Totalitarianism - Knowledge

1532: 1904: 2617:. With a few exceptions in Popper's favour, however, it is noticeable that reviewers possessed of special competence in particular fields – and here Lindsay is again to be included – have objected to Popper's conclusions in those very fields. Social scientists and social philosophers have deplored his radical denial of historical causation, together with his espousal of Hayek's systematic distrust of larger programs of social reform; historical students of philosophy have protested his violent, polemical handling of Plato, Aristotle, and, particularly, Hegel; ethicists have found contradictions in the ethical theory ('critical dualism') upon which his polemic is largely based." 1422:(1918–1933) to resist, counter, and quell left-wing and right-wing revolutions of totalitarian temper. Revisionist historians noted the historiographic limitations of the totalitarian-model interpretation of Soviet and Russian history, because Friedrich and Brzezinski did not take account of the actual functioning of the Soviet social system, neither as a political entity (the USSR) nor as a social entity (Soviet civil society), which could be understood in terms of socialist class struggle among the professional élites (political, academic, artistic, scientific, military) seeking upward mobility into the 787:(1979), by J.F. Hough and Merle Fainsod, William Zimmerman said that "the Soviet Union has changed substantially. Our knowledge of the Soviet Union has changed, as well. We all know that the traditional paradigm no longer satisfies , despite several efforts, primarily in the early 1960s (the directed society, totalitarianism without police terrorism, the system of conscription) to articulate an acceptable variant . We have come to realize that models which were, in effect, offshoots of totalitarian models do not provide good approximations of post–Stalinist reality ." In a book review of 1428:, the ruling class of the USSR. That the political economics of the politburo allowed measured executive power to regional authorities for them to implement policy was interpreted by revisionist historians as evidence that a totalitarian régime adapts the political economy to include new economic demands from civil society; whereas traditionalist historians interpreted the politico-economic collapse of the USSR to prove that the totalitarian régime of economics failed because the politburo did not adapt the political economy to include actual popular participation in the Soviet economy. 38: 1470: 1461: 1406: 8192: 47: 15637: 2142: 1765: 193: 1548: 995:"While all political groups depend upon proportionate strength, totalitarian movements depend on the sheer force of numbers to such an extent that totalitarian regimes seem impossible, even under otherwise favorable circumstances, in countries with relatively small populations.... ven Mussolini, who was so fond of the term "totalitarian state," did not attempt to establish a full-fledged totalitarian regime and contented himself with dictatorship and 925: 1178: 2600:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 23. "Popper is committing a serious historical error in attributing the organic theory of the State to Plato, and accusing him of all the fallacies of post–Hegelian and Marxist historicism — the theory that history is controlled by the inexorable laws governing the behaviour of superindividual social entities of which human beings and their free choices are merely subordinate manifestations." 8204: 1592:'s arrest "was exceptional", as "the fear of Pinochet dissipated, the spell was broken, the taboo subjects of torture and disappearances became the daily grist of the news media; the people no longer just whispered, but openly spoke about prosecuting him in Chile itself". Saladdin Ahmed cited Hannah Arendt as stating that "the Soviet Union can no longer be called totalitarian in the strict sense of the term after 2888: 2810: 2849: 2771: 6720: 1444:

create a collective national identity by merging civil society into the State. Given that the supreme leaders of the Communist, the Fascist, and the Nazi total states did possess government administrators, Bracher said that a totalitarian government did not necessarily require an actual supreme leader, and could function by way of

6505: 2613:. New York: Russell and Russell. p. 20. "In spite of the high rating, one must accord his initial intention of fairness, his hatred for the enemies of the 'open society', his zeal to destroy whatever seems, to him, destructive of the welfare of mankind, has led him into the extensive use of what may be called 1710:. Opponents of China's ranking system say that it is intrusive and it is just another tool which a one-party state can use to control the population. Supporters say that it will transform China into a more civilised and law-abiding society. Shoshana Zuboff considers it instrumentarian rather than totalitarian. 3889:

We in this country, as in other Liberal and democratic countries, have a perfect right to exalt the principle of self-determination, but it comes ill out of the mouths of those in totalitarian states who deny even the smallest element of toleration to every section and creed within their bounds. Many

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The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as 'lies' and as the product of deliberate and multiform

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As traditionalist historians, Friedrich and Brzezinski said that the totalitarian régimes of government in the USSR (1917), Fascist Italy (1922–1943), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945) originated from the political discontent caused by the socio-economic aftermath of the First World War (1914–1918), which

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of the totalitarian régime from the worldview of the authoritarian régime, which is "only concerned with political power, and, as long as is not contested, gives society a certain degree of liberty." Having no ideology to propagate, the politically secular authoritarian government "does not attempt

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Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold

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possessed at the respective heights of their power. Payne noted that Hitler and Stalin at least maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, while Franco dispensed with even that formality in the early years of his rule. According to Payne, the lack of even a rubber-stamp parliament made Franco's government

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In "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?" (2018) the historian Paul Hanebrink said that Hitler's assumption of power in Germany in 1933 frightened Christians into anti-communism, because for European Christians, Catholic and Protestant

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believed that George Orwell's fears of totalitarianism constituted a notable early precursor to modern notions of anthropogenic existential risk, the concept that a future catastrophe could permanently destroy the potential of Earth-originating intelligent life due in part to technological changes,

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comprising the military and the political élites, (ii) a strong and loyal coercive apparatus of police and military forces to suppress dissent, and (iii) the destruction of rival political parties, organisations, and independent centres of socio-political power. Moreover, the unitary functioning of

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about totalitarianism is defunct among scholars, because “The word is as functional now as it was fifty years ago. It means the kind of régime that existed in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, the Soviet satellites, Communist China, and maybe Fascist Italy, where the word originated. . . . Who are we

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of the USSR and of the Soviet period of Russian history is in two schools of research and interpretation: (i) the traditionalist school of historiography and (ii) the revisionist school of historiography. Traditionalist-school historians characterise themselves as objective reporters of the claimed

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basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political science of the 1960s onwards, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at

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posited that the revisionists in the field of Soviet history were guilty of confusing popularity with morality and of making highly embarrassing and not very convincing arguments against the concept of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state. Laqueur stated that the revisionists' arguments with

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of bellicose people committed to realising the violent revolution required to establish totalitarianism in a sovereign state. That the essence of totalitarianism is total control to remake every aspect of civil society using a universal ideology—which is interpreted by an authoritarian leader—to

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In 1953, Carl Friedrich characterised totalitarian systems in terms of five points: an official ideology, control of weapons and of media, use of terror, and a single mass party, 'usually under a single leader.' There was, of course, an assumption that the leader was critical to the workings of

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as a thing of the past, and they also stated that their claims were supported by statistics and science, which led them to impose strict ethical regulations on culture, use psychological violence, and persecute entire groups. Their arguments have been criticised by other scholars due to their

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Defty, Brook (2007). "2. Launching the New Propaganda Policy, 1948. 3. Building a Concerted Counter-offensive: Co-operation with other powers. 4. Close and Continuous Liaison: British and American co-operation, 1950–51. 5. A Global Propaganda Offensive: Churchill and the revival of political

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and applying it to the political sphere requires an operation of abstract schematism which makes use of isolated elements of historical reality to place fascist regimes and the Soviet Union in the dock together, serving the anti-communism of Cold War-era intellectuals rather than reflecting

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and a militarized threat to worldwide Christian social and moral order". That throughout Europe, the Christians who became anti-communist totalitarians perceived Communism and communist régimes of government as an existential threat to the moral order of their respective societies; and

1121:" (1946), the socialist George Orwell said, "the Spanish war and other events in 1936–37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for 1291:

indicates that participating in and then joining a political mass movement offers people the prospect of a glorious future, that such membership in a community of political belief is an emotional refuge for people with few accomplishments in their real lives, in both the

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in the 19th century—yet historians and philosophers of those periods dispute the historiographic accuracy of Popper's 20th-century interpretation and delineation of the historical origins of totalitarianism, because the ancient Greek philosopher Plato did not invent the

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of Stalin's régime of government relied upon the popular support of the Soviet citizenry as much as Stalin relied upon state terrorism for their support. That by politically purging Soviet society of anti–Soviet people Stalin created employment and upward

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the characteristics of totalitarianism allow a totalitarian government to perdure against economic crises (internal and external), large-scale failures of policy, mass social-discontent, and political pressure from other countries. Some totalitarian

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In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist

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has been asserted to be a high-sounding but specious excuse for Western self-interest, just as surely as the counterclaim that allegedly debunking the totalitarian concept may be a high-sounding but specious excuse for Russian self-interest. For

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Modern political science catalogues three régimes of government: (i) the democratic, (ii) the authoritarian, and (iii) the totalitarian. Varying by political culture, the functional characteristics of the totalitarian régime of government are:

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regarding German history. For Laqueur, concepts such as modernisation were inadequate tools for explaining Soviet history while totalitarianism was not. Laqueur's argument has been criticised by modern "revisionist school" historians such as

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in the imperial future, Italian totalitarianism must politicise human existence into subservience to the state, which Mussolini summarised with the epigram: “Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state."

615:. The revisionist Kremlinologists presented alternative interpretations of Kremlin politics and reported the effects of politburo policies upon Soviet society, civil and military. Despite the limitations of police-state historiography, 2096:

have suggested that the totalitarianism concept has been politically employed and used for anti-communist purposes. Parenti has also analysed how "left anti-communists" attacked the Soviet Union during the Cold War. For Petras, the

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as a political ideology with a philosophy that is "totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unity inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people". In 1920s Germany, during the

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to describe the systems they lived under before 1989? is a useful word, and everyone knows what it means as a general referent. Problems arise when people confuse the useful descriptive term with the old 'theory' from the 1950s."

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crafting policy at the Kremlin produced two schools of historiographic interpretation of Cold War history: (i) traditionalist Kremlinology and (ii) revisionist Kremlinology. Traditionalist Kremlinologists worked with and for the

5028: 312:, and Muslim fundamentalism have been some of its recent raiments. Totalitarian governments have been its agency. The state, with its international legal sovereignty and independence, has been its base. As will be pointed out, 1569:

posited that "despite the disputes over its heuristic value and its normative assumptions, the concept of totalitarianism made a vigorous return to the political and academic fields at the end of the Cold War". In the 1990s,

6392: 2071:, (0000) Eli Rubin posited that East Germany was not a totalitarian state but rather a society shaped by the confluence of unique economic and political circumstances interacting with the concerns of ordinary citizens. 5465: 1300:. In the event, the true believer is assimilated into a collective body of true believers who are mentally protected with "fact-proof screens from reality" drawn from the official texts of the totalitarian ideology. 1102:(CEDA), declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity" and went on to say: "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either 334:

to change the world and human nature", whereas the "totalitarian government seeks to completely control the thoughts and actions of its citizens", by way of an official "totalist ideology, a party reinforced by a

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of the citizens. In the exercise of socio-political power, the difference between a totalitarian régime of government and an authoritarian régime of government is one of degree; whereas totalitarianism features a

3254:, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an 1659:

are driving the intensification of connection and monitoring online with spaces of social life becoming open to saturation by corporate actors, directed at the making of profit and/or the regulation of action.

3300:. . . the Western scholars who, in the 1990s and 2000s, were most active in scouring the new archives for data on Soviet repression were revisionists (always 'archive rats') such as Arch Getty and Lynne Viola. 1366:

country. As anti–Communist political scientists, Friedrich and Brzezinski described and defined totalitarianism with the monolithic totalitarian model of six interlocking, mutually supporting characteristics:

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that they were fooling themselves when they perceived their rulers as totalitarian? Or, for that matter, any of the millions of former subjects of Soviet-type rule who use the local equivalents of the Czech

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Academic Sovietology, a child of the early Cold War, was dominated by the 'totalitarian model' of Soviet politics. Until the 1960s it was almost impossible to advance any other interpretation, in the USA at

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gives psychologically comforting and definitive answers about the complex socio-political mysteries of the past, of the present, and of the future; thus did Nazism propose that all history is the history of

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of totalitarian ideology, the Nazi revolutionary and the Communist revolutionary then possess the simplistic moral certainty with which to justify all other actions by the State, either by an appeal to

1358:, the academic study of the monolithic police-state USSR. The Kremlinologists analyses of the internal politics (policy and personality) of the politburo crafting policy (national and foreign) yielded 5743: 1596:", writing that "this was the case in General August Pinochet's Chile, yet it would be absurd to exempt it from the class of totalitarian regimes for that reason alone". Saladdin posited that while 229:

and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under

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of the 1950s—a totalitarian state intent upon world domination—was oversimplified and inaccurate, because the death of Stalin changed Soviet society. After the Cold War and the dissolution of the

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and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group./>

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Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.).

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of those countries, in fear of the rise of the Nazi power, ... loathed the idea of having this arbitrary rule of the totalitarian system thrust upon them, and hoped that a stand would be made.

5527: 1612:, was Pinochet's adviser". In this sense, Saladdin criticised the totalitarian concept because it was only being applied to "opposing ideologies" and it was not being applied to liberalism. 1506:

said that for a régime of government to be considered totalitarian it can be described and defined with the totalitarian model of five interlocking, mutually supporting characteristics:

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to identify and describe the ideological nature of the societal structures (government, social, economic, political) and the practical goals (economic, geopolitical, social) of the new

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agreed that Bracher's totalitarian typology more accurately described the functional reality of the politburo than did the totalitarian typology proposed by Friedrich and Brzezinski.

13576: 987:, contended that Mussolini's dictatorship was not a totalitarian regime until 1938. Arguing that one of the key characteristics of a totalitarian movement was its ability to garner 6562: 2088:, who said that Laqueur wrongly equates Cold War revisionism with the German revisionism; the latter reflected a "revanchist, military-minded conservative nationalism." Moreover, 1648:" is a "reverse anachronism"; for Fuentes, "the anachronistic use of totalitarian/totalitarianism involves the will to reshape the past in the image and likeness of the present". 5454: 272:

Totalitarianism is, then, a political ideology for which a totalitarian government is the agency for realizing its ends. Thus, totalitarianism characterizes such ideologies as

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totalitarianism: at the apex of a monolithic, centralised, and hierarchical system, it was he who issued the orders which were fulfilled, unquestioningly, by his subordinates.

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and Lucan Way said that nascent revolutionary régimes usually became totalitarian régimes if not destroyed with a military invasion. Such a revolutionary régime begins as a

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propaganda. ... In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset. As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism.

242: 119:, who also controls the national politics and the peoples of the nation with continual propaganda campaigns that are broadcast by state-controlled and by friendly private 10234: 5005: 5159:

Helbing, Dirk; Frey, Bruno S.; Gigerenzer, Gerd; Hafen, Ernst; Hagner, Michael; Hofstetter, Yvonne; van den Hoven, Jeroen; Zicari, Roberto V.; Zwitter, Andrej (2019).

1675:. In 1949, Orwell wrote that " ruling class which could guard against (four previously enumerated sources of risk) would remain in power permanently". That same year, 1679:

wrote that "modern techniques have made possible a new intensity of governmental control, and this possibility has been exploited very fully in totalitarian states".

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or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a Church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic

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proposition that: "Man has become the master of the world, a master unbound by any links to Nature, society, and history", which excludes the intervention of

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history biased towards a right-wing interpretation of the documentary facts, thus, the revisionist school dismiss traditionalist historians as the being the

1921:, has been characterized as a totalitarian state until at least the 1950s by scholars. Franco was portrayed as a fervent Catholic and a staunch defender of 957:

Mussolini's legal, illegal, and legalistic social engineering of Italy. As ideologues, the intellectual Gentile and the politician Mussolini used the term

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that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the

1350:(1956), by Carl Joachim Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, became common usages in the foreign-policy discourse of the U.S. Subsequently established, the 1751:, and in turn the establishment of such a government could enhance the existential risks which are associated with the rule of a permanent dictatorship. 1212: 177:(controlled wages and prices); official censorship of all mass communication media (the press, textbooks, cinema, television, radio, internet); official 3250:

Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was, increasingly, challenged by later revisionist historians. In his

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loyal to the USSR; thus, the Revolution had fulfilled her promise to those Stalinist citizens and they supported Stalin because of the state terrorism.

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In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level.

5407: 759:. Revisionist-school historians criticise the traditionalist school's concentration upon the police-state aspects of Cold War history, and so produce 537:

After the Second World War (1937–1945), U.S. political discourse (domestic and foreign) included the concepts (ideologic and political) and the terms

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Islamic State embraces the most violent, extreme traits of Jihadi-Salafism.. the State merged religious dogma and state control together to create a

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Jainchill, Andrew, and Samuel Moyn. "French democracy between totalitarianism and solidarity: Pierre Rosanvallon and revisionist historiography."

1837:, the organization later changed its name to the "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" in 2013. The group espouses a totalitarian ideology that is a 143:, authoritarianism only features a dictator who holds power for the sake of holding power, and is supported, either jointly or individually, by a 9783: 1362:

for dealing with the USSR. Moreover, the U.S. also used the totalitarian model when dealing with fascist totalitarian régimes, such as that of a

1165:(1941–1945) that defeated Nazi Germany. That, despite those achievements in social engineering and warfare, in dealing with the countries of the 698:

that the Soviet government, the communist party, and the civil society of the USSR had greatly changed upon the death of Stalin. The revisionist

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Rummel, Rudolph (1994). "Democide in Totalitarian States: Mortacracies and Megamurderers". In Charny, Israel W.; Horowitz, Irving Louis (eds.).

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said that there is a possible trade-off, namely that some existential risks might be mitigated by the establishment of a powerful and permanent

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that had taken place in the Republic were declared null and void unless they had been validated by the Church, along with divorces. Divorce,

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The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime.

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only the "blind and incurable" ideologue could ignore the Communist régimes' trend towards police-state totalitarianism in their societies.

1083:. In a radio address two weeks later, Churchill again employed the term, this time applying the concept to "a Communist or a Nazi tyranny." 15496: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 13626: 9758: 1619:, and Aviezer Tucker posited that totalitarian ideologies can take different forms in different political systems but all of them focus on 1326:

with Fascists and Nazis in the idealistic hope that anti-communism would restore the societies of Europe to their root Christian culture.

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was determined not to have competing right-wing parties in Spain and CEDA was dissolved in April 1937. Later, Gil-Robles went into exile.

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criticised Furet for his temptation to stress the existence of a common ground between two systems with different ideological roots. In

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Hanebrink, Paul (July 2018). "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?".

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Hanebrink, Paul (July 2018). "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?".

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against Soviet citizens indicated the political illegitimacy of Stalin's government. That the citizens of the USSR were not devoid of

1317:(1918–1939), right-wing totalitarian régimes indoctrinated Christians to demonize the Communist régime in Russia as the apotheosis of 10998: 10679: 10224: 10065: 9481: 7522: 7456: 6776: 6715:

Tuori, Kaius. "Narratives and Normativity: Totalitarianism and Narrative Change in the European Legal Tradition after World War II."

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in academic publishing, and claim that revisionist-school historians also over-populate the faculties of colleges, universities, and

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Rak, Joanna, and Roman Bäcker. "Theory behind Russian Quest for Totalitarianism. Analysis of Discursive Swing in Putin's Speeches."

751:, such as the USSR. Moreover, traditionalist historians criticise the politically liberal bias they perceive in the predominance of 16649: 15335: 14043: 12895: 11295: 10881: 10396: 8403: 7968: 7273: 4055: 3866: 1593: 868: 9884: 4579:

Schönpflug, Daniel (2007). "Histoires croisées: François Furet, Ernst Nolte and a Comparative History of Totalitarian Movements".

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that influenced the crafting of high-level policy for governing Soviet society in the USSR. Revisionist Kremlinologists, such as

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In the 1960s, the revisionist Kremlinologists researched the organisations and studied the policies of the relatively autonomous

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often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted, to a considerable extent, in responding, on an

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Helbing, D.; Frey, B. S.; Gigerenzer, G.; et al. (2019). "Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence?".

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by the totalist ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union—because "the Soviet political system was chaotic, that

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The 'Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish

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Hanebrink, Paul. "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?"

6307: 1854: 1080: 1012: 185:. In the essay "Democide in Totalitarian States: Mortacracies and Megamurderers" (1994) the American political scientist 59: 17392: 2559: 2109:

has attacked the creators of the concept of totalitarianism as having invented it to designate the enemies of the West.

1631:. They posit that Nazism and Stalinism both emphasised the role of specialisation in modern societies and they also saw 844:

independent of the existing social structures of the state (not political succession, election to office, or a military

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of a Soviet society composed of pre–War and post–War generations of people with different perceptions of the utility of

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Selinger, William. "The politics of Arendtian historiography: European federation and the origins of totalitarianism."

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for the post–War generation of working class citizens for whom such socio-economic progress was unavailable before the

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Bernholz, Peter. "Ideology, sects, state and totalitarianism. A general theory". In: H. Maier and M. Schaefer (eds.):

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As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature.

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Rummel, R.J. (1994). "Democide in Totalitarian States: Mortacracies and Megamurderers.". In Charney, Israel W. (ed.).

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ethnic group as religious law, the exclusion of minorities and non-Taliban members from the government, and extensive

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In the essay "The 'Dark Forces', the Totalitarian Model, and Soviet History" (1987), by J.F. Hough, and in the book

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Furet, borrowing from Hannah Arendt, describes Bolsheviks and Nazis as totalitarian twins, conflicting yet united.

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Jensen, Geoffrey. "Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator". Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2005. p. 110-111.

1903: 14425: 14420: 12728: 10339: 8719: 7840: 6609: 2874:

Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Volume 2: The Early Soviet Period 1917–1929

1055:, in which he commented that it united the Soviet and German dictatorships more than it divided them. The label 17494: 17347: 16233: 14969: 14651: 14594: 14295: 14290: 13611: 13516: 13277: 13011: 12875: 11979: 11150: 10604: 10100: 9904: 9788: 9149: 8129: 6540: 6448: 6350: 6061: 4788:

Modernism and Totalitarianism: Rethinking the Intellectual Sources of Nazism and Stalinism, 1945 to the Present

4144: 4114: 4089: 3799: 3443: 2969: 2325: 2282: 1874: 1597: 1199: 983: 10496: 8683: 6661:

Pre-modernity, totalitarianism and the non-banality of evil: A comparison of Germany, Spain, Sweden and France

6429:

Gach, Nataliia. "From totalitarianism to democracy: Building learner autonomy in Ukrainian higher education."

6361: 2352:

Nationalism and Identity in Romania: A History of Extreme Politics from the Birth of the State to EU Accession

667:

about the leader, (ii) control of all civil and military weapons, (iii) control of the public and the private

17575: 17534: 17407: 16629: 15660: 15508: 14826: 14609: 14089: 13581: 12931: 11180: 10901: 10055: 9668: 9491: 8949: 8440: 8428: 8139: 7268: 4495: 2102: 1798:, controlling the entirety of Afghanistan. Features of its totalitarian governance include the imposition of 1498: 962: 934: 385: 15141: 4657: 17590: 17432: 17427: 17121: 16159: 15792: 14629: 14495: 14353: 14320: 13742: 13526: 12269: 11399: 11355: 11330: 11248: 11228: 10629: 10539: 10534: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10197: 10145: 10120: 9798: 9635: 9610: 9553: 9259: 8996: 8286: 8161: 8077: 8019: 7958: 7379: 7288: 7147: 5417: 5412: 4400: 3743: 3685: 3593: 2226: 2156: 482: 112: 14811: 14485: 13432: 13192: 12723: 12708: 11889: 11653: 8851: 1516:

A state monopoly on information; control of the mass communications media to broadcast the official truth.

1133:

In the aftermath of the Second World War (1937–1945), in the lecture series (1945) and book (1946) titled

675:

to police the populace, and (v) a political party of mass membership who perpetually re-elect The Leader.

17585: 17447: 17442: 17227: 14746: 14619: 14614: 14330: 14013: 13722: 13551: 12835: 11253: 11160: 11097: 11045: 10973: 10744: 10674: 10354: 10150: 9965: 9718: 9331: 9139: 8692: 8097: 7815: 7313: 7162: 7142: 6851: 2098: 1600:

had no "official ideology", there was one man who ruled Chile from "behind the scenes", "none other than

611:

and produced interpretations of Kremlin politics and policies that supported the police-state version of

602:, who heads a monolithic, centralised hierarchy of government. The study of the internal politics of the 425:

integrated Gentile's Fascist philosophy of united national purpose to the supreme-leader ideology of the

13222: 10257: 8883: 8792: 6511:

Keller, Marcello Sorce. "Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously",

1522:

An ideological police-state terror; criminalisation of political, economic, and professional activities.

1279:(1929–1953), featured the common political praxis of negatively comparing their totalitarian society as 1232:, of the survival of the fittest race; and Marxism–Leninism proposes that all history is the history of 16112: 15772: 15481: 15373: 14866: 14270: 13656: 13546: 13142: 12254: 11774: 11350: 11335: 11260: 11238: 11233: 11170: 10886: 10848: 10704: 10684: 10659: 10456: 10421: 10416: 10140: 9943: 9869: 9828: 9693: 9590: 9538: 9426: 9219: 9159: 9079: 7137: 6972: 4653: 4614: 3934: 905:

wherein the supreme leader personally exercises total power (political, military, economic, social) as

627:, most revisionist Kremlinologists worked the national archives of ex–Communist states, especially the 16429: 13442: 12698: 12587: 10050: 4861:

Fuentes, Juan Francisco (2015). "How Words Reshape the Past: The 'Old, Old Story of Totalitarianism".

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Congleton, Roger D. "Governance by true believers: Supreme duties with and without totalitarianism."

4960: 2672: 2231: 1703: 803: 11633: 8827: 8756: 7106: 354:

From the right-wing perspective, the social phenomenon of political totalitarianism is a product of

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Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes

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changed from being openly totalitarian to an authoritarian dictatorship with a certain degree of

1740: 1693: 1656: 1318: 1223:

is the source of the mass appeal of revolutionary totalitarian régimes, because the totalitarian

566: 17031: 13822: 12971: 12738: 8670: 5846:

Totalitarianism and Political Religions, Volume II: Concepts for the Comparison Of Dictatorships

1513:

A state ideology upheld by the ruling party that is given official status as the only authority.

480:: "Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State." Likewise, in 16624: 16604: 16454: 16124: 15752: 15162: 14994: 14776: 14666: 14465: 14435: 14413: 14378: 14368: 14363: 14255: 14105: 13982: 13782: 13152: 13031: 12880: 12234: 12071: 12020: 11924: 11285: 11270: 11060: 10843: 10779: 10589: 10569: 10549: 10481: 10471: 10441: 10374: 10359: 10262: 10229: 9889: 9823: 9723: 9655: 9548: 9496: 9433: 9353: 9311: 9254: 9164: 9104: 8944: 8780: 8536: 8485: 7055: 6890: 5326:

Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology.

4234: 2166: 2043: 1838: 1795: 1666: 1637: 1359: 1154: 752: 640: 616: 590:(analysing politburo policy politics) produced historical and policy analyses dominated by the 491: 301: 222: 136: 16491: 13382: 13227: 12688: 12561: 10824: 8704: 5844: 5811: 5699: 5676: 4004: 2507:

Tago, Atsushi; Wayman, Frank (January 2010). "Explaining the Onset of Mass Killing, 1949–87".

2438: 2376: 2317: 2310: 1616: 16778: 16733: 16544: 16139: 15612: 15439: 14928: 14871: 14831: 14771: 14741: 14569: 14343: 13907: 13902: 13877: 13867: 13857: 13732: 13561: 13357: 13322: 13232: 13182: 13126: 13076: 13071: 12991: 12662: 12344: 12025: 11864: 11265: 11243: 11195: 11135: 11125: 11082: 10923: 10794: 10774: 10694: 10554: 10287: 10209: 10192: 10130: 10060: 10045: 9899: 9358: 9326: 9321: 9281: 9271: 9204: 9134: 9099: 9074: 8618: 8475: 8234: 8102: 7921: 7409: 7258: 7238: 6880: 6863: 6338: 6299: 5778: 5338: 5128:"Totalitarianism: Congressman calls method to track coronavirus cases an invasion of privacy" 4898:

The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power

3122: 3098:

Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945–1953: The Information Research Department

2411: 1830: 1787: 1445: 1432: 897:

In 1923, in the early reign of Mussolini's government (1922–1943), the anti-fascist academic

126:

The totalitarian government uses ideology to control most aspects of human life, such as the

16594: 13727: 12667: 11829: 9922: 8839: 6314:

Bernholz, Peter. "Ideocracy and totalitarianism: A formal analysis incorporating ideology",

6225:

Caliphate claim of "Islamic State" group is disputed and declared as illegal by traditional

5300:

Sakhi, Nilofar (December 2022). "The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox".

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Diamond, Larry. "The road to digital unfreedom: The threat of postmodern totalitarianism."

6245: 5209:

Towards Digital Enlightenment: Essays on the Dark and Light Sides of the Digital Revolution

2186: 1898: 1886: 1834: 1822: 1689: 1671: 1280: 1122: 872: 864: 799:

distance her work from "the Cold War misuse of the concept " as anti-Communist propaganda.

562: 440: 281: 250: 166: 16758: 15607: 13777: 13347: 12693: 11526: 10324: 8761: 5635: 3656:(Second ed.). 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 303. 1236:, of the survival of the fittest social class. That upon the believers' acceptance of the 1157:

Marxism–Leninism was the most successful type of totalitarianism, as proved by the USSR's

462:

was the first politician to establish a sovereign state of the totalitarian model. As the

8: 17477: 17357: 17327: 17247: 16773: 16713: 16034: 15954: 15207: 14554: 14440: 14305: 14300: 14245: 14068: 14058: 13998: 13812: 13807: 13307: 13121: 12986: 12779: 12703: 12657: 12637: 12592: 12419: 12389: 12259: 12102: 12046: 11663: 11623: 11536: 11516: 11414: 11023: 10958: 10918: 10219: 10204: 10182: 9894: 9708: 9675: 9543: 9533: 9291: 9169: 9064: 8927: 8902: 8336: 8321: 8156: 8072: 8001: 7988: 7963: 7936: 7926: 7845: 7730: 7605: 7532: 7492: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7402: 7387: 7283: 7228: 7157: 7067: 6885: 6800: 6419: 5460: 5132: 5033: 4230: 2211: 2181: 2176: 1768: 1410: 1162: 1004: 772: 715: 664: 170: 16521: 13287: 12500: 11628: 10401: 10329: 10312: 6583:

Patrikeeff, Felix. "Stalinism, Totalitarian Society and the Politics of 'Perfect Control

5849:. Totalitarianism Movements and Political Religions. Taylor & Francis. p. 264. 4045: 3014:

The Totalitarian Paradigm After the End of Communism: Towards a Theoretical Reassessment

1651:

Other studies try to link modern technological changes to totalitarianism. According to

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