468:
may be repressed, distorted, or responsible, but any evaluation of their actual state requires that we inspect the rhetorical environment as well as the rhetorical act out of which they evolved, for these are the conditions that constitute their individual character". These people formed rhetorical public spheres that were based in discourse, not necessarily orderly discourse but any interactions whereby the interested public engages each other. This interaction can take the form of institutional actors as well as the basic "street rhetoric" that "open a dialogue between competing factions." The spheres themselves formed around the issues that were being deliberated. The discussion itself would reproduce itself across the spectrum of interested publics "even though we lack personal acquaintance with all but a few of its participants and are seldom in contexts where we and they directly interact, we join these exchanges because they are discussing the same matters". In order to communicate within the public sphere, "those who enter any given arena must share a reference world for their discourse to produce awareness for shared interests and public opinions about them". This world consists of common meanings and cultural norms from which interaction can take place.
596:
space where a wide range of voices can be expressed due to the "low barrier of entry" and interactivity. However, they also point at a number of limitations. Edgerly et al. say that the affirmative discourse presupposes that YouTube can be an influential player in the political process and that it can serve as an influential force to politically mobilize young people. YouTube has allowed anyone and everyone to be able to get any political knowledge they wish. The authors mention critiques that say YouTube is built around the popularity of videos with sensationalist content. It has also allowed people to broadcast themselves for a large public sphere, where people can form their own opinions and discuss different things in the comments. The research by
Edgerly, et al. found that the analyzed YouTube comments were diverse. They argue that this is a possible indicator that YouTube provides space for public discussion. They also found that YouTube videos' style influences the nature of the commentary. Finally, they concluded that the video's ideological stances influenced the language of the comments. The findings of the work suggest that YouTube is a public sphere platform.
617:
the time of their research. Their intention was to analyze what actors and what sort of opinions the subject generated in both print and the
Internet and verify whether the online space proved to be a more democratic public sphere, with a wider range of sources and views. Gerhards and Schäfer say they have found "only minimal evidence to support the idea that the internet is a better communication space as compared to print media". "In both media, communication is dominated by (bio- and natural) scientific actors; popular inclusion does not occur". The scholars argue that the search algorithms select the sources of information based on the popularity of their links. "Their gatekeeping, in contrast to the old mass media, relies mainly on technical characteristics of websites". For Gerhards and Schäfer the Internet is not an alternative public sphere because less prominent voices end up being silenced by the search engines' algorithms. "Search engines might actually silence societal debate by giving more space to established actors and institutions". Another tactic that supports this view is
103:", in a political sense, arose at that time from within the private realm, specifically, in connection with literary activities, the world of letters. This new public sphere spanned the public and the private realms, and "through the vehicle of public opinion it put the state in touch with the needs of society". "This area is conceptually distinct from the state: it a site for the production and circulation of discourses that can in principle be critical of the state." The public sphere "is also distinct from the official economy; it is not an arena of market relations but rather one of the discursive relations, a theater for debating and deliberating rather than for buying and selling". These distinctions between "state apparatuses, economic markets, and democratic associations... are essential to democratic theory". The people themselves came to see the public sphere as a regulatory institution against the authority of the state. The study of the public sphere centers on the idea of
330:, when she argues that the bourgeois public sphere was in fact constituted by a "number of significant exclusions." In contrast to Habermas' assertions on disregard of status and inclusivity, Fraser claims that the bourgeois public sphere discriminated against women and other historically marginalized groups: "... this network of clubs and associations – philanthropic, civic, professional, and cultural – was anything but accessible to everyone. On the contrary, it was the arena, the training ground and eventually the power base of a stratum of bourgeois men who were coming to see themselves as a "universal class" and preparing to assert their fitness to govern." Thus, she stipulates a hegemonic tendency of the male bourgeois public sphere, which dominated at the cost of alternative publics (for example by gender, social status, ethnicity and property ownership), thereby averting other groups from articulating their particular concerns.
282:, free from both the economy and the State, was destroyed by the same forces that initially established it. This collapse was due to the consumeristic drive that infiltrated society, so citizens became more concerned about consumption than political actions. Furthermore, the growth of capitalistic economy led to an uneven distribution of wealth, thus widening economic polarity. Suddenly the media became a tool of political forces and a medium for advertising rather than the medium from which the public got their information on political matters. This resulted in limiting access to the public sphere and the political control of the public sphere was inevitable for the modern capitalistic forces to operate and thrive in the competitive economy.
219:
eighteenth century. Driven by a need for open commercial arenas where news and matters of common concern could be freely exchanged and discussed—accompanied by growing rates of literacy, accessibility to literature, and a new kind of critical journalism—a separate domain from ruling authorities started to evolve across Europe. "In its clash with the arcane and bureaucratic practices of the absolutist state, the emergent bourgeoisie gradually replaced a public sphere in which the ruler's power was merely represented before the people with a sphere in which state authority was publicly monitored through informed and critical discourse by the people".
361:
248:
propertied and educated – as readers, listeners, and spectators could avail themselves via the market of the objects that were subject to discussion. The issues discussed became 'general' not merely in their significance, but also in their accessibility: everyone had to be able to participate. ... Wherever the public established itself institutionally as a stable group of discussants, it did not equate itself with the public but at most claimed to act as its mouthpiece, in its name, perhaps even as its educator – the new form of bourgeois representation" (
600:
Through both content and sentiment analysis, it was suggested that the sentiment of the language used in the titles of the videos had an impact upon the public, with negatively sentimented titles generated more user engagement. Buckley suggested that due to the aspect of emotionality that is present in news content that due to the ongoing process of media hybridization, a new conceptual framework of the public sphere that acknowledges how both thoughtful discussions as well as ones which express feelings in an overt way needs to be developed.
818:, suggested that we reconsider the very distinction between public and private spheres. They argue that the traditional distinction is founded on a certain (capitalist) account of property that presupposes clear-cut separations between interests. This account of property is (according to Hardt and Negri) based upon a scarcity economy. The scarcity economy is characterized by an impossibility of sharing the goods. If "agent A" eats the bread, "agent B" cannot have it. The interests of agents are thus, generally, clearly separated.
257:
society at this time became the centers of art and literary criticism, which gradually widened to include even the economic and the political disputes as matters of discussion. In French salons, as
Habermas says, "opinion became emancipated from the bonds of economic dependence". Any new work, or a book or a musical composition had to get its legitimacy in these places. It not only paved a forum for self-expression but in fact had become a platform for airing one's opinions and agendas for public discussion.
704:"Whereas the Panopticon renders many people visible to a few and enables power to be exercised over the many by subjecting them to a state of permanent visibility, the development of communication media provides a means by which many people can gather information about a few and, at the same time, a few can appear before many; thanks to the media, it is primarily those who exercise power, rather than those over whom power is exercised, who are subjected to a certain kind of visibility".
261:
472:
609:
role. The traditional media, he notes, are close to the public sphere in this true sense. Nevertheless, limitations are imposed by the market and concentration of ownership. At present, the global media fail to constitute the basis of a public sphere for at least three reasons. Similarly, he notes that the internet, for all its potential, does not meet the criteria for a public sphere and that unless these are "overcome, there will be no sign of a global public sphere".
345:, which notes several relevant "ways in which deliberation can serve as a mask for domination". Consequently, she argues that "such bracketing usually works to the advantage of dominant groups in society and to the disadvantage of subordinates." Thus, she concludes: "In most cases, it would be more appropriate to unbracket inequalities in the sense of explicitly thematizing them – a point that accords with the spirit of Habermas' later communicative ethics".
648:
political and economic power. Additionally, new forms of political participation and information sources for the users emerge with the
Internet that can be used, for example, in online campaigns. However, the two authors point out that social media's dominant uses are entertainment, consumerism, and content sharing among friends. Loader and Mercea point out that "individual preferences reveal an unequal spread of social ties with a few giant nodes such as
783:"In this respect, they " " have two characteristics: in their defensive attitude toward society, their conservatism, and their subcultural character, they are once again mere objects; but they are, at the same time, the block of real life that goes against the valorization interest. As long as capital is dependent on living labor as a source of wealth, this element of the proletarian context of living cannot be extinguished through repression."
446:
205:(public sphere) encompasses a variety of meanings and it implies a spatial concept, the social sites or arenas where meanings are articulated, distributed, and negotiated, as well as the collective body constituted by, and in this process, "the public". The work is still considered the foundation of contemporary public sphere theories, and most theorists cite it when discussing their own theories.
20:
393:" but questioned the actual structure and attempted to address her concerns. She made the observation that "Habermas stops short of developing a new, post-bourgeois model of the public sphere". Fraser attempted to evaluate Habermas' bourgeois public sphere, discuss some assumptions within his model, and offer a modern conception of the public sphere.
240:
of interpretation. ... The private people for whom the cultural product became available as a commodity profaned it inasmuch as they had to determine its meaning on their own (by way of rational communication with one another), verbalize it, and thus state explicitly what precisely in its implicitness for so long could assert its authority." (
436:
made the observation that the idea of an inclusive public sphere makes the assumption that we are all the same without judgments about our fellows. He argues that we must achieve some sort of disembodied state in order to participate in a universal public sphere without being judged. His observations
239:
Domain of common concern: "... discussion within such a public presupposed the problematization of areas that until then had not been questioned. The domain of 'common concern' which was the object of public critical attention remained a preserve in which church and state authorities had the monopoly
213:
public sphere may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people come together as a public; they soon claimed the public sphere regulated from above against the public authorities themselves, to engage them in a debate over the general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but
81:
defines it as "a discursive space in which individuals and groups associate to discuss matters of mutual interest and, where possible, to reach a common judgment about them". The public sphere can be seen as "a theater in modern societies in which political participation is enacted through the medium
737:
From
Garnham's critique, three great virtues of Habermas's public sphere are mentioned. Firstly, it focuses on the indissoluble like between the institutions and practices of mass public communication and the institutions and practices of democratic politics. The second virtue of Habermas's approach
616:
offers a better and broader communication environment compared to quality newspapers. They analyzed how the issue of human genome research was portrayed between 1999 and 2001 in popular quality newspapers in both
Germany and the United States in comparison to the way it appeared on search engines at
595:
For example, a study by S. Edgerly et al. focused on the ability of YouTube to serve as an online public sphere. The researchers examined a large sample of video comments using the
California Proposition 8 (2008) as an example. The authors argue that some scholars think the online public sphere is a
769:
The distinction between bourgeois and proletarian public spheres is not mainly a distinction between classes. The proletarian public sphere is rather to be conceived of as the "excluded", vague, unarticulated impulses of resistance or resentment. The proletarian public sphere carries the subjective
599:
Additional work by S. Buckley reflected on the role that news content, specifically US cable news, contributed towards the formation of the public sphere. His research analysed a total of 1239 videos uploaded by five news organisations and investigated the link between content and user engagement.
467:
Rather than arguing for an all-inclusive public sphere, or the analysis of tension between public spheres, he suggested that publics were formed by active members of society around issues. They are a group of interested individuals who engage in vernacular discourse about a specific issue. "Publics
792:
Negt and Kluge furthermore point out the necessity of considering a third dimension of the public spheres: The public spheres of production. The public spheres of production collect the impulses of resentment and instrumentalizes them in the productive spheres. The public spheres of production are
355:
boundaries" between matters that are generally conceived as private, and ones we typically label as public (i.e. of "common concern"). As an example, she refers to the historic shift in the general conception of domestic violence, from previously being a matter of primarily private concern, to now
231:
Disregard of status: Preservation of "a kind of social intercourse that, far from presupposing the equality of status, disregarded status altogether. ... Not that this idea of the public was actually realized in earnest in the coffee houses, salons, and the societies; but as an idea, it had become
647:
give an overview of this discussion. They argue that social media offers increasing opportunities for political communication and enable democratic capacities for political discussion within the virtual public sphere. The effect would be that citizens could challenge governments and corporations'
608:
Some, like Colin Sparks, note that a new global public sphere ought to be created in the wake of increasing globalization and global institutions, which operate at the supranational level. However, the key questions for him were, whether any media exists in terms of size and access to fulfil this
540:
This concept that the public sphere acts as a medium in which public opinion is formed as analogous to a lava lamp. Just as the lamp's structure changes, with its lava separating and forming new shapes, so does the public sphere's creation of opportunities for discourse to address public opinion,
286:
Therewith emerged a new sort of influence, i.e., media power, which, used for purposes of manipulation, once and for all took care of the innocence of the principle of publicity. The public sphere, simultaneously restructured and dominated by the mass media, developed into an arena infiltrated by
274:
The emergence of a bourgeois public sphere was particularly supported by the 18th-century liberal democracy making resources available to this new political class to establish a network of institutions like publishing enterprises, newspapers and discussion forums, and the democratic press was the
227:"may have differed in the size and compositions of their publics, the style of their proceedings, the climate of their debates, and their topical orientations", but "they all organized discussion among people that tended to be ongoing; hence they had a number of institutional criteria in common":
57:
political action. A "Public" is "of or concerning the people as a whole." Such a discussion is called public debate and is defined as the expression of views on matters that are of concern to the public—often, but not always, with opposing or diverging views being expressed by participants in the
134:
This notion of the public becomes evident in terms such as public health, public education, public opinion or public ownership. They are opposed to the notions of private health, private education, private opinion, and private ownership. The notion of the public is intrinsically connected to the
118:
of the public sphere theory is that the government's laws and policies should be steered by the public sphere and that the only legitimate governments are those that listen to the public sphere. "Democratic governance rests on the capacity of and opportunity for citizens to engage in enlightened
826:
approaches as examples of new ways of co-operation that illustrate how economic value is not founded upon exclusive possession, but rather upon collective potentialities. Informational materiality is characterized by gaining value only through being shared. Hardt and Negri thus suggest that the
733:
According to
Habermas's concept of the public sphere, the strength of this concept is that it identifies and stresses the importance for democratic politics of a sphere distinct from the economy and the State. On the other hand, this concept challenges the liberal free press tradition form the
708:
However, Thompson also acknowledges that "media and visibility is a double-edged sword" meaning that even though they can be used to show an improved image (by managing the visibility), individuals are not in full control of their self-presentation. Mistakes, gaffes or scandals are now recorded
405:
Benhabib notes that in
Habermas' idea of the public sphere, the distinction between public and private issues separates issues that normally affect women (issues of "reproduction, nurture and care for the young, the sick, and the elderly") into the private realm and out of the discussion in the
256:
Habermas argued that the bourgeois society cultivated and upheld these criteria. The public sphere was well established in various locations including coffee shops and salons, areas of society where various people could gather and discuss matters that concerned them. The coffee houses in London
582:
Libraries have been inextricably tied to educational institutions in the modern era having developed within democratic societies. Libraries took on aspects of the public sphere (as did classrooms), even while public spheres transformed in the macro sense. These contextual conditions led to a
536:
In all this Hauser believes a public sphere is a "discursive space in which strangers discuss issues they perceive to be of consequence for them and their group. Its rhetorical exchanges are the bases for shared awareness of common issues, shared interests, tendencies of extent and strength of
671:
The authors conclude that social media provides new opportunities for political participation; however, they warn users of the risks of accessing unreliable sources. The
Internet impacts the virtual public sphere in many ways, but is not a free utopian platform as some observers argued at the
578:(e) Intellectuals who have gained, unlike advocates or moral entrepreneurs, a perceived personal reputation in some field (e.g., as writers or academics) and who engage, unlike experts and lobbyists, spontaneously in public discourse with the declared intention of promoting general interests.
247:
Inclusivity: However exclusive the public might be in any given instance, it could never close itself off entirely and become consolidated as a clique; for it always understood and found itself immersed within a more inclusive public of all private people, persons who – insofar as they were
218:
Through this work, he gave a historical-sociological account of the creation, brief flourishing, and demise of a "bourgeois" public sphere based on rational-critical debate and discussion: Habermas stipulates that, due to specific historical circumstances, a new civic society emerged in the
561:
According to Habermas, there are two types of actors without whom no political public sphere could be put to work: professionals in the media system and politicians. For Habermas, there are five types of actors who make their appearance on the virtual stage of an established public sphere:
401:
one". Rather than rule by power, there was now rule by the majority ideology. To deal with this hegemonic domination, Fraser argues that repressed groups form "Subaltern counter-publics" that are "parallel discursive arenas where members of subordinated social groups invent and circulate
406:
public sphere. She argues that if the public sphere is to be open to any discussion that affects the population, there cannot be distinctions between "what is" and "what is not" discussed. Benhabib argues for feminists to counter the popular public discourse in their own counter public.
729:
and SBS in Australia. The political function and effect of modes of public communication has traditionally continued with the dichotomy between Hegelian State and civil society. The dominant theory of this mode includes the liberal theory of the free press. However, the public service,
98:
in the narrower sense, that is to say, the realm of commodity exchange and of social labor". Whereas the "sphere of public authority" dealt with the state, or realm of the police, and the ruling class, or the feudal authorities (church, princes and nobility) the "authentic 'public
336:
Fraser makes us recall that "the bourgeois conception of the public sphere requires bracketing inequalities of status". The "public sphere was to be an arena in which interlocutors would set aside such characteristics as a difference in birth and fortune and speak to one another
302:
was (and is) one of the most influential works in contemporary German philosophy and political science, it took 27 years until an English version appeared on the market in 1989. Based on a conference on the occasion of the English translation, at which Habermas himself attended,
381:
identified the fact that marginalized groups are excluded from a universal public sphere, and thus it was impossible to claim that one group would, in fact, be inclusive. However, she claimed that marginalized groups formed their own public spheres, and termed this concept a
821:
However, with the evolving shift in the economy towards an informational materiality, in which value is based upon the informational significance, or the narratives surrounding the products, the clear-cut subjective separation is no longer obvious. Hardt and Negri see the
130:
claims "We call events and occasions 'public' when they are open to all, in contrast to closed or exclusive affairs". This 'public sphere' is a "realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens".
692:
Non dialogical (unidirectional. For example, presenters on TV are not able to adapt their discourse to the reactions of the audience, since they are visible to a wide audience but that audience is not directly visible to them. However, internet allows a bigger
500:
The rhetorical public sphere was characterized by five rhetorical norms from which it can be gauged and criticized. How well the public sphere adheres to these norms determine the effectiveness of the public sphere under the rhetorical model. Those norms are:
683:
criticises the traditional idea of public sphere by Habermas, as it is centred mainly in face-to-face interactions. On the contrary, Thompson argues that modern society is characterized by a new form of "mediated publicness", whose main characteristics are:
479:
on the South Bank of the Thames in London 2005, "even though we lack personal acquaintance with all but a few of its participants and are seldom in contexts where we and they directly interact, we join these exchanges because they are discussing the same
793:
wholly instrumental and have no critical impulse (unlike the bourgeois and proletarian spheres). The interests that are incorporated in the public sphere of production are given capitalist shape, and questions of their legitimately are thus neutralized.
778:
The bourgeois and proletarian public spheres are mutually defining: The proletarian public sphere carries the "left-overs" from the bourgeois public sphere, while the bourgeois public is based upon the productive forces of the underlying resentment:
287:
power in which, by means of topic selection and topical contributions, a battle is fought not only over influence but over the control of communication flows that affect behavior while their strategic intentions are kept hidden as much as possible.
591:
Habermas argues that under certain conditions, the media act to facilitate discourse in a public sphere. The rise of the Internet has brought about a resurgence of scholars applying theories of the public sphere to Internet technologies.
222:
In his historical analysis, Habermas points out three so-called "'institutional criteria" as preconditions for the emergence of the new public sphere. The discursive arenas, such as Britain's coffee houses, France's salons, and Germany's
158:
Conference in unrestricted fashion (based on the freedom of assembly, the freedom of association, the freedom to expression and publication of opinions) about matters of general interest, which implies freedom from economic and political
396:
In the historical reevaluation of the bourgeois public sphere, Fraser argues that rather than opening up the political realm to everyone, the bourgeois public sphere shifted political power from "a repressive mode of domination to a
119:
debate". Much of the debate over the public sphere involves what is the basic theoretical structure of the public sphere, how information is deliberated in the public sphere, and what influence the public sphere has over society.
552:
Habermas' argument shows that the media are of particular importance for constituting and maintaining a public sphere. Discussions about the media have therefore been of particular importance in public sphere theory.
688:
Despatialized (there is a rupture of time/space. People can see more things, as they do not need to share the same physical location, but this extended vision always has an angle, which people do not have control
774:"As extraeconomic interests, they exist—precisely in the forbidden zones of fantasy beneath the surface of taboos—as stereotypes of a proletarian context of living that is organized in a merely rudimentary form."
738:
concentrate on the necessary material resource base for ant public. Its third virtue is to escape from the simple dichotomy of free market versus state control that dominates so much thinking about media policy.
491:
the critical norms are derived from actual discursive practices. Taking a universal reasonableness out of the picture, arguments are judged by how well they resonate with the population that is discussing the
311:– a thorough dissection of Habermas' bourgeois public sphere by scholars from various academic disciplines. The core criticism at the conference was directed towards the above stated "institutional criteria":
801:
By the end of the 20th century, the discussions about public spheres got a new biopolitical twist. Traditionally the public spheres had been contemplated as to how free agents transgress the private spheres.
275:
main tool to execute this. The key feature of this public sphere was its separation from the power of both the church and the government due to its access to a variety of resources, both economic and social.
495:
intermediate bracketing of discursive exchanges. Rather than a conversation that goes on across a population as a whole, the public sphere is composed of many intermediate dialogs that merge later on in the
730:
state-regulated model, whether publicly or privately funded, has always been seen not as a positive good but as an unfortunate necessity imposed by the technical limitations of frequency scarcity.
2064:(2006), "Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research1 Communication Theory 16 (4): 411–426.",
2039:(2006), "Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research1 Communication Theory 16 (4): 411–426.",
831:
become the focal point of analyses of public relations. The point being that with this shift it becomes possible to analyse how the very distinctions between the private and public are evolving.
322:
offers a feminist revision of Habermas' historical description of the public sphere, and confronts it with "recent revisionist historiography". She refers to other scholars, like Joan Landes,
2099:
Habermas, Jürgen (2006-11-01). "Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research1".
569:(b) Advocates who either represent general interest groups or substitute for a lack of representation of marginalized groups that are unable to voice their interests effectively;
90:
Describing the emergence of the public sphere in the 18th century, Habermas noted that the public realm, or sphere, originally was "coextensive with public authority", while "the
464:
nature of public spheres, suggesting that public spheres form around "the ongoing dialogue on public issues" rather than the identity of the group engaged in the discourse.
508:: Although a public sphere may have a specific membership as with any social movement or deliberative assembly, people outside the group can participate in the discussion.
514:: Publics are active rather than passive. They do not just hear the issue and applaud, but rather they actively engage the issue and the publics surrounding the issue.
437:
point to a homosexual counter public, and offers the idea that homosexuals must otherwise remain "closeted" in order to participate in the larger public discourse.
696:
Wider and more diverse audiences. (The same message can reach people with different education, different social class, different values and beliefs, and so on.)
631:
said that Astroturfing software, "has the potential to destroy the internet as a forum for constructive debate. It jeopardizes the notion of online democracy".
753:
took a non-liberal view of public spheres, and argued that Habermas' reflections on the bourgeois public sphere should be supplemented with reflections on the
718:
520:: They require that participants adhere to the rhetorical norm of contextualized language to render their respective experiences intelligible to one another.
409:
The public sphere was long regarded as men's domain whereas women were supposed to inhabit the private domestic sphere. A distinct ideology that prescribed
700:
This mediated publicness has altered the power relations in a way in which not only the many are visible to the few but the few can also now see the many:
2331:
2327:
2309:
2305:
298:
183:
172:
2799:
2430:
2382:
880:
665:
73:
who defined the public sphere as "made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state".
2350:
734:
grounds of its materiality, and it challenges the Marxist critique of that tradition from the grounds of the specificity of politics as well.
1122:
2434:
2386:
644:
356:
generally being accepted as a common one: "Eventually, after sustained discursive contestation we succeeded in making it a common concern".
541:
thereby forming new discussions of rhetoric. The lava of the public which holds together the public arguments is the public conversation.
2438:
2390:
664:
attracting the majority of users". They also stress that some critics have voiced the concern that there is a lack of seriousness in
453:
in 1995 in Paris "This interaction can take the form of... basic "street rhetoric" that "open a dialogue between competing factions".
549:
Habermas argues that the public sphere requires "specific means for transmitting information and influencing those who receive it".
2223:
2200:
2178:
572:(c) Experts who are credited with professional or scientific knowledge in some specialized area and are invited to give advice;
1725:
450:
2761:
2731:
2678:
2649:
2620:
2584:
2557:
2528:
2284:
1915:
1871:
1840:
1808:
1776:
1607:
1571:
1489:
1455:
1428:
1400:
1347:
1296:
1257:
1167:
1107:
995:
142:, the public sphere is therefore "the common world" that "gathers us together and yet prevents our falling over each other".
2248:
YouTube and the public sphere: What role does YouTube play in contributing towards Habermas' notion of the public sphere1
726:
432:
cannot meaningfully claim their identities, causing a disconnect between their public selves and their private selves.
2849:
2520:
2484:
53:
where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion
2787:
537:
difference and agreement, and self-constitution as a public whose opinions bear on the organization of society."
1693:(1993), "Golden age to separate spheres? A review of the categories and chronology of English women's history",
612:
German scholars Jürgen Gerhards and Mike S. Schäfer conducted a study in 2009 in order to establish whether the
2513:
García-Marzá, Domingo; Calvo, Patrici (2024). "Platformization: The Dangers of the Artificial Public Sphere".
905:– A film that describes the monitoring of the cultural scene of East Berlin by agents of the Stasi during the
232:
institutionalized and thereby stated as an objective claim. If not realized, it was at least consequential." (
770:
feelings, the egocentric malaise with the common public narrative, interests that are not socially valorized
668:. Moreover, lines between professional media coverage and user-generated content would blur on social media.
2671:
Policy and politics: Public service broadcasting and the information market The Media and the Public Sphere
1723:
Tétreault, Mary Ann (2001), "Frontier Politics: Sex, Gender, and the Deconstruction of the Public Sphere",
890:
1094:(1992), "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy", in
925:
Wessler, Hartmut; Freudenthaler, Rainer; Wessler, Hartmut; Freudenthaler, Rainer (2011). "Public Sphere".
2600:
2572:
2545:
680:
2277:
The Internet and the Global Public Sphere in Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy
402:
counterdiscourses to formulate oppositional interpretations of their identities, interests, and needs".
2514:
1055:(1990), "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy",
850:
1038:, p. 86. See also: G. T. Goodnight (1982). "The Personal, Technical, and Public Spheres of Argument".
1765:
The 'woman question' and higher education: perspectives on gender and knowledge production in America
870:
639:
There has been an academic debate about how social media impacts the public sphere. The sociologists
352:
184:
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere – An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
2834:
1448:
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
1421:
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
1387:
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
1340:
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
1289:
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
1160:
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society
2612:
532:: In order to maintain a vibrant discourse, others opinions need to be allowed to enter the arena.
424:
is used to describe the way in which those who fall outside of the basic male/female dichotomy of
2844:
1768:
195:
Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit:Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft
104:
360:
2829:
2819:
1695:
1482:
Public sphere and experience: toward an analysis of the bourgeois and proletarian public sphere
2753:
2747:
2085:
Buschman, John. 2020. "Education, the Public Sphere, and Neoliberalism: Libraries' Contexts."
1824:
1792:
1392:
1012:
Hauser, Gerard A. (June 1998), "Vernacular Dialogue and the Rhetoricality of Public Opinion",
583:
fundamental conservative rethinking of civil society institutions like schools and libraries.
460:
proposed a different direction for the public sphere than previous models. He foregrounds the
177:
Most contemporary conceptualizations of the public sphere are based on the ideas expressed in
1760:
985:
414:
268:
2604:
1384:
138:
Habermas stresses that the notion of the public is related to the notion of the common. For
2800:
Jürgen Habermas, "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article," New German Critique 3 (1974)
840:
2336:
Is the internet a better public sphere? Comparing old and new media in the USA and Germany
2314:
Is the internet a better public sphere? Comparing old and new media in the USA and Germany
8:
2605:
901:
855:
2839:
2461:
2413:
2159:
2134:
Janssen, Davy; Kies, Raphaël (2005-09-01). "Online Forums and Deliberative Democracy".
1742:
1080:
1072:
875:
575:(d) Moral entrepreneurs who generate public attention for supposedly neglected issues;
2061:
2036:
1555:
1443:
1416:
1380:
1335:
1317:
1284:
1155:
526:: The public sphere must appear to be believable to each other and the outside public.
178:
127:
70:
2757:
2727:
2674:
2645:
2616:
2580:
2553:
2524:
2465:
2417:
2358:
2280:
2163:
2151:
2116:
2112:
2069:
2044:
1911:
1867:
1836:
1804:
1772:
1746:
1603:
1567:
1485:
1451:
1424:
1396:
1385:
1343:
1292:
1253:
1163:
1103:
1029:
1001:
991:
949:
934:
823:
421:
372:
145:
Habermas defines the public sphere as a "society engaged in critical public debate".
1450:, translated by Thomas Burger, Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, p. 305,
966:
2824:
2721:
2666:
2637:
2493:
2453:
2405:
2272:
2143:
2108:
1734:
1704:
1520:
1423:, translated by Thomas Burger, Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, p. 27,
1138:
1134:
1084:
1064:
1021:
930:
457:
410:
78:
54:
2790:, a research and teaching guide, and resource for the renewal of the Public Sphere
1342:, translated by Thomas Burger, Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, p. 6,
1291:, translated by Thomas Burger, Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, p. 1,
2457:
2409:
1832:
1477:
895:
811:
750:
342:
279:
198:
50:
42:
2222:
Edgerly, Stephanie; Vraga, Emily; Fung, Timothy; Moon, Tae Joon; Yoo, Woo Hyun.
2199:
Edgerly, Stephanie; Vraga, Emily; Fung, Timothy; Moon, Tae Joon; Yoo, Woo Hyun.
2177:
Edgerly, Stephanie; Vraga, Emily; Fung, Timothy; Moon, Tae Joon; Yoo, Woo Hyun.
2147:
1391:. Translated by Thomas Burger. Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp.
2804:
2246:
1855:
1738:
1690:
1241:
628:
433:
108:
91:
2498:
2479:
1709:
1125:(1999). "Toward a Normative Conception of Difference in Public Deliberation".
1025:
1005:
82:
of talk" and "a realm of social life in which public opinion can be formed".
2813:
2516:
Algorithmic Democracy: A Critical Perspective Based on Deliberative Democracy
2362:
2351:"The need to protect the internet from 'astroturfing' grows ever more urgent"
2155:
2120:
2073:
2048:
1859:
1595:
1559:
1362:
1245:
1095:
1033:
807:
803:
304:
139:
95:
74:
59:
1320:(1989), "The Public Sphere", in Stephen E. Bronner; Douglas Kellner (eds.),
341:
they were social and economic peers". Fraser refers to feminist research by
2439:"Networking Democracy? Social media innovations and participatory politics"
2391:"Networking Democracy? Social media innovations and participatory politics"
1524:
1516:
Public deliberation on the Web: A Habermasian inquiry into online discourse
1091:
1052:
865:
640:
623:
618:
429:
378:
323:
319:
260:
189:
63:
62:
takes place mostly through the mass media, but also at meetings or through
471:
2480:"The platformization of the public sphere and its challenge to democracy"
885:
815:
709:
therefore they are harder to deny, as they can be replayed by the media.
24:
924:
1473:
746:
327:
2270:
1076:
1800:
1162:, Thomas Burger, Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, p. 30,
398:
368:
264:
210:
389:
Fraser worked from Habermas' basic theory because she saw it to be "
291:
1514:
1068:
906:
657:
613:
476:
461:
115:
445:
860:
845:
828:
661:
2793:
951:
Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management
214:
publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labor.
2691:
2689:
649:
425:
278:
As Habermas argues, in due course, this sphere of rational and
2726:, Cambridge Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
2279:, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75–95,
1908:
Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres
987:
Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres
653:
19:
2686:
1369:, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, p. 52
351:
Nancy Fraser points out that "there are no naturally given,
1761:"Gender, biology, and the incontrovertible logic of choice"
556:
484:
The rhetorical public sphere has several primary features:
166:
148:
Conditions of the public sphere are according to Habermas:
365:
A Society of Patriotic Ladies at Edenton in North Carolina
2607:
The Media and the Modernity: A social theory of the media
2577:
The Media and the Modernity. A social theory of the media
2550:
The Media and the Modernity: A social theory of the media
722:
66:, academic publications and government policy documents.
603:
1558:(1992), "Further Reflections on the Public Sphere", in
2224:"YouTube as a public sphere: The Proposition 8 debate"
2201:"YouTube as a public sphere: The Proposition 8 debate"
2179:"YouTube as a public sphere: The Proposition 8 debate"
1970:
1968:
1966:
1941:
1939:
1889:
1887:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1181:
1179:
1173:
Translation from the original German, published 1962.
566:(a) Lobbyists who represent special interest groups;
69:
The term was originally coined by German philosopher
1631:
1629:
1312:
1310:
1308:
371:
drawing of a women's counterpublic in action in the
2300:
2298:
2296:
1858:(1992), "The Mass Public and the Mass Subject", in
2745:
2719:
1963:
1936:
1884:
1206:
1176:
173:The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
162:Debate over the general rules governing relations.
2775:Hardt, Michael; Antonio Negri (2009), pp. vii–xiv
2749:Multitude: war and democracy in the age of Empire
2512:
1626:
1566:, Cambridge Mass.: MIT press, pp. 421–461 ,
1305:
881:The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)
666:political communication on social media platforms
292:Counterpublics, feminist critiques and expansions
2811:
2293:
2221:
2198:
2176:
1866:, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 377–401,
1102:, Cambridge Mass.: MIT press, pp. 109–142,
983:
16:Area in social life with political ramifications
2326:
2304:
1252:, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 73–98 ,
488:it is discourse-based, rather than class-based.
349:The problematic definition of "common concern":
1827:, in Ritzer, George; Ryan, J. Michael (eds.),
1484:, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
990:. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 61–.
2805:Spark summary of Habermas' public sphere book
2552:, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 125–134,
2477:
1831:, Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.; Malden, MA:
1040:Journal of the American Forensics Association
2429:
2381:
1468:
1466:
428:or whose sexual orientations are other than
2644:. London: The MIT Press. pp. 360–361.
2133:
712:
1910:, Columbia: University of South Carolina,
2707:
2695:
2497:
2478:Fischer, Renate; Jarren, Otfried (2024).
1795:, in Kowaleski-Wallace, Elizabeth (ed.),
1722:
1708:
1472:
1463:
2752:, New York: The Penguin Press, pp.
2599:
2579:, Cambridge: Polity Press, p. 134,
2571:
2544:
2446:Information, Communication & Society
2398:Information, Communication & Society
2098:
2060:
2035:
1797:Encyclopedia of feminist literary theory
1554:
1442:
1415:
1379:
1334:
1316:
1283:
1240:
1154:
947:
557:As actors in the political public sphere
470:
444:
359:
259:
167:Jürgen Habermas: bourgeois public sphere
18:
2665:
2636:
2348:
2244:
1689:
1594:
1324:, New York: Routledge, pp. 136–142
967:"Jürgen Habermas and the Public Sphere"
741:
2812:
2746:Hardt, Michael; Antonio Negri (2004),
2720:Hardt, Michael; Antonio Negri (2009),
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1905:
1893:
1854:
1726:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political
1659:
1647:
1635:
1621:
1512:
1361:
1271:
1219:
1090:
1051:
1011:
796:
675:
1829:The concise encyclopedia of sociology
1822:
1790:
1322:Critical theory and Society: A Reader
1244:(1992), "Models of Public Space", in
1010:; a similar formulation is found in:
604:Limitations of media and the internet
413:for women and men emerged during the
2794:Transformations of the Public Sphere
2611:. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp.
1519:(Thesis), Oslo: University of Oslo,
1150:
1148:
1121:
1767:, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA:
1758:
318:In "Rethinking the Public Sphere,"
13:
2673:, London: SAGE, pp. 108–109,
1602:, Cambridge Mass.: The MIT press,
964:
316:Hegemonic dominance and exclusion:
14:
2861:
2781:
2521:Springer International Publishing
2485:Philosophy & Social Criticism
1145:
2113:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
187:, which is a translation of his
2769:
2739:
2713:
2701:
2658:
2642:The Media and the public sphere
2629:
2593:
2565:
2537:
2506:
2471:
2423:
2375:
2342:
2320:
2264:
2255:
2238:
2215:
2192:
2170:
2127:
2092:
2079:
2054:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1951:
1924:
1899:
1848:
1816:
1784:
1752:
1716:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1615:
1588:
1579:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1506:
1497:
1436:
1409:
1373:
1355:
1328:
1277:
1265:
1234:
1225:
1197:
152:The formation of public opinion
2349:Monbiot, George (2011-02-23).
2245:Buckley, Steven (2020-09-02).
1864:Habermas and the Public Sphere
1825:"Divisions of household labor"
1600:Habermas and the Public Sphere
1564:Habermas and the Public Sphere
1250:Habermas and the Public Sphere
1188:
1139:10.1080/00028533.1999.11951626
1115:
1100:Habermas and the Public Sphere
1045:
977:
958:
948:Overland, Indra (2018-01-01).
941:
935:10.1093/obo/9780199756841-0030
918:
764:
309:Habermas and the Public Sphere
122:
1:
2251:(Thesis). Cardiff University.
912:
787:
440:
28:
2458:10.1080/1369118x.2011.592648
2410:10.1080/1369118x.2011.592648
891:Rule according to higher law
759:public spheres of production
7:
2275:; Robert M. Entman (2001),
2148:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500115
1791:Wells, Christopher (2009),
834:
334:Bracketing of inequalities:
10:
2866:
2338:, Berlin: SAGE, p. 14
2316:, Berlin: SAGE, p. 13
1879:Publics and Counterpublics
1739:10.1177/030437540102600103
1127:Argumentation and Advocacy
1089:Also published in 1992 in
851:Interpersonal relationship
810:have, drawing on the late
755:proletarian public spheres
672:beginning of its history.
634:
586:
170:
111:becomes political action.
85:
2499:10.1177/01914537231203535
1877:. Warner, Michael. 2002.
1710:10.1017/S0018246X9300001X
1513:Berdal, S. R. B. (2004),
1194:Habermas 1989, pp. 30-31.
1026:10.1080/03637759809376439
984:Gerard A. Hauser (1999).
871:Project for Public Spaces
391:an indispensable resource
299:Structural Transformation
27:discussion in Palestine,
2850:Sociological terminology
2448:(Submitted manuscript),
2400:(Submitted manuscript),
1671:Benhabib 1992 pp. 89–90.
1014:Communication Monographs
713:The public service model
544:
384:subaltern counter public
155:All citizens have access
1906:Hauser, Gerard (1999),
1881:. New York: Zone Books.
1823:Adams, Michele (2011),
1769:Edward Elgar Publishing
518:contextualized language
280:universalistic politics
135:notion of the private.
105:participatory democracy
1759:May, Ann Mari (2008),
1696:The Historical Journal
1545:Habermas 1989, pp. 36.
706:
580:
481:
454:
449:Demonstration against
375:
289:
271:
216:
46:
34:
2708:Negt & Kluge 1993
2696:Negt & Kluge 1993
1680:Benhabib 1992, p. 89.
1231:Habermas 1989, p. 27.
1203:Habermas 1989, p. 31.
1185:Habermas 1989, p. 30.
702:
564:
524:believable appearance
474:
448:
415:Industrial Revolution
363:
284:
269:Charles VII of France
263:
207:
22:
2101:Communication Theory
2066:Communication Theory
2041:Communication Theory
1799:, London, New York:
841:Argumentation theory
742:Non-liberal theories
725:in Britain, and the
719:public service model
506:permeable boundaries
451:French nuclear tests
190:Habilitationsschrift
2788:Public Sphere Guide
2523:. pp. 81–102.
2261:Sparks (2001), p 75
1835:, pp. 156–57,
1585:Berdal 2004, p. 24.
1367:The Human Condition
1133:(Winter): 115–129.
902:The Lives of Others
856:Online deliberation
797:Biopolitical public
676:Mediated publicness
386:or counter-public.
225:Tischgesellschaften
2667:Garnham, Nicholas.
2638:Garnham, Nicholas.
1793:"Separate Spheres"
965:Soules, Marshall.
876:Public hypersphere
482:
455:
376:
272:
35:
2763:978-1-59420-024-3
2733:978-0-674-03511-9
2680:978-0-7456-1004-7
2651:978-0-7456-1004-7
2622:978-0-7456-1004-7
2601:Thompson, John B.
2586:978-0-7456-1004-7
2573:Thompson, John B.
2559:978-0-7456-1004-7
2546:Thompson, John B.
2530:978-3-031-53015-9
2286:978-0-521-78976-9
2087:Library Quarterly
1917:978-1-57003-310-0
1873:978-0-262-53114-6
1842:978-1-4051-8353-6
1810:978-0-415-99802-4
1778:978-1-84720-401-1
1609:978-0-262-53114-6
1573:978-0-262-53114-6
1503:Habermas 1989, 27
1491:978-0-8166-2031-9
1457:978-0-262-58108-0
1430:978-0-262-58108-0
1402:978-0-262-58108-0
1349:978-0-262-58108-0
1298:978-0-262-58108-0
1259:978-0-262-53114-6
1169:978-0-262-58108-0
1109:978-0-262-53114-6
997:978-1-57003-310-0
422:heteronormativity
2857:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2710:, pp. 12–18
2705:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2610:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2443:
2431:Loader, Brian D.
2427:
2421:
2420:
2395:
2383:Loader, Brian D.
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2332:Schäfer, Mike S.
2328:Gerhards, Jürgen
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:Schäfer, Mike S.
2306:Gerhards, Jürgen
2302:
2291:
2289:
2273:W. Lance Bennett
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2062:Habermas, Jürgen
2058:
2052:
2051:
2037:Habermas, Jürgen
2032:
2026:
2025:, pp. 79–80
2020:
2014:
2013:, pp. 61–62
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1960:, pp. 80–81
1955:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1556:Habermas, Jürgen
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1536:Habermas 1989:xi
1534:
1528:
1527:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1478:Kluge, Alexander
1470:
1461:
1460:
1444:Habermas, Jürgen
1440:
1434:
1433:
1417:Habermas, Jürgen
1413:
1407:
1406:
1390:
1381:Habermas, Jürgen
1377:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1336:Habermas, Jürgen
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:Habermas, Jürgen
1314:
1303:
1301:
1285:Habermas, Jürgen
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1156:Habermas, Jürgen
1152:
1143:
1142:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1088:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1009:
981:
975:
974:
971:Media Studies.ca
962:
956:
955:
954:. pp. 1–22.
945:
939:
938:
922:
717:Examples of the
411:separate spheres
373:1775 tea boycott
102:
79:Gerard A. Hauser
49:) is an area in
33:
30:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2835:Critical theory
2810:
2809:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2511:
2507:
2476:
2472:
2441:
2428:
2424:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2365:
2347:
2343:
2325:
2321:
2303:
2294:
2287:
2271:Sparks, Colin;
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2132:
2128:
2097:
2093:
2089:90 (2): 154–61.
2084:
2080:
2059:
2055:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1933:, p. 86,92
1929:
1925:
1918:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1885:
1874:
1856:Warner, Michael
1853:
1849:
1843:
1833:Wiley-Blackwell
1821:
1817:
1811:
1803:, p. 519,
1789:
1785:
1779:
1757:
1753:
1721:
1717:
1691:Vickery, Amanda
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1242:Benhabib, Seyla
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1153:
1146:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1050:
1046:
998:
982:
978:
963:
959:
946:
942:
923:
919:
915:
896:Richard Sennett
837:
814:'s writings on
812:Michel Foucault
799:
790:
767:
751:Alexander Kluge
744:
715:
693:interactivity).
678:
637:
606:
589:
559:
547:
443:
420:The concept of
343:Jane Mansbridge
294:
179:Jürgen Habermas
175:
169:
128:Jürgen Habermas
125:
100:
88:
71:Jürgen Habermas
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:Public opinion
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2782:External links
2780:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2738:
2732:
2712:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2657:
2650:
2628:
2621:
2592:
2585:
2564:
2558:
2536:
2529:
2505:
2492:(1): 200–215.
2470:
2452:(6): 757–769,
2422:
2404:(6): 757–769,
2374:
2341:
2319:
2292:
2285:
2263:
2254:
2237:
2214:
2191:
2169:
2142:(3): 317–335.
2126:
2107:(4): 411–426.
2091:
2078:
2053:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1962:
1950:
1935:
1923:
1916:
1898:
1883:
1872:
1860:Calhoun, Craig
1847:
1841:
1815:
1809:
1783:
1777:
1771:, p. 39,
1751:
1715:
1703:(2): 383–414,
1682:
1673:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1598:, ed. (1993),
1587:
1578:
1572:
1560:Calhoun, Craig
1547:
1538:
1529:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1462:
1456:
1435:
1429:
1408:
1401:
1372:
1363:Arendt, Hannah
1354:
1348:
1327:
1304:
1297:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1246:Calhoun, Craig
1233:
1224:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1175:
1168:
1144:
1114:
1108:
1096:Calhoun, Craig
1069:10.2307/466240
1044:
996:
976:
957:
940:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
836:
833:
798:
795:
789:
786:
785:
784:
776:
775:
766:
763:
743:
740:
714:
711:
698:
697:
694:
690:
677:
674:
636:
633:
629:George Monbiot
605:
602:
588:
585:
558:
555:
546:
543:
534:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
498:
497:
493:
489:
442:
439:
434:Michael Warner
358:
357:
346:
331:
307:(1992) edited
293:
290:
254:
253:
245:
237:
203:Öffentlichkeit
171:Main article:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
156:
153:
124:
121:
109:public opinion
92:private sphere
87:
84:
47:Öffentlichkeit
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2862:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Civil society
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Public sphere
2818:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Acta Politica
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Fraser, Nancy
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:(26): 56–80,
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Fraser, Nancy
1048:
1042:. 18:214–227.
1041:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:(3): 83–107,
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
988:
980:
972:
968:
961:
953:
952:
944:
936:
932:
928:
927:Communication
921:
917:
908:
904:
903:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
832:
830:
825:
819:
817:
813:
809:
808:Antonio Negri
805:
804:Michael Hardt
794:
782:
781:
780:
773:
772:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
739:
735:
731:
728:
724:
720:
710:
705:
701:
695:
691:
687:
686:
685:
682:
681:John Thompson
673:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
632:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
601:
597:
593:
584:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
554:
550:
542:
538:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
502:
494:
490:
487:
486:
485:
478:
473:
469:
465:
463:
459:
458:Gerard Hauser
452:
447:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
407:
403:
400:
394:
392:
387:
385:
380:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
335:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
313:
312:
310:
306:
305:Craig Calhoun
301:
300:
288:
283:
281:
276:
270:
267:action under
266:
265:Parliamentary
262:
258:
251:
246:
243:
238:
235:
230:
229:
228:
226:
220:
215:
212:
206:
204:
200:
196:
193:
191:
186:
185:
180:
174:
161:
157:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
143:
141:
140:Hannah Arendt
136:
132:
129:
120:
117:
112:
110:
106:
97:
96:civil society
93:
83:
80:
76:
75:Communication
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:Public debate
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:public sphere
26:
21:
2771:
2748:
2741:
2723:Commonwealth
2722:
2715:
2703:
2698:, p. 57
2670:
2660:
2641:
2631:
2606:
2595:
2576:
2567:
2549:
2539:
2515:
2508:
2489:
2483:
2473:
2449:
2445:
2425:
2401:
2397:
2377:
2366:. Retrieved
2355:The Guardian
2354:
2344:
2335:
2322:
2313:
2276:
2266:
2257:
2247:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2226:. p. 15
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2172:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2065:
2056:
2040:
2030:
2018:
2006:
2001:, p. 69
1994:
1989:, p. 70
1982:
1977:, p. 64
1953:
1948:, p. 92
1926:
1921:, pp. 46, 64
1907:
1901:
1896:, p. 90
1878:
1863:
1850:
1828:
1818:
1796:
1786:
1764:
1754:
1733:(1): 53–72,
1730:
1724:
1718:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1662:, p. 67
1655:
1650:, p. 62
1643:
1638:, p. 58
1617:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1563:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1481:
1447:
1438:
1420:
1411:
1386:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1288:
1279:
1274:, p. 83
1267:
1249:
1236:
1227:
1222:, p. 57
1199:
1190:
1159:
1130:
1126:
1123:Asen, Robert
1117:
1099:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1017:
1013:
986:
979:
970:
960:
950:
943:
926:
920:
900:
866:Public place
820:
800:
791:
777:
768:
758:
754:
745:
736:
732:
716:
707:
703:
699:
679:
670:
641:Brian Loader
638:
624:The Guardian
622:
619:astroturfing
611:
607:
598:
594:
590:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
560:
551:
548:
539:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
483:
466:
456:
430:heterosexual
419:
408:
404:
395:
390:
388:
383:
379:Nancy Fraser
377:
364:
348:
338:
333:
324:Mary P. Ryan
320:Nancy Fraser
315:
308:
297:
295:
285:
277:
273:
255:
249:
241:
233:
224:
221:
217:
208:
202:
194:
188:
182:
176:
147:
144:
137:
133:
126:
113:
89:
68:
64:social media
58:discussion.
38:
36:
2796:Essay Forum
2435:Mercea, Dan
2387:Mercea, Dan
2230:25 February
2207:25 February
2203:. p. 5
2184:25 February
2023:Hauser 1999
2011:Hauser 1999
1999:Hauser 1999
1987:Hauser 1999
1975:Hauser 1999
1958:Hauser 1999
1946:Hauser 1998
1931:Hauser 1998
1894:Hauser 1998
1660:Fraser 1990
1648:Fraser 1990
1636:Fraser 1990
1622:Fraser 1992
1525:nbn:no-9893
1474:Negt, Oskar
1272:Hauser 1998
1220:Fraser 1990
1057:Social Text
886:Res publica
824:open source
816:biopolitics
765:Proletarian
496:discussion.
123:Definitions
51:social life
32: 1900
25:coffeehouse
2814:Categories
2368:2017-04-19
1006:1022680271
913:References
788:Production
747:Oskar Negt
645:Dan Mercea
627:columnist
475:Political
462:rhetorical
441:Rhetorical
328:Geoff Eley
234:loc. cit.
107:, and how
94:comprised
2840:Democracy
2466:145560486
2418:145560486
2363:0261-3077
2164:144295281
2156:0001-6810
2121:1468-2885
2074:1050-3293
2049:1050-3293
1801:Routledge
1747:141033858
1419:(1989) ,
1383:(1989) .
1338:(1989) ,
1287:(1989) ,
1034:0363-7751
530:tolerance
480:matters".
399:hegemonic
369:satirical
296:Although
250:loc. cit.
242:loc. cit.
211:bourgeois
55:influence
2669:(1994),
2640:(1993).
2603:(1995).
2575:(1995),
2548:(1995),
2437:(2011),
2389:(2011),
2334:(2010),
2312:(2010),
1480:(1993),
1446:(1989),
1365:(1958),
1158:(1989),
907:Cold War
835:See also
757:and the
721:include
658:Facebook
614:Internet
512:activity
477:Graffiti
353:a priori
159:control.
116:ideology
77:scholar
2825:Society
2754:336–340
2068:: 416,
2043:: 416,
1862:(ed.),
1596:Calhoun
1562:(ed.),
1248:(ed.),
1098:(ed.),
1085:9589555
861:Protest
846:Commons
829:commons
662:YouTube
635:Virtual
587:YouTube
181:' book
86:History
2760:
2730:
2677:
2648:
2619:
2583:
2556:
2527:
2464:
2416:
2361:
2283:
2162:
2154:
2119:
2072:
2047:
1914:
1870:
1839:
1807:
1775:
1745:
1606:
1570:
1488:
1454:
1427:
1399:
1346:
1295:
1256:
1166:
1106:
1083:
1077:466240
1075:
1032:
1004:
994:
749:&
689:over).
650:Google
492:issue.
426:gender
199:German
197:. The
99:sphere
43:German
2462:S2CID
2442:(PDF)
2414:S2CID
2394:(PDF)
2160:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1081:S2CID
1073:JSTOR
654:Yahoo
545:Media
339:as if
201:term
2758:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2359:ISSN
2281:ISBN
2232:2015
2209:2015
2186:2015
2152:ISSN
2117:ISSN
2070:ISSN
2045:ISSN
1912:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1030:ISSN
1002:OCLC
992:ISBN
806:and
660:and
643:and
326:and
209:The
114:The
37:The
2613:140
2494:doi
2454:doi
2406:doi
2144:doi
2109:doi
1735:doi
1705:doi
1521:urn
1135:doi
1065:doi
1022:doi
931:doi
727:ABC
723:BBC
2816::
2756:,
2688:^
2615:.
2519:.
2490:50
2488:.
2482:.
2460:,
2450:14
2444:,
2433:;
2412:,
2402:14
2396:,
2385:;
2357:.
2353:.
2330:;
2308:;
2295:^
2158:.
2150:.
2140:40
2138:.
2115:.
2105:16
2103:.
1965:^
1938:^
1886:^
1763:,
1741:,
1731:26
1729:,
1701:36
1699:,
1628:^
1476:;
1465:^
1395:.
1393:52
1307:^
1208:^
1178:^
1147:^
1131:25
1129:.
1079:,
1071:,
1061:25
1059:,
1028:,
1018:65
1016:,
1000:.
969:.
929:.
761:.
656:,
652:,
621:.
417:.
367:,
252:).
45::
29:c.
23:A
2664:.
2654:.
2635:.
2625:.
2590:.
2543:.
2533:.
2502:.
2496::
2456::
2408::
2371:.
2290:.
2234:.
2211:.
2188:.
2166:.
2146::
2123:.
2111::
2034:.
1737::
1707::
1523::
1405:.
1302:.
1141:.
1137::
1087:.
1067::
1036:.
1024::
1008:.
973:.
937:.
933::
244:)
236:)
192:,
101:'
41:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.