182:
2109:
1991:. In most classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone, but some linguists use the term Hellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages, either among ancient neighboring languages or among modern varieties of Greek.
4628:
2095:(Jewish Greek) is mutually intelligible with standard Greek but is sometimes considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons. Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language.
2566:, are not documented well enough to permit detailed comparison. Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with
3009:
Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient
Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.).
2864:
Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The
Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).
2805:
Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the
Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on
3035:
3402:
2087:
or
Italiot varieties of southern Italy are also not readily intelligible to speakers of standard Greek. Separate status is sometimes also argued for
1967:
1931:
4567:
1129:
4399:
4638:
4004:
4603:
3225:
2043:; due to the latter classification, a family under the name "Hellenic" has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the
3044:
2059:
in a narrow sense together with certain other, divergent modern varieties deemed separate languages on the basis of a lack of
3395:
3120:
3076:
3018:
2968:
2932:
2873:
2832:
2798:
1938:
1910:
2999:
Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to
Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
789:
2130:
1895:
2776:
The
Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). Pp. 449-450.
1960:
1917:
848:
2898:
2759:
2156:
181:
2138:
4664:
3388:
1924:
688:
4557:
3415:
199:
2134:
1780:
1555:
959:
4562:
4467:
1984:
1953:
1525:
794:
731:
532:
418:
4296:
3997:
3837:
3607:
3372:
1213:
716:
527:
522:
517:
412:
4659:
4226:
3918:
3865:
2955:
2623:(2003), Johannes Engels (2010), J. Méndez Dosuna (2012), Joachim Matzinger (2016), Emilio Crespo (2017),
2559:
2522:
2044:
1530:
1025:
726:
605:
591:
572:
111:
2988:
1999:
While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient
Macedonia were written in
868:
826:
426:
3465:
3165:
4613:
4268:
3925:
3695:
2596:
1570:
1535:
1208:
512:
4531:
4371:
3957:
3851:
3638:
3613:
2748:
Facts about the World's
Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present
2119:
1830:
1720:
1540:
1071:
903:
854:
750:
552:
507:
502:
422:
134:
2822:
2620:
4669:
4593:
4541:
4472:
4391:
3990:
3895:
3858:
3844:
3643:
3632:
3411:
2960:
2552:
2123:
1725:
1452:
562:
557:
547:
191:
68:
2953:
Masson, Olivier (2003). " Macedonian language". In
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.).
2739:
4502:
4410:
4319:
4148:
3948:
3932:
3708:
3653:
3579:
3525:
2591:
2575:
2060:
1715:
1687:
1471:
1373:
1139:
985:
609:
447:
339:
278:
233:
173:
165:
4618:
4506:
4426:
4405:
4356:
3941:
3888:
3879:
3872:
3584:
3574:
3555:
3549:
2788:
2335:
1862:
1691:
599:
595:
580:
576:
4608:
4588:
4536:
4436:
4395:
4065:
3911:
3902:
3667:
3363:
2751:
1808:
1773:
1086:
769:
721:
658:
628:
586:
566:
430:
284:
93:
3222:
The Story of Pu: The
Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser
954:
8:
4583:
4431:
4211:
4169:
4037:
3720:
3677:
3425:
3241:
Joseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.).
2434:
1081:
1076:
972:
896:
861:
784:
774:
633:
334:
329:
298:
3208:
4361:
4258:
3623:
2496:
2064:
2024:
2020:
1787:
1738:
1672:
1656:
1281:
934:
673:
359:
259:
152:
4487:
4452:
4314:
4290:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3782:
3757:
3752:
3700:
3672:
3503:
3268:
P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill,
3151:
Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages",
3116:
3072:
3014:
2964:
2928:
2894:
2869:
2828:
2794:
2755:
2675:
2567:
2563:
2273:
2080:
1801:
1767:
1759:
1703:
1697:
1679:
1650:
1629:
1615:
1607:
1377:
1238:
1178:
1160:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1058:
1053:
882:
745:
394:
387:
380:
366:
352:
312:
291:
228:
220:
4523:
4492:
4366:
4235:
4057:
3735:
3687:
3598:
3566:
3534:
3510:
3439:
2641:
2450:
2234:
2092:
1795:
1745:
1562:
1368:
1256:
1196:
1173:
1116:
1111:
1048:
1035:
1030:
1020:
693:
306:
254:
246:
239:
4633:
4623:
4329:
4164:
4078:
4042:
4032:
3796:
3768:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3453:
3446:
3380:
3190:
Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).
3110:
3093:
3062:
2918:
2571:
2555:
2475:
2378:
2036:
2028:
1876:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1816:
1752:
1731:
1709:
1294:
1183:
1106:
1015:
948:
889:
755:
487:
472:
462:
457:
373:
345:
74:
63:
4341:
2847:
Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts,
4482:
4477:
4462:
4346:
4334:
4117:
4013:
3973:
3828:
3762:
3317:, ed. Roger D. Woodard, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 777–788), p. 780.
3285:, ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–18), pp. 12–14.
3243:
Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen
2616:
2310:
2040:
1988:
1621:
1488:
1363:
921:
875:
843:
779:
270:
105:
3061:(2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
4653:
4598:
4497:
4324:
4309:
4277:
4221:
4216:
4191:
4091:
3543:
3058:
2624:
2362:
2355:
2249:
2088:
1881:
1345:
1261:
978:
836:
698:
452:
668:
4351:
4304:
4284:
4159:
4130:
4027:
2917:
Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians".
2743:
2615:
Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808), and subsequently supported by
2579:
2411:
2295:
2219:
2076:
2056:
2032:
1500:
1338:
812:
683:
482:
477:
467:
126:
4253:
4245:
4203:
4186:
4181:
4104:
2637:
2558:. The ancient languages that might have been most closely related to it,
2489:
2196:
2192:
2072:
2068:
2004:
2000:
1476:
1462:
1426:
1134:
663:
3204:
3068:
2924:
2866:
Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea
2684:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2027:. This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of
2012:
2008:
1439:
1353:
1231:
996:
2674:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
2562:(either an ancient Greek dialect or a separate Hellenic language) and
2007:), fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from
4513:
2680:
2016:
1642:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1383:
1251:
146:
120:
55:
2108:
4457:
1585:
1576:
1467:
1268:
1243:
1147:
638:
214:
51:
3982:
3661:
3173:
2849:
A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture
2694:
In other contexts, "Hellenic" and "Greek" are generally synonyms.
1635:
1599:
1592:
1390:
1010:
643:
3064:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
2055:
In addition, some linguists use the term "Hellenic" to refer to
3789:
1358:
1312:
831:
648:
43:
39:
3775:
2786:
2084:
1457:
1331:
1325:
1307:
678:
653:
47:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2653:
Suggested by Georgiev (1966), Joseph (2001) and Hamp (2013).
3315:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3283:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
2889:
Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia".
1849:
3368:
2941:
3135:
Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples",
2719:
Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987):
3224:. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. (
2091:, though this is not as easily justified. In contrast,
3366:
and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228–260), p. 228.
3170:
MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
2814:
2824:
The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI
2780:
2063:. Separate language status is most often posited for
3095:
Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics
3410:
2912:
2910:
2067:, which is thought to be uniquely a descendant of
3257:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
3240:
2499:(Doric-influenced Koine?; critically endangered)
4651:
3192:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
2907:
2787:Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011).
2713:
1994:
3336:. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
2882:
3998:
3396:
3011:Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture
2859:
2857:
2820:
1961:
4568:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
2733:
2731:
2729:
2050:
3311:. Philosophical Library, 1957, pp. 146–147.
3185:
3183:
3108:
2916:
2827:. Cambridge University Press. p. 730.
2137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4005:
3991:
3403:
3389:
3334:Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
3236:
3234:
3051:
3013:. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145.
3002:
2888:
2854:
2702:
2700:
1968:
1954:
1932:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
3033:
2893:(Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90.
2726:
2673:
2157:Learn how and when to remove this message
4639:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
3272:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3189:
3180:
2710:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3231:
3091:
2746:; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.).
2697:
16:Branch of Indo-European language family
4652:
3194:. London: Routledge. pp. 211–284.
3057:
3045:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3008:
2952:
2863:
2851:, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
2737:
3986:
3384:
3137:The Slavonic and East European Review
2821:Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (2000).
2793:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94.
2551:Hellenic constitutes a branch of the
1939:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1911:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3270:Sociolinguistic Variation and Change
2627:(2018) and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).
2135:adding citations to reliable sources
2102:
1896:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
4012:
3347:Indo-European Language and Culture
3321:Indo-European Language and Culture
3296:Indo-European Language and Culture
3281:Roger D. Woodard. "Introduction",
3245:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 836.
2868:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329.
2644:(1997) and Ian Worthington (2012).
1918:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
4681:
2546:
3664:(unknown further classification)
2987:, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,
2790:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
2742:. In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl;
2107:
2098:
1925:Journal of Indo-European Studies
689:Bible translations into Armenian
180:
4558:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
3358:Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek,"
3352:
3339:
3326:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3249:
3214:
3198:
3158:
3145:
3129:
3102:
3085:
3027:
2993:
2977:
2956:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2647:
2630:
2609:
200:List of Indo-European languages
3373:Languages across Europe: Greek
2841:
2768:
2688:
2667:
2640:(1874), Otto Hoffmann (1906),
1:
4563:Center for the Greek Language
4121:
4108:
4095:
4082:
4069:
3112:Alexander the Great: A Reader
2660:
1985:Indo-European language family
1526:Proto-Indo-European mythology
795:Paleolithic continuity theory
3037:Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen
1995:Greek and ancient Macedonian
1214:Northern Black Polished Ware
413:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
3360:The Indo-European Languages
3313:Claude Brixhe. "Phrygian,"
3098:. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.
3034:Matzinger, Joachim (2016).
2891:The Greek World, 479-323 BC
2585:
2045:ancient Macedonian language
1531:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
4686:
3349:. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
3323:. Blackwell, 2004, p. 403.
3298:. Blackwell, 2004, p. 405.
2723:. London: Routledge, p. 1.
2437:† (related to Mycenaean?)
1987:whose principal member is
827:Domestication of the horse
4576:
4550:
4522:
4445:
4419:
4384:
4267:
4244:
4147:
4140:
4056:
4020:
3967:
3827:
3745:
3718:
3686:
3652:
3622:
3597:
3565:
3533:
3524:
3463:
3434:
3423:
3115:. Routledge. p. 71.
3109:Worthington, Ian (2012).
2985:Indo-European linguistics
2738:Joseph, Brian D. (2001).
2708:Medieval and Modern Greek
2597:Varieties of Modern Greek
2519:
2494:
2473:
2448:
2432:
2425:
2409:
2376:
2360:
2349:
2333:
2308:
2293:
2286:
2271:
2247:
2232:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2183:
2175:
2051:Modern Hellenic languages
2031:, and occasionally as an
2021:Greek region of Macedonia
1536:Historical Vedic religion
813:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
145:
133:
119:
99:
89:
64:Linguistic classification
62:
33:
28:
23:
3142::103:285-297 (July 1966)
2959:(revised 3rd ed.).
2602:
1541:Ancient Iranian religion
904:Novotitarovskaya culture
751:Indo-European migrations
4665:Indo-European languages
4594:Greek language question
3412:Indo-European languages
3092:Hammond, N.G.L (1997).
2983:Michael Meier-Brügger,
2961:Oxford University Press
2358: (disputed)
1042:Northern/Eastern Steppe
3071:. pp. 1862–1867.
3043:(Speech) (in German).
2592:Ancient Greek dialects
2576:Indo-Iranian languages
2061:mutual intelligibility
2035:dialect or a distinct
1513:Religion and mythology
1472:Medieval Scandinavians
763:Alternative and fringe
3345:Benjamin W. Fortson.
3319:Benjamin W. Fortson.
3294:Benjamin W. Fortson.
3209:Family tree for Greek
3176:on November 22, 2013.
2621:Michael Meier-Brügger
2220:Standard Modern Greek
2029:Northwest Doric Greek
1983:is the branch of the
1863:Indo-European studies
1226:Peoples and societies
4604:Morphemes in English
4589:Eteocypriot language
4021:Origin and genealogy
3364:Anna Giacalone Ramat
3307:Johannes Friedrich.
3255:G. Horrocks (1997),
3220:N. Nicholas (1999),
3166:"Ancient Macedonian"
3153:Sino-Platonic Papers
2963:. pp. 905–906.
2752:H. W. Wilson Company
2131:improve this section
770:Anatolian hypothesis
722:Proto-Indo-Europeans
629:Hittite inscriptions
174:Indo-European topics
4609:Terms of endearment
4584:Eteocretan language
4551:Promotion and study
4038:Pre-Greek substrate
3838:Proto-Indo-European
2927:. pp. 64, 77.
2365:(Doric-influenced)
2338:(a mixed language)
2019:discoveries in the
1026:Multi-cordoned ware
897:Mikhaylovka culture
785:Indigenous Aryanism
775:Armenian hypothesis
634:Hieroglyphic Luwian
4660:Hellenic languages
4629:Greek Language Day
4259:Jewish Koine Greek
4048:Hellenic languages
3919:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3866:Proto-Balto-Slavic
3608:Continental Celtic
3259:. London: Longman.
2560:ancient Macedonian
2523:Ancient Macedonian
2356:Italiot Greek
2181: Greek
2025:Pella curse tablet
2009:onomastic evidence
606:Proto-Indo-Iranian
592:Proto-Balto-Slavic
573:Proto-Italo-Celtic
112:Ancient Macedonian
4647:
4646:
4453:Cypriot syllabary
4380:
4379:
4254:Hellenistic Koine
3980:
3979:
3974:extinct languages
3593:
3592:
3520:
3519:
3309:Extinct Languages
3122:978-1-136-64003-2
3078:978-3-11-054243-1
3020:978-960-7779-52-6
2970:978-0-19-860641-3
2934:978-3-11-071876-8
2920:Ancient Macedonia
2875:978-3-11-053081-0
2834:978-0-521-23348-4
2800:978-1-4443-5163-7
2706:Browning (1983),
2676:"Graeco-Phrygian"
2543:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2508:
2507:
2462:
2461:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2322:
2321:
2274:Cappadocian Greek
2260:
2259:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2083:of Anatolia. The
2081:Cappadocian Greek
1978:
1977:
1239:Anatolian peoples
1209:Painted Grey Ware
1097:Nordic Bronze Age
746:Kurgan hypothesis
699:Old Irish glosses
664:Gaulish epigraphy
159:
158:
4677:
4372:Greco-Australian
4145:
4144:
4126:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4100:
4097:
4087:
4084:
4074:
4071:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3926:Proto-Indo-Aryan
3531:
3530:
3432:
3431:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3332:James Clackson.
3330:
3324:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3218:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3172:. Archived from
3162:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2950:
2939:
2938:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2861:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2744:Bodomo, Adams B.
2735:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2671:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:N. G. L. Hammond
2634:
2628:
2613:
2428:
2427:
2352:
2351:
2289:
2288:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2111:
2103:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1811:
1804:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1659:
1645:
1638:
1624:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1369:Germanic peoples
1359:Hellenic peoples
1348:
1341:
1334:
1257:Mycenaean Greeks
1246:
1174:Thraco-Cimmerian
1072:Globular Amphora
1049:Abashevo culture
988:
981:
951:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
694:Tocharian script
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
315:
301:
294:
287:
273:
249:
242:
223:
184:
161:
160:
155:
141:
129:
21:
20:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4634:Trojan language
4624:Minoan language
4572:
4546:
4518:
4446:Writing systems
4441:
4437:Standard Modern
4415:
4411:Standard Modern
4376:
4330:Greco/Calabrian
4263:
4240:
4136:
4124:
4111:
4098:
4085:
4079:Mycenaean Greek
4072:
4052:
4043:Graeco-Phrygian
4033:Graeco-Armenian
4016:
4011:
3981:
3976:
3963:
3958:Proto-Tocharian
3852:Proto-Anatolian
3829:Proto-languages
3823:
3741:
3714:
3696:Latino-Faliscan
3682:
3648:
3618:
3589:
3561:
3516:
3459:
3419:
3409:
3379:
3378:
3367:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3239:
3232:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3188:
3181:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3067:. Vol. 3.
3056:
3052:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2989:on Google books
2982:
2978:
2971:
2951:
2942:
2935:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:. p. 256.
2740:"Ancient Greek"
2736:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2588:
2572:Graeco-Armenian
2556:language family
2549:
2544:
2535:
2509:
2463:
2399:
2390:
2379:Calabrian Greek
2323:
2313:(Mariupolitan)
2261:
2201:
2190:
2173:Hellenic
2163:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2128:
2112:
2101:
2053:
2037:sister language
1997:
1974:
1945:
1944:
1877:Marija Gimbutas
1865:
1855:
1854:
1846:Winter solstice
1836:Horse sacrifice
1807:
1800:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1683:
1668:
1655:
1641:
1634:
1620:
1611:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1545:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1448:
1435:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1248:
1242:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1192:
1169:
1156:
1144:
1125:
1067:
1044:
1006:
999:
993:
984:
977:
968:
966:Northern Europe
947:
943:
930:
917:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
849:Steppe cultures
822:
815:
808:
800:
799:
790:Baltic homeland
764:
760:
756:Eurasian nomads
740:
736:
712:
704:
703:
674:Runic epigraphy
669:Latin epigraphy
624:
616:
615:
553:Proto-Anatolian
537:
492:
488:Thraco-Illyrian
473:Graeco-Phrygian
463:Graeco-Armenian
458:Graeco-Albanian
437:
415:
402:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
311:
297:
290:
283:
269:
245:
238:
219:
204:
196:
194:
151:
140:56= (phylozone)
139:
125:
75:Graeco-Phrygian
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4670:Greek language
4667:
4662:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Greek numerals
4480:
4478:Attic numerals
4475:
4470:
4463:Greek alphabet
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4320:Constantinople
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4128:
4118:Medieval Greek
4115:
4102:
4089:
4076:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4014:Greek language
4010:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3915:
3912:Proto-Hellenic
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:Proto-Germanic
3892:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3862:
3859:Proto-Armenian
3855:
3848:
3845:Proto-Albanian
3841:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3639:North Germanic
3636:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3614:Insular Celtic
3611:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3544:Dnieper Baltic
3539:
3537:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3351:
3338:
3325:
3300:
3287:
3274:
3261:
3248:
3230:
3213:
3197:
3179:
3157:
3144:
3128:
3121:
3101:
3084:
3077:
3059:Brixhe, Claude
3050:
3026:
3019:
3001:
2992:
2976:
2969:
2940:
2933:
2906:
2899:
2881:
2874:
2853:
2840:
2833:
2813:
2799:
2779:
2767:
2760:
2725:
2712:
2696:
2687:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2629:
2617:Olivier Masson
2607:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2548:
2547:Classification
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2075:, followed by
2052:
2049:
2023:, such as the
2003:(and later in
1996:
1993:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Fire sacrifice
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:Zoroastrianism
1604:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1489:Medieval India
1480:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1371:
1366:
1364:Italic peoples
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1140:Gandhara grave
1137:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
990:
989:
986:Middle Dnieper
982:
963:
962:
957:
952:
941:Eastern Europe
938:
937:
925:
924:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
900:
886:
879:
872:
869:Dnieper–Donets
865:
858:
846:
844:Kurgan culture
841:
840:
839:
829:
817:
816:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
780:Beech argument
777:
772:
766:
765:
759:
758:
753:
748:
742:
741:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
603:
589:
584:
570:
563:Proto-Germanic
560:
558:Proto-Armenian
555:
550:
548:Proto-Albanian
544:
543:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
499:
498:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
443:
436:
435:
434:
433:
409:
408:
401:
400:
399:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
337:
332:
326:
325:
319:
318:
317:
316:
304:
303:
302:
295:
288:
276:
275:
274:
262:
257:
252:
251:
250:
243:
231:
226:
225:
224:
211:
210:
203:
202:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
177:
176:
170:
169:
157:
156:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
123:
117:
116:
115:
114:
108:
101:
97:
96:
91:
90:Proto-language
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
66:
60:
59:
37:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4682:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4503:Cyrillization
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Archaic forms
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:Griko/Apulian
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4170:Arcadocypriot
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4119:
4116:
4112: 300 BC
4106:
4103:
4093:
4092:Ancient Greek
4090:
4080:
4077:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3949:Proto-Romance
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3933:Proto-Iranian
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3644:West Germanic
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:East Germanic
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2900:0-415-16326-9
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2774:David Dalby.
2771:
2763:
2761:9780824209704
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2681:Glottolog 3.0
2677:
2670:
2666:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2636:Suggested by
2633:
2626:
2625:Claude Brixhe
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:Indo-European
2539:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Arcadocypriot
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Crimean Greek
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:Cypriot Greek
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2150:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2116:This section
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2099:Language tree
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:J. P. Mallory
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:Reconstructed
1517:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:Insular Celts
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:Indo-Iranians
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:Pontic Steppe
998:
995:
994:
987:
983:
980:
976:
975:
974:
971:
970:
969:
967:
961:
958:
956:
953:
950:
946:
945:
944:
942:
936:
933:
932:
931:
929:
923:
920:
919:
918:
916:
905:
901:
898:
894:
893:
891:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
837:Kurgan stelae
835:
834:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
821:
820:Pontic Steppe
814:
811:
810:
804:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
762:
761:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
738:
737:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
708:
707:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
620:
619:
611:
610:Proto-Iranian
607:
604:
601:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
582:
578:
574:
571:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:Daco-Thracian
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
439:
438:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
416:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:Reconstructed
404:
403:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
343:
342:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
314:
310:
309:
308:
305:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
281:
280:
277:
272:
268:
267:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
248:
244:
241:
237:
236:
235:
232:
230:
227:
222:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
193:
188:
187:
183:
179:
178:
175:
172:
171:
167:
163:
162:
154:
150:
148:
144:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
113:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
81:
78:
77:
76:
72:
71:
70:
69:Indo-European
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4507:Romanization
4357:Romano-Greek
4347:Mariupolitan
4295:
4285:Katharevousa
4283:
4276:
4133:(since 1453)
4131:Modern Greek
4047:
4028:Graeco-Aryan
3969:
3956:
3947:
3942:Proto-Italic
3940:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3894:
3889:Proto-Celtic
3887:
3880:Proto-Slavic
3878:
3873:Proto-Baltic
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3709:Osco-Umbrian
3707:
3654:Indo-Iranian
3631:
3606:
3580:South Slavic
3554:
3542:
3526:Balto-Slavic
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3464:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3424:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3242:
3221:
3216:
3200:
3191:
3174:the original
3169:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3087:
3063:
3053:
3036:
3029:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2984:
2979:
2954:
2919:
2890:
2884:
2865:
2848:
2843:
2823:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2747:
2721:Modern Greek
2720:
2715:
2707:
2690:
2679:
2669:
2649:
2632:
2611:
2580:Graeco-Aryan
2550:
2520:
2495:
2474:
2449:
2433:
2410:
2377:
2361:
2336:Romano-Greek
2334:
2309:
2294:
2272:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2153:
2144:
2129:Please help
2117:
2071:rather than
2057:modern Greek
2054:
2033:Aeolic Greek
1998:
1980:
1979:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1903:Publications
1902:
1888:
1869:
1823:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:Paleo-Balkan
1678:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1606:
1605:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1518:
1501:Greater Iran
1494:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1374:Paleo-Balkan
1339:Celtiberians
1318:
1317:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1152:
1122:
1121:
1064:
1063:
1041:
1040:
1003:
1002:
965:
964:
940:
939:
927:
926:
914:
913:
855:Bug–Dniester
819:
818:
684:Gothic Bible
600:Proto-Baltic
596:Proto-Slavic
581:Proto-Italic
577:Proto-Celtic
540:
495:
483:Italo-Celtic
478:Indo-Hittite
468:Graeco-Aryan
441:Hypothetical
440:
405:
340:Paleo-Balkan
322:
279:Indo-Iranian
264:
234:Balto-Slavic
207:
135:Linguasphere
100:Subdivisions
79:
36:distribution
18:
4614:Place names
4488:Orthography
4297:Misthiotika
4291:Cappadocian
4105:Koine Greek
4086: 1600
4073: 2900
4066:Proto-Greek
3903:Proto-Norse
3730:Tocharian A
3585:West Slavic
3575:East Slavic
3556:West Baltic
3550:East Baltic
2638:August Fick
2073:Attic Greek
2015:and recent
2005:Koine Greek
2001:Attic Greek
1781:Continental
1774:Anglo-Saxon
1477:Middle Ages
1427:Middle Ages
1282:Indo-Aryans
1275:Indo-Aryans
1082:Bell Beaker
1077:Corded ware
973:Corded ware
862:Sredny Stog
807:Archaeology
587:Proto-Greek
567:Proto-Norse
94:Proto-Greek
4654:Categories
4524:Literature
4493:Diacritics
4236:Pamphylian
4227:Macedonian
4208:Northwest
4125: 330
4099: 800
3668:Indo-Aryan
3205:Ethnologue
3155:, vol 239.
3069:De Gruyter
2925:De Gruyter
2661:References
2570:(see also
2451:Pamphylian
2147:April 2024
2017:epigraphic
2013:glossaries
2011:, ancient
1889:Institutes
1809:Lithuanian
1563:Indo-Aryan
1549:Historical
1483:Indo-Aryan
1440:Tocharians
1354:Cimmerians
1232:Bronze Age
1123:South Asia
997:Bronze Age
935:Afanasievo
739:Mainstream
503:Vocabulary
423:Sound laws
285:Indo-Aryan
34:Geographic
4537:Byzantine
4514:Greeklish
4385:Phonology
4362:Tsakonian
4315:Himariote
4165:Mycenaean
4141:Varieties
4088:–1100 BC)
4075:–1600 BC)
3972:indicate
3721:Tocharian
3678:Nuristani
3426:Anatolian
2497:Tsakonian
2476:Mycenaean
2118:does not
2065:Tsakonian
1824:Practices
1643:Yarsanism
1453:Albanians
1433:East Asia
1420:Scythians
1412:Phrygians
1405:Paeonians
1398:Illyrians
1384:Thracians
1301:East Asia
1252:Armenians
1179:Hallstatt
1161:Chernoles
1102:Terramare
1092:Trzciniec
1059:Sintashta
1054:Andronovo
955:Cernavodă
928:East Asia
883:Khvalynsk
623:Philology
533:Particles
419:Phonology
360:Liburnian
335:Tocharian
330:Anatolian
299:Nuristani
192:Languages
147:Glottolog
121:ISO 639-5
56:Black Sea
4619:Proverbs
4458:Linear B
4400:teaching
4156:Central
4114:–AD 330)
4101:–300 BC)
3818:Thracian
3811:Phrygian
3804:Paeonian
3783:Illyrian
3758:Armenian
3753:Albanian
3624:Germanic
3504:Pisidian
2619:(1996),
2586:See also
2568:Armenian
2564:Phrygian
1981:Hellenic
1870:Scholars
1768:Germanic
1739:Scottish
1704:Thracian
1698:Illyrian
1692:Albanian
1680:European
1673:Armenian
1657:Ossetian
1651:Scythian
1636:Yazidism
1586:Buddhism
1577:Hinduism
1468:Norsemen
1378:Anatolia
1295:Iranians
1288:Iranians
1269:Iron Age
1244:Hittites
1197:Colchian
1190:Caucasus
1148:Iron Age
1117:Lusatian
1112:Urnfield
1036:Srubnaya
1031:Poltavka
1021:Catacomb
960:Cucuteni
915:Caucasus
732:Religion
717:Homeland
659:Behistun
639:Linear B
528:Numerals
523:Pronouns
448:Balkanic
395:Thracian
388:Phrygian
381:Paeonian
367:Messapic
353:Illyrian
265:Hellenic
260:Germanic
229:Armenian
221:Albanian
215:Albanoid
166:a series
164:Part of
153:gree1276
80:Hellenic
54:and the
52:Anatolia
24:Hellenic
4599:Exonyms
4532:Ancient
4498:Braille
4468:History
4427:Ancient
4420:Grammar
4392:Ancient
4367:Yevanic
4325:Italiot
4310:Cypriot
4278:Demotic
4222:Locrian
4217:Epirote
4212:Achaean
4192:Homeric
4149:Ancient
4058:Periods
3970:Italics
3790:Moesian
3776:Getaean
3736:Kuchean
3701:Romance
3673:Iranian
3662:Badeshi
3511:Sidetic
3440:Hittite
2492:
2235:Yevanic
2139:removed
2124:sources
2093:Yevanic
2089:Cypriot
1802:Latvian
1760:Cornish
1630:Kurdish
1616:Persian
1608:Iranian
1600:Sikhism
1593:Jainism
1556:Hittite
1495:Iranian
1391:Dacians
1184:Jastorf
1107:Tumulus
1087:Únětice
1016:Yamnaya
1011:Chariot
949:Usatovo
890:Yamnaya
727:Society
711:Origins
644:Rigveda
496:Grammar
323:Extinct
313:Romance
292:Iranian
4542:Modern
4396:accent
4352:Pontic
4342:Maniot
4305:Cretan
4269:Modern
4160:Aeolic
4127:–1453)
3797:Mysian
3769:Dacian
3746:Others
3688:Italic
3599:Celtic
3567:Slavic
3535:Baltic
3497:Milyan
3490:Lycian
3483:Luwian
3476:Carian
3454:Palaic
3447:Lydian
3362:, ed.
3119:
3075:
3017:
2967:
2931:
2897:
2872:
2831:
2809:Greek.
2797:
2758:
2574:) and
2488:
2412:Aeolic
2296:Pontic
2199:
2191:
2077:Pontic
1817:Slavic
1796:Baltic
1746:Breton
1726:Celtic
1710:Dacian
1666:Others
1446:Europe
1319:Europe
1313:Yuezhi
1167:Europe
1154:Steppe
1065:Europe
922:Maykop
876:Samara
832:Kurgan
649:Avesta
431:Ablaut
427:Accent
374:Mysian
346:Dacian
307:Italic
255:Celtic
247:Slavic
240:Baltic
208:Extant
58:region
44:Cyprus
40:Greece
4577:Other
4432:Koine
4406:Koine
4246:Koine
4204:Doric
4200:West
4187:Ionic
4182:Attic
4178:East
3763:Greek
3466:Luwic
3041:(PDF)
2807:koine
2603:Notes
2578:(see
2490:Doric
2363:Griko
2197:Attic
2193:Ionic
2085:Griko
2069:Doric
2041:Greek
1989:Greek
1788:Norse
1753:Welsh
1732:Irish
1721:Roman
1716:Greek
1571:Vedic
1463:Slavs
1458:Balts
1332:Gauls
1326:Celts
1308:Wusun
1203:India
979:Baden
679:Ogham
654:Homer
541:Other
518:Nouns
513:Verbs
271:Greek
106:Greek
48:Italy
29:Greek
4505:and
3416:list
3117:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2521:(?)
2122:any
2120:cite
2079:and
1850:Yule
1841:Sati
1130:BMAC
508:Root
110:(?)
73:(?)
3369:BBC
3226:PDF
2582:).
2133:by
2039:of
1135:Yaz
127:grk
4656::
4122:c.
4109:c.
4096:c.
4083:c.
4070:c.
3371::
3233:^
3207::
3182:^
3168:.
3140:44
2943:^
2923:.
2909:^
2856:^
2803:.
2750:.
2728:^
2699:^
2678:.
2525:†
2478:†
2453:†
2414:†
2047:.
1247:)
598:·
579:·
429:,
425:,
421::
168:on
50:,
46:,
42:,
4402:)
4398:/
4394:(
4120:(
4107:(
4094:(
4081:(
4068:(
4006:e
3999:t
3992:v
3418:)
3414:(
3404:e
3397:t
3390:v
3228:)
3211:.
3125:.
3081:.
3047:.
3023:.
2973:.
2937:.
2903:.
2878:.
2837:.
2764:.
2195:–
2160:)
2154:(
2149:)
2145:(
2141:.
2127:.
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1848:/
1712:)
1707:·
1701:·
1695:·
1690:(
1470:/
1376:/
1241:(
612:)
608:(
602:)
594:(
583:)
575:(
569:)
565:(
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