1898:
2159:
3025:
2267:
1918:
2018:
62:
2099:
2281:
2002:
1980:
The
Anatolian peoples were intruders in an area in which the local population had already founded cities, established literate bureaucracies and established kingdoms and palace cults. Once they entered the region, the cultures of the local populations, in particular the
2594:
1961:, in the 3rd millennium BC, or less likely from the Caucasus without ever existing in the north. This movement has yet to be documented archaeologically, although they had wagons, they probably emigrated before Indo-Europeans had learned to use
2041:. Kanesh was at the time the center of a network of Assyrian merchants overseeing trade between Assyria and the warring states of Anatolia. This certainly increased the power of the Anatolian peoples who inhabited the city.
2094:
does not contain loanwords from Hattic, indicating that it was initially spoken in western
Anatolia. The Luwians inhabited a large area and their language was spoken after the collapse of the Hittite Empire.
1880:. These peoples were among the oldest Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups and one of the most archaic, because Anatolians were among the first Indo-European peoples to separate from the
1973:
subgroups indicates that the
Anatolian peoples seceded from the other Indo-Europeans before the establishment of a common agricultural nomenclature, which suggests that they entered the
2572:
The Palaic peoples were very quickly overwhelmed by the invasions of the Kaskas, a non-IE people from the East, who swept them away and for centuries kept attacking the
Hittite kingdom
2060:
as the predominant language in
Anatolia. Uniting several independent Hattic kingdoms in Anatolia the Hittites began establishing a Middle Eastern empire in the 17th-century BC. They
2755:
2146:
in northern
Anatolia. This area had probably also previously been inhabited by the Hatti. It is likely that Palaic peoples disappeared with the invasion of the
1847:
1811:
1897:
2856:
1009:
3049:
2158:
2052:
after their capital at Kanesh, which they had at one point captured from the Hatti, the
Hittites then seized the Hattic capital of
3054:
2239:. These laws were organized in groups according to their subject (in eight main groups). Hittite laws show an aversion to the
2788:
2667:
2635:
2607:
1818:
1790:
3064:
669:
2299:
1775:
32:
2690:
Language
History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics
2565:
1906:
1840:
1797:
728:
17:
2762:
2702:
2294:
61:
2526:
2444:
1804:
568:
2849:
79:
3059:
2737:
1660:
1435:
839:
1833:
1405:
674:
611:
412:
298:
2595:
The Horse, the Wheel, and
Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
1093:
596:
407:
402:
397:
292:
3024:
2079:
in the 12th-century BC. As
Hittite was a language of the elite, the language disappeared with the empire.
2304:
1410:
905:
606:
485:
471:
452:
3044:
2842:
2627:
2599:
748:
706:
306:
1450:
1415:
1088:
392:
2076:
2033:
The earliest linguistic and historical attestation of the Anatolian peoples are names mentioned in
1901:
1710:
1600:
1420:
951:
783:
734:
630:
432:
387:
382:
302:
2780:
2617:
1986:
1970:
1605:
1332:
442:
437:
427:
71:
1595:
1567:
1351:
1253:
1019:
865:
489:
327:
219:
158:
113:
53:
45:
2048:
are by far the best known of the Anatolian peoples. Originally referring to themselves as the
1742:
1571:
479:
475:
460:
456:
2659:
2547:
2170:
in the Greco-Roman period. The classical regions and their main settlements (circa 200 BC).
2068:
1942:
1917:
1881:
1688:
1653:
966:
649:
601:
538:
508:
466:
446:
310:
164:
834:
8:
2623:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2183:
2175:
1877:
1869:
961:
956:
852:
776:
741:
664:
654:
513:
214:
209:
178:
2439:
2203:
1667:
1618:
1552:
1536:
1161:
814:
553:
239:
144:
139:
2075:, the greatest chariot battle of the ancient world. Their empire disappeared with the
2811:
2784:
2733:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2663:
2631:
2603:
2561:
2522:
2207:
1681:
1647:
1639:
1583:
1577:
1559:
1530:
1509:
1495:
1487:
1257:
1058:
1040:
981:
976:
971:
938:
933:
762:
625:
274:
267:
260:
246:
232:
192:
171:
108:
100:
1941:, who migrated eastward, the Anatolian peoples constituted the first known waves of
2820:
2729:
2589:
2072:
1966:
1911:
1675:
1625:
1442:
1248:
1136:
1076:
1053:
996:
991:
928:
915:
910:
900:
573:
186:
134:
126:
119:
2459:
2206:, by the 3rd century BC, although late survival of some remnants is possible, the
3014:
2774:
2723:
2688:
2653:
2621:
2551:
2266:
2143:
2091:
2057:
2034:
1946:
1756:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1696:
1632:
1611:
1589:
1174:
1063:
986:
895:
828:
769:
635:
367:
352:
342:
337:
253:
225:
2807:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
1993:
after being hired by the Hattians to fight other invading Indo-European groups.
2974:
2211:
2182:
petty kingdoms survived until about the 8th century BC. Later in the Iron Age,
2139:
2026:
1501:
1368:
1243:
801:
755:
723:
659:
150:
3038:
2719:
2286:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2107:
1985:, significantly influenced them linguistically, politically and religiously.
1865:
1761:
1225:
1141:
858:
716:
578:
332:
28:
2825:
2806:
548:
2232:
2123:
1380:
1218:
692:
563:
362:
357:
347:
2017:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2324:
2272:
2244:
2214:, with funerary inscriptions recorded for as late as the 5th century AD.
2179:
2119:
1356:
1342:
1306:
1014:
543:
2954:
2879:
2804:
2465:
2314:
2167:
2115:
2087:
2010:
1938:
1319:
1233:
1111:
876:
2098:
2049:
31:-speaking ethnolinguistic group. For ancient peoples of Anatolia, see
3004:
2919:
2557:
2199:
2061:
1974:
1884:
community that gave origin to the individual Indo-European peoples.
1522:
1299:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1131:
2834:
2929:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2329:
2236:
2163:
2147:
2131:
2045:
2006:
1990:
1989:
suggests that the Anatolian peoples initially gained a foothold in
1982:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1465:
1456:
1347:
1148:
1123:
1027:
518:
94:
2999:
2994:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2884:
2772:
2334:
2309:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2127:
2111:
2083:
2064:
2053:
2022:
1954:
1515:
1479:
1472:
1270:
890:
523:
2319:
2103:
2038:
1873:
1238:
1192:
711:
528:
3009:
1337:
1211:
1205:
1187:
558:
533:
2228:
2001:
1729:
1921:
Map 1: Anatolian peoples in 2nd millennium BC; Blue:
2776:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE)
2773:
Sharon R. Steadman; Gregory McMahon (15 September 2011).
2202:
and others. These languages were mostly extinct in the
2056:. The Hittite language thereafter gradually supplanted
2262:
2655:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
2086:, who migrated to south-west Anatolia in the early
3036:
2243:, the usual penalty for serious offenses being
2850:
2523:"Anatolia: The rise and fall of the Hittites"
2037:mercantile texts from the 19th Century BC at
1977:as a cohesive people through a common route.
1841:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2403:
2401:
2251:, however in some cases of serious offenses
2651:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2857:
2843:
2683:
2546:
2419:
1848:
1834:
1812:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
2824:
2471:
2398:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2138:The least known Anatolian group were the
2753:
2616:
2512:
2482:
2407:
2371:
2157:
2097:
2067:, seized Assyrian cities and fought the
2016:
2000:
1916:
1896:
2718:
2588:
2494:
2392:
2365:
1969:agricultural terms with those of other
14:
3037:
2805:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2022).
2352:
2013:(circa 1200 BC) with main settlements.
2864:
2838:
2725:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1819:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1791:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2300:List of ancient peoples of Anatolia
1776:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
38:Indo-European ethnolinguistic group
33:List of ancient peoples of Anatolia
24:
2231:of the Anatolian peoples were the
2005:Map 2: Late Bronze Age regions of
1907:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
1798:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
3076:
2652:Fortson, IV, Benjamin W. (2011).
2425:
2295:List of ancient Anatolian peoples
1876:, identified by their use of the
3050:3rd-millennium BC establishments
3023:
2279:
2265:
2082:Another Anatolian group was the
1805:Journal of Indo-European Studies
569:Bible translations into Armenian
60:
2687:; Joseph, Brian Daniel (1996).
2540:
80:List of Indo-European languages
2527:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2500:
2488:
2445:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2413:
2142:, who inhabited the region of
13:
1:
3055:5th-century disestablishments
2340:
1996:
1406:Proto-Indo-European mythology
675:Paleolithic continuity theory
2345:
1094:Northern Black Polished Ware
293:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
3065:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
2756:"The Position of Anatolian"
2754:Melchert, H. Craig (2012).
2553:The Indo-European Languages
2305:Ancient Regions of Anatolia
2258:
2210:may have survived into the
2153:
1411:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
3081:
2628:Princeton University Press
2600:Princeton University Press
2581:
2217:
1892:
1887:
707:Domestication of the horse
27:This article is about the
26:
3021:
2872:
2122:State (despite the name,
1868:-speaking peoples of the
1416:Historical Vedic religion
693:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
2618:Beckwith, Christopher I.
2235:that were formulated as
2150:in the 15th-century BC.
2077:Late Bronze Age collapse
2021:Sphinx Gate entrance at
1953:from the north, via the
1902:Indo-European migrations
1421:Ancient Iranian religion
784:Novotitarovskaya culture
631:Indo-European migrations
2826:10.1126/science.abm4247
2781:Oxford University Press
2550:; Ramat, Paolo (2015).
2071:to a standstill at the
1987:Christopher I. Beckwith
1965:for war. Comparison of
922:Northern/Eastern Steppe
2420:Hock & Joseph 1996
2222:
2171:
2135:
2090:. Unlike Hittite, the
2030:
2014:
1949:. They likely reached
1934:
1914:
1393:Religion and mythology
1352:Medieval Scandinavians
643:Alternative and fringe
3060:Indo-European peoples
2660:John Wiley & Sons
2548:Ramat, Anna Giacalone
2466:Lazaridis et al. 2022
2440:"Anatolian languages"
2161:
2101:
2020:
2004:
1945:emigrants out of the
1920:
1900:
1743:Indo-European studies
1106:Peoples and societies
2126:were overwhelmingly
650:Anatolian hypothesis
602:Proto-Indo-Europeans
509:Hittite inscriptions
54:Indo-European topics
2685:Hock, Hans Heinrich
2186:were spoken by the
2184:Anatolian languages
2176:Bronze Age collapse
1882:Proto-Indo-European
1878:Anatolian languages
1870:Anatolian Peninsula
906:Multi-cordoned ware
777:Mikhaylovka culture
665:Indigenous Aryanism
655:Armenian hypothesis
514:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2422:, pp. 520–521
2204:Hellenistic period
2172:
2136:
2031:
2015:
1937:Together with the
1935:
1915:
486:Proto-Indo-Iranian
472:Proto-Balto-Slavic
453:Proto-Italo-Celtic
18:Ancient Anatolians
3045:Anatolian peoples
3032:
3031:
2866:Anatolian peoples
2790:978-0-19-537614-2
2695:Walter de Gruyter
2669:978-1-4443-5968-8
2637:978-1-4008-2994-1
2609:978-0-691-05887-0
2227:The better known
2208:Isaurian language
2110:, 8th-century BC
2025:, capital of the
1858:
1857:
1119:Anatolian peoples
1089:Painted Grey Ware
977:Nordic Bronze Age
626:Kurgan hypothesis
579:Old Irish glosses
544:Gaulish epigraphy
16:(Redirected from
3072:
3027:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2769:
2767:
2761:. Archived from
2760:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2730:Douglas Q. Adams
2715:
2713:
2711:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2613:
2575:
2574:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2510:
2507:Fortson, IV 2011
2504:
2498:
2497:, pp. 64–65
2492:
2486:
2485:, pp. 37–39
2480:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2436:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2395:, pp. 43–48
2390:
2369:
2368:, pp. 12–16
2363:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2073:Battle of Kadesh
1939:Proto-Tocharians
1912:David W. Anthony
1904:as described in
1850:
1843:
1836:
1691:
1684:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1539:
1525:
1518:
1504:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1249:Germanic peoples
1239:Hellenic peoples
1228:
1221:
1214:
1137:Mycenaean Greeks
1126:
1054:Thraco-Cimmerian
952:Globular Amphora
929:Abashevo culture
868:
861:
831:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
574:Tocharian script
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
195:
181:
174:
167:
153:
129:
122:
103:
64:
41:
40:
21:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3019:
2868:
2863:
2833:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2765:
2758:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2610:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2560:. p. 172.
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2372:
2364:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2225:
2220:
2156:
2092:Luwian language
2069:Egyptian Empire
1999:
1947:Eurasian steppe
1895:
1890:
1872:in present-day
1854:
1825:
1824:
1757:Marija Gimbutas
1745:
1735:
1734:
1726:Winter solstice
1716:Horse sacrifice
1687:
1680:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1563:
1548:
1535:
1521:
1514:
1500:
1491:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1425:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1328:
1315:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1183:
1170:
1157:
1128:
1122:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1072:
1049:
1036:
1024:
1005:
947:
924:
886:
879:
873:
864:
857:
848:
846:Northern Europe
827:
823:
810:
797:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
729:Steppe cultures
702:
695:
688:
680:
679:
670:Baltic homeland
644:
640:
636:Eurasian nomads
620:
616:
592:
584:
583:
554:Runic epigraphy
549:Latin epigraphy
504:
496:
495:
433:Proto-Anatolian
417:
372:
368:Thraco-Illyrian
353:Graeco-Phrygian
343:Graeco-Armenian
338:Graeco-Albanian
317:
295:
282:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
191:
177:
170:
163:
149:
125:
118:
99:
84:
76:
74:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Palaic peoples
2972:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2802:
2789:
2770:
2768:on 2010-07-09.
2751:
2738:
2720:Mallory, J. P.
2716:
2703:
2681:
2668:
2649:
2636:
2614:
2608:
2590:Anthony, David
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2567:978-1134921874
2566:
2539:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2470:
2458:
2424:
2412:
2397:
2370:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2260:
2257:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:Late Antiquity
2178:, a number of
2174:Following the
2155:
2152:
2140:Palaic peoples
2027:Hittite Empire
1998:
1995:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Fire sacrifice
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:Zoroastrianism
1484:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1369:Medieval India
1360:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1251:
1246:
1244:Italic peoples
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1020:Gandhara grave
1017:
1012:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
942:
941:
936:
931:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
881:
880:
872:
871:
870:
869:
866:Middle Dnieper
862:
843:
842:
837:
832:
821:Eastern Europe
818:
817:
805:
804:
792:
791:
790:
789:
788:
787:
780:
766:
759:
752:
749:Dnieper–Donets
745:
738:
726:
724:Kurgan culture
721:
720:
719:
709:
697:
696:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
660:Beech argument
657:
652:
646:
645:
639:
638:
633:
628:
622:
621:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
483:
469:
464:
450:
443:Proto-Germanic
440:
438:Proto-Armenian
435:
430:
428:Proto-Albanian
424:
423:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
379:
378:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
324:
323:
316:
315:
314:
313:
289:
288:
281:
280:
279:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
217:
212:
206:
205:
199:
198:
197:
196:
184:
183:
182:
175:
168:
156:
155:
154:
142:
137:
132:
131:
130:
123:
111:
106:
105:
104:
91:
90:
83:
82:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
50:
49:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3026:
3016:
3015:West Pontians
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Paphlagonians
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2704:3-1101-4784-X
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2483:Beckwith 2009
2479:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2408:Beckwith 2009
2404:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:Turkey portal
2277:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2255:was applied.
2254:
2253:death penalty
2250:
2249:forced labour
2246:
2242:
2241:death penalty
2238:
2234:
2230:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:Indo-European
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Indo-European
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Indo-European
1863:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:J. P. Mallory
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:Reconstructed
1397:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1226:Insular Celts
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:Indo-Iranians
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
923:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
885:
884:Pontic Steppe
878:
875:
874:
867:
863:
860:
856:
855:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
841:
838:
836:
833:
830:
826:
825:
824:
822:
816:
813:
812:
811:
809:
803:
800:
799:
798:
796:
785:
781:
778:
774:
773:
771:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
717:Kurgan stelae
715:
714:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
701:
700:Pontic Steppe
694:
691:
690:
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
642:
641:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
618:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
588:
587:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
500:
499:
491:
490:Proto-Iranian
487:
484:
481:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
458:
454:
451:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Daco-Thracian
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
318:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:Reconstructed
284:
283:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227:
223:
222:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
200:
194:
190:
189:
188:
185:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
161:
160:
157:
152:
148:
147:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
128:
124:
121:
117:
116:
115:
112:
110:
107:
102:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
34:
30:
29:Indo-European
19:
2880:Cappadocians
2865:
2816:
2810:
2794:. Retrieved
2775:
2763:the original
2743:. Retrieved
2724:
2708:. Retrieved
2689:
2673:. Retrieved
2654:
2641:. Retrieved
2622:
2593:
2571:
2552:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2509:, p. 48
2502:
2495:Anthony 2007
2490:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2443:
2415:
2410:, p. 32
2393:Anthony 2007
2366:Mallory 1997
2233:Hittite laws
2226:
2173:
2137:
2124:Neo-Hittites
2081:
2043:
2032:
1979:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1905:
1861:
1859:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1783:Publications
1782:
1768:
1749:
1703:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:Paleo-Balkan
1558:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1486:
1485:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1398:
1381:Greater Iran
1374:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1254:Paleo-Balkan
1219:Celtiberians
1198:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1118:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1002:
1001:
944:
943:
921:
920:
883:
882:
845:
844:
820:
819:
807:
806:
794:
793:
735:Bug–Dniester
699:
698:
564:Gothic Bible
480:Proto-Baltic
476:Proto-Slavic
461:Proto-Italic
457:Proto-Celtic
420:
375:
363:Italo-Celtic
358:Indo-Hittite
348:Graeco-Aryan
321:Hypothetical
320:
285:
220:Paleo-Balkan
202:
159:Indo-Iranian
114:Balto-Slavic
87:
2990:Philistines
2980:Pamphylians
2325:Sea peoples
2273:Asia portal
2245:enslavement
2180:Neo-Hittite
2120:Neo-Hittite
1661:Continental
1654:Anglo-Saxon
1357:Middle Ages
1307:Middle Ages
1162:Indo-Aryans
1155:Indo-Aryans
962:Bell Beaker
957:Corded ware
853:Corded ware
742:Sredny Stog
687:Archaeology
467:Proto-Greek
447:Proto-Norse
3039:Categories
2955:Mariandyni
2930:Lycaonians
2890:Cataonians
2739:1884964982
2710:30 October
2675:30 October
2643:30 October
2341:References
2315:Purushanda
2168:Asia Minor
2116:Carchemish
2114:rulers of
2102:Relief of
2088:Bronze Age
2011:Asia Minor
1997:Bronze Age
1925:, Yellow:
1862:Anatolians
1769:Institutes
1689:Lithuanian
1443:Indo-Aryan
1429:Historical
1363:Indo-Aryan
1320:Tocharians
1234:Cimmerians
1112:Bronze Age
1003:South Asia
877:Bronze Age
815:Afanasievo
619:Mainstream
383:Vocabulary
303:Sound laws
165:Indo-Aryan
3005:Telchines
2995:Pisidians
2949:Maeonians
2920:Leucosyri
2910:Isaurians
2900:Cilicians
2558:Routledge
2346:Citations
2237:case laws
2200:Pisidians
1975:Near East
1704:Practices
1523:Yarsanism
1333:Albanians
1313:East Asia
1300:Scythians
1292:Phrygians
1285:Paeonians
1278:Illyrians
1264:Thracians
1181:East Asia
1132:Armenians
1059:Hallstatt
1041:Chernoles
982:Terramare
972:Trzciniec
939:Sintashta
934:Andronovo
835:Cernavodă
808:East Asia
763:Khvalynsk
503:Philology
413:Particles
299:Phonology
240:Liburnian
215:Tocharian
210:Anatolian
179:Nuristani
72:Languages
2939:Termilae
2905:Hittites
2895:Caucones
2819:(6609).
2796:23 March
2745:23 March
2722:(1997).
2620:(2009).
2592:(2007).
2330:Maryannu
2259:See also
2164:Anatolia
2154:Iron Age
2148:Kaskians
2132:Hittites
2130:and not
2050:Neshites
2046:Hittites
2035:Assyrian
2007:Anatolia
1991:Anatolia
1983:Hattians
1963:chariots
1959:Caucasus
1951:Anatolia
1927:Hittites
1750:Scholars
1648:Germanic
1619:Scottish
1584:Thracian
1578:Illyrian
1572:Albanian
1560:European
1553:Armenian
1537:Ossetian
1531:Scythian
1516:Yazidism
1466:Buddhism
1457:Hinduism
1348:Norsemen
1258:Anatolia
1175:Iranians
1168:Iranians
1149:Iron Age
1124:Hittites
1077:Colchian
1070:Caucasus
1028:Iron Age
997:Lusatian
992:Urnfield
916:Srubnaya
911:Poltavka
901:Catacomb
840:Cucuteni
795:Caucasus
612:Religion
597:Homeland
539:Behistun
519:Linear B
408:Numerals
403:Pronouns
328:Balkanic
275:Thracian
268:Phrygian
261:Paeonian
247:Messapic
233:Illyrian
145:Hellenic
140:Germanic
109:Armenian
101:Albanian
95:Albanoid
46:a series
44:Part of
3010:Trojans
3000:Sidians
2970:Mysians
2960:Milyans
2945:Lydians
2935:Lycians
2925:Luwians
2915:Leleges
2885:Carians
2873:Peoples
2812:Science
2582:Sources
2532:July 3,
2451:July 2,
2335:Kikkuli
2310:Mitanni
2218:Culture
2196:Carians
2192:Lydians
2188:Lycians
2162:Map 3:
2128:Luwians
2084:Luwians
2065:Babylon
2054:Hattusa
2023:Hattusa
1967:Hittite
1957:or the
1955:Balkans
1931:Palaics
1929:, Red:
1923:Luwians
1893:Origins
1888:History
1682:Latvian
1640:Cornish
1510:Kurdish
1496:Persian
1488:Iranian
1480:Sikhism
1473:Jainism
1436:Hittite
1375:Iranian
1271:Dacians
1064:Jastorf
987:Tumulus
967:Únětice
896:Yamnaya
891:Chariot
829:Usatovo
770:Yamnaya
607:Society
591:Origins
524:Rigveda
376:Grammar
203:Extinct
193:Romance
172:Iranian
2964:Solymi
2787:
2736:
2701:
2666:
2634:
2606:
2564:
2320:Hyksos
2112:Luwian
2108:Kamani
2104:Yariri
2062:sacked
2058:Hattic
2039:Kanesh
1874:Turkey
1697:Slavic
1676:Baltic
1626:Breton
1606:Celtic
1590:Dacian
1546:Others
1326:Europe
1199:Europe
1193:Yuezhi
1047:Europe
1034:Steppe
945:Europe
802:Maykop
756:Samara
712:Kurgan
529:Avesta
311:Ablaut
307:Accent
254:Mysian
226:Dacian
187:Italic
135:Celtic
127:Slavic
120:Baltic
88:Extant
2766:(PDF)
2759:(PDF)
1864:were
1668:Norse
1633:Welsh
1612:Irish
1601:Roman
1596:Greek
1451:Vedic
1343:Slavs
1338:Balts
1212:Gauls
1206:Celts
1188:Wusun
1083:India
859:Baden
559:Ogham
534:Homer
421:Other
398:Nouns
393:Verbs
151:Greek
2798:2013
2785:ISBN
2747:2013
2734:ISBN
2712:2012
2699:ISBN
2677:2012
2664:ISBN
2645:2012
2632:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2534:2018
2453:2018
2229:laws
2144:Pala
2118:, a
2106:and
2044:The
1860:The
1730:Yule
1721:Sati
1010:BMAC
388:Root
2821:doi
2817:377
2247:to
2223:Law
1910:by
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