Mass media - Knowledge

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sparked a huge priority elevation of the cancer in people's consciousness. This was because news media began to report on the risks of prostate cancer, which in turn prompted a greater public awareness about the disease and the need for screening. This ability for the media to be able to change how the public thinks and behaves has occurred on other occasions. In mid-1970s when Betty Ford and Happy Rockefeller, wives of the then-President and then-Vice President, respectively, were both diagnosed with breast cancer. J. J. Davis states that "when risks are highlighted in the media, particularly in great detail, the extent of agenda setting is likely to be based on the degree to which a public sense of outrage and threat is provoked". When wanting to set an agenda, framing can be invaluably useful to a mass media organisation. Framing involves "taking a leadership role in the organisation of public discourse about an issue". The media is influenced by the desire for balance in coverage, and the resulting pressures can come from groups with particular political action and advocacy positions. Finnegan and Viswanath say, "groups, institutions and advocates compete to identify problems, to move them onto the public agenda, and to define the issues symbolically" (1997, p. 324).

1049:, but has far wider reach, with 3.3 billion mobile phone users at the end of 2007 to 1.3 billion internet users (source ITU). Like email on the internet, the top application on mobile is also a personal messaging service, but SMS text messaging is used by over 2.4 billion people. Practically all internet services and applications exist or have similar cousins on mobile, from search to multiplayer games to virtual worlds to blogs. Mobile has several unique benefits which many mobile media pundits claim make mobile a more powerful media than either TV or the internet, starting with mobile being permanently carried and always connected. Mobile has the best audience accuracy and is the only mass media with a built-in payment channel available to every user without any credit cards or PayPal accounts or even an age limit. Mobile is often called the 7th Mass Medium and either the fourth screen (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens) or the third screen (counting only TV and PC). 972:, too, has become a pervasive form of media. A blog is a website, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or interactive media such as images or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order, with most recent posts shown on top. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images and other graphics, and links to other blogs, web pages, and related media. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog) and audio (podcasting), are part of a wider network of social media. 623: 1265: 1648:

entertainment, because the colour and sound engaged the viewers/listeners and because it was easier for the general public to passively watch TV or listen to the radio than to actively read. In recent times, the Internet become the latest and most popular mass medium. Information has become readily available through websites, and easily accessible through search engines. One can do many activities at the same time, such as playing games, listening to music and social networking, irrespective of location. Whilst other forms of mass media are restricted in the type of information they can offer, the internet comprises a large percentage of the

3333: 316:) provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online. Excluding the Internet, however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually. It is possible to discuss in great detail the events of a video game with a friend one has never played with, because the experience is identical to each. The question, then, is whether this is a form of mass communication. 1922:

portraying a particular set of beliefs, values and traditions (an entire way of life), as reality. That is, by portraying a certain interpretation of reality, they shape reality to be more in line with that interpretation. Mass media also play a crucial role in the spread of civil unrest activities such as anti-government demonstrations, riots and general strikes. That is, the use of radio and television receivers has made the unrest influence among cities not only by the geographic location of cities, but also by proximity within the mass media distribution networks.

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advertising in sports stadiums. Tobacco and alcohol manufacturers used billboards and other outdoor media extensively. However, in 1998, the Master Settlement Agreement between the US and the tobacco industries prohibited the billboard advertising of cigarettes. In a 1994 Chicago-based study, Diana Hackbarth and her colleagues revealed how tobacco- and alcohol-based billboards were concentrated in poor neighbourhoods. In other urban centers, alcohol and tobacco billboards were much more concentrated in African-American neighbourhoods than in white neighbourhoods.

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gang violence and other forms of anti-social behavior has resulted in a distorted and harmful public perception of African Americans. In his 1999 article "Mass Media and Racism", Balkaran states: "The media has played a key role in perpetuating the effects of this historical oppression and in contributing to African Americans' continuing status as second-class citizens." This has resulted in an uncertainty among white Americans as to what the genuine nature of African Americans really is. Despite the resulting

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companies, but they have recently merged to form an elite which have the power to control the narrative of stories and alter people's beliefs. In the new media-driven age we live in, marketing has more value than ever before because of the various ways it can be implemented. Advertisements can convince consumers to purchase or avoid a particular product. What a society accepts can be dictated by the amount and kind of attention the media gives it.

997:, and personal blogs. It is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated content such as blog entries, news headlines, and podcasts. An RSS document (which is called a "feed" or "web feed" or "channel") contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text. RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with web sites in an automated manner that can be piped into special programs or filtered displays. 1880:

and men to be buff. After the attacks of 9/11, the media gave extensive coverage of the event and exposed Osama Bin Laden's guilt for the attack, information they were told by the authorities. This shaped the public opinion to support the war on terrorism, and later, the war on Iraq. A main concern is that due to this extreme power of the mass media, portraying inaccurate information could lead to an immense public concern. In his book

161: 5778: 1083: 36: 5757: 1439: 5788: 1732: 1606: 1196: 671:" refers to one that is played on a device specifically designed for the use of such, while interfacing with a standard television set. A "video game" (or "videogame") has evolved into a catchall phrase that encompasses the aforementioned along with any game made for any other device, including, but not limited to, advanced calculators, mobile phones, 1226:. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The most important function of newspapers is to inform the public of significant events. Local newspapers inform local communities and include advertisements from local businesses and services, while national newspapers tend to focus on a theme, which can be exampled with 1909:

result of the TV, the effect is often based on socioeconomic factors. Having a prolonged exposure to TV or movie violence might affect a viewer to the extent where they actively think community violence is a problem, or alternatively find it justifiable. The resulting belief is likely to be different depending on where people live, however.

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remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that. Newspapers developed from about 1612, with the first example in English in 1620; but they took until the 19th century to reach a mass-audience directly. The first high-circulation newspapers arose in London in the early 1800s, such as

1644:, and were made possible by the invention of high-speed rotary steam printing presses, and railroads which allowed large-scale distribution over wide geographical areas. The increase in circulation, however, led to a decline in feedback and interactivity from the readership, making newspapers a more one-way medium. 1618:", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed earlier. Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in China. However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European 2113:

Theorist Lance Bennett explains that excluding a few major events in recent history, it is uncommon for a group big enough to be labeled a mass, to be watching the same news via the same medium of mass production. Bennett's critique of 21st-century mass media argues that today it is more common for a

2049:). This can directly correlate with how individuals may perceive certain groups of people, as the only media coverage a person receives can be very limited and may not reflect the whole story or situation; stories are often covered to reflect a particular perspective to target a specific demographic. 1637:

in 1453. The invention of the printing press gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible. The invention also transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books

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however. Paid circulation is declining in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of a newspaper's income, is shifting from print to online; some commentators, nevertheless, point out that historically new media such as radio and television did not entirely supplant existing.

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is a computer-controlled game in which a video display, such as a monitor or television set, is the primary feedback device. The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device. There always must

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people are influenced in how they think about issues due to the selective nature of what media groups choose for public consumption. After publicly disclosing that he had prostate cancer prior to the 2000 New York senatorial election, Rudolph Giuliani, the mayor of New York City (aided by the media)

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have been sued in the past, the plaintiffs claiming that it was the fault of their liminal and subliminal advertising that "forced" them to purchase the product. The Barbie and Ken dolls of the 1950s are sometimes cited as the main cause for the obsession in modern-day society for women to be skinny

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Between 1985 and 2018, about 76,720 deals have been announced in the media industry. This sums up to an overall value of around US$ 5,634 billion. There have been three major waves of M&A in the mass media sector (2000, 2007 and 2015), while the most active year in terms of numbers was 2007 with

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files, karaoke, music videos, music streaming services, etc.); over $ 5 billion worth of mobile gaming; and various news, entertainment and advertising services. In Japan mobile phone books are so popular that five of the ten best-selling printed books were originally released as mobile phone books.

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and other portable devices, and today the total value of media consumed on mobile vastly exceeds that of internet content, and was worth over $ 31 billion in 2007 (source Informa). The mobile media content includes over $ 8 billion worth of mobile music (ringing tones, ringback tones, truetones, MP3

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With the exception of the Super Bowl and national crises such as 9/11 or the invasion of Iraq, it makes little sense to talk about a mass media audience any longer, at least one defined by large numbers of people gathering around televisions and watching the same information fed from a few sources.

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which generally assumed that the development of mass communication has had a largely negative impact on modern social life, creating a kind of bland and homogeneous culture which entertains individuals without challenging them. However, interactive digital media have also been seen to challenge the

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from about 1400. Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not survived. The term "mass media" was coined with the creation of print media, which is notable for being the first example of mass media, as we

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Eco (2014), p. 135: "Not long ago, if you wanted to seize political power in a country, you had merely to control the army and the police. Today it is only in the most backward countries that fascist generals, in carrying out a coup d'etat, still use tanks. If a country has reached a high level of

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is confused. Interpersonal/niche communication is an exchange of information and information in a specific genre. In this form of communication, smaller groups of people are consuming news/information/opinions. In contrast, mass media in its original form is not restricted by genre and it is being

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The phrase "the media" began to be used in the 1920s. The notion of "mass media" was generally restricted to print media up until the post-Second World War, when radio, television and video were introduced. The audio-visual facilities became very popular, because they provided both information and

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Outdoor media is a form of mass media which comprises billboards, signs, placards placed inside and outside commercial buildings/objects like shops/buses, flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, skywriting, AR advertising. Many commercial advertisers use this form of mass media when

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as they offer news on finance and business related-topics. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605, and the form has thrived even in the face of competition from technologies such as radio and television. Recent developments on the Internet are posing major threats to its business model,

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is a series of digital-media files which are distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds for playback on portable media players and computers. The term podcast, like broadcast, can refer either to the series of content itself or to the method by which it is syndicated; the latter is also

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The Internet is quickly becoming the center of mass media. Everything is becoming accessible via the internet. Rather than picking up a newspaper, or watching the 10 o'clock news, people can log onto the internet to get the news they want, when they want it. For example, many workers listen to the

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technologies may have begun the process of making the cost of bandwidth manageable. Although a vast amount of information, imagery, and commentary (i.e. "content") has been made available, it is often difficult to determine the authenticity and reliability of information contained in web pages (in

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When the study of mass media began the media was compiled of only mass media which is a very different media system than the social media empire of the 21st-century experiences. With this in mind, there are critiques that mass media no longer exists, or at least that it does not exist in the same

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According to Stephen Balkaran, an Instructor of Political Science and African American Studies at Central Connecticut State University, mass media has played a large role in the way white Americans perceive African Americans. The media focus on African American in the contexts of crime, drug use,

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Mass media play a significant role in shaping public perceptions on a variety of important issues, both through the information that is dispensed through them, and through the interpretations they place upon this information. They also play a large role in shaping modern culture, by selecting and

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the extent to which media exposure shapes audience perceptions over time is known as cultivation. Television is a common experience, especially in places like the United States, to the point where it can be described as a "homogenising agent" (S. W. Littlejohn). However, instead of being merely a

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their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organisation's standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organisation claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press

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in outdoor or print media to direct mobile users to a website. In this way, they can use the easy accessibility and outreach capabilities the Internet affords, as thereby easily broadcast information throughout many different regions of the world simultaneously and cost-efficiently. Outdoor media

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use marketing public relations to convey information about the products they manufacture or services they provide to potential customers to support their direct sales efforts. Typically, they support sales in the short and long term, establishing and burnishing the corporation's branding for a

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networks and programing, video news, sports entertainment, and other—were owned by six major companies (GE, News-Corp, Disney, Viacom, Time Warner and CBS). According to Morris Creative Group, these six companies made over $ 200 billion in revenue in 2010. More diversity is brewing among many

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relies on the Internet. Teachers can contact the entire class by sending one e-mail. They may have web pages on which students can get another copy of the class outline or assignments. Some classes have class blogs in which students are required to post weekly, with students graded on their

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games), or a combination of any of the above. Also, more esoteric devices have been used for input, e.g., the player's motion. Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe.

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many cases, self-published). The invention of the Internet has also allowed breaking news stories to reach around the globe within minutes. This rapid growth of instantaneous, decentralised communication is often deemed likely to change mass media and its relationship to society.

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outlet is often forced to cover national and international news due to it having to cater for and be relevant for a wide demographic. As such, it has to skip over many interesting or important local stories because they simply do not interest the large majority of their viewers.

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group of people to be receiving different news stories, from completely different sources, and thus, mass media has been re-invented. As discussed above, filters would have been applied to original mass medias when the journalists decided what would or would not be printed.

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Corporations also use public relations as a vehicle to reach legislators and other politicians, seeking favorable tax, regulatory, and other treatment, and they may use public relations to portray themselves as enlightened employers, in support of human-resources recruiting

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industrialization the whole scene changes. The day after the fall of Khrushchev, the editors of Pravda, Izvestiia, the heads of the radio and television were replaced; the army wasn't called out. Today a country belongs to the person who controls communications."

941:"Cross-media" means the idea of distributing the same message through different media channels. A similar idea is expressed in the news industry as "convergence". Many authors understand cross-media publishing to be the ability to publish in both 1894:

the mass media influences knowledge gaps due to factors including "the extent to which the content is appealing, the degree to which information channels are accessible and desirable, and the amount of social conflict and diversity there is in a

846:(also known simply as "the Net" or less precisely as "the Web") is a more interactive medium of mass media, and can be briefly described as "a network of networks". Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected 427:

programs are distributed over frequency bands which are highly regulated in the United States. Such regulation includes determination of the width of the bands, range, licensing, types of receivers and transmitters used, and acceptable content.

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is anyone who gained fame on the Internet, whether it be creating contenton social media sites or creating posts on blogging platforms and making a revenue through it through means such as sponsorships and advertisements. One such example is a

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of symbolic forms" – as the production of materials relies on its ability to manufacture and sell large quantities of the work; as radio stations rely on their time sold to advertisements, so too newspapers rely on their space for the same

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The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience. The first dated printed book known is the

1425:, including schools and universities, hospitals, and human and social service agencies, use public relations in support of awareness programs, fund-raising programs, staff recruiting, and to increase patronage of their services. 1148:, distinct from those periodicals produced by scientific, artistic, academic or special interest publishers which are subscription-only, more expensive, narrowly limited in circulation, and often have little or no advertising. 801:. Modern music videos were primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. Although the origins of music videos go back much further, they came into their own in the 1980s, when 1428:

Politicians use public relations to attract votes and raise money, and when successful at the ballot box, to promote and defend their service in office, with an eye to the next election or, at career's end, to their

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by their content and point of view. Alternative media are also "mass media" outlets in the sense that they use technology capable of reaching many people, even if the audience is often smaller than the mainstream.

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Developers may use publishers to reach larger or foreign markets, or to avoid focussing on marketing. Or publishers may use developers to create software to meet a market need that the publisher has identified.

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Since the 1950s, when cinema, radio and TV began to be the primary or only source of information for most of the population, these media became the central instruments of mass control. When a country reaches a

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Toward the end of the 20th century, the advent of the World Wide Web marked the first era in which most individuals could have a means of exposure on a scale comparable to that of mass media. Anyone with a

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The term "mass" suggests that the recipients of media products constitute a vast sea of passive, undifferentiated individuals. This is an image associated with some earlier critiques of "mass culture" and

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to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, unit costs went down, increasing profit margins further. Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media. In a democratic society, the media can serve the

595:. Films comprise a series of individual frames, but when these images are shown in rapid succession, an illusion of motion is created. Flickering between frames is not seen because of an effect known as 336:"omprises both technical and institutional methods of production and distribution" – This is evident throughout the history of mass media, from print to the Internet, each suitable for commercial utility 191:

In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings and television. The explosion of digital

599:, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Also of relevance is what causes the perception of motion: a psychological effect identified as 1572:

Software publishers often license software from developers with specific limitations, such as a time limit or geographical region. The terms of licensing vary enormously, and are typically secret.

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The internet has challenged the press as an alternative source of information and opinion but has also provided a new platform for newspaper organisations to reach new audiences. According to the

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form as it once did. This original form of mass media put filters on what the general public would be exposed to in regards to "news" something that is harder to do in a society of social media.

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allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time. Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money. An example of Riel and Neil's theory.

1526:; (1) as the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy, and; (2) as the essential precondition of being able to claim 378:

In common usage, the term "mass" denotes not that a given number of individuals receives the products, but rather that the products are available in principle to a plurality of recipients.

108:, and Internet-based radio and television. Many other mass media outlets have an additional presence on the web, by such means as linking to or running TV ads online, or distributing 1037:

in 1979 but became a mass media only in 1998 when the first downloadable ringing tones were introduced in Finland. Soon most forms of media content were introduced on mobile phones,

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in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question: what forms of media should be classified as "mass media"? For example, it is controversial whether to include

129:; flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes); placards or kiosks placed inside and outside buses, commercial buildings, shops, sports stadiums, subway cars, or trains; signs; or 303:

While a telephone is a two-way communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a cell phone which is equipped with

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Film has emerged as an important art form. They entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. Any film can become a worldwide attraction, especially with the addition of

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and various other technologies built atop the general distribution network. The sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as

1649: 1742: 805:'s format was based on them. In the 1980s, the term "rock video" was often used to describe this form of entertainment, although the term has fallen into disuse. 1407:

is the art and science of managing communication between an organisation and its key publics to build, manage and sustain its positive image. Examples include:

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around 3,808 deals. The United States is the most prominent country in media M&A with 41 of the top 50 deals having an acquirer from the United States.

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Mass media sources, through theories like framing and agenda-setting, can affect the scope of a story as particular facts and information are highlighted (

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Powers, Shawn; el-Nawawy, Mohammed (December 2009). "Al-Jazeera English and global news networks: clash of civilizations or cross-cultural dialogue?".

1383:), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. While under pressure to be first with their stories, 1884:, Matthew P. McAllister says that "a well-developed media system, informing and teaching its citizens, helps democracy move toward its ideal state". 1858:

combines the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings out of the images and messages they receive.

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programs are often broadcast simultaneously with radio and television programs, but have a more limited audience. By coding signals and requiring a

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theorizes that because people usually choose what media to interact with based on what they already believe, media exerts a negligible influence.

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Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium. Video games (for example, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), such as

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devices with mutually incompatible data and screen formats make it even more difficult to achieve the objective "create once, publish many".

1629:'s invention of the printing press allowed the mass production of books to sweep the nation. He printed the first book, a Latin Bible, on a 5740: 5712: 5707: 4732: 3517: 2120:

is a large contributor to the change from mass media to a new paradigm because through social media what is mass communication and what is

1565:. In some companies, two or all three of these roles may be combined (and indeed, may reside in a single person, especially in the case of 1285:

Mass media encompasses much more than just news, although it is sometimes misunderstood in this way. It can be used for various purposes:

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in the definition. In the early 2000s, a classification called the "seven mass media" came into use. In order of introduction, they are:

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access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium (the Internet).

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Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous: the Internet is the system of interconnected

663:" refers to a game designed to be played in an establishment in which patrons pay to play on a per-use basis. A "computer game" or " 2216: 2438: 706:

using purely mechanical techniques, the field has advanced with the invention of electrical recording, the mass production of the

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Each mass medium has its own content types, creative artists, technicians and business models. For example, the Internet includes

3548: 3057: 2530: 1667:, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences. 179:

that control these technologies include movie studios, publishing companies, and radio and television stations; they often form

5734: 2867: 1244:, where the dramatic increase in sales in a few select countries has offset falls in historically strong Asian markets such as 622: 465:. On the other hand, two or more organisations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day, such as the 862:(IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business and governmental networks, which together carry various 5729: 5719: 5699: 5501: 3442: 3372: 3315: 3282: 3261: 3231: 3208:

In just one decade, between 1993 and 2004, the percentage of people who regularly watched network TV news dropped 34 percent.

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Magazines fall into two broad categories: consumer magazines and business magazines. In practice, magazines are a subset of

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Turner, Graeme (November 2016). "2015 Henry Mayer Lecture: critical media studies and the re-invention of the media".

5590: 4079: 2843: 2032: 1830: 1771: 2897: 2356: 1465:– the activity of making information available for public view. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers. 1240:, between 2012 and 2016, print newspaper circulation continued to fall in almost all regions, with the exception of 5375: 4923: 4725: 4258: 4173: 4044: 2620:

Sex, love & romance in the mass media: analysis & criticism of unrealistic portrayals & their influence

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were kept together in a book resembling a photo album. The first collection of records to be called an "album" was

683: 214: 5486: 4213: 2155: 5481: 4699: 4139: 2412: 532:' encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The name comes from the 5506: 4415: 3705: 3486: 3170: 2816: 2274: 1676: 1443: 1264: 745:

An album is a collection of related audio recordings, released together to the public, usually commercially.

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in 1983 brought massive improvements in ruggedness and quality. The most recent developments have been in

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such as microphones, recording devices and loudspeakers. From early beginnings with the invention of the

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In 1997, J. R. Finnegan Jr. and K. Viswanath identified three main effects or functions of mass media:

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The shots seen 'round the world: The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations

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is a format for syndicating news and the content of news-like sites, including major news sites like

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and emergency alerts (that can be used as political device to communicate propaganda to the public).

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is often used. In 2004, a new phenomenon occurred when a number of technologies combined to produce

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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argues that the media reflects and projects the view of a minority elite, which controls it.

1656:. Modern-day mass media includes the internet, mobile phones, blogs, podcasts and RSS feeds. 1133:

that is in advance of the date it is actually published. They are often printed in colour on

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Peter Medlin, WNIJ, "Illinois Is the First State to Have High Schools Teach News Literacy",

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Mass Media and Historical Change: Germany in International Perspective, 1400 to the Present

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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018

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containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called

417:. With all technological endeavours a number of technical terms and slang have developed. 8: 5812: 5348: 5288: 5047: 5009: 4807: 4792: 4616: 4591: 4095: 3781: 3695: 2456: 2297: 2150: 2091: 1965:, depicting a drunken Irishman lighting a powder keg and swinging a bottle. Published in 1915: 1512: 435: 3907: 2976: 2212: 730:, gave a major boost to the mass distribution of music recordings, and the invention of 353:"nformation distribution" – a "one to many" form of communication, whereby products are 5575: 5532: 5463: 5333: 5263: 5238: 5173: 5020: 4741: 4455: 4430: 4405: 4330: 4273: 4074: 4016: 3940: 3852: 3842: 3765: 3679: 3657: 3571: 3473: 3456: 3127: 3035: 2995: 2960: 2442: 2165: 2054: 1967: 1862: 1626: 1585: 1558: 1543: 652: 544:

for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms for film exist, such as

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Its "reach to those 'far removed' in time and space, in comparison to the producers"

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has the potential to address a global audience, although serving to high levels of

855: 851: 847: 817: 802: 766: 723: 640: 541: 486: 431: 367: 211:(books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc.) from the late 15th century 4536: 3715: 2593:

Mass media unleashed: how Washington policymakers shortchanged the American public

2554: 2516:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 201/2018

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Lack of local or specific topic focus is a common criticism of mass media. A mass

1593:, which is an internet celebrity who creates content on the social media platform 5248: 5103: 4871: 4846: 4834: 4646: 4606: 4596: 4586: 4521: 4511: 4501: 4496: 4323: 4110: 3975: 3945: 3897: 3674: 3521: 3432: 3362: 3298: 3145: 2985: 2386: 2046: 2014: 1812: 1685: 1500: 1447: 1366: 1038: 699: 648: 580: 466: 354: 340: 293: 154: 69: 1016:

called podcasting. The host or author of a podcast is often called a podcaster.

5446: 5318: 5293: 5253: 5223: 5098: 4933: 4861: 4819: 4681: 4676: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4601: 4576: 4561: 4551: 4546: 4491: 3935: 3917: 3882: 3837: 3816: 3700: 3155: 1930: 1630: 1619: 883: 779: 592: 324:

Five characteristics of mass communication have been identified by sociologist

165: 2652: 401: 5806: 5595: 5368: 5358: 5273: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5133: 4955: 4814: 4631: 4626: 4566: 4526: 4506: 4435: 4380: 4268: 4208: 4006: 3985: 3581: 3557: 3463:

Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich

3123: 3031: 2754:

Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich

2668:""The role of feedback in assessing the news on mass media and the Internet"" 2094:, the mass media of cinema, radio and TV have a key role in political power. 1876: 1871: 1623:

use the term today. This form of media started in Europe in the Middle Ages.

1615: 1550: 1508: 1315: 973: 875: 833: 821: 771: 715: 711: 600: 474: 406: 289: 226: 222: 85: 1468:

Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as

5473: 5313: 5258: 5188: 5153: 5088: 4987: 4977: 4829: 4641: 4581: 4571: 4516: 4218: 4203: 4115: 4105: 3887: 3796: 3786: 3652: 3626: 3337: 3004: 2117: 2083: 1925: 1681: 1653: 1634: 1392: 1183: 1134: 1030: 1025: 976:

is another type of blogging which consists of blogs with very short posts.

934: 918: 735: 668: 636: 490: 482: 450: 443: 439: 269: 197: 101: 26:"Popular Press" redirects here. For the publisher named Popular Press, see 1918:, the country itself "belongs to the person who controls communications". 5673: 5323: 5233: 5218: 5178: 5138: 4997: 4621: 4228: 3980: 3801: 3738: 3710: 3631: 2348: 2185: 1950: 1861:

In 2012, an article asserted that 90 percent of all mass media—including

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and on the web without manual conversion effort. An increasing number of

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may broadcast several programs simultaneously, through several channels (

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on the cover of Al-Kawakeb magazine, March 1961, an example of mass media

118: 46: 4131: 2834:

News Incorporated: Corporate Media Ownership And Its Threat To Democracy

2551:

Campbell, Cecilia. 2017. "World Press Trends 2017". Frankfurt: WAN-IFRA.

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lampooned the assumed stupidity of black people. Detail from cover of

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The term "mass media" is sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for "

347:"eparate contexts between the production and reception of information" 5663: 5128: 4943: 4710: 4283: 4039: 3748: 3621: 3606: 1640: 1566: 1496: 1473: 1357:

is the discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying and presenting

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Sashwat Yogi "Role Of Media In Social Awareness (A Review Study)."

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along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through

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connections etc.; the Web is the contents, or the interconnected

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Music videos can accommodate all styles of filmmaking, including

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Voices of a Nation: A History of Mass Media in the United States

1935:

The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels

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During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by

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itself accountable to the standards of professional journalism.

1369:, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as 5683: 5643: 4965: 4318: 4313: 3393:

Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present

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History of the mass media in the United States: an encyclopedia

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is still relatively expensive. It is possible that the rise of

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about issues regarding government and corporate entities (see

5668: 5605: 4913: 1668: 1531: 1323: 1253: 1245: 1118: 1034: 867: 794: 749: 695: 691: 667:" refers to a game that is played on a personal computer. A " 504:. Podcasting is an asynchronous broadcast/narrowcast medium. 420: 126: 97: 96:

mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as

77: 19:"Mass Media" redirects here. For the video game company, see 2866:. Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). 2688: 2255:. Buzzle.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 1605: 1195: 797:

that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a

16:

Media that can reach a large audience via mass communication

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Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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Riesman, David and Gitlin, Todd and Glazer, Nathan (1950)

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Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 65

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Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication

2307:

Arguing for a general framework for mass media scholarship

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Contemporary research demonstrates an increasing level of

1292:, both for business and social concerns. This can include 3391:

Cull, Nicholas John, David Culbert and David Welch, eds.

1709: 1523: 1476:. With the advent of digital information systems and the 1446:

demonstrates printing with a 19th-century, hand-operated

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from March 1952 stereotyping women drivers. It features

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containing a variety of articles, generally financed by

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radio through the Internet while sitting at their desk.

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Shopping carts for children fitted with gaming computers

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at individual recipients' locations, cable also enables

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Special interest magazines (women's, sports, business,

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Since the 1950s, in the countries that have reached a

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transmit information electronically via media such as

3046: 2786: 2645:"Concise History of the British Newspaper Since 1620" 643:

combinations (on arcade games), a keyboard and mouse/

413:

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a

2890:"6 Corporations Control 90% Of The Media in America" 496:

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term

3147:

Environmental Development Plan (EDP): Photovoltaics

1704:The largest deal in history was the acquisition of 1344: 678: 300:have developed into a distinct mass form of media. 2831: 2616: 2567:Radical mass media criticism: a cultural genealogy 2424:David Bordwell, Kristin Thompson, and Jeff Smith, 1480:, the scope of publishing has expanded to include 3465:(Oxford University press 2010) 448 pp, on Germany 3256:. Translated by Waever, William. San Diego: HMH. 3055: 2792: 2723: 2493:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 75. 2391:. Stanford University Press. pp. 26–28, 74. 1457:is the industry concerned with the production of 1207:, showing newspaper headlines from the day after 357:and disseminated to a great quantity of audiences 5804: 3430: 2929: 2927: 2726:"The Origins of Mass Media in the United States" 2560: 2303: 3418:Media Studies: Media History, Media and Society 3277:. Manchester University Press. pp. 26–27. 3274:Mass communications: a comparative introduction 3271:Lorimer, Rowland & Scannell, Patty (1994). 3017: 2917: 2915: 2829: 2087:read-only paradigm of earlier broadcast media. 2068: 1268:Political advertisements on a billboard in the 3060:. The Yale Political Quarterly. Archived from 2728:. In Wells, Allen; Hakenen, Ernest A. (eds.). 2665: 2589: 2583: 2488: 2384: 1090:on the cover for Al-Mawwid magazine, June 1972 770:, release in April 1909 as a four-disc set by 690:or mechanical re-creation or amplification of 4726: 4147: 3542: 3501:The Media: Carriers of Contagious Information 3478: 3082: 2924: 1999:The examples and perspective in this section 1797:The examples and perspective in this section 1609:Early wooden printing press, depicted in 1520 1579: 292:; and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as 44: 3336: This article incorporates text from a 3303: 2912: 2823: 2694: 157:can also be considered forms of mass media. 5741:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3310:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 88. 2449: 2250: 1695: 1045:Similar to the internet, mobile is also an 370:". Mainstream media are distinguished from 5777: 4733: 4719: 4154: 4140: 3549: 3535: 2732:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10. 2596:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–2. 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2017:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1975: 1815:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1715: 1519:and other works dealing with information. 1256:'s print circulation grew by 89 per cent. 514:, are principal proponents of podcasting. 4161: 2994: 2984: 2756:(Oxford University Press 2010) on Germany 2565:. In Berry, David; Theobald John (eds.). 2281: 2033:Learn how and when to remove this message 1882:The Commercialization of American Culture 1831:Learn how and when to remove this message 1772:Learn how and when to remove this message 186: 3340:work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO ( 2954: 2952: 2941: 2939: 2431: 2332:Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 1956: 1940: 1924: 1604: 1437: 1318:, traditionally through performances of 1263: 1194: 1081: 1069:Publishing § Industry sub-divisions 621: 400: 159: 113:transmits information via such media as 34: 3453:The Encyclopedia of American journalism 3434:Mass Media: a bibliography with indexes 3423:Graber, Doris A., and Johanna Dunaway. 3409:Folkerts, Jean and Dwight Teeter, eds. 3168: 2766:Briggs, Asa & Burke, Peter (2010). 2371: 1495:, publishing includes the development, 1252:. Most notably, between 2012 and 2016, 5818:Promotion and marketing communications 5805: 4740: 3219: 3109: 2489:Pavlik, John; McIntosh, Shawn (2017). 1537: 614:that translate the original language. 381: 4714: 4135: 3530: 2958: 2949: 2936: 2921:Lorimer and Scannell (1994) pp. 26–27 2533:from the original on 13 December 2021 2484: 2482: 2244: 2198: 993:, news-oriented community sites like 5787: 3180:(9 ed.). Pearson. p. 237. 2870:from the original on 3 November 2020 2467:from the original on 2 December 2006 1985: 1783: 1725: 3470:Encyclopedia of American Journalism 3249: 2637: 1963:The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things 1522:Publication is also important as a 1399: 964: 485:programming, with several channels 362:Mass vs. mainstream and alternative 13: 3515:The Evolution of Global Mass Media 3354: 3197:from the original on 3 August 2020 3138: 3086:The Sage Handbook of Media Studies 3056:Balkaran, Stephen (October 1999). 2699:. In Valdivia, Angharad N. (ed.). 2479: 1961:American political cartoon titled 1109:Magazines are typically published 386: 319: 14: 5839: 3556: 3494: 3395:(2003) 479 pp; worldwide coverage 2359:from the original on 27 June 2013 2219:from the original on 7 April 2020 2061:, tend to reinforce or introduce 1712:Inc. for US$ 164,746.86 million. 1507:of newspapers, magazines, books, 1155:General interest magazines (e.g. 827: 752:originated from the fact that 78 726:in the 1960s, followed by Sony's 5786: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5755: 5376:Free-space optical communication 4695: 4694: 4349: 4045:Concentration of media ownership 3425:Mass media and American politics 3331: 2703:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 102. 2623:. Psychology Press. p. 69. 2569:. Black Rose Books. p. 41. 2563:"In Pursuit of Socialized Press" 2099:concentration of media ownership 1990: 1788: 1730: 1690:concentration of media ownership 1345:Professions involving mass media 1259: 1151:Magazines can be classified as: 684:Sound recording and reproduction 679:Audio recording and reproduction 647:combination (computer games), a 62:that reach a large audience via 4214:Computer-mediated communication 3361:Blanchard, Margaret A. (1998). 3253:Travels in Hyperreality: Essays 3213: 3171:"The Political Economy of News" 3162: 3103: 3011: 2882: 2852: 2746: 2545: 2507: 2418: 2253:"Different Types of Mass Media" 2156:History of newspaper publishing 2092:high level of industrialisation 1916:high level of industrialisation 3243: 3178:News: The Politics of Illusion 3150:. Department of Energy. 1977. 2959:Braha, Dan (31 October 2012). 2896:. 15 June 2012. Archived from 2439:"Recording Technology History" 2413:glossary of broadcasting terms 2405: 2341: 2324: 2231: 1052: 878:transfer, and the interlinked 617: 58:include the diverse arrays of 1: 3487:Institute of European History 3404:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 3112:Media International Australia 2830:Elliot D. Cohen, ed. (2005). 2697:"Approaches to Media History" 2519:. UNESCO. 2018. p. 202. 1875:describes how companies like 1692:to be a threat to democracy. 1444:International Printing Museum 1433: 1349: 28:University of Wisconsin Press 5762:Telecommunication portal 5543:Telecommunications equipment 4886: 4336:Text and conversation theory 3342:license statement/permission 2986:10.1371/journal.pone.0048596 2701:A companion to media studies 2294:online version November 2010 2104: 2069:Ethical issues and criticism 1338:Public service announcements 1190: 979: 921:and others described below. 587:, or by creating them using 540:), historically the primary 241:) from the late 19th century 7: 5279:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 3083:Downing, John, ed. (2004). 2772:. Polity Press. p. 1. 2617:Galician, Mary-Lou (2004). 2128: 2122:interpersonal communication 2013:, discuss the issue on the 1906:Cultivation of Perceptions: 1811:, discuss the issue on the 1280: 1077: 882:and other documents of the 698:. This involves the use of 51:), an example of mass media 10: 5844: 4983:Telecommunications history 3385:(Berghahn, 2015). 212 pp. 3325: 2724:Pace, Geoffrey L. (1997). 2674:. CRC Press. p. 210. 1979: 1719: 1600: 1580:Internet-based professions 1534:must have been published. 1066: 1056: 1023: 1004: 1000: 831: 521: 390: 25: 18: 5750: 5692: 5629: 5591:Public Switched Telephone 5551: 5515: 5472: 5413: 5403:telecommunication circuit 5364:Fiber-optic communication 5347: 5109:Francis Blake (telephone) 5056: 4904:Optical telecommunication 4748: 4690: 4479: 4358: 4347: 4187: 4169: 4088: 4032: 3994: 3916: 3865: 3830: 3774: 3731: 3724: 3688: 3640: 3564: 3431:Martin, James B. (2002). 3398:Dauber, Cori Elizabeth. " 3020:Media, War & Conflict 2815:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2561:Splichal, Slavko (2006). 2426:Film art: An introduction 2304:Potter, W. James (2008). 2290:Oxford English Dictionary 2273:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2141:Digital rights management 1442:A member of staff at the 1019: 639:, usually in the form of 5502:Orbital angular-momentum 4939:Satellite communications 4778:Communications satellite 4294:Nonviolent communication 4224:History of communication 4121:Society of the Spectacle 3520:20 February 2023 at the 3468:Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. 3307:The mass media in Canada 3124:10.1177/1329878x16659549 3032:10.1177/1750635209345185 2730:Mass media & society 2670:. In Kent, Allen (ed.). 2349:"All the world's a game" 2192: 2125:consumed by the masses. 1945:A magazine feature from 1696:Mergers and acquisitions 1332:video and computer games 1106:or purchase by readers. 583:people and objects with 508:and his associates, the 405:A family listening to a 194:communication technology 173:Mass media organisations 5381:Molecular communication 5204:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5033:Undersea telegraph line 4768:Cable protection system 4289:Nonverbal communication 4279:Models of communication 4002:Influence of mass media 3807:Narcotizing dysfunction 3299:preview at google books 3220:Turner, Graeme (2015). 3169:Bennett, Lance (2011). 3058:"Mass Media and Racism" 2860:"M&A by Industries" 2795:"History of Mass Media" 2793:Bhattacharyya, Ajanta. 2666:Newhagen, J.E. (1999). 2590:Ramey, Carl R. (2007). 2388:The Media and Modernity 2385:Thompson, John (1995). 2176:Media-system dependency 2136:Commercial broadcasting 2065:to the general public. 1976:Racism and stereotyping 1722:Influence of mass media 1716:Influence and sociology 1652:through such things as 1530:; that is, the alleged 1423:Nonprofit organisations 1415:strong, ongoing market. 1229:The Wall Street Journal 1137:, and are bound with a 782:15 in modern currency. 722:. The invention of the 517: 153:. Event organising and 5523:Communication protocol 5309:Charles Sumner Tainter 5124:Walter Houser Brattain 5069:Edwin Howard Armstrong 4877:Information revolution 3663:Freedom of information 3508:National Public Radio, 3479:Wilke, Jürgen (2011). 3250:Eco, Umberto (2014) . 3223:Re-Inventing the Media 1972: 1954: 1938: 1844:Limited-effects theory 1752:by rewriting it in an 1650:sum of human knowledge 1610: 1451: 1387:organisations usually 1273: 1211: 1091: 866:and services, such as 627: 579:Films are produced by 410: 187:Issues with definition 169: 52: 45: 5497:Polarization-division 5229:Narinder Singh Kapany 5194:Erna Schneider Hoover 5114:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5094:Alexander Graham Bell 4825:online video platform 4441:Mediated cross-border 4163:Communication studies 4050:Exploitation of women 3304:Vipond, Mary (2000). 3089:. Sage. p. 296. 2894:Morris Creative Group 2695:Nerone, John (2006). 2181:Mediatization (media) 1980:Further information: 1960: 1944: 1928: 1850:Class-dominant theory 1688:). Some consider the 1608: 1441: 1267: 1198: 1085: 820:, and non-narrative, 774:. It retailed for 16 740:digital audio players 659:In common usage, an " 635:also be some sort of 625: 597:persistence of vision 404: 163: 80:, recorded music, or 38: 5339:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5299:Almon Brown Strowger 5269:Charles Grafton Page 4924:Prepaid mobile phone 4852:Electrical telegraph 4376:Communication theory 4371:Communication design 3451:Paneth, Donald, ed. 3367:. Fitzroy Dearborn. 2838:. Prometheus Books. 2461:www.terramedia.co.uk 2355:. 10 December 2011. 2310:. Sage. p. 32. 2011:improve this section 2001:may not represent a 1809:improve this section 1799:may not represent a 1242:Asia and the Pacific 572:and, most commonly, 442:-based channels and 330:Cambridge University 177:mass media companies 164:Egyptian movie star 21:Mass Media (company) 5823:Main topic articles 5289:Johann Philipp Reis 5048:Wireless revolution 5010:The Telephone Cases 4867:Hydraulic telegraph 4096:Advanced capitalism 3782:Cult of personality 3696:Advanced capitalism 3413:(5th Edition, 2008) 3406:4.4 (2001): 653–687 3344:). Text taken from 3064:on 24 November 2011 2977:2012PLoSO...748596B 2933:Vipond (2000) p. 88 2457:"Chronomedia: 1909" 2428:(McGraw-Hill, 1993. 2334:1.1 (2013): 71–73, 2151:Internet censorship 1538:Software publishing 1238:World Trends Report 1033:were introduced in 858:using the standard 436:cable converter box 382:Forms of mass media 181:media conglomerates 5487:Frequency-division 5464:Telephone exchange 5334:Charles Wheatstone 5264:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5239:Innocenzo Manzetti 5174:Reginald Fessenden 4909:Optical telegraphy 4742:Telecommunications 4406:Discourse analysis 4331:Telecommunications 4274:Meta-communication 4017:Semiotic democracy 3941:Civil disobedience 3853:Media manipulation 3843:Crowd manipulation 3766:Tabloid journalism 3680:Media transparency 3658:Media independence 3572:24-hour news cycle 3416:Fourie, Pieter J. 2900:on 6 December 2019 2864:N&A Statistics 2655:on 3 October 2008. 2241:(1950) ch. 2 p. 50 2166:Media echo chamber 1973: 1955: 1939: 1892:The Knowledge Gap: 1856:Culturalist theory 1754:encyclopedic style 1741:is written like a 1627:Johannes Gutenberg 1611: 1586:internet celebrity 1544:software publisher 1452: 1274: 1212: 1092: 789:(also promo) is a 628: 481:may also transmit 479:digital television 411: 393:Radio broadcasting 296:. Some argue that 219:gramophone records 170: 64:mass communication 53: 5800: 5799: 5538:Store and forward 5533:Data transmission 5447:Network switching 5398:Transmission line 5244:Guglielmo Marconi 5209:Internet pioneers 5074:Mohamed M. Atalla 5043:Whistled language 4708: 4707: 4129: 4128: 4055:Freedom of speech 3873:Theodor W. Adorno 3861: 3860: 3848:Managing the news 3668:Freedom of speech 3648:Media development 3612:News broadcasting 3592:Independent media 3577:Alternative media 3444:978-1-59033-262-7 3374:978-1-57958-012-4 3317:978-1-55028-714-1 3284:978-0-7190-3946-1 3263:978-0-547-54596-7 3233:978-1-317-38147-1 3187:978-0-205-08241-4 3096:978-0-7619-2169-1 2779:978-0-7456-4495-0 2739:978-1-56750-288-6 2710:978-1-4051-4174-1 2681:978-0-8247-2065-0 2630:978-0-8058-4832-8 2603:978-0-7425-5570-9 2576:978-1-55164-246-8 2526:978-92-3-100242-7 2500:978-0-19-027151-0 2445:on 12 March 2010. 2398:978-0-8047-2679-5 2317:978-1-4129-6471-5 2251:Manohar, Uttara. 2043: 2042: 2035: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1555:software industry 1250:Republic of Korea 1131:date on the cover 1047:interactive media 891:computer networks 860:Internet Protocol 848:computer networks 732:digital recording 554:the silver screen 534:photographic film 372:alternative media 115:augmented reality 5835: 5790: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5631:Notable networks 5621:Wireless network 5561:Cellular network 5553:Types of network 5528:Computer network 5415:Network topology 5329:Thomas A. Watson 5184:Oliver Heaviside 5169:Philo Farnsworth 5144:Daniel Davis Jr. 5119:Charles Bourseul 5079:John Logie Baird 4788:Data compression 4783:Computer network 4735: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4698: 4697: 4353: 4304:Public relations 4199:Biocommunication 4156: 4149: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4101:Culture industry 4070:Social influence 4023:The Lonely Crowd 3966:Political satire 3931:Call-out culture 3908:Jacques Rancière 3903:Marshall McLuhan 3878:Jean Baudrillard 3822:Viral phenomenon 3756:Public relations 3729: 3728: 3602:Mainstream media 3587:Electronic media 3551: 3544: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3490: 3448: 3427:(CQ Press, 2017) 3378: 3335: 3321: 3294:The Lonely Crowd 3288: 3267: 3238: 3237: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2988: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2931: 2922: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2651:. Archived from 2641: 2635: 2634: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2441:. Archived from 2435: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2382: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2345: 2339: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2272: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2209: 2171:Media regulation 2038: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2018: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1869:The documentary 1836: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1405:Public relations 1400:Public relations 1306:public relations 1205:Washington, D.C. 1176:The Sunday Times 1098:is a periodical 965:Blogs (web logs) 958:education system 856:packet switching 803:Music Television 767:Nutcracker Suite 724:compact cassette 714:followed by the 552:and "picture"), 432:Cable television 368:mainstream media 50: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5688: 5625: 5547: 5511: 5468: 5417: 5409: 5350: 5343: 5249:Robert Metcalfe 5104:Tim Berners-Lee 5052: 4872:Information Age 4744: 4739: 4709: 4704: 4686: 4475: 4354: 4345: 4192: 4190: 4183: 4165: 4160: 4130: 4125: 4111:Media franchise 4084: 4028: 3990: 3946:Culture jamming 3912: 3898:Walter Lippmann 3857: 3826: 3770: 3720: 3684: 3675:Media pluralism 3636: 3560: 3555: 3522:Wayback Machine 3497: 3445: 3375: 3357: 3355:Further reading 3350:, 202, UNESCO. 3328: 3318: 3285: 3264: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3054: 3047: 3016: 3012: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2828: 2824: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2664: 2660: 2649:British Library 2643: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2527: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2487: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2383: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2131: 2107: 2071: 2047:media influence 2039: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2008: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1978: 1968:Harper's Weekly 1899:Agenda Setting: 1863:radio broadcast 1837: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1806: 1793: 1789: 1778: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1750:help improve it 1747: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1718: 1698: 1686:Media influence 1603: 1582: 1540: 1448:Columbian press 1436: 1402: 1352: 1347: 1283: 1262: 1199:A panel in the 1193: 1080: 1075: 1065: 1057:Main articles: 1055: 1028: 1022: 1009: 1003: 982: 967: 961:contributions. 840: 830: 710:, the magnetic 700:audio equipment 681: 641:button/joystick 620: 593:special effects 546:motion pictures 526: 520: 467:Cartoon Network 457:), for example 449:A broadcasting 399: 391:Main articles: 389: 387:Broadcast media 384: 364: 341:commodification 322: 320:Characteristics 294:broadcast media 272:from about 2000 266:from about 1990 259:from about 1950 253:from about 1910 247:from about 1900 189: 155:public speaking 88:comprises both 70:Broadcast media 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5841: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5774: 5764: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5482:Space-division 5478: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Camille Tissot 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:Claude Shannon 5291: 5286: 5284:Tivadar Puskás 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5254:Antonio Meucci 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Charles K. Kao 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5199:Harold Hopkins 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5099:Emile Berliner 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5038:Videotelephony 5035: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4941: 4936: 4934:Radiotelephone 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4820:Internet video 4812: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4446:Organizational 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4396:Cross-cultural 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244:Intrapersonal 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3936:Cancel culture 3933: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3918:Counterculture 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3883:Edward Bernays 3880: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838:Catch and kill 3834: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3817:Sensationalism 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3706:Bipartisanship 3703: 3701:American Dream 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3655: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3512: 3510:12 August 2021 3503: 3496: 3495:External links 3493: 3492: 3491: 3476: 3466: 3459: 3449: 3443: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3407: 3396: 3389: 3381:Bösch, Frank. 3379: 3373: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3301: 3289: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3212: 3186: 3161: 3137: 3118:(1): 101–108. 3102: 3095: 3075: 3045: 3026:(3): 263–284. 3010: 2971:(10): e48596. 2948: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2881: 2851: 2844: 2822: 2785: 2778: 2758: 2745: 2738: 2716: 2709: 2687: 2680: 2658: 2636: 2629: 2609: 2602: 2582: 2575: 2553: 2544: 2525: 2506: 2499: 2478: 2448: 2430: 2417: 2404: 2397: 2370: 2340: 2323: 2316: 2296: 2288:"Mass media". 2280: 2243: 2230: 2215:. eNotes.com. 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2106: 2103: 2070: 2067: 2041: 2040: 2005:of the subject 2003:worldwide view 1998: 1996: 1989: 1977: 1974: 1931:minstrel shows 1911: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1839: 1838: 1803:of the subject 1801:worldwide view 1796: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1779: 1738: 1736: 1729: 1720:Main article: 1717: 1714: 1697: 1694: 1631:printing press 1620:popular prints 1602: 1599: 1581: 1578: 1539: 1536: 1509:literary works 1488:and the like. 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1401: 1398: 1363:current events 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1313: 1312:communication. 1282: 1279: 1261: 1258: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1079: 1076: 1054: 1051: 1024:Main article: 1021: 1018: 1005:Main article: 1002: 999: 981: 978: 966: 963: 884:World Wide Web 850:that transmit 829: 828:Internet media 826: 680: 677: 619: 616: 591:techniques or 522:Main article: 519: 516: 388: 385: 383: 380: 363: 360: 359: 358: 351: 348: 345: 339:Involves the " 337: 321: 318: 274: 273: 267: 260: 254: 248: 242: 223:magnetic tapes 212: 188: 185: 166:Salah Zulfikar 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5840: 5829: 5828:Communication 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5793: 5785: 5783: 5775: 5773: 5765: 5763: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5507:Code-division 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Time-division 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418:and switching 5416: 5412: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5369:optical fiber 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Coaxial cable 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5274:Radia Perlman 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5164:Lee de Forest 5162: 5160: 5159:Thomas Edison 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Donald Davies 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134:Claude Chappe 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4978:Smoke signals 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956:Semiconductor 4954: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815:Digital media 4813: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:Media studies 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4426:International 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4411:Environmental 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401:Developmental 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381:Communicology 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4269:Media ecology 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4239:Interpersonal 4237: 4235: 4234:Intercultural 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4209:Communication 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012:Mediatization 4010: 4008: 4007:Media studies 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3986:Strike action 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3951:Demonstration 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3716:Pensée unique 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 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Routledge. 3225: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2845:1-59102-232-0 2841: 2836: 2835: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2796: 2789: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2358: 2354: 2353:The Economist 2350: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2300: 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Retrieved 2213:"Mass Media" 2118:Social media 2116: 2112: 2108: 2096: 2089: 2084:mass society 2080: 2072: 2051: 2044: 2029: 2020: 2000: 1966: 1962: 1946: 1934: 1920: 1912: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1827: 1818: 1798: 1768: 1759: 1740: 1703: 1699: 1677:proportional 1658: 1654:Google Books 1646: 1639: 1635:movable type 1625: 1612: 1583: 1574: 1571: 1557:between the 1541: 1521: 1505:distribution 1490: 1467: 1453: 1412:Corporations 1403: 1375: 1353: 1284: 1275: 1235: 1227: 1213: 1184:scuba diving 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1143: 1135:coated paper 1108: 1093: 1044: 1029: 1026:Mobile media 1010: 989: 983: 968: 955: 951: 940: 935:peer-to-peer 923: 919:file sharing 909:, linked by 906: 893:, linked by 890: 888: 841: 807: 784: 765: 758:disc records 750:record album 747: 744: 736:compact disc 718:, the vinyl 682: 669:Console game 658: 637:input device 629: 605: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 529: 527: 509: 495: 451:organisation 448: 444:pay-per-view 440:subscription 430: 419: 412: 409:in the 1920s 377: 365: 323: 311: 309: 302: 275: 190: 176: 172: 171: 102:social media 68: 55: 54: 32: 5674:NPL network 5386:Radio waves 5324:Alfred Vail 5234:Hedy Lamarr 5219:Dawon Kahng 5179:Elisha Gray 5139:Yogen Dalal 5064:Nasir Ahmed 4998:Teleprinter 4862:Heliographs 4366:Closed-loop 4229:Information 4191:terminology 3995:In academia 3981:Review bomb 3802:Media event 3739:Advertising 3711:Consumerism 3632:State media 3244:Works cited 3068:28 November 2904:21 November 2801:26 November 2471:15 November 2259:26 November 2186:State media 2063:stereotypes 1951:Bettie Page 1895:community". 1706:Time Warner 1563:distributor 1463:information 1381:Phil Graham 1371:journalists 1359:information 1294:advertising 1270:Netherlands 1220:publication 1164:India Today 1146:periodicals 1104:advertising 1100:publication 1088:Mervat Amin 1053:Print media 931:web traffic 899:fibre-optic 872:online chat 864:information 814:live-action 787:music video 762:Tchaikovsky 756:phonograph 694:, often as 661:arcade game 618:Video games 483:multiplexed 455:frequencies 298:video games 202:video games 119:advertising 47:El Universo 5813:Mass media 5807:Categories 5720:Antarctica 5679:Toasternet 5601:Television 5084:Paul Baran 5016:Television 5000:(teletype) 4993:Telegraphy 4971:transistor 4949:Phryctoria 4919:Photophone 4897:Smartphone 4887:Mass media 4682:Wertheimer 4562:Horkheimer 4299:Propaganda 4254:Mass media 4249:Journalism 4189:Topics and 4060:Media bias 3961:Occupation 3893:Guy Debord 3775:Techniques 3744:Propaganda 3641:Principles 3617:News media 3597:Mass media 3201:17 January 2161:Media bias 2146:Journalism 2075:news media 2059:propaganda 2023:March 2015 1982:Stereotype 1877:McDonald's 1821:March 2015 1682:electorate 1673:television 1661:technology 1548:publishing 1528:defamation 1501:production 1474:newspapers 1459:literature 1455:Publishing 1434:Publishing 1385:news media 1361:regarding 1355:Journalism 1350:Journalism 1302:propaganda 1139:soft cover 1067:See also: 911:hyperlinks 832:See also: 791:short film 704:phonograph 688:electrical 649:controller 632:video game 562:the cinema 558:photoplays 538:film stock 528:The term ' 506:Adam Curry 502:podcasting 498:webcasting 487:compressed 471:Adult Swim 446:services. 425:television 397:Television 257:Television 231:cartridges 215:Recordings 147:newspapers 131:skywriting 123:billboards 82:television 56:Mass media 39:Copy of a 5704:Americas 5693:Locations 5664:Internet2 5425:Bandwidth 5129:Vint Cerf 5026:streaming 5004:Telephone 4944:Semaphore 4835:streaming 4466:Technical 4451:Political 4359:Subfields 4284:New media 4040:Anonymity 3749:Fake news 3725:Deception 3622:Old media 3607:New media 3132:151648889 3040:144850273 2105:Criticism 2015:talk page 1813:talk page 1641:The Times 1567:shareware 1559:developer 1497:marketing 1419:programs. 1393:proofread 1310:political 1298:marketing 1224:newsprint 1216:newspaper 1191:Newspaper 1158:Frontline 1129:, with a 1127:quarterly 1123:bimonthly 1059:Newspaper 980:RSS feeds 956:Even the 907:documents 880:web pages 838:New media 810:animation 776:shillings 748:The term 720:LP record 708:78 record 645:trackball 612:subtitles 589:animation 581:recording 548:(or just 489:into one 313:RuneScape 286:web sites 227:cassettes 151:pamphlets 143:magazines 41:newspaper 5772:Category 5659:Internet 5649:CYCLADES 5566:Ethernet 5516:Concepts 5440:terminal 5391:wireless 5214:Bob Kahn 5057:Pioneers 4882:Internet 4773:Cable TV 4700:Category 4652:Richards 4577:Jakobson 4557:Habermas 4512:Castells 4502:Benjamin 4480:Scholars 4089:Synonyms 4080:Violence 3956:Graffiti 3689:Ideology 3518:Archived 3437:. 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