393:
24391:
24388:
24387:
24386:
24383:
24379:
24376:
24374:
24371:
24369:
24366:
24364:
24361:
24359:
24356:
24354:
24351:
24350:
24349:
24346:
24344:
24341:
24337:
24334:
24333:
24332:
24329:
24328:
24326:
24324:
24320:
24314:
24311:
24307:
24304:
24302:
24299:
24297:
24294:
24292:
24289:
24288:
24287:
24284:
24280:
24277:
24275:
24272:
24270:
24267:
24265:
24262:
24260:
24257:
24255:
24252:
24251:
24250:
24247:
24245:
24242:
24238:
24235:
24233:
24230:
24228:
24225:
24223:
24220:
24218:
24215:
24214:
24213:
24210:
24209:
24207:
24205:
24201:
24193:
24190:
24188:
24185:
24184:
24183:
24180:
24176:
24173:
24171:
24168:
24166:
24163:
24159:
24156:
24155:
24154:
24151:
24149:
24146:
24144:
24141:
24140:
24139:
24136:
24134:
24131:
24129:
24126:
24125:
24123:
24121:
24117:
24111:
24108:
24106:
24103:
24099:
24096:
24094:
24091:
24089:
24086:
24084:
24081:
24079:
24076:
24074:
24071:
24070:
24069:
24066:
24062:
24059:
24057:
24054:
24053:
24052:
24049:
24048:
24046:
24044:
24040:
24032:
24029:
24027:
24024:
24023:
24022:
24019:
24015:
24012:
24010:
24007:
24006:
24005:
24002:
24000:
23997:
23996:
23994:
23992:
23988:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23972:
23970:
23967:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23954:
23953:
23952:
23949:
23945:
23942:
23940:
23937:
23935:
23932:
23930:
23927:
23925:
23922:
23921:
23920:
23917:
23916:
23914:
23912:
23908:
23900:
23897:
23895:
23892:
23890:
23887:
23885:
23882:
23880:
23877:
23875:
23872:
23870:
23867:
23865:
23862:
23860:
23857:
23855:
23852:
23850:
23847:
23846:
23845:
23842:
23840:
23837:
23835:
23832:
23830:
23827:
23825:
23822:
23820:
23817:
23815:
23812:
23810:
23807:
23805:
23802:
23800:
23797:
23795:
23792:
23790:
23787:
23785:
23782:
23781:
23779:
23777:
23773:
23767:
23766:
23762:
23760:
23759:
23755:
23754:
23752:
23748:
23744:
23737:
23733:
23727:
23724:
23722:
23719:
23718:
23715:
23711:
23704:
23699:
23697:
23692:
23690:
23685:
23684:
23681:
23669:
23666:
23664:
23661:
23660:
23655:
23651:
23648:
23644:
23643:
23639:
23633:
23630:
23628:
23625:
23623:
23620:
23618:
23615:
23613:
23610:
23608:
23605:
23603:
23600:
23598:
23595:
23593:
23590:
23588:
23585:
23583:
23580:
23578:
23575:
23573:
23570:
23568:
23565:
23563:
23560:
23558:
23555:
23554:
23552:
23550:
23546:
23536:
23533:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23520:
23519:
23516:
23514:
23511:
23509:
23506:
23504:
23503:Ethnic groups
23501:
23499:
23496:
23492:
23489:
23488:
23487:
23484:
23483:
23481:
23479:
23475:
23465:
23462:
23460:
23457:
23455:
23452:
23450:
23447:
23445:
23442:
23440:
23437:
23435:
23432:
23430:
23429:African Games
23427:
23425:
23422:
23421:
23419:
23417:
23413:
23407:
23404:
23402:
23399:
23397:
23394:
23392:
23389:
23387:
23384:
23382:
23379:
23377:
23374:
23372:
23369:
23367:
23364:
23362:
23359:
23358:
23355:
23352:
23350:
23346:
23340:
23337:
23335:
23332:
23330:
23327:
23325:
23322:
23320:
23317:
23315:
23314:Caste systems
23312:
23310:
23309:Birth control
23307:
23305:
23302:
23301:
23298:
23295:
23291:
23281:
23278:
23276:
23273:
23271:
23268:
23266:
23263:
23261:
23258:
23256:
23253:
23251:
23248:
23246:
23243:
23241:
23238:
23236:
23233:
23231:
23228:
23226:
23225:Central banks
23223:
23222:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23210:
23200:
23197:
23193:
23190:
23189:
23188:
23185:
23183:
23180:
23178:
23175:
23173:
23170:
23164:
23161:
23160:
23159:
23156:
23154:
23151:
23149:
23146:
23144:
23141:
23140:
23139:
23136:
23134:
23131:
23129:
23126:
23124:
23121:
23119:
23116:
23114:
23113:African Union
23111:
23110:
23107:
23104:
23102:
23098:
23088:
23085:
23081:
23078:
23076:
23073:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23063:
23061:
23058:
23057:
23056:
23053:
23051:
23048:
23046:
23043:
23041:
23038:
23036:
23033:
23031:
23028:
23027:
23024:
23021:
23019:
23015:
23005:
23002:
23000:
22997:
22995:
22992:
22990:
22987:
22985:
22982:
22981:
22979:
22975:
22969:
22966:
22962:
22959:
22958:
22957:
22954:
22952:
22949:
22947:
22944:
22942:
22939:
22938:
22936:
22932:
22926:
22923:
22921:
22918:
22914:
22913:Trans-Saharan
22911:
22909:
22906:
22904:
22901:
22899:
22896:
22895:
22894:
22891:
22889:
22886:
22884:
22881:
22879:
22876:
22874:
22871:
22869:
22866:
22862:
22859:
22857:
22854:
22853:
22852:
22849:
22847:
22844:
22840:
22837:
22836:
22835:
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22659:9781469623412
22655:
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22638:
22636:0-330-35437-X
22632:
22628:
22623:
22619:
22617:0-521-40090-2
22613:
22609:
22606:. Cambridge:
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22575:
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22529:
22527:0-88258-096-5
22523:
22519:
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22500:
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22495:Penguin Books
22492:
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22481:9780803239616
22477:
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22366:
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22318:Prentice Hall
22315:
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22019:
22015:
22010:
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21998:
21996:0-333-73748-2
21992:
21988:
21984:
21979:
21975:
21969:
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21962:. Cambridge:
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21769:Cambria Press
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21753:0-333-14846-0
21749:
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21530:HarperCollins
21527:
21526:
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21520:Schama, Simon
21517:
21513:
21507:
21503:
21499:
21495:
21491:
21487:
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21476:0-521-78430-1
21472:
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21446:
21442:
21438:
21433:
21429:
21427:0-521-67966-4
21423:
21419:
21416:. Cambridge:
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21410:
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21400:
21396:
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21194:
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21145:
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21135:
21129:
21114:on 8 May 2024
21113:
21109:
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21103:
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20992:
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20791:
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20708:
20700:
20688:
20684:
20680:
20676:
20672:
20668:
20664:
20663:
20658:
20651:
20645:, p. 21.
20644:
20639:
20630:
20624:
20620:
20615:
20614:
20605:
20597:
20593:
20586:
20578:
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20535:
20533:
20525:
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20480:
20478:9781349459988
20474:
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20447:
20431:
20427:
20423:
20419:
20412:
20396:
20392:
20388:
20387:
20382:
20376:
20361:on 3 May 2024
20360:
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20222:
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20207:
20200:
20194:
20175:
20171:
20167:
20163:
20159:
20152:
20145:
20137:
20133:
20127:
20111:
20107:
20106:
20101:
20094:
20087:
20081:
20073:
20069:
20065:
20061:
20060:
20055:
20049:
20041:
20037:
20033:
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20006:
19998:
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19990:
19986:
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19963:
19957:
19953:
19948:
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19938:
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19918:
19914:
19910:
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19896:
19892:
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19882:
19877:
19871:
19869:
19852:
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19810:
19806:
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19787:
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19767:
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19748:
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19731:
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19707:
19703:
19696:
19689:
19685:
19681:
19675:
19667:
19661:
19657:
19653:
19652:
19644:
19637:
19636:Williams 2021
19632:
19625:
19621:
19615:
19599:
19595:
19589:
19581:
19575:
19571:
19567:
19566:
19558:
19550:
19546:
19542:
19536:
19529:. p. 19.
19528:
19521:
19514:
19508:
19502:, p. 61.
19501:
19496:
19489:
19484:
19482:
19480:
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19463:
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19449:
19447:9780857710130
19443:
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19062:
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19028:
19024:
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19004:
18997:
18996:Williams 2021
18992:
18973:
18969:
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18964:
18956:
18949:
18934:
18928:
18923:
18922:11250/2596833
18918:
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18736:
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18716:
18712:
18711:www.bbc.co.uk
18708:
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18685:
18680:
18675:
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18662:
18658:
18651:
18636:on 3 May 2024
18635:
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18433:
18429:
18428:www.state.gov
18422:
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18409:
18403:
18396:
18393:David Eltis,
18390:
18383:. p. 89.
18382:
18378:
18371:
18363:
18359:
18352:
18345:
18344:accumulation.
18340:
18328:
18324:
18323:
18318:
18314:
18308:
18300:
18296:
18289:
18281:
18274:
18267:
18266:Williams 2021
18262:
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18251:
18247:
18243:
18239:
18235:
18231:
18224:
18216:
18212:
18208:
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18165:
18158:
18157:Williams 2021
18153:
18145:
18139:
18135:
18131:
18124:
18116:
18112:
18108:
18104:
18103:
18095:
18093:
18085:. p. 64.
18084:
18080:
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18046:
18030:
18026:
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18020:
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17957:
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17916:
17909:
17902:
17893:
17892:11380/1201574
17888:
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17843:
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17831:
17825:
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17804:0-9501546-4-4
17801:
17797:
17796:
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17790:Walter Rodney
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17311:
17304:
17302:
17301:Manomet Ponds
17296:
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16258:0-585-35620-3
16254:
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16247:. New Haven:
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16226:951-570-640-8
16222:
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14857:
14853:
14852:Penguin Books
14849:
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14788:0-521-52470-9
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14261:
14255:
14247:
14245:0-618-00190-5
14241:
14237:
14233:
14232:
14227:
14221:
14213:
14206:
14190:
14186:
14180:
14176:
14172:
14171:
14163:
14156:
14155:Thornton 1998
14151:
14149:
14140:
14138:9780807823873
14134:
14129:
14128:
14119:
14117:
14115:
14098:
14094:
14093:
14088:
14087:"West Africa"
14082:
14066:
14062:
14058:
14052:
14044:
14040:
14036:
14030:
14026:
14019:
14011:
14005:
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13634:
13628:
13620:
13616:
13615:
13610:
13604:
13596:
13592:
13588:
13582:
13575:. p. 42.
13574:
13570:
13563:
13555:
13551:
13544:
13536:
13532:
13525:
13518:. p. 58.
13517:
13513:
13509:
13503:
13496:
13495:Thornton 1998
13491:
13484:
13483:Thornton 1998
13479:
13472:
13471:Thornton 1998
13467:
13460:
13459:Thornton 1998
13455:
13447:
13443:
13442:
13434:
13418:
13414:
13410:
13404:
13398:, p. 46.
13397:
13392:
13390:
13381:
13377:
13376:
13371:
13365:
13358:
13357:Thornton 1998
13353:
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13316:
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13125:
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13089:
13082:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13059:
13051:
13047:
13040:
13021:
13017:
13010:
13009:
13001:
12993:
12991:
12983:
12975:
12972:. Cambridge:
12971:
12964:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12942:
12934:
12930:
12924:
12909:on 7 May 2024
12908:
12904:
12903:
12898:
12892:
12884:
12877:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12847:
12840:
12839:Meredith 2014
12835:
12827:
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12801:
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12760:
12756:
12755:
12750:
12744:
12736:
12730:
12726:
12722:
12715:
12708:
12707:Meredith 2014
12703:
12696:
12691:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12672:Paul, Helen.
12668:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12641:
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12613:
12609:
12607:0-8032-0512-0
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12433:0-8032-0512-0
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12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12052:
12045:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12015:
11999:
11995:
11991:
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11980:
11972:
11970:9780821415160
11966:
11962:
11958:
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11949:
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11913:
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11890:
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11877:
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11839:
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11811:
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11738:
11732:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11702:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11688:
11684:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11669:
11661:
11655:, p. 44.
11654:
11653:Thornton 1998
11649:
11642:
11637:
11630:
11625:
11609:
11605:
11604:
11599:
11593:
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11573:
11569:
11563:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11510:
11506:
11499:
11493:
11487:, p. 40.
11486:
11485:Thornton 1998
11481:
11475:, p. 39.
11474:
11473:Thornton 1998
11469:
11467:
11459:
11458:Thornton 1998
11454:
11448:, p. 37.
11447:
11446:Thornton 1998
11442:
11435:
11434:Thornton 1998
11430:
11424:, p. 31.
11423:
11422:Thornton 1998
11418:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11388:
11372:
11368:
11367:Blackpast.org
11364:
11357:
11341:
11337:
11333:
11327:
11320:
11319:Thornton 1998
11315:
11300:on 3 May 2024
11299:
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11156:
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11133:
11129:
11128:
11123:
11117:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11087:
11081:, p. 94.
11080:
11079:Thornton 1998
11075:
11069:, p. 45.
11068:
11067:Thornton 1998
11063:
11055:
11049:
11042:
11041:Thornton 1998
11037:
11035:
11027:
11023:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11005:
10998:
10991:
10989:
10975:
10971:
10970:
10965:
10964:"Human Cargo"
10958:
10948:
10941:
10936:
10928:
10921:
10913:
10909:
10908:
10903:
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10888:
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10725:
10709:
10705:
10703:9780198834793
10699:
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10660:9781476737454
10656:
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10639:
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10619:
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10613:
10607:
10599:
10597:9781315240367
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10560:9783487312026
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10347:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10317:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10286:Lind (2020).
10282:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10252:
10244:
10242:9781476737454
10238:
10234:
10230:
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10204:9780830887590
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9894:9780807049402
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9867:9780804756488
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9665:9780812244915
9661:
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9656:
9648:
9640:
9638:9781400849567
9634:
9630:
9629:
9621:
9613:
9611:9781400849567
9607:
9603:
9602:
9594:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9564:(1): 32, 42.
9563:
9559:
9558:
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9546:
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9526:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9500:
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9383:
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9363:
9359:
9352:
9336:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9303:, p. 27.
9302:
9301:Thornton 1998
9297:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9267:
9260:
9259:Thornton 1998
9255:
9249:, p. 24.
9248:
9247:Thornton 1998
9243:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9191:
9185:, p. 13.
9184:
9183:Thornton 1998
9179:
9172:
9167:
9160:
9159:Thornton 1998
9155:
9147:
9143:
9142:
9137:
9130:
9128:
9119:
9112:
9105:. p. 95.
9104:
9100:
9093:
9085:
9081:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9061:
9059:0-8223-8237-7
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9036:
9034:
9026:
9025:Meredith 2014
9021:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
9000:
8992:
8988:
8986:0-374-11396-3
8982:
8978:
8974:
8973:Segal, Ronald
8968:
8960:
8956:
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8933:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8896:
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8873:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8842:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8807:
8798:
8797:
8796:Black Cargoes
8788:
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8765:
8761:
8755:
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8725:
8719:
8703:
8699:
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8483:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8442:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8409:
8408:Thornton 1998
8404:
8402:
8393:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8359:. p. 58.
8358:
8354:
8347:
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8328:
8325:
8323:
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8315:
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8311:
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8189:
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8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8141:United States
8138:
8136:
8133:In 2020, the
8131:
8129:
8128:Jesse Jackson
8125:
8121:
8117:
8112:
8109:
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8101:
8097:
8093:
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7923:
7919:
7911:
7906:
7896:
7893:
7885:
7882:December 2021
7875:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7851:This section
7849:
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7804:
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7739:
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7731:
7725:
7721:
7707:
7698:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7681:James Stephen
7677:
7674:
7673:United States
7670:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7657:Denmark Vesey
7654:
7653:slave revolts
7650:
7649:Bryan Edwards
7646:
7642:
7638:
7633:
7632:Antonio Negri
7629:
7628:Michael Hardt
7624:
7616:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7575:
7571:
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7519:
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7511:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7490:
7484:
7471:
7470:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7433:
7431:
7430:John Beecroft
7427:
7422:
7419:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7397:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
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7312:
7308:
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6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6907:
6906:Panic of 1857
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6801:Eric Williams
6797:
6792:
6790:
6789:Walter Rodney
6783:
6778:
6773:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6756:Elmina Castle
6753:
6749:
6748:Yaa Asantewaa
6744:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6699:Mediterranean
6696:
6695:Sahara Desert
6687:
6686:Elmina Castle
6683:
6679:
6676:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6643:
6642:Walter Rodney
6639:
6625:
6616:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6584:Richard Pares
6581:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6562:Eric Williams
6554:
6549:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6513:
6512:Walter Rodney
6502:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6491:abolitionists
6488:
6480:
6476:
6467:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6447:Walter Rodney
6438:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5977:
5961:
5956:
5943:
5938:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5851:
5850:United States
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5791:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5728:, Xango, and
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5675:South America
5672:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5592:Peter Faneuil
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5558:United States
5555:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5461:
5456:
5442:
5440:
5439:coffee houses
5436:
5435:gun-producing
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5309:variola minor
5306:
5301:
5297:
5296:disfigurement
5293:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:United States
5094:
5091:
5090:Abolitionists
5086:
5081:
5072:
5067:
5061:South America
5058:
5056:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:Amelia Island
5026:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5008:
5003:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4857:King Gezo of
4855:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4824:The kings of
4822:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:North America
4289:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4105:
4099:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4048:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3733:of Ghana and
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3661:Ethnic groups
3658:
3656:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:Guinea-Bissau
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3344:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3283:Zong massacre
3279:
3275:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3193:and rum. Sir
3192:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3119:William Hoare
3117:, painted by
3116:
3114:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:Iberian Union
2992:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:Hernán Cortés
2967:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:Little George
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:Dahomey King
2812:
2810:
2809:Guinea Bissau
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2730:Walter Rodney
2726:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:Elmina Castle
2569:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2508:trans-Saharan
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:Sahara Desert
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2304:Inter Caetera
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:In 1493, the
2283:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2246:Sahara Desert
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2157:A map of the
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:Bay of Arguin
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2046:conquistadors
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2009:John Thornton
2005:
2003:
2002:Pierre Chaunu
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1840:slave raiding
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Slave catcher
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Forced labour
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:Abolitionists
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:comfort women
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:Chukri System
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
917:Latin America
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
871:
869:
868:interregional
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:prison labour
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
824:
823:United States
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
790:
789:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
712:
709:
708:
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32880:Moses Grandy
32875:David George
32834:Lucy Delaney
32808:Peter Bruner
32747:Sam Aleckson
32627:Roustam Raza
32538:Joseph Pitts
32460:Robert Adams
32444:by continent
32310:Coat of arms
32247:Demographics
32189:Central Bank
32111:Human rights
32096:Constitution
31893:
31881:
31871:
31847:
31769:
31642:Pirate Round
31622:
31593:Space pirate
31567:Treasure map
31486:
31479:
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31451:
31444:
31437:
31430:
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31357:Roronoa Zoro
31307:Jack Sparrow
31247:Captain Nemo
31242:Captain Hook
31164:
31156:
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31002:
30959:
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30894:Dai Hong Dan
30893:
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30607:
30600:
30595:Ganj-i-Sawai
30593:
30586:
30579:
30572:
30565:
30559:Pirate ships
30511:Luis Fajardo
30496:James Brooke
30486:David Porter
30458:Zheng Yi Sao
30433:William Kidd
30388:Stede Bonnet
30373:Shap-ng-tsai
30353:Samuel Mason
30273:Peter Easton
30223:Mary Lindsey
30173:Lai Choi San
30163:Joseph Barss
30158:Joseph Baker
30128:John Hawkins
30123:Johanna Hård
30113:Jean Lafitte
30108:Jan Janszoon
30098:Israel Hands
30078:Henry Morgan
30068:Henri Caesar
29983:Dirk Chivers
29918:Black Caesar
29843:Abshir Boyah
29714:Other waters
29695:Persian Gulf
29683:Somali Coast
29671:Indian Ocean
29643:Spanish Main
29558:River pirate
29536:Moro pirates
29511:Child pirate
29436:21st century
29254:
29251:Slave trade
29225:Field slaves
28794:
28787:
28782:Abolitionism
28776:
28710:
28544:Bunce Island
28477:
28405:Demographics
28386:Igbo Landing
28217:Black church
28177:
28170:
28164:Publications
28151:
28143:
28135:
28127:
28119:
28111:
27934:Sportspeople
27904:Billionaires
27821:Sierra Leone
27724:Philadelphia
27560:Jacksonville
27387:Demographics
27219:Jack Johnson
27209:Muhammad Ali
27042:Conservatism
26977:Black church
26874:Andrew Young
26859:Ida B. Wells
26849:David Walker
26844:C. T. Vivian
26799:Paul Robeson
26794:Hiram Revels
26774:Colin Powell
26754:Barack Obama
26709:James Lawson
26664:Jimi Hendrix
26634:James Farmer
26629:Medgar Evers
26599:Ralph Bunche
26549:Maya Angelou
26523:Middle class
26401:Afrofuturism
26327:
26315:
26308:
26229:
26174:
26121:
26096:
26087:Afrocentrism
26077:Abolitionism
25927:Midway Atoll
25922:Kingman Reef
25902:Baker Island
25881:Puerto Rico
25793:South Dakota
25783:Rhode Island
25778:Pennsylvania
25758:North Dakota
25474:
25467:
25448:
25409:
25402:
25388:
25334:
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25226:
25212:
25205:
25198:
25159:
25133:Marine Corps
25120:
25113:
25106:
25070:Debt ceiling
25055:Civil Rights
25037:
25030:
25016:
25002:
24988:
24959:
24954:Antisemitism
24952:
24945:
24901:
24862:
24798:2008–present
24750:Bush v. Gore
24748:
24686:War on drugs
24560:Mid Cold War
24412:Pearl Harbor
24407:World War II
24227:Ku Klux Klan
23824:Dummer's War
23808:
23763:
23756:
23750:Pre-Colonial
23518:Urbanization
23478:Demographics
23454:Rugby Africa
23361:Architecture
23245:Billionaires
23138:Human rights
22908:Indian Ocean
22897:
22839:North Africa
22715:
22703:
22674:
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22626:
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22586:
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22559:
22541:M. E. Sharpe
22536:
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22157:
22137:. New York:
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22088:
22069:
22050:
22020:(1): 17–46.
22017:
22013:
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21982:
21959:
21948:the original
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21792:Beacon Press
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21213:. Retrieved
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20918:. Retrieved
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20907:
20898:
20868:(1): 57–76.
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20699:Project MUSE
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20666:
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20643:Handley 2006
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19879:
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17648:
17643:Daudin 2004.
17639:
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17617:
17610:. Retrieved
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17592:Eltis, David
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12646:
12640:
12628:
12616:. Retrieved
12592:
12585:
12573:
12549:
12542:
12534:the original
12527:
12518:
12506:
12497:
12491:
12483:
12482:P.C. Emmer,
12478:
12466:
12454:
12442:. Retrieved
12418:
12394:. New York:
12391:
12385:
12376:
12370:
12357:
12348:
12321:
12310:
12300:27 September
12298:. Retrieved
12294:the original
12289:
12280:
12268:
12256:. Retrieved
12252:the original
12247:
12237:
12225:. Retrieved
12200:
12196:
12186:
12174:. Retrieved
12152:(1): 44–46.
12149:
12143:
12133:
12121:. Retrieved
12117:the original
12112:
12103:
12091:. Retrieved
12061:(1): 72–73.
12058:
12054:
12044:
12032:. Retrieved
12028:the original
12023:
12014:
12002:. Retrieved
11996:(1): 77–91.
11993:
11989:
11979:
11955:
11948:
11936:. Retrieved
11929:the original
11924:
11912:
11900:. Retrieved
11893:the original
11888:
11876:
11864:. Retrieved
11857:the original
11850:
11838:
11826:. Retrieved
11809:
11803:
11793:
11781:. Retrieved
11777:the original
11772:
11763:
11751:. Retrieved
11747:the original
11740:
11731:
11719:. Retrieved
11715:the original
11710:
11686:
11673:Beacon Press
11667:
11660:
11648:
11636:
11624:
11612:. Retrieved
11608:the original
11601:
11592:
11580:. Retrieved
11576:the original
11571:
11562:
11550:. Retrieved
11546:the original
11537:
11528:
11516:. Retrieved
11504:
11492:
11480:
11453:
11441:
11429:
11417:
11405:. Retrieved
11401:the original
11396:
11387:
11375:. Retrieved
11371:the original
11366:
11356:
11344:. Retrieved
11340:the original
11335:
11326:
11314:
11302:. Retrieved
11298:the original
11289:
11265:. Retrieved
11261:the original
11254:
11245:
11237:
11230:. Retrieved
11207:The Atlantic
11206:
11199:
11187:. Retrieved
11167:
11161:
11148:
11136:. Retrieved
11125:
11116:
11104:. Retrieved
11100:the original
11095:
11086:
11074:
11062:
11053:
11048:
11025:
11003:
10997:
10987:
10986:Early on in
10985:
10978:. Retrieved
10967:
10957:
10947:
10940:Lovejoy 1983
10935:
10926:
10920:
10912:the original
10905:
10895:
10887:the original
10882:
10854:
10848:
10825:
10819:
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10785:
10779:
10771:the original
10766:
10757:
10745:. Retrieved
10734:
10724:
10712:. Retrieved
10688:
10681:
10669:. Retrieved
10645:
10638:
10626:. Retrieved
10615:
10606:
10575:
10569:
10549:
10542:
10530:. Retrieved
10526:the original
10517:
10508:
10496:. Retrieved
10476:
10472:
10462:
10454:the original
10444:
10432:. Retrieved
10425:the original
10420:
10407:
10395:. Retrieved
10386:
10377:
10365:. Retrieved
10361:the original
10356:
10346:
10334:. Retrieved
10325:
10316:
10304:. Retrieved
10300:the original
10295:
10291:
10281:
10269:. Retrieved
10260:
10251:
10227:
10220:
10209:the original
10190:
10183:
10171:. Retrieved
10159:
10153:
10140:
10128:. Retrieved
10108:
10104:
10094:
10082:. Retrieved
10078:the original
10057:
10053:
10043:
10031:. Retrieved
10007:
10000:
9988:. Retrieved
9984:the original
9973:
9964:
9952:. Retrieved
9948:the original
9943:
9933:
9921:. Retrieved
9912:
9903:
9883:
9876:
9852:
9845:
9833:. Retrieved
9820:
9811:
9802:
9793:
9784:
9771:
9765:
9741:. Retrieved
9714:
9704:
9692:. Retrieved
9688:the original
9683:
9674:
9654:
9647:
9627:
9620:
9600:
9593:
9581:. Retrieved
9561:
9555:
9545:
9533:. Retrieved
9498:
9488:
9449:
9439:
9404:
9398:
9386:. Retrieved
9361:
9351:
9339:. Retrieved
9321:
9308:
9296:
9284:. Retrieved
9280:the original
9275:
9266:
9254:
9242:
9230:. Retrieved
9226:the original
9221:
9212:
9203:
9199:
9190:
9178:
9166:
9154:
9146:the original
9141:The Guardian
9139:
9117:
9111:
9098:
9092:
9079:
9045:
9020:
9003:
8997:
8990:
8976:
8967:
8954:
8948:
8936:. Retrieved
8932:the original
8927:
8917:
8882:
8872:
8860:. Retrieved
8856:the original
8841:
8829:. Retrieved
8816:
8806:
8795:
8772:. Retrieved
8768:the original
8763:
8754:
8742:. Retrieved
8735:the original
8730:
8718:
8706:. Retrieved
8702:the original
8693:
8684:
8672:. Retrieved
8666:
8657:
8645:. Retrieved
8641:
8617:. Retrieved
8595:(1): 23–36.
8592:
8586:
8561:. Retrieved
8555:
8546:
8534:. Retrieved
8530:the original
8512:
8500:. Retrieved
8496:the original
8482:
8470:. Retrieved
8466:the original
8457:
8448:
8440:
8433:. Retrieved
8429:the original
8415:
8385:
8352:
8346:
8308:
8195:Barack Obama
8180:
8144:
8132:
8113:
8105:
8089:
8072:
8048:
8032:
8016:
7992:
7978:
7961:Luc Gnacadja
7946:
7927:At the 2001
7926:
7915:
7888:
7879:
7864:Please help
7852:
7816:
7803:James Forten
7799:
7784:
7742:
7734:Sierra Leone
7727:
7714:Sierra Leone
7678:
7668:
7665:
7625:
7621:
7596:
7581:through the
7579:
7550:
7538:
7525:
7521:
7518:Cudjoe Lewis
7500:
7495:
7493:
7486:
7468:
7462:El Almirante
7446:Sierra Leone
7439:
7423:
7414:
7402:
7358:
7354:
7335:
7299:
7296:
7276:
7269:
7246:
7175:
7155:
7148:
7136:
7129:
7120:
7085:
7073:
7066:
6870:Abolitionism
6846:
6819:
6805:
6799:
6794:
6787:
6780:West Indian
6760:Golden Stool
6740:
6734:during the "
6721:
6692:
6671:
6662:
6658:
6647:
6640:
6636:
6619:Demographics
6605:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6567:
6559:
6532:
6528:
6508:
6484:
6460:
6444:
6436:
6240:
6031:
6015:
6011:St. Domingue
5986:
5982:
5893:Austronesian
5880:
5879:
5793:Destination
5767:
5737:Buenos Aires
5734:
5695:
5689:
5651:
5641:
5634:
5628:
5611:Sierra Leone
5607:Bunce Island
5561:
5541:
5510:
5465:
5404:
5388:royal decree
5381:
5323:
5289:
5280:
5268:
5264:
5256:yellow fever
5225:
5208:
5204:Jean Lafitte
5193:
5158:
5137:
5130:
5121:J. M. Wilson
5076:
5051:
5035:Havana, Cuba
5027:
5019:
5012:
4974:
4966:
4962:yellow fever
4950:
4934:
4927:
4918:
4891:
4885:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4830:war captives
4823:
4807:
4802:
4786:
4745:
4738:
4726:
4684:
4647:Sierra Leone
4525:Saint Helena
4521:Loango Coast
4517:Angola Coast
4509:
4504:
4501:Disembarked
4485:
4475:
4444:
4413:
4107:Destination
4096:
4084:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4053:
3963:Bibliography
3921:Risk factors
3894: /
3702:speakers of
3664:
3651:
3642:
3597:east of the
3565:and east of
3539:Sierra Leone
3527:Upper Guinea
3506:
3489:
3484:
3471:
3455:
3413:
3393:
3384:
3366:
3358:
3349:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3218:
3195:John Hawkins
3178:
3155:
3144:
3124:
3111:Portrait of
3110:
3041:
3032:Dutch Brazil
3016:
2993:
2985:John Hawkins
2982:
2963:
2947:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2898:Rhode Island
2896:in route to
2894:Guinea Coast
2889:
2865:
2813:
2781:
2764:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2696:
2677:
2669:John Hawkins
2665:Guinea Coast
2658:
2613:
2588:Nuno Tristão
2585:
2576:Guinea coast
2544:
2540:
2521:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2439:
2431:
2370:Black people
2358:Curse of Ham
2356:invoked the
2347:
2326:
2321:Gustave Doré
2302:
2284:
2276:
2271:Dum Diversas
2269:
2260:
2212:
2210:
2187:
2168:
2132:Roman Empire
2125:
2075:
2044:
2035:
2006:
1981:Afro-Eurasia
1974:
1881:
1870:
1844:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1675:Slave patrol
1512:Freedom suit
1488:Sierra Leone
1478:Colonization
1394:Abolitionism
1374:Baháʼí Faith
1347:Christianity
1297:Saudi Arabia
1153:Penal Labour
1118:Blackbirding
1024:Debt bondage
1012:penal system
838:Contemporary
828:Field slaves
816:U.S. Natives
775:South Africa
646:Galley slave
619:Slave market
609:House slaves
582:Blackbirding
560:Conscription
490:
484:21st century
447:Umm al-walad
291:Muslim world
260:Emancipation
164:Wage slavery
144:Penal labour
122:Wife selling
112:Bride buying
97:Conscription
87:Child Labour
80:Contemporary
26:
33307: 1861
33300: 1853
33004:Moses Roper
32988:John Parker
32974:(1790–1880)
32952:Boston King
32943:(1799–1874)
32772:Polly Berry
32715:Mary Prince
32629:(1783–1845)
32623:(1684-1777)
32605:(1698–1733)
32588:(1684–1736)
32571:(1644–1744)
32565:(1660–1736)
32559:(1632–1702)
32553:(1598–1682)
32545: 1735
32528:(1708–1754)
32520:Mende Nazer
32510:(1735–1785)
32498:(1564–1639)
32492:(1767–1843)
32486:(1747–1815)
32480:(1620–1702)
32472:Francis Bok
32468:(1714-1761)
32466:Marcus Berg
32462:(c. 1790–?)
32442:Individuals
32128:enforcement
32116:LGBT rights
31895:España Boba
31872:Slave trade
31557:Pirate code
31532:Keelhauling
31520:Jolly Roger
31382:Will Turner
31317:José Gaspar
31217:Barbe Rouge
31114:Slave trade
30368:Sister Ping
30298:Rachel Wall
30093:Huang Bamei
30073:Henry Every
30028:Fūma Kotarō
30023:Flying Gang
29938:Calico Jack
29928:Bully Hayes
29731:Falcon Lake
29705:Nosy Boraha
29563:Sea Beggars
29551:Confederate
29521:Filibusters
29348:Mississippi
29286:Other labor
29230:House negro
29172:King Cotton
28874:Lovers rock
28443:Hog Hammock
28313:Ranky Tanky
28247:Goofer dust
28156:(1994–2000)
27954:US senators
27924:Republicans
27909:Journalists
27766:San Antonio
27731:Puerto Rico
27672:Mississippi
27565:Tallahassee
27538:Los Angeles
27229:Jesse Owens
27214:Arthur Ashe
27072:Nationalism
27062:Raised fist
27025:Black power
26930:in medicine
26864:Roy Wilkins
26819:Emmett Till
26804:Al Sharpton
26569:Julian Bond
26564:James Bevel
26528:Upper class
26518:Stereotypes
26411:Black mecca
26323:Plantations
26102:Black Codes
25942:Wake Island
25708:Mississippi
25623:Connecticut
25567:New England
25234:Agriculture
25153:Coast Guard
25148:Space Force
24996:Immigration
24724:WTC bombing
24642:Reaganomics
24570:Vietnam War
24486:McCarthyism
24368:Second Klan
24353:Prohibition
24331:World War I
24306:Square Deal
24296:Imperialism
24031:War of 1812
23758:Prehistoric
23528:urban areas
23449:FIBA Africa
23148:LGBT rights
22846:Archaeology
22677:(1): 1–22.
22407:Pluto Press
21880:. Madison:
21818:Verso Books
21372:Google News
20997:16 February
20539:Schama 2006
19847:"Navy News"
19500:Schama 2006
19033:(2): 5–25.
18907:: 243–264.
18333:21 February
17612:11 December
17528:. Seattle:
17506:29 February
17441:29 February
17400:29 February
17365:29 February
17333:29 February
17238:John Hull's
17018:28 February
16988:28 February
16958:28 February
16932:29 February
16898:29 February
16868:29 February
16838:28 February
16804:28 February
16770:28 February
16698:29 February
16655:29 February
16586:29 February
16552:29 February
16525:(2): 25–32.
16286:BBC History
16180:IRIS Aperto
15969:. Lincoln:
15860:29 February
15824:29 February
15749:Code Switch
14567:20 February
14451:20 December
13876:Pundit Fact
13609:Park, Mungo
13516:Basic Books
13396:Sparks 2014
13277:Sparks 2014
13262:Sparks 2014
12866:9 September
12248:History.com
12227:28 February
12176:27 February
12123:27 February
12034:28 February
11641:Austen 1987
11629:Rodney 1972
10980:1 September
10173:27 February
9913:Pachami.com
9694:3 September
9535:5 September
9409:Basingstoke
9388:4 September
9341:5 September
8313:(1986 book)
8124:slave trade
8096:city's part
8029:Netherlands
7965:Slave Coast
7661:Gullah Jack
7603:Malê Revolt
7409:Castlereagh
7377:slave trade
7313:passed the
7256:(Quakers),
6632: 1780
6607:Das Kapital
6519: 1770
6019:West Indian
5952: 1830
5934: 1822
5669:West Indies
5615:Sea Islands
5572:El Salvador
5407:West Indies
5356: 1545
5313:variolation
5169:Upper South
4953:slave ships
4784:war bands.
4734: 1822
4692:10,702,652
4689:12,521,339
4470:12,521,339
4110:Portuguese
3946:Utilitarian
3892:Colonialism
3735:Ivory Coast
3599:Niger Delta
3567:Ivory Coast
3553:Ivory Coast
3241:Slave Coast
3182:indigo dyed
2886:John Newton
2882:swivel guns
2805:Baga people
2759:Ouagadougou
2596:West Africa
2552:Niger River
2464:(632–661),
2360:, from the
2330:sub-Saharan
2221:Catholicism
2171:Middle Ages
2071:Netherlands
2036:During the
1983:) and the "
1900:Netherlands
1859:plantations
1827:slave raids
1813:West Africa
1797:slave ships
1795:. European
1690:court cases
1567: [
1517:Slave Power
1505:Manumission
1352:Catholicism
1227:Afghanistan
968:Puerto Rico
880:The Bahamas
858:Slave codes
661:Shanghaiing
651:Impressment
543:Slave Coast
423:Qajar harem
383:Concubinage
356:slave trade
33718:Categories
33485:Copper Sun
33434:Unburnable
33370:Dessa Rose
33097:Osifekunde
33029:Venerable
32972:James Mars
32885:Lear Green
32869:Monticello
32829:Noah Davis
32798:John Brown
32777:Henry Bibb
32720:Venerable
32526:Hark Olufs
32325:Literature
32178:(currency)
32008:Hispaniola
31716:Categories
31692:Privateers
31654:Matelotage
31588:Air pirate
31552:Pet parrot
31404:The Pirate
31352:Nico Robin
31272:Davy Jones
31212:Tom Ayrton
31186:Pirates in
31075:Piracy Act
31044:Piracy law
30960:North Star
30623:My Revenge
30476:Angelo Emo
30438:Zheng Jing
30403:Thomas Tew
30198:Lo Hon-cho
30018:Flora Burn
29998:Edward Low
29968:Dan Seavey
29963:Chui A-poo
29923:Blackbeard
29868:Anne Bonny
29806:Saint-Malo
29786:Port Royal
29771:Libertatia
29583:Ushkuyniks
29546:Privateers
29541:Narentines
29501:Buccaneers
29431:Golden Age
29160:Cash crops
29031:Zimbabwean
28819:Race riots
28691:Toucouleur
28522:Senegambia
28272:Ring shout
28252:Haint blue
27899:Astronauts
27689:New Jersey
27533:California
27037:Capitalism
26834:Nat Turner
26764:Rosa Parks
26749:Diane Nash
26719:John Lewis
26508:Newspapers
26478:Literature
26463:Juneteenth
26416:Businesses
26270:Exodusters
26238:Free Negro
25823:Washington
25743:New Mexico
25738:New Jersey
25613:California
25108:Journalism
25060:Corruption
25039:Government
24990:Demography
24977:Newspapers
24826:Sandy Hook
24729:Waco siege
24637:Reagan era
24543:Space Race
24476:Korean War
24417:home front
24249:Gilded Age
24217:Amendments
23498:Emigration
23401:Philosophy
23381:Literature
22827:Chronology
22428:. Leiden:
22405:. London:
22126:1268921040
21790:. Boston:
21684:. London:
21439:. Oxford:
20555:. Boston:
20524:White Fury
20116:2 December
19927:12 October
19857:9 February
19419:16 January
19386:16 January
19355:16 January
19319:13 January
19286:13 January
19253:13 January
19218:13 January
19170:13 January
19139:13 January
19113:13 January
19067:13 January
19044:13 January
18839:saylor.org
18775:www.un.org
18745:Britannica
18313:Marx, Karl
18109:(3): 400.
17761:(Report).
17392:(1): 1–6.
17291:5552741105
17119:Mr. Elliot
17048:16 January
16502:23 January
16445:: 85–106.
15794:17 January
15763:17 January
15728:17 January
15693:17 January
15666:23 January
15623:2 November
15593:3 February
15532:23 January
15489:3 February
15450:3 February
15413:17 January
15380:17 January
15350:17 January
15315:3 February
15215:17 January
15179:17 January
15136:17 January
14952:(4): 1–3.
14891:2 November
14831:20 January
14799:26 October
14717:. p.
14338:Final Call
14103:12 January
14071:5 February
14043:1255859695
13723:24 January
13423:12 January
13184:23 January
13130:17 January
13067:(64): 14.
12913:16 January
12342:required.)
12203:(3): 184.
12004:18 January
11938:19 January
11902:20 January
11866:19 January
11828:19 January
11783:18 January
11753:17 January
11721:17 January
11614:18 January
11582:18 January
11572:Black Past
11552:18 January
11518:20 January
11407:18 January
11377:18 January
11346:18 January
11304:16 January
11267:16 January
11189:18 January
11138:18 January
11106:16 January
10808:1045855145
10747:16 January
10714:16 January
10671:23 January
10628:16 January
10498:24 January
10479:(1): 149.
10434:20 January
10397:20 January
10367:19 January
10336:19 January
10306:19 January
10271:20 January
10130:24 January
10084:23 January
10033:1 February
9990:23 January
9954:23 January
9923:23 January
9480:2009026860
9286:20 January
9232:18 January
9006:(3): 368.
8938:17 January
8909:2009003907
8831:17 January
8774:24 January
8744:24 January
8536:14 October
8490:. London:
8472:12 January
8334:References
8108:Tony Blair
8051:Mark Rutte
8017:President
7910:Osu Castle
7481:See also:
7469:Black Joke
7307:Royal Navy
7283:U.S. state
7281:, the new
6874:See also:
6839:Indigenous
6743:Gold Coast
6654:emigration
6650:J. D. Fage
6560:Historian
6456:James Watt
6445:Historian
5899:explorers.
5897:Polynesian
5750:Lima, Peru
5744:and other
5671:colonies.
5648:trafficked
5576:Costa Rica
5544:Senegambia
5468:Hispaniola
5431:Birmingham
5427:Manchester
5384:Charles II
5339:Hispaniola
5252:diphtheria
5144:Deep South
5125:Deep South
4890:states in
4810:Portuguese
4750:Bono State
4695:1,818,687
4601:Senegambia
4589:1,030,917
4586:1,209,322
4582:Gold Coast
4570:1,317,776
4567:1,594,564
4551:1,724,834
4548:1,999,060
4532:4,955,430
4529:5,694,570
4458:1,061,524
4455:1,381,404
4452:3,259,443
4449:5,848,266
4439:1,818,686
4255:1,061,524
4224:1,120,216
4193:2,318,251
4162:4,864,372
4076:Adam Jones
3911:Psychology
3906:Prevention
3886:Incitement
3813:Human toll
3807:Mozambique
3749:the Gambia
3637:Madagascar
3633:Mozambique
3559:Gold Coast
3521:the Gambia
3513:Senegambia
3479:Mungo Park
3438:, and the
3436:Oyo Empire
3372:the Gambia
3072:Cape Verde
3048:Martinique
2959:Hispaniola
2691:Ann Zingha
2592:Mauritania
2399:See also:
2376:and other
2289:issued by
2267:papal bull
2161:(red) and
2144:Mauritania
2100:See also:
2069:, and the
2030:Cape Verde
2007:Historian
1928:See also:
1924:Background
1705:J.Q. Adams
1695:Washington
1665:Slave name
1614:convention
1589:Common law
962:Encomienda
758:Seychelles
743:Mauritania
666:Slave ship
533:Panyarring
528:New France
177:Historical
37:, British
35:Charleston
33210:(1936–38)
32696:Caribbean
32522:(b. 1982)
32474:(b. 1979)
32252:Education
32216:Transport
32196:Companies
32150:President
32101:Elections
32033:Provinces
32018:Mountains
31981:Geography
31849:Cacicazgo
31537:Marooning
31165:Brillante
30954:hijacking
30945:hijacking
30936:hijacking
30927:hijacking
30228:Mary Read
30133:John Hoar
30003:Eli Boggs
29973:Diabolito
29754:and bases
29690:Indonesia
29655:Venezuela
29633:Caribbean
29343:Louisiana
29194:Sugarcane
29045:Languages
29021:Tanzanian
28991:Congolese
28964:Barbadian
28886:UK garage
28869:Caribbean
28849:Afroswing
28844:Afrobeats
28013:Monuments
27889:Activists
27741:Tennessee
27661:Michigan
27645:Baltimore
27635:Louisiana
27628:Lexington
27611:Davenport
27550:Cleveland
27449:Languages
27378:Melungeon
27356:Blaxicans
27224:Joe Louis
27079:Socialism
27015:Anarchism
26744:Bob Moses
26729:Malcolm X
26649:Fred Gray
26513:Soul food
26451:New Negro
26436:Folktales
26346:Redlining
25833:Wisconsin
25798:Tennessee
25703:Minnesota
25678:Louisiana
25572:The South
25143:Air Force
25018:Education
24880:recession
24836:Las Vegas
24744:Columbine
24701:1991–2008
24629:1980–1991
24530:1964–1980
24441:1945–1964
24395:Dust Bowl
24323:1917–1945
24204:1865–1917
24182:Civil War
24175:Secession
24120:1849–1865
24043:1815–1849
24014:Quasi-War
23991:1789–1815
23911:1776–1789
23864:Sugar Act
23334:Languages
23324:Etiquette
23250:Education
23123:Democracy
23118:Elections
23018:Geography
22977:By region
22961:conflicts
22834:Antiquity
21944:154025254
21936:1471-6372
21666:1937-5239
21599:(2021) .
21246:0261-3077
21086:31 August
20987:0261-3077
20890:189952970
20683:143549872
20381:"Economy"
20040:216497607
20032:0144-039X
19997:150975893
19778:0001-2068
19772:: 11–19.
19622:(Oxford:
19108:225302155
18215:154620412
17834:OpenLearn
17275:0028-4866
17228:Captives.
17223:427544035
17172:427544035
17107:Watchuset
17066:(1836) .
16472:3 October
16459:110533082
16186:15 August
16129:15 August
16083:15 August
16058:15 August
15989:182560175
14549:0022-0507
14214:. Nelson.
14195:13 August
14000:Routledge
13839:1471-2148
13815:(1): 92.
13769:1474-760X
13554:CRC Press
13339:10 August
13179:165485173
13120:145541392
12992:Query 18"
12618:13 August
12444:13 August
11212:Routledge
10830:Routledge
10580:Routledge
10532:16 August
9583:16 August
9328:Edinburgh
9272:"Caravel"
8994:, citing
8674:15 August
8647:15 August
8563:15 August
8522:Liverpool
8339:Citations
8192:President
8168:Bob Riley
8100:Liverpool
7916:In 1998,
7853:does not
7834:Worldwide
7829:Apologies
7797:in 1877.
7574:McClellan
7516:in 1865.
7510:abolished
7494:The last
7467:HMS
6918:Political
6689:citizens.
6602:Karl Marx
6595:Econocide
6530:slaving.
6452:invention
5905:Includes
5722:Candomblé
5706:Palamares
5697:quilombos
5631:Jamestown
5517:Guatemala
5484:Caribbean
5450:Caribbean
5419:Liverpool
5386:issued a
5364:epidemics
5331:Spaniards
5292:pockmarks
5244:influenza
4997:Caribbean
4985:Dysentery
4789:Manikongo
4782:Imbangala
4498:Embarked
4209:1,003,905
4175:2,208,296
4141:4,821,127
4125:American
4057:New World
3996:Ethnocide
3692:of Upper
3414:In 1778,
3229:Old World
3162:U.S. bans
3000:conversos
2983:In 1562,
2832:Futa Toro
2350:Dominican
2250:New Spain
2229:conversos
2225:converted
1985:New World
1977:Old World
1847:sugarcane
1700:Jefferson
1357:Mormonism
1292:Palestine
1106:Australia
1036:Indonesia
927:Lei Áurea
910:Code Noir
890:Caribbean
863:Treatment
602:Treatment
575:Devshirme
437:Odalisque
255:In Russia
196:Babylonia
184:Antiquity
41:, in 1769
33506:" (1848)
33252:Oroonoko
32936:John Jea
32540:(1663 –
32534:(1705–?)
32516:(1704–?)
32375:Category
32272:Religion
32262:Language
32140:Politics
32135:Military
32079:Congress
32062:Politics
32048:Wildlife
31789:Category
31515:Eyepatch
31387:Zanzibar
31362:Sandokan
31342:Mr. Smee
31207:Askeladd
31135:Incident
31005:incident
30914:incident
30896:incident
30888:incident
30833:incident
30448:Zheng Yi
30443:Zheng Qi
30423:Wang Zhi
30303:Redbeard
30193:Limahong
30143:John Pro
30048:Gan Ning
29933:Cai Qian
29741:Sulu Sea
29568:Sea Dogs
29363:Virginia
29338:Kentucky
29260:Internal
29255:Atlantic
29011:Nigerian
28996:Ghanaian
28974:Guyanese
28969:Jamaican
28854:Britfunk
28795:Windrush
28712:Category
28669:Niominka
28624:Mandinka
28189:Language
28036:Category
27827:America
27793:Diaspora
27778:Virginia
27711:Oklahoma
27694:New York
27677:Nebraska
27640:Maryland
27623:Kentucky
27589:Illinois
27528:Arkansas
27433:Illinois
27371:of color
27057:Populism
27030:Movement
26947:Religion
26289:Lynching
26072:Timeline
26004:Category
25818:Virginia
25768:Oklahoma
25748:New York
25723:Nebraska
25713:Missouri
25698:Michigan
25688:Maryland
25673:Kentucky
25653:Illinois
25628:Delaware
25618:Colorado
25608:Arkansas
25487:Lesbians
25461:Comanche
25456:Cherokee
25249:Medicine
25207:Genocide
25200:Religion
25122:Military
25095:Taxation
25045:Abortion
24961:Cultural
24841:Parkland
24771:Iraq War
24709:Gulf War
24481:Ivy Mike
24400:New Deal
23776:Colonial
23721:Timeline
23663:Category
23508:HIV/AIDS
23339:Religion
23304:Abortion
23260:Internet
23187:Politics
23163:feminism
23101:Politics
22956:Military
22934:By topic
22898:Atlantic
22861:Sahelian
22811:articles
22747:BBC News
22745: –
22734:Archived
22691:23017646
22305:30146288
22182:(2006).
22042:18630381
22005:39897280
21853:(1992).
21812:(2011).
21714:(2014).
21688:: 20–31.
21573:(1998).
21522:(2006).
21500:(1972).
21461:(1983).
21309:NBC News
21150:15 March
21139:BBC News
21118:15 March
21107:BBC News
20909:BBC News
20882:42636435
20822:Archived
20763:Archived
20687:Archived
20522:Petley,
20330:29 April
20267:29 April
20231:29 April
19751:41885111
19408:NBC News
18981:15 April
18938:15 April
18880:20 April
18874:Archived
18849:15 April
18843:Archived
18819:15 April
18789:15 April
18755:15 April
18749:Archived
18725:15 April
18693:21609473
18640:20 April
18606:20 April
18600:Archived
18557:15 April
18551:Archived
18525:15 April
18482:15 March
18441:15 March
18432:Archived
18327:Archived
18081:(2012).
18035:14 April
18029:Archived
18003:14 April
17965:14 April
17928:14 April
17848:14 April
17737:ABC News
17710:Archived
17662:Archived
17630:Curtin,
17606:Archived
17594:(2018).
17500:Archived
17469:Archived
17435:Archived
17394:Archived
17327:Archived
17295:Archived
17215:08003858
17164:08003858
17012:Archived
16952:Archived
16926:Archived
16798:Archived
16737:Archived
16692:Archived
16649:Archived
16580:Archived
16414:Archived
16267:47009810
16029:25710386
15944:Archived
15940:24487048
15757:Archived
15660:Archived
15617:Archived
15587:Archived
15583:11617354
15526:Archived
15480:Archived
15441:Archived
15407:Archived
15309:Archived
15268:33281246
15173:Archived
15130:Archived
15105:14 March
15031:14 March
15025:Archived
14980:Archived
14954:Archived
14793:Archived
14630:11617312
14561:Archived
14557:59449310
14506:24 March
14500:Archived
14445:Archived
14440:BBC News
14387:BBC News
14342:Archived
14312:Archived
14228:(1998).
14189:Archived
13930:BBC News
13857:20356404
13787:20025784
13695:(2007).
13510:(2001).
13333:Archived
13124:Archived
13073:25472933
12785:18 March
12779:Archived
12777:. 1747.
12659:24393098
12612:Archived
12438:Archived
12356:(2002).
12258:18 March
12221:Archived
12170:Archived
12093:29 April
12087:Archived
12083:18634185
11998:Archived
11822:Archived
11509:Archived
11226:Archived
11180:Archived
11132:Archived
10974:Archived
10741:Archived
10708:Archived
10665:Archived
10622:Archived
10391:Archived
10330:Archived
10265:Archived
10164:Archived
10027:Archived
9917:Archived
9829:Archived
9737:Archived
9529:Archived
9382:Archived
9335:Archived
9198:(1969).
8975:(1995).
8825:Archived
8708:28 April
8619:29 April
8613:Archived
8392:Archived
8201:See also
8172:Maryland
7912:in Ghana
7801:such as
7753:Freetown
7526:Clotilda
7522:Clotilda
7501:Clotilda
7287:Virginia
7170:Military
7110:Judicial
6944:Gag rule
6895:Economic
6791:states:
6697:and the
6413:Oceania
6217:Oceania
6002:Barbados
5994:Trinidad
5796:Percent
5568:Colombia
5548:Honduras
5513:Honduras
5474:and the
5460:Trinidad
5348:engenhos
5300:syphilis
5286:Smallpox
5228:smallpox
5214:Diseases
5055:Matanzas
4896:Benguela
4847:European
4780:and the
4673:287,366
4670:336,869
4654:338,783
4651:388,771
4638:106,139
4635:436,529
4632:542,668
4615:144,498
4612:611,017
4609:755,515
4592:178,405
4573:276,788
4554:274,226
4535:739,140
4467:111,040
4464:305,326
4461:554,336
4408:155,568
4348:108,998
4317:388,747
4286:444,729
4119:Spanish
4113:British
4080:genocide
4010:Category
3986:Democide
3941:Cultural
3876:Massacre
3831:Genocide
3822:a series
3820:Part of
3797:Cameroon
3793:Bamileke
3628:): 39.4%
3613:): 14.6%
3603:Cameroon
3569:): 10.4%
3475:Cameroon
3461:, where
3233:New Laws
3191:molasses
2966:Campeche
2955:Sao Tomé
2713:Afonso I
2629:Guanches
2435:Americas
2366:Saracens
2309:Americas
2237:Americas
2233:moriscos
2181:and the
2114:Saqaliba
2055:Portugal
2032:in 1462.
1884:Portugal
1793:Americas
1732:Iron bit
1722:40 acres
1685:breeding
1500:Freedman
1335:Religion
1195:Portugal
1080:Thailand
1070:Maldives
1065:Malaysia
1058:Kwalliso
1002:Booi Aha
954:Restavek
934:Colombia
905:Trinidad
895:Barbados
785:Zanzibar
733:Ethiopia
614:Saqaliba
508:Database
459:Saqaliba
220:Ancillae
50:a series
48:Part of
33584:Related
33378:Beloved
33362:Kindred
33330:Jubilee
33322:Our Nig
32359:Outline
32315:Cuisine
32287:Culture
32230:Society
32211:Tourism
32164:Economy
32074:Cabinet
32038:Regions
32013:Islands
31877:Maroons
31840:History
31753:Pirates
31682:Pirates
31190:culture
31188:popular
31133:Amistad
30934:Zafirah
30637:Saladin
30469:hunters
30258:Ng Akew
29858:Alfhild
29831:Pirates
29811:Tortuga
29593:Vikings
29489:Algiers
29418:Periods
29333:Georgia
29321:Florida
29316:Alabama
29208:Slavery
29199:Tobacco
29026:Ugandan
29001:Ivorian
28891:Dubstep
28831:culture
28797:scandal
28764:history
28579:Ambundu
28427:Georgia
28367:History
28303:Kumbaya
28222:Boo Hag
28113:Conrack
28098:Culture
27964:Writers
27929:Singers
27914:Jurists
27862:Europe
27816:Liberia
27761:Houston
27665:Detroit
27601:Indiana
27594:Chicago
27577:Atlanta
27572:Georgia
27555:Florida
27523:Alabama
27473:English
27047:Leftism
26917:Museums
26468:Kwanzaa
26393:Culture
26361:Slavery
26064:History
25838:Wyoming
25813:Vermont
25718:Montana
25658:Indiana
25638:Georgia
25633:Florida
25603:Arizona
25593:Alabama
25560:Regions
25482:Gay men
25254:Railway
25214:Slavery
25010:Banking
25004:Economy
24846:El Paso
24831:Orlando
24565:Détente
23726:Outline
23647:Outline
23549:By year
23491:density
23376:Cuisine
23349:Culture
23293:Society
23270:Poverty
23213:Economy
23192:parties
23060:Central
23055:Regions
23045:Islands
22984:Central
22946:Empires
22941:Economy
22903:Barbary
22893:Slavery
22856:Empires
22819:History
22034:2674417
21349:22 July
21288:22 July
21256:10 July
21215:10 July
21204:AP News
21183:30 July
21054:1 March
20920:22 July
20769:8 March
20693:24 July
20577:2947159
20183:7 March
19722:2716488
19213:1171358
18684:3121651
18667:: 144.
18410:, 1994.
18322:Capital
18250:2590147
18207:3113341
17716:18 June
17475:1 March
17283:1559824
17123:Concord
17089:3976964
16743:1 March
16620:1 March
16366:Slavery
15950:7 March
15897:9 March
15259:7716878
14986:2 March
14960:2 March
14923:2 March
14651:282–286
13903:, USA.
13848:2867817
13817:Bibcode
13778:2812948
13112:2783771
12217:2649014
12166:2784672
12075:2674419
11232:13 July
10493:2953315
10125:2953315
10074:3491806
9835:1 March
8502:12 June
8075:Nigeria
8061:Nigeria
7975:Denmark
7957:Dahomey
7874:removed
7859:sources
7825:music.
7791:Liberia
7771:Liberia
7757:Patriot
7645:planter
7530:Redoshi
7426:Nigeria
7337:Quakers
7305:). The
7130:Amistad
6856:led to
6728:quinine
6704:malaria
6523:Dahomey
6505:slaves.
6344:Europe
6298:Africa
6148:Europe
6102:Africa
6041:Effects
5990:Jamaica
5842:English
5758:Bolivia
5754:Mendoza
5730:Macumba
5726:Umbanda
5580:Florida
5480:Jamaica
5441:there.
5415:Bristol
5369:slavery
5248:measles
5232:malaria
5009:in 1823
5007:Antigua
4981:Jamaica
4958:malaria
4871:Nigeria
4859:Dahomey
4826:Dahomey
4774:Dahomey
4770:Ashanti
4698:14.52%
4679:14.70%
4676:49,503
4660:12.87%
4657:49,988
4641:19.56%
4618:19.13%
4595:14.75%
4576:17.36%
4557:13.72%
4538:12.98%
4495:Region
4427:176,601
4424:216,439
4421:526,121
4418:748,452
4384:Africa
4311:110,532
4299:264,910
4277:392,022
4243:808,851
4237:103,009
4234:195,482
4128:Danish
4116:French
3958:Outline
3953:Studies
3779:Nigeria
3765:Ambundu
3759:Nigeria
3745:Senegal
3726:, Mina)
3674:of the
3672:BaKongo
3639:): 4.7%
3595:Nigeria
3585:Nigeria
3555:): 1.8%
3549:Liberia
3541:): 4.1%
3523:): 4.8%
3517:Senegal
3481:wrote:
3467:Somalis
3459:Somalia
3396:disease
3376:Georgia
3353:Dahomey
3331:Cassare
3327:Cassare
3322:'casar'
3316:cassare
3062:, used
3044:Curaçao
2940:or the
2938:Seville
2856:Amistad
2836:Senegal
2788:Balanta
2723:kilombo
2642:by the
2574:in the
2556:muskets
2500:Swahili
2456:by the
2454:Makuria
2378:Muslims
2341:. "The
2335:Seville
2265:issued
2169:In the
2063:England
2042:Iberian
2026:caravel
1994:caravel
1912:factory
1904:Denmark
1888:Britain
1835:malaria
1791:to the
1710:Lincoln
1583:Related
1483:Liberia
1369:Judaism
1307:Tunisia
1282:Morocco
1272:Lebanon
1237:Bahrain
1232:Algeria
1200:Romania
1165:Denmark
1158:Slavery
1092:Vietnam
763:Somalia
753:Nigeria
728:Comoros
656:Pirates
565:Ghilman
498:Bristol
388:history
361:pirates
250:History
139:Peonage
62:slavery
33698:(2008)
33690:(2002)
33682:(1867)
33674:(2008)
33666:(1931)
33658:(1847)
33650:(1783)
33576:(2008)
33568:(2003)
33549:(2022)
33541:(1859)
33533:(1858)
33514:(1853)
33496:Essays
33488:(2006)
33480:(1965)
33472:(1951)
33453:(2016)
33445:(2007)
33437:(2006)
33429:(2003)
33421:(2002)
33413:(2001)
33405:(1996)
33397:(1993)
33389:(1990)
33381:(1987)
33373:(1986)
33365:(1979)
33357:(1977)
33349:(1976)
33341:(1967)
33333:(1966)
33325:(1859)
33317:(1856)
33287:(1853)
33284:Clotel
33279:(1852)
33271:(1852)
33263:(1841)
33255:(1688)
33234:(2018)
33226:(1972)
33218:(1956)
33202:(1901)
33194:(1881)
33186:(1872)
33178:(1861)
33170:(1855)
33162:(1853)
33154:(1849)
33146:(1845)
33138:(1839)
33130:(1816)
33122:(1789)
32871:–1901)
32867:(1815
32789:(1834)
32671:Canada
32596:Europe
32453:Africa
32380:Portal
32340:Sports
32335:People
32305:Cinema
32295:Anthem
32257:Health
32201:Energy
32084:Senate
32043:Rivers
31998:Cities
31993:Border
31957:DOMREP
31937:Rafael
31743:Piracy
31649:Mutiny
31547:Pegleg
31498:Tropes
31396:Novels
31292:Franky
30962:affair
30526:Pompey
30467:Pirate
30408:Veborg
29893:Awilda
29781:Mamora
29588:Uskoks
29410:Piracy
29184:Indigo
29167:Cotton
29006:Kenyan
28914:groups
28896:Jungle
28755:topics
28659:Laalaa
28614:Kpelle
28232:Hoodoo
28148:(1991)
28140:(1989)
28132:(1984)
28124:(1982)
28116:(1974)
28092:topics
27976:Mayors
27894:Actors
27866:France
27858:Israel
27846:Mexico
27831:Canada
27806:Gambia
27801:Africa
27751:Austin
27716:Oregon
27655:Boston
27618:Kansas
27584:Hawaii
27502:Gullah
27312:Yoruba
27302:Gullah
27173:Sports
27091:groups
26921:Women
26458:Hoodoo
26332:(1896)
26258:Second
26234:(1857)
26179:(1956)
26126:(1954)
26014:Portal
25968:Cities
25951:Cities
25773:Oregon
25728:Nevada
25668:Kansas
25643:Hawaii
25598:Alaska
25586:States
25512:Places
25274:Groups
25244:Lumber
25182:Fourth
25172:Second
24982:Sports
24967:Cinema
24936:Topics
24851:Uvalde
24821:Aurora
24816:Tucson
23740:Events
23668:Portal
23523:cities
23371:Cinema
23329:Health
23087:Rivers
22809:
22807:Africa
22689:
22656:
22633:
22614:
22570:
22547:
22524:
22501:
22478:
22455:
22436:
22413:
22390:
22367:
22347:
22324:
22303:
22251:
22226:
22190:
22168:
22145:
22124:
22114:
22095:
22076:
22057:
22040:
22032:
22003:
21993:
21970:
21942:
21934:
21898:
21888:
21861:
21824:
21798:
21775:
21750:
21722:
21664:
21613:
21585:
21559:
21536:
21508:
21473:
21447:
21424:
21401:
21244:
20985:
20888:
20880:
20843:
20755:
20681:
20625:
20621:–114.
20575:
20508:17 May
20475:
20298:17 May
20199:Empire
20038:
20030:
19995:
19958:
19776:
19749:
19720:
19688:651164
19686:
19662:
19576:
19444:
19211:
19106:
18929:
18691:
18681:
18592:
18248:
18213:
18205:
18140:
18058:
17875:(24).
17802:
17574:
17536:
17429:
17289:
17281:
17273:
17221:
17213:
17199:Boston
17170:
17162:
17148:Boston
17115:Boston
17087:
17072:
16576:UNESCO
16457:
16350:7 July
16265:
16255:
16223:
16154:
16124:204918
16122:
16027:
16017:
15987:
15977:
15938:
15652:
15581:
15575:203466
15573:
15518:
15439:: 54.
15301:
15266:
15256:
15165:
15062:
14858:
14785:
14754:
14725:
14690:
14667:
14657:
14628:
14555:
14547:
14416:2 July
14318:2 June
14242:
14181:
14135:
14041:
14031:
14006:
13907:
13855:
13845:
13837:
13785:
13775:
13767:
13709:
13325:
13245:
13211:
13177:
13171:182694
13169:
13118:
13110:
13071:
12731:
12657:
12604:
12561:
12430:
12336:
12215:
12164:
12081:
12073:
11967:
11679:
11218:
11018:
11008:Leiden
10952:1970)]
10836:
10806:
10796:
10700:
10657:
10594:
10557:
10491:
10239:
10201:
10123:
10072:
10019:
9891:
9864:
9743:20 May
9729:
9662:
9635:
9608:
9576:
9521:
9478:
9468:
9427:
9366:Oxford
9056:
8983:
8907:
8897:
8862:8 June
8609:181856
8607:
8254:Piracy
8042:, and
7989:France
7933:Durban
7918:UNESCO
7823:reggae
7701:Legacy
7379:; the
7132:affair
7046:Social
6782:Creole
6612:
6536:
6479:Cowrie
6437:
6275:World
6143:3,634
6140:1,402
6097:5,978
6094:2,521
6091:1,650
6088:1,262
6079:World
6000:, and
5996:, the
5881:Notes:
5836:13.6%
5826:17.5%
5816:18.4%
5806:38.5%
5764:Russia
5742:Angola
5710:Yoruba
5578:, and
5527:, and
5525:Panama
5360:Tupani
5305:cowpox
5258:, and
5240:typhus
5109:, and
5071:coffee
4902:, and
4900:Elmina
4842:Khasso
4776:, the
4523:, and
4436:19,304
4433:52,673
4430:79,096
4396:66,391
4393:13,282
4387:69,206
4379:8,861
4354:Europe
4345:67,385
4330:25,594
4268:32,446
4252:13,527
4249:54,901
4246:24,197
4240:92,944
4215:12,736
4206:90,984
4187:64,836
4178:22,920
4153:27,702
4131:Total
4122:Dutch
3932:Types
3926:Stages
3871:Denial
3848:Issues
3775:Yoruba
3769:Angola
3710:, and
3694:Guinea
3684:Angola
3678:, the
3626:Angola
3535:Guinea
3463:Bantus
3434:, the
3225:Native
3091:, and
2928:, 1840
2708:Angola
2502:ports
2444:. The
2415:, and
2352:friar
2295:Azores
2242:Lisbon
2175:Pagans
2120:, and
2065:, the
2059:France
1969:, and
1947:, and
1908:factor
1898:, the
1896:France
1855:Brazil
1631:owners
1267:Kuwait
1262:Jordan
1215:Sweden
1205:Russia
1190:Poland
1185:Norway
1007:Laogai
992:Brunei
987:Bhutan
949:revolt
922:Brazil
885:Canada
848:partus
833:female
718:Angola
587:Coolie
570:Mamluk
523:Nantes
503:Brazil
432:Cariye
267:Thrall
235:Kholop
201:Greece
33522:Plays
32366:Index
32330:Music
32242:Crime
32184:Banks
32176:Peso
31675:Lists
31377:Usopp
31367:Sanji
31003:Quest
30912:Irene
30871:Fancy
30863:Bravo
30581:Fancy
30393:Teuta
30333:Rusla
29776:Lundy
29617:Areas
29603:Wokou
29066:Lists
28881:Grime
28839:Music
28684:Saafi
28679:Palor
28654:Serer
28649:Wolof
28639:Temne
28629:Mende
28619:Limba
28609:Kongo
28604:Kissi
28518:Sahel
28137:Glory
27877:Lists
27841:Haiti
27811:Ghana
27746:Texas
27682:Omaha
26960:Islam
26493:Names
26483:Music
26421:Dance
25803:Texas
25683:Maine
25648:Idaho
25476:LGBTQ
25469:Women
25239:Labor
25192:Sixth
25187:Fifth
25177:Third
25167:First
24972:Music
24714:NAFTA
23654:Index
23416:Sport
23396:Music
23391:Media
23075:South
23070:North
22999:South
22994:North
22687:JSTOR
22430:Brill
22301:JSTOR
22030:JSTOR
21951:(PDF)
21940:S2CID
21912:(PDF)
21900:46413
21673:(PDF)
21638:(PDF)
20886:S2CID
20878:JSTOR
20679:S2CID
20573:JSTOR
20571:(4).
20436:3 May
20401:3 May
20365:3 May
20177:(PDF)
20154:(PDF)
20036:S2CID
19993:S2CID
19747:JSTOR
19718:JSTOR
19684:JSTOR
19209:JSTOR
19104:S2CID
19011:, p40
18975:(PDF)
18958:(PDF)
18519:(PDF)
18502:(PDF)
18476:(PDF)
18461:(PDF)
18435:(PDF)
18424:(PDF)
18246:JSTOR
18211:S2CID
18203:JSTOR
17959:(PDF)
17948:(PDF)
17922:(PDF)
17911:(PDF)
17770:(PDF)
17759:(PDF)
17427:JSTOR
17423:BRILL
17279:JSTOR
17257:(PDF)
16466:(PDF)
16455:S2CID
16435:(PDF)
16182:: 1–2
16176:(PDF)
16120:JSTOR
15936:JSTOR
15571:JSTOR
15483:(PDF)
15478:: 6.
15470:(PDF)
15444:(PDF)
15433:(PDF)
15402:Slate
15209:(PDF)
15198:(PDF)
15099:(PDF)
15084:(PDF)
14669:46413
14553:S2CID
13175:S2CID
13167:JSTOR
13116:S2CID
13108:JSTOR
13069:JSTOR
13029:7 May
13023:(PDF)
13012:(PDF)
12655:JSTOR
12362:Brill
12213:JSTOR
12162:JSTOR
12071:JSTOR
11932:(PDF)
11921:(PDF)
11896:(PDF)
11885:(PDF)
11860:(PDF)
11847:(PDF)
11512:(PDF)
11501:(PDF)
11183:(PDF)
11158:(PDF)
10489:JSTOR
10428:(PDF)
10417:(PDF)
10212:(PDF)
10195:(PDF)
10167:(PDF)
10150:(PDF)
10121:JSTOR
10070:JSTOR
9776:Brill
9574:JSTOR
9202:[
8738:(PDF)
8727:(PDF)
8605:JSTOR
8435:6 May
8023:Ghana
8005:Ghana
7953:Benin
7943:Benin
7496:known
6362:12.2
6359:21.7
6356:24.7
6353:21.9
6350:20.8
6347:20.6
6339:60.8
6336:55.6
6333:57.4
6330:64.1
6327:64.9
6324:63.5
6321:Asia
6316:12.8
6304:10.9
6301:13.4
6270:1999
6267:1950
6264:1900
6261:1850
6258:1800
6255:1750
6252:Year
6125:Asia
6074:1999
6071:1950
6068:1900
6065:1850
6062:1800
6059:1750
6056:Year
5874:0.3%
5864:2.0%
5854:9.7%
5718:Bantu
5646:were
5472:Haiti
5470:(now
5195:Texas
5015:Haiti
4904:Bonny
4851:Benin
4828:sold
4766:Kaabu
4762:Igala
4758:Benin
4685:Total
4445:Total
4402:2,476
4399:3,210
4370:2,004
4361:3,438
4358:2,636
4342:2,799
4339:5,161
4333:7,782
4308:1,212
4305:1,851
4302:8,877
4283:4,998
4280:9,574
4271:5,189
4221:3,062
4218:6,242
4203:2,562
4190:1,489
4184:6,996
4181:5,795
4172:7,919
4156:1,174
4150:1,033
4147:9,402
4144:3,804
3803:Makua
3789:Tikar
3783:Benin
3741:Wolof
3712:Benin
3708:Ghana
3690:Mandé
3611:Gabon
3581:Benin
3563:Ghana
3299:Gorée
3064:Gorée
2978:Mayan
2974:Aztec
2872:Ghana
2852:Mende
2828:Kongo
2816:Agaja
2800:Fante
2796:Agona
2784:Djola
2755:Mossi
2640:Ghana
2604:forts
2580:Ghana
2524:dhows
2374:Arabs
2206:Libya
2204:from
2051:Spain
1892:Spain
1818:forts
1658:songs
1653:films
1571:]
1527:songs
1364:Islam
1342:Bible
1317:Yemen
1312:Qatar
1302:Syria
1277:Libya
1242:Egypt
1210:Spain
1180:Malta
1053:Korea
1041:Japan
1019:India
997:China
944:Haiti
804:Aztec
780:Sudan
748:Niger
640:Naval
513:Dutch
442:Qiyan
428:Jarya
403:Harem
245:Serfs
191:Egypt
33546:Omar
32579:Asia
32320:Flag
31939:and
31668:Meta
31347:Nami
31099:1850
31095:1837
31091:1721
31087:1717
31083:1698
31079:1536
30879:Anne
30651:York
29978:Dido
29451:2024
29446:2023
29441:2022
29326:Leon
29189:Rice
29179:Hemp
28674:Noon
28664:Ndut
28634:Susu
28599:Jola
28594:Igbo
28589:Fula
28584:Baga
28237:Mojo
27773:Utah
27606:Iowa
27438:Ohio
27399:list
27307:Igbo
27297:Fula
26441:Hair
26431:Film
26148:1968
26138:1964
25871:Guam
25808:Utah
25763:Ohio
25663:Iowa
25138:Navy
25128:Army
25032:Flag
23632:2020
23627:2019
23622:2018
23617:2017
23612:2016
23607:2015
23602:2014
23597:2013
23592:2012
23587:2011
23582:2010
23577:2009
23572:2008
23567:2007
23562:2006
23557:2005
23080:West
23065:East
23004:West
22989:East
22654:ISBN
22631:ISBN
22612:ISBN
22568:ISBN
22545:ISBN
22522:ISBN
22499:ISBN
22476:ISBN
22453:ISBN
22434:ISBN
22411:ISBN
22388:ISBN
22365:ISBN
22345:ISBN
22322:ISBN
22249:ISBN
22224:ISBN
22188:ISBN
22166:ISBN
22143:ISBN
22122:OCLC
22112:ISBN
22093:ISBN
22074:ISBN
22055:ISBN
22038:PMID
22001:OCLC
21991:ISBN
21968:ISBN
21932:ISSN
21896:OCLC
21886:ISBN
21859:ISBN
21845:(2).
21822:ISBN
21796:ISBN
21773:ISBN
21748:ISBN
21720:ISBN
21662:ISSN
21611:ISBN
21583:ISBN
21557:ISBN
21534:ISBN
21506:ISBN
21471:ISBN
21445:ISBN
21422:ISBN
21399:ISBN
21351:2009
21290:2009
21258:2023
21242:ISSN
21217:2023
21185:2014
21152:2007
21120:2007
21088:2010
21056:2014
20999:2024
20983:ISSN
20922:2009
20841:ISBN
20771:2020
20753:ISBN
20695:2019
20623:ISBN
20510:2024
20473:ISBN
20438:2024
20403:2024
20367:2024
20332:2024
20300:2024
20269:2024
20233:2024
20185:2024
20118:2023
20028:ISSN
19956:ISBN
19929:2007
19859:2008
19774:ISSN
19660:ISBN
19606:2016
19574:ISBN
19442:ISBN
19421:2024
19388:2024
19357:2024
19321:2024
19288:2024
19255:2024
19220:2024
19172:2024
19141:2024
19115:2024
19069:2024
19046:2024
18983:2024
18940:2024
18927:ISBN
18882:2024
18851:2024
18821:2024
18791:2024
18757:2024
18727:2024
18689:PMID
18642:2024
18608:2024
18590:ISBN
18559:2024
18527:2024
18484:2024
18443:2024
18335:2014
18138:ISBN
18056:ISBN
18037:2024
18005:2024
17967:2024
17930:2024
17850:2024
17800:ISBN
17718:2020
17670:2007
17614:2020
17572:ISBN
17534:ISBN
17508:2024
17477:2024
17443:2024
17402:2024
17367:2024
17335:2024
17287:OCLC
17271:ISSN
17219:OCLC
17211:LCCN
17168:OCLC
17160:LCCN
17085:OCLC
17050:2024
17020:2024
16990:2024
16960:2024
16934:2024
16900:2024
16870:2024
16840:2024
16806:2024
16772:2024
16745:2024
16700:2024
16657:2024
16622:2024
16588:2024
16554:2024
16504:2024
16474:2015
16352:2014
16263:OCLC
16253:ISBN
16221:ISBN
16188:2024
16152:ISBN
16131:2024
16085:2024
16060:2024
16025:OCLC
16015:ISBN
15985:OCLC
15975:ISBN
15952:2024
15899:2024
15862:2024
15826:2024
15796:2024
15765:2024
15730:2024
15695:2024
15668:2024
15650:ISBN
15625:2023
15595:2024
15579:PMID
15534:2024
15516:ISBN
15491:2024
15452:2024
15415:2024
15382:2024
15352:2024
15317:2024
15299:ISBN
15264:PMID
15217:2024
15181:2024
15163:ISBN
15138:2024
15107:2024
15088:Temp
15060:ISBN
15033:2024
14988:2024
14962:2024
14925:2024
14893:2023
14856:ISBN
14833:2024
14801:2015
14783:ISBN
14752:ISBN
14723:ISBN
14688:ISBN
14665:OCLC
14655:ISBN
14626:PMID
14569:2021
14545:ISSN
14508:2016
14453:2019
14418:2014
14350:2007
14320:2022
14240:ISBN
14197:2020
14179:ISBN
14133:ISBN
14105:2024
14073:2021
14039:OCLC
14029:ISBN
14004:ISBN
13905:ISBN
13853:PMID
13835:ISSN
13783:PMID
13765:ISSN
13725:2011
13707:ISBN
13425:2024
13341:2022
13323:ISBN
13243:ISBN
13209:ISBN
13186:2024
13132:2024
13031:2019
12915:2024
12868:2020
12787:2023
12729:ISBN
12620:2020
12602:ISBN
12559:ISBN
12446:2020
12428:ISBN
12302:2006
12260:2023
12229:2024
12178:2024
12125:2024
12095:2024
12079:PMID
12036:2024
12006:2024
11965:ISBN
11940:2024
11904:2024
11868:2024
11830:2024
11785:2024
11755:2024
11723:2024
11677:ISBN
11616:2024
11584:2024
11554:2024
11520:2024
11409:2024
11379:2024
11348:2024
11306:2024
11269:2024
11234:2024
11216:ISBN
11191:2024
11140:2024
11108:2024
11016:ISBN
10982:2015
10834:ISBN
10804:OCLC
10794:ISBN
10749:2024
10716:2024
10698:ISBN
10673:2024
10655:ISBN
10630:2024
10592:ISBN
10555:ISBN
10534:2024
10500:2024
10436:2024
10399:2024
10369:2024
10338:2024
10308:2024
10273:2024
10237:ISBN
10199:ISBN
10175:2024
10132:2024
10086:2024
10035:2024
10017:ISBN
9992:2024
9956:2024
9925:2024
9889:ISBN
9862:ISBN
9837:2024
9745:2024
9727:ISBN
9696:2020
9660:ISBN
9633:ISBN
9606:ISBN
9585:2024
9537:2021
9519:ISBN
9476:LCCN
9466:ISBN
9425:ISBN
9390:2021
9343:2021
9288:2024
9234:2024
9054:ISBN
8981:ISBN
8940:2024
8905:LCCN
8895:ISBN
8864:2015
8833:2024
8776:2024
8746:2024
8710:2024
8676:2024
8649:2024
8621:2024
8565:2024
8538:2015
8504:2020
8474:2024
8437:2021
8230:(UK)
7857:any
7855:cite
7817:The
7805:and
7779:and
7722:and
7683:and
7659:and
7630:and
7300:see
7128:The
6885:the
6431:0.5
6428:0.5
6425:0.4
6422:0.2
6419:0.2
6416:0.3
6408:5.1
6405:6.8
6402:5.0
6399:2.1
6396:0.7
6393:0.3
6385:8.5
6382:6.6
6379:4.5
6376:3.0
6373:2.5
6370:2.0
6313:8.8
6310:8.1
6307:8.8
6293:100
6290:100
6287:100
6284:100
6281:100
6278:100
6212:307
6209:172
6189:511
6186:167
6166:729
6163:547
6160:408
6157:276
6154:203
6151:163
6137:947
6134:809
6131:635
6128:502
6120:767
6117:221
6114:133
6111:111
6108:107
6105:106
6085:978
6082:791
5909:and
5529:Peru
5521:Cuba
5515:and
5489:Cuba
5417:and
5394:for
5337:and
5335:Cuba
5037:and
4939:and
4626:and
4603:and
3881:Rape
3801:The
3791:and
3787:The
3781:and
3773:The
3763:The
3755:Igbo
3753:The
3747:and
3739:The
3731:Akan
3729:The
3724:Adja
3704:Togo
3698:The
3688:The
3682:and
3670:The
3635:and
3624:and
3609:and
3583:and
3577:Togo
3551:and
3537:and
3519:and
3428:Igbo
3378:and
3160:and
3083:and
3030:and
2976:and
2877:Igbo
2840:Efik
2792:Akan
2786:and
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