9547:, p. 175: "The emergence of Proto-Greek happened during a long, continuous linguistic process which involved numerous changes in all major linguistic fields (→ phonology, morphology, → syntax, lexicon), as a migrating population of (soon-to-become) Greek speakers were en route to/on the outskirts of Greece, i.e., somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper. But Proto-Greek was practically formed after the arrival of its speakers in Greece and their merger with pre-Greek populations (→ Pre-Greek Languages; → Pre-Greek Substrate), as is indicated, inter alia, by the high number of loanwords (e.g. sûkon 'fig') and suffixes (e.g. -nthos, -s(s)os/-ttos) which were borrowed into Proto-Greek (see (6), (7) below)."
9749:). In the first centuries of the second millennium, Proto-Greek was undifferentiated, although there was no doubt some variation, as well as affinities with other Balkan languages. Around 1700, South Greek-speaking tribes penetrated into Boeotia, Attica, and the Peloponnese, while North Greek was spoken roughly in Thessaly, parts of Central Greece, and further North and West (up to Epirus, and perhaps also Macedonia). During the early Mycenaean period, South Greek diverged by the assibilation of *ti, the simplification of word-internal *ts and *ss, and a number of morphological innovations.
6056:
more secure for the five standard cases of
Classical Greek (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative) and probably also the instrumental in its usual plural suffix -pʰi and the variant /-ṓis/ for o-stem nouns. The ablative and locative are uncertain; at the time of Mycenaean texts they may have been undergoing a merger with the genitive and dative respectively. It is thought that the syncretism between cases proceeded faster for the plural, with dative and locative already merged as
2006:
207:
5099:
2014:
13632:
13642:
13652:
7171:
2353:
34:
9571:, pp. 84–86: "Contacts must have existed, too, until 1900 B.C., when Western tribes lived in Epirus, Southwest Illyria and Western Macedonia, i.e. in the western neighborhood of the Ionians... The main body of the Proto-Greeks – as seen already in Sakellariou 1980 – had settled in southwest Illyria, Epirus, Western Macedonia, and northwestern Thessaly."
9421:, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (
9169:, p. 156: "The Proto-Greek region included Epirus, approximately up to Αὐλών in the north including Paravaia, Tymphaia, Athamania, Dolopia, Amphilochia, and Acarnania), west and north Thessaly (Hestiaiotis, Perrhaibia, Tripolis, and Pieria), i. e. more or less the territory of contemporary northwestern Greece)."
9559:, p. 84: "The time of the departure of the Proto-Greeks semel is mid EH II (2400/2300 B.C) (L and A available). Their route between Ukraine and Greece can be supposed to have led through Rumania and East Balkans towards the Hebros-vallev (North-Eastern Greece). Here they turned to the West (A available)."
6055:
Proto-Greek preserved the gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, dual, plural) distinctions of the nominal system of Proto-Indo-European. However, the evidence from
Mycenaean Greek is inconclusive with regard to whether all eight cases continued to see complete usage, but this is
2276:
considered these findings highly significant, and agreed that due to the minimal traces of pre-Greek toponymy in the region, Epirus and western
Thessaly must have formed the region of concentration of Proto-Greek speakers, before their spread southwards. However, the dating of proto-Greek in Bronze
3224:
in words containing multiple aspirates. It caused an initial aspirated sound to lose its aspiration when a following aspirated consonant occurred in the same word. It was a relatively late change in Proto-Greek history, and must have occurred independently of the similar dissimilation of aspirates
2288:
In modern bibliography, models about the settlement and development of proto-Greek speakers in the Greek peninsula place it in the region at the earliest around 2200–2000 BC, during the Early
Helladic III. Asko Parpola and Christian Carpelan (2005) date the arrival of Proto-Greek speakers into the
9753:
Scholars often date the immigration into the
Peloponnese to the end of the third millennium, but I would prefer a later date coinciding with the beginning of Late Helladic, in the seventeenth century BCE (cf. Hajnal 2005). This would fit the linguistic data best, as reconstructible differences
2200:
According to Filos (2014), the emergence of Proto-Greek was a long and continuous linguistic evolution, as the predecessors of Greek speakers were migrating towards the outskirts of Greece, somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper, where they eventually merged with pre-Greek
3980:
palatal consonants. Any aspiration was lost in the process. The palatalized consonants later simplified, mostly losing their palatal character. Palatalization occurred in two separate stages. The first stage affected only dental consonants, and the second stage affected all consonants.
6029:
The results of vowel contraction were complex from dialect to dialect. Such contractions occur in the inflection of a number of different noun and verb classes and are among the most difficult aspects of
Ancient Greek grammar. They were particularly important in the large class of
14312:
2319:
BC. The conventional division of the Greek dialects prior to 1955 differentiated them between a West Greek (consisting of Doric and
Northwest Greek) and an East Greek (consisting of Aeolic, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group. However, after the decipherment of the
9208:
Thus in the region defined just above, roughly northern and north-western Greece, one finds only archaic Greek place-names. Consequently, this is the proto-Hellenic area, the early homeland of the Greeks where they lived before they invaded central and southern
5974:
respectively. That happened to all labiovelars in some dialects like
Lesbian; in other dialects, like Attic, it occurred to all labiovelars not converted into dentals. Many occurrences of dentals were later converted into labials by analogy with other forms:
5764:
Analogical prosodic changes that converted a penultimate heavy acute accent to circumflex (retraction by one mora) if both the final and (if present) the preceding syllable were light. This produced alternations within a paradigm, for example Attic
2216:
river valley from where their main body moved west. As such Katona as well as M.V Sakellariou agree that the main body of Greek speakers settled in a region that included southwestern
Illyria, Epirus, northwestern Thessaly and western Macedonia.
2328:
argued for a division between a
Northern (consisting of Doric, Northwest Greek, and Aeolic) and a Southern (consisting of Mycenaean, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group, which remains fundamental until today.
2762:". This was a phonotactic restriction already in Proto-Indo-European, and continued to be productive in Proto-Greek. It ceased to be in effect when labiovelars disappeared from the language in post-Proto-Greek.
10486:
Renfrew, Colin (1973). "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin". In Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.).
3476:
sequence) leads to the same triple reflex, but most IE languages lost such laryngeals and a few reflect them initially before consonants. Greek vocalized them (leading to what are misleadingly termed
3309:
with distinct vowels. Most Indo-European languages can be traced back to a dialectal variety of late Proto-Indo-European (PIE) in which all three laryngeals had merged (after colouring adjacent short
10346:
Filos, Panagiotis (2014). "Proto-Greek and Common Greek". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Bubenik, Vit; Crespo, Emilio; Golston, Chris; Lianeri, Alexandra; Luraghi, Silvia; Matthaios, Stephanos (eds.).
5753:
in Attic, where a penultimate circumflex accent was retracted onto a preceding light syllable if the final syllable was also light: light-circumflex-light > acute-heavy-light. For example,
4992:, no distinction is found in any historically attested form of Greek between the outcomes of the first and second palatalizations, and so there is no visible evidence of an opposition between
3012:
that are not followed by a laryngeal are resolved to vowels or combinations of a vowel and consonantal resonant. This resulted in an epenthetic vowel of undetermined quality (denoted here as
2174:), and reached Greece in a date set around the transition of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age. The evolution of Proto-Greek could be considered within the context of an early
4159:
The second palatalization took place following the resolution of syllabic laryngeals and sonorants, and prior to Grassmann's law. It affected all consonants followed by the palatal glide
3903:
but otherwise vanishes early on. That change appears to be uniform across the Indo-European languages and was probably the first environment in which laryngeals were lost. If the first
10508:
Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.).
10468:
2339:, South Greek-speaking tribes spread to Boeotia, Attica, and the Peloponnese, while North Greek was spoken in Epirus, Thessaly, parts of Central Greece, and perhaps also Macedonia.
10490:
Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield
9182:
Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield
9091:"The cultural counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan : matching the dispersal and contact patterns in the linguistic and archaeological record"
9639:
Supports an interpretation of Marija Gimbutas' Kurgan theory involving the migration of a proto-Greek population which arrived in Greece during the Early Helladic period.
10660:
5466:, where they behave as clitics and bear no accent. The accentless forms later acquired a default recessive accent, placed as far left as the law of limitation allowed.
9294:
2021:(1973 & 1981). The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many
9060:"the arrival of the Proto-Greek -speakers took place at various sites in central and southern Greece at the beginning and end of the Early Helladic III period.
9196:
9335:
7247:. However, the augment down to the time of Homer remained optional and was probably little more than a free sentence particle, meaning "previously" in the
6116:
The Proto-Greek nominal system is thought to have included cases of gender change according to number, heteroclisy and stem alternation (ex. genitive form
5437:, confined the freedom of the accents to the final three syllables. Alternatively, it can be analyzed as restraining the accent to be within the last four
9745:
5676:, as a result of an earlier sound change). See below for details. It had not yet happened in Mycenaean, as is shown by the fact that a separate letter
2961:
script did not explicitly mark final consonants. However, it appears that these stops were preserved word finally for unstressed words, reflected in
2268:. The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region, in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many
80:
14355:
10779:
10709:
Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy
9134:
Hajnal, Ivo (2007). "Die Vorgeschichte der griechischen Dialekte: ein methodischer Rück- und Ausblick". In Hajnal, Ivo; Stefan, Barbara (eds.).
5739:
in Attic and Ionic dialects (but not Doric). In Ionic, the change was general, but in Attic it did not occur after /i/, /e/ or /r/. (Note Attic
2181:
that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial
9368:
3283:
that accompanied second-stage palatalization (see below), which postdates both of the previous changes (as well as first-stage palatalization);
1992:
3955:
and vocalic resonants, when it directly followed a vowel, back into a consonant and merging adjacent non-high vowels into a single long vowel.
10457:
1956:
14251:
2315:
dates the beginning of the diversification of Proto-Greek into the subsequent Greek dialects to a point not significantly earlier than 1700
14512:
9708:
9253:
9108:
2009:
Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100-1900 B.C.) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)
1154:
9492:
14083:
12379:
2201:
populations to form the Proto-Greek language. A. L. Katona (2000) places the beginning of the migration from Ukraine towards the south
2193:, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a
10667:
3191:
Devoicing of voiced aspirates *bʰ, *dʰ, *ɡʰ, *ɡʷʰ to *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ, *kʷʰ. This change preceded and fed both stages of palatalization.
6068:. Nevertheless, seven case distinctions are securely attested in Mycenaean in some domain, with the status of the ablative unclear.
14322:
13688:
3880:, as expected, but it otherwise disappears entirely (as in most other Indo-European languages but not Indo-Iranian whose laryngeal
14287:
5866:
In Attic and some other dialects (but not, for example, Aeolic), labiovelars before some front vowels became dentals. In Attic,
14517:
5785:, when following a vowel and not preceding a vowel, combined early on with the vowel to form a diphthong and so were not lost.
2812:
in intervocalic and prevocalic positions (between two vowels, or if word-initial and followed by a vowel). Loss of prevocalic
10689:
10641:
10551:
10519:
10446:
10414:
10361:
10336:
10279:
10258:
10234:
9673:
9620:
9523:
BC led gradually in the succeeding centuries to the much clearer definition of the languages of the constituent sub-regions."
9486:
9329:
9288:
9247:
9190:
9102:
9041:
7192:
4660:
was preceded by other consonants. In formations that were morphologically opaque, the restoration did not take place and the
2374:
1963:
1935:
10581:
10525:
10420:
10388:
10285:
9626:
9047:
14348:
11767:
6999:("Yoke" in later Proto-Hellenic and both Classical and Modern Greek is masculine due to a gender shift from *-ón to *-ós).
5998:
Original PIE labiovelars had still remained as such even before consonants and so became labials also there. In many other
4358:
The resulting palatal consonants and clusters of Proto-Greek were resolved in varying ways prior to the historical period.
2224:
placed Proto-Greek in northwestern Greece and adjacent areas (approximately up to the Aulon river to the north), including
814:
9278:
7251:, which may easily have been lost by most other branches. Greek, Phrygian, and Indo-Iranian also concur in the absence of
10772:
7235:, to verbal forms expressing past tense. That feature is shared only with Indo-Iranian and Phrygian (and to some extent,
1920:
9033:
The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth
12389:
12079:
11772:
11706:
9137:
Die altgriechischen Dialekte. Wesen und Werden. Akten des Kolloquiums, Freie Universität Berlin, 19.–22. September 2001
3943:
always remaining as vocalic until the dissolution of vocalic resonants in the various daughter languages. Otherwise, a
1985:
1942:
873:
3690:
next to a laryngeal not adjacent to a vowel in the Indo-European dialect ancestral to Greek (subsequently coloured to
11777:
11752:
10748:
10716:
10575:
10498:
10382:
9702:
9009:
7218:
6034:, denominative verbs formed from nouns and adjectives ending in a vowel. (In fact, the reflex of contracted verbs in
5462:
Loss of accent in finite verb forms. This probably began in verbs of independent clauses, a development also seen in
2400:
206:
9587:: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks."
7200:
2382:
13586:
12335:
11762:
11757:
1949:
713:
14341:
14241:
12229:
12089:
12084:
11361:
10629:
9180:
224:
9319:
13613:
12254:
11668:
10765:
9140:(in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. p. 136.
7196:
2378:
1805:
1580:
984:
10312:
9141:
5750:
5479:
4147:(which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨s⟩) is consistently written differently from the reflex of original
3313:
vowels), but Greek clearly cannot. For that reason, Greek is extremely important in reconstructing PIE forms.
14246:
14151:
13608:
13165:
12658:
12174:
12094:
11792:
11502:
5483:
5444:
3969:
1978:
1550:
819:
756:
557:
443:
13980:
13681:
13581:
12110:
11564:
10622:
The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek: Linguistic Prehistory of the Greek Dialects and Homeric
10226:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
8792:
7948:
7675:
7569:
7358:
7043:
6777:
6763:
6749:
6502:
6488:
6474:
6219:
6205:
6191:
5333:
5281:
5250:
5184:
5110:
2742:
2278:
2167:
2125:
1238:
741:
552:
547:
542:
437:
8429:
8351:
8295:
8242:
5903:
5899:
5887:
5883:
5812:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5778:
5736:
5718:
5714:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5673:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5629:
5610:
5606:
5409:
5403:
5373:
5369:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5082:
5078:
5068:
3900:
3877:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3310:
3249:
3245:
2973:
2969:
2809:
2805:
2787:
2755:
13910:
12636:
12244:
12120:
11782:
11736:
11691:
11467:
11156:
4728:
3593:
3585:
2147:
2085:
1555:
1050:
751:
630:
616:
597:
13175:
13297:
13170:
12303:
12298:
12274:
12184:
11701:
10799:
10673:
5999:
5669:
5166:
4656:) occurred only in morphologically transparent formations, by analogy with similar formations in which
2765:
893:
851:
451:
14297:
13952:
13655:
13598:
12554:
12357:
12342:
12264:
12199:
11519:
11414:
10888:
10822:
2105:
1595:
1560:
1233:
537:
12166:
12146:
11344:
11002:
3635:. It is sometimes suggested that the position of the accent was a factor in determining the outcome.
14507:
14215:
14055:
12352:
12315:
12249:
11915:
11802:
9655:
7181:
5797:
5722:
5508:
5478:
Many Proto-Greek suffixes bore lexical stress. Accentuation rules applied post-Proto-Greek such as
5451:
words to become paroxytone when ending in a syllable sequence consisting of heavy-light-light (ex.
4092:
in morphologically transparent formations. The initial outcome of restoration may have been simply
3762:
2363:
2163:
1855:
1745:
1565:
1096:
928:
879:
775:
577:
532:
527:
447:
59:
3572:
respectively. (Other Indo-European languages again have the same reflex for all three laryngeals:
14497:
14277:
14225:
14156:
14075:
13674:
13635:
12759:
12559:
12544:
12347:
12330:
12310:
12279:
12179:
12115:
11731:
11716:
11686:
11647:
11524:
11376:
10878:
7185:
3577:
2367:
2186:
2151:
2112:
BC, with the diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700
2049:
1750:
1477:
587:
582:
572:
216:
3947:
resulted, which was resolved in various ways in the daughter languages, typically by converting
3811:
A laryngeal adjacent to a vowel develops along the same lines as other Indo-European languages:
2025:. Modern consensus is that pre-Proto-Greek and other IE languages split from PIE only after 2500
14502:
14186:
14094:
14003:
13832:
13593:
12596:
12367:
12325:
12259:
12224:
11676:
11660:
11356:
11297:
11146:
11141:
9743:, pp. 189–190: "In sum, the most likely scenario is as follows (see the tentative tree in
3881:
3357:
3348:). All other Indo-European languages reflect the same vowel from all three laryngeals (usually
3230:
2175:
2061:
1740:
1712:
1496:
1398:
1164:
1010:
634:
472:
364:
303:
258:
198:
190:
125:
76:
10193:
Ramón, José Luis García (2017). "The morphology of Greek". In Klein, Joseph and Fritz (2017),
9690:
9237:
9090:
2775:
into the labiovelars, perhaps with compensatory lengthening of the consonant in one case: PIE
14302:
14190:
14110:
14089:
14040:
13645:
12874:
12864:
12854:
12839:
12529:
12269:
12239:
12194:
12189:
11820:
11787:
11589:
11494:
11480:
11136:
11007:
10971:
9651:
9476:
3915:
or a vocalic resonant, a consonantal copy was apparently inserted in place of the laryngeal:
3605:
3601:
2657:
2273:
1887:
1716:
624:
620:
605:
601:
5597:
The following changes are apparently post-Mycenaean because early stages are represented in
4747:
scans as short-short. Thus the writer could use each form in different positions in a line.
14292:
14272:
14220:
14120:
14079:
13117:
13111:
13097:
12539:
12511:
12396:
12209:
11439:
11235:
5345:
3944:
2945:
Filos argues for a "probable" early loss of final non-nasal stop consonants: compare Latin
2221:
2029:
BC, with proto-Greek forming in the proto-Greek area during the Early Helladic III period (
2018:
1833:
1798:
1111:
794:
746:
683:
653:
591:
455:
309:
5562:. This was, in turn, followed by a change similar to the one described above, loss of the
2212:. Their proposed route of migration passed through Romania and the eastern Balkans to the
979:
8:
14267:
14115:
13895:
13853:
13721:
13248:
13218:
12606:
12501:
12496:
11933:
11248:
11161:
11131:
11085:
10848:
10734:
5036:
was probably post-Mycenaean, but occurred before the introduction of the Greek alphabet.
3973:
2081:
1106:
1101:
997:
921:
886:
809:
799:
658:
359:
354:
323:
177:
20:
5672:, which were converted (mostly) into labials, sometimes into dentals (or velars next to
2957:; however, Mycenaean texts are inconclusive in offering evidence on this matter, as the
2135:. Pre-Proto-Greek, the Indo-European dialect from which Proto-Greek originated, emerged
2128:(PIE); a process whose last phase gave rise to the later language families and occurred
14045:
13942:
13731:
13465:
13362:
13268:
12912:
12829:
12717:
12219:
12043:
11559:
11539:
11396:
11267:
11151:
10946:
10873:
10695:
10608:
9754:
between South Greek and North Greek in the late Mycenaean period are relatively small."
9396:
9388:
6007:
5438:
3226:
3217:
2979:
2089:
1812:
1763:
1697:
1681:
1306:
959:
698:
384:
289:
284:
121:
85:
9519:
The fragmentation of the Balkan Proto-Indo-European Sprachbund of phase II around 3000
9359:
Parker, Holt N. (2008). "The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered".
7301:
The future tense is created, including a future passive as well as an aorist passive.
5495:
Sound changes that postdate Proto-Greek, but predate the attested dialects, including
14171:
14136:
13998:
13974:
13641:
13540:
13127:
12676:
12524:
12476:
12320:
12289:
12234:
12151:
12028:
11900:
11721:
11554:
11507:
11447:
11321:
11303:
11279:
11261:
11216:
11171:
11166:
10817:
10744:
10712:
10699:
10685:
10647:
10637:
10571:
10547:
10515:
10494:
10442:
10410:
10378:
10357:
10332:
10275:
10254:
10244:
10230:
10084:
9698:
9669:
9616:
9482:
9400:
9380:
9325:
9284:
9243:
9186:
9098:
9037:
9005:
7236:
6147:
6042:
contracted verbs, represents one of the two main classes of verbs in that language.)
5430:
3885:
2261:
2190:
2159:
2155:
1826:
1792:
1784:
1728:
1722:
1704:
1675:
1654:
1640:
1632:
1402:
1263:
1203:
1185:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1083:
1078:
907:
770:
419:
412:
405:
391:
377:
337:
316:
253:
245:
10599:
A New Computational Approach to the Ancient Greek Dialects: Phylogenetic Systematics
6025:.) This makes Greek of particular importance in reconstructing original labiovelars.
3702:
by the particular laryngeal in question) prior to the general merger of laryngeals:
14207:
14176:
14050:
13919:
13741:
13470:
13002:
12967:
12784:
12641:
12519:
12406:
12401:
11726:
11681:
11512:
11419:
11035:
10868:
10853:
10843:
10677:
10633:
10612:
10561:
10353:
10080:
9372:
5231:
5162:
5074:
5045:
4672:
remained. Hence, depending on the type of formation, the pre-Proto-Greek sequences
4100:, or alternatively, restoration may have yielded an affricate followed by a glide,
3306:
3300:
2282:
2249:
2182:
1820:
1770:
1587:
1393:
1281:
1221:
1198:
1141:
1136:
1073:
1060:
1055:
1045:
718:
331:
279:
271:
264:
10543:
Griechische Grammatik: auf der Grundlage von Karl Brugmanns Griechischer Grammatik
5808:
5377:
3286:
On the other hand, it predates the development of the first aorist passive marker
2759:
2013:
14436:
14317:
14307:
14013:
13848:
13762:
13726:
13716:
13485:
13243:
13031:
12844:
12586:
12452:
12384:
11711:
11309:
11291:
11285:
11199:
11176:
11050:
10961:
10921:
10858:
10738:
10565:
10541:
10509:
10488:
10436:
10404:
10372:
10347:
10269:
10248:
10224:
9659:
9610:
9031:
9001:
The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East
8999:
5942:
5643:
5496:
5221:
4140:
3519:
3489:
2801:
2194:
2057:
1901:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1841:
1777:
1756:
1734:
1319:
1208:
1131:
1040:
973:
914:
780:
512:
497:
487:
482:
398:
370:
14025:
13510:
13223:
3305:
Greek is unique among Indo-European languages in reflecting the three different
14463:
14365:
14166:
14161:
14146:
14030:
14018:
13801:
13697:
13367:
13307:
13302:
13258:
13039:
12987:
12977:
12957:
12947:
12691:
12686:
12681:
11534:
11333:
11327:
11315:
11115:
11090:
10863:
10788:
7248:
6139:
5463:
5392:
5382:
5354:
5313:
5304:
5293:
5273:
5262:
5242:
5205:
5196:
5176:
4124:
derived from the first palatalization. There may also have been restoration of
2265:
2097:
2053:
1646:
1513:
1388:
946:
900:
868:
804:
295:
4136:
that resulted from the first palatalization before leaving any visible trace.
14491:
14445:
14282:
14181:
14008:
13993:
13961:
13905:
13900:
13875:
13775:
13603:
13520:
13495:
13185:
13107:
12789:
12732:
12631:
12621:
12591:
12573:
12447:
11599:
11381:
11273:
11229:
11191:
11030:
10951:
10651:
9384:
7244:
7047:
6039:
4164:
4151:(which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨z⟩ via the second palatalization).
3234:
3221:
2158:
to the west, at the eastern borders of southeastern Europe; according to the
1906:
1370:
1286:
1003:
861:
723:
477:
49:
10597:
10071:
Teodorsson, Sven-Tage (1979). "On the Pronunciation of Ancient Greek Zeta".
3670:
respectively, with later palatalization (see below). Sometimes, the outcome
2005:
693:
14472:
14035:
13988:
13968:
13843:
13814:
13711:
13420:
13372:
13238:
13092:
12962:
12601:
12437:
11943:
11905:
11604:
10616:
9361:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
7256:
7240:
6064:). This merger may have been motivated by analogy to the locative singular
6035:
5590:
5524:
5422:
5358:
5337:
5326:
5285:
5254:
5188:
2664:
2101:
2073:
1525:
1363:
837:
708:
507:
502:
492:
69:
10681:
9376:
5209:
5024:, with one of the two word-initial reflexes of PIE *y-, and with original
14454:
13937:
13929:
13887:
13870:
13865:
13788:
13440:
13332:
13312:
13140:
12648:
12626:
12616:
12611:
12534:
12491:
12038:
11948:
11938:
11825:
11815:
11579:
10956:
10931:
10302:"An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C."
5700:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5322:
5130:
5060:
5048:: Shortening of long vowels before a sonorant in the same syllable. E.g.
3625:
2661:
2325:
2294:
2253:
2241:
2233:
2093:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2017:
View about "Proto-Greek area" in the 3rd millennium BC, reconstructed by
1501:
1487:
1451:
1159:
13145:
10620:
9392:
5098:
688:
13377:
13347:
13342:
13327:
13213:
13180:
12849:
12819:
12486:
12214:
12048:
11890:
11885:
11875:
11860:
11845:
11835:
11810:
11186:
10941:
10896:
9695:
Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
9665:
9612:
Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002, rev. ed
6071:
Significant developments attributed to the Proto-Greek period include:
5707:
4341:
Sihler reconstructs the palatalized stops (shown in the above table as
3290:
since the aspirate in that marker has no effect on preceding aspirates.
2312:
2257:
2178:
1464:
1378:
1256:
1021:
4876:(morphologically transparent forms, first and second palatalization):
4680:
have different outcomes in the later languages. In particular, medial
4116:
would go on to merge via the second palatalization with the reflex of
3989:
The first palatalization replaced post-PIE sequences of dental stop +
3876:, with a vocalized resonant), the laryngeal colours a following short
3316:
Greek shows distinct reflexes of the laryngeals in various positions:
14197:
13352:
13278:
13263:
13233:
13228:
13160:
13084:
13069:
13054:
12997:
12897:
12549:
12481:
12053:
12033:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11958:
11953:
11923:
11870:
11830:
11609:
11475:
11429:
11409:
11040:
10911:
8770:
8745:
8720:
8695:
8680:
8655:
8630:
8605:
8590:
8565:
8546:
8517:
8502:
8487:
8472:
8457:
8442:
8424:
8398:
8383:
8368:
8346:
8327:
8308:
8290:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8237:
6019:
6010:, the labiovelars lost their labialisation before consonants. (Greek
2919:
2650:
2269:
2245:
2171:
2108:). Proto-Greek speakers entered Greece sometime between 2200 and 1900
2022:
1667:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1408:
1276:
9095:
The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History
7170:
4132:
in the same circumstances, but if so, it apparently merged with the
2352:
2277:
Age Greece is compatible with the inherited lexicon from the common
14141:
13402:
13392:
13382:
13357:
13135:
13102:
13064:
13007:
12922:
12907:
12764:
12754:
12671:
12666:
12063:
12058:
12018:
12013:
11988:
11968:
11895:
11850:
11840:
11696:
11594:
11529:
11457:
11065:
10301:
9135:
5927:
5598:
5142:
3977:
3895:
sequence (a laryngeal between vowels, including a vocalic resonant
3674:
is found, as in most other Indo-European languages, or the outcome
2958:
2321:
2229:
2225:
1610:
1601:
1492:
1293:
1268:
1172:
663:
239:
13155:
10493:. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. 263–276.
13666:
13545:
13535:
13480:
13475:
13460:
13450:
13435:
13430:
13317:
13205:
13195:
13074:
13049:
13044:
13017:
13012:
12992:
12982:
12972:
12937:
12927:
12917:
12869:
12859:
12834:
12799:
12794:
12769:
12422:
12204:
11865:
11855:
11614:
11584:
11574:
11569:
11549:
11544:
11424:
11371:
11080:
11070:
11060:
11055:
11045:
10757:
5747:; loss of /w/ after /r/ had not occurred at that point in Attic.)
5448:
2237:
2213:
1660:
1624:
1617:
1415:
1035:
668:
14333:
13490:
12804:
10195:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
9664:. Trends in Linguistics: State-of-the-art Reports. Vol. 4.
5473:"go!", regularly escaped this process and retained their accent.
5032:'branch' or PIE *si-sd- > ἵζω 'take a seat'. The merger with
13515:
13445:
13425:
13387:
13253:
13059:
12952:
12889:
12879:
12824:
12442:
12427:
12023:
12008:
11983:
11978:
11963:
11624:
11619:
11386:
11366:
11110:
11100:
11095:
10966:
10926:
10916:
10901:
8972:
8215:
Proto-Greek numerals were derived directly from Indo-European.
5803:
The development of labiovelars varies from dialect to dialect:
5008:
originally underwent parallel treatment to words with original
3241:
It postdates the Greek-specific de-voicing of voiced aspirates;
2885:
2841:
1383:
1337:
856:
673:
10514:. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48.
9088:
13525:
13500:
13397:
13337:
13322:
13190:
13150:
12902:
12814:
12809:
12779:
12774:
12749:
12432:
11973:
11928:
11880:
11452:
11404:
11105:
11075:
11022:
10997:
10936:
10906:
10669:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
8584:
8559:
8540:
8496:
8481:
8466:
8392:
8377:
8362:
8321:
8302:
8253:
6003:
5957:
5710:
accent, resulting from contraction and certain other changes.
5053:
3512:
2195:
hypothetically closer relationship between Greek and Armenian
1482:
1356:
1350:
1332:
703:
678:
7658:
5109: with: Proto-Greek reconstructed forms. You can help by
13530:
13505:
13455:
12942:
12932:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9774:
9772:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9760:
5581:
In southern dialects (including Mycenaean, but not Doric),
5064:
4805:(morphologically opaque forms, first palatalization only):
2893:
1874:
10406:
Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages
9927:
7282:
is an innovation by analogy, replacing the expected Doric
3320:
Most famously, between consonants, where original vocalic
2896:" may be more examples of the same if it derived from PIE
2741:
The primary sound changes separating Proto-Greek from the
2413:
Proto-Greek is reconstructed with the following phonemes:
9951:
9883:
9847:
3976:(still represented as a separate sound in Mycenaean) and
2905:
2825:
2124:
Proto-Greek emerged from the diversification of the late
10200:
10160:
10126:
10030:
10028:
9997:
9995:
9975:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9900:
9898:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9831:
9757:
8779:
4348:) with a degree of assibilation and transcribes them as
2653:
with the corresponding sequences of vowel and semivowel.
2281:, which excludes any possibility of it being present in
10124:
10122:
10120:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10091:
9562:
7326:
4036:
The affricate derived from the first palatalization of
2052:
which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of
10349:
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics
10271:
The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek
10178:
9795:
9456:
5687:
Contraction of adjacent vowels resulting from loss of
2696:
Occurs geminated only as the result of palatalization
10025:
9992:
9963:
9939:
9910:
9895:
9871:
9859:
9828:
9722:
9444:
6060:(the Proto-Indo-European locative plural having been
5004:. However, it is reasonable to think that words with
3686:
All of the cases may stem from an early insertion of
3148:
in Mycenaean, Aeolic and Arcadocypriot. Example: PIE
10103:
10022:
due to Attic analogical lengthening in comparatives.
10017:
9804:
9550:
7291:
5049:
3117:
3109:
3035:
3027:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2983:
10602:(PhD thesis). University of California Los Angeles.
9065:
7259:, in Greek apparently already lost in Proto-Greek.
5966:All remaining labiovelars became labials, original
4167:, shows the outcomes of the second palatalization:
9084:
9082:
9080:
5769:"wine" nominative singular, but genitive singular
4163:. The following table, based on American linguist
4044:merged with the outcome of the inherited clusters
3899:), the laryngeal again colours any adjacent short
9321:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
9178:
8764:
8754:
8739:
8729:
8714:
8704:
8689:
8674:
8664:
8649:
8639:
8624:
8614:
8599:
8574:
8526:
8511:
8451:
8436:
8414:
8407:
8336:
8280:
8227:
8220:
6142:is probably Proto-Greek. It appears, at least as
5378:cause the labiovelar to lose its labial component
2848:"with" is another example, contaminated with PIE
75:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
14489:
9478:The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History
9429:by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).
5425:, but developed a number of rules governing it:
3279:It postdates even the loss of aspiration before
3237:. The change may have even been post-Mycenaean:
10993:
9077:
4664:that resulted from the first palatalization of
9413:A comprehensive overview is in J. T. Hooker's
9369:American School of Classical Studies at Athens
6153:
3884:a previous stop and prevents the operation of
3252:, which is then lost in the same environment:
3082:often appears in Arcadian after a velar, e.g.
16:Last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek
14349:
13682:
10773:
9791:
9789:
9787:
9693:. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
9162:
9160:
9158:
2942:regularly due to vocalization of laryngeals).
2162:. Speakers of what would become Proto-Greek,
1986:
14252:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
9093:. In Edwin Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (eds.).
7231:Proto-Greek inherited the augment, a prefix
6109:, if reconstructed as such, is reflected as
5815:had already been converted to plain velars:
4703:after a long vowel, and vacillation between
9242:. Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
7199:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5796:after a consonant was often accompanied by
5490:
4120:, resulting in a distinct outcome from the
3472:An initial laryngeal before a consonant (a
3182:
2381:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
14356:
14342:
13689:
13675:
11659:
10780:
10766:
10567:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
10070:
9784:
9425:, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in
9283:. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
9155:
9004:. Princeton University Press. p. 14.
8556:
8478:
7308:is attached to some perfects and aorists.
7262:The first person middle verbal desinences
3016:). This vowel then usually developed into
1993:
1979:
1957:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
10658:
10606:
10326:
9986:
9740:
9661:Ancient Languages of the Balkans (Part 1)
9432:
9324:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 19–20.
9089:Asko Parpola; Christian Carpelan (2005).
7659:An example of adjective in Proto-Hellenic
7219:Learn how and when to remove this message
6075:the replacement of PIE nominative plural
2816:was not completed entirely, evidenced by
2401:Learn how and when to remove this message
14323:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
10539:
10409:. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
10402:
10267:
10253:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10183:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 226.
9800:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 227.
9580:
9532:
9317:
9214:
9179:Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (1973).
9166:
4154:
2170:(which could have been northeast of the
2012:
2004:
10706:
10595:
10507:
10485:
10370:
10299:
10222:
9969:
9957:
9945:
9904:
9728:
9688:
9682:
9650:
9596:
9512:
9462:
9450:
9438:
9422:
9276:
9220:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8421:
8343:
8287:
8234:
5695:(and, to a lesser extent, from loss of
5486:modified how and if this would surface.
5421:Proto-Greek retained the Indo-European
5368:Note that when a labiovelar adjoins an
4139:However, restoration is not evident in
4068:After the first palatalization changed
3984:
2754:Delabialization of labiovelars next to
2656:Exactly one vowel in each word bears a
2264:), and Pieria in Macedonia, during the
2088:—either a dialect or a closely related
14490:
12713:
10733:
10560:
10455:
10441:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
10434:
10250:Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
10154:
10142:
10097:
10058:
10046:
10034:
10001:
9933:
9921:
9889:
9877:
9865:
9853:
9841:
9822:
9568:
9556:
9474:
9418:
9358:
9133:
9097:. Psychology Press. pp. 107–141.
9025:
9023:
9021:
6105:Genitive singular Proto-Indo-European
3631:"mortal", both apparently reflecting
2736:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
14337:
13670:
13570:
12712:
12141:
11645:
10992:
10812:
10761:
10740:Comparative Indo-European Linguistics
10711:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10570:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10345:
10206:
10166:
10130:
9810:
9778:
9608:
9544:
9354:
9352:
9313:
9311:
9272:
9270:
9071:
8997:
8780:Summary of numerals in Proto-Hellenic
8552:
8493:
8463:
8374:
8299:
5721:(incompletely in Cretan Greek), with
5649:in many dialects (later than loss of
4729:the composer of the Iliad and Odyssey
3803:remains without vowel insertion >
3233:, although it may represent a common
1964:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1936:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
13181:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
10813:
10465:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
10458:"Proto-Greeks and the Kurgan Theory"
10377:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
10305:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
10243:
9691:"The Homeland of the Indo-Europeans"
9235:
9231:
9229:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9029:
8984:
8537:
8448:
8389:
8359:
8318:
8250:
7327:An example of verb in Proto-Hellenic
7197:adding citations to reliable sources
7164:
6094:the genitive and dative dual suffix
5093:
4935:For comparison, examples of initial
3294:
2768:: Merger of palatovelars and velars.
2416:
2379:adding citations to reliable sources
2346:
27:
9018:
8960:*ǵʰesliyoy (< *ǵʰéslom, "1000")
8761:
8736:
8711:
8686:
8671:
8646:
8621:
8596:
8581:
8533:
8508:
8433:
8355:
8314:
8246:
6102:) appears to be exclusive to Greek.
5372:affected by Cowgill's law, the new
5133:, Cowgill's law says that a former
3964:Consonants followed by consonantal
2718:
2681:
2197:, although evidence remains scant.
1921:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
152:(appearance in the Greek peninsula)
13:
14513:Aegean languages in the Bronze Age
13696:
12142:
10787:
10727:
10403:Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981).
10374:Indo-European Language and Culture
10181:Indo-European Language and Culture
9798:Indo-European Language and Culture
9629:from the original on 26 March 2023
9349:
9308:
9267:
9239:Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity
9050:from the original on 26 March 2023
5469:Certain imperative forms, such as
3213:, detailed under "palatalization".
3140:before sonorants and analogously.
2307:
1943:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
65:for transliterated languages, and
45:of its non-English content, using
14:
14529:
14363:
10329:Le dialecte grec ancien de Chypre
9226:
9122:
5028:, as in PIE *h₃esdos/osdos >
4996:and a secondary restored cluster
3959:
13650:
13640:
13631:
13630:
10546:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck.
10371:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004).
7169:
6038:, the set of verbs derived from
5613:), except initially, e.g. Doric
5097:
5089:
5085:between a resonant and a labial.
2771:Merging of sequences of velar +
2351:
2146:, in an area which bordered pre-
1950:Journal of Indo-European Studies
714:Bible translations into Armenian
205:
32:
14406:300 BC – AD 600
14242:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
13651:
10630:Leiden Studies in Indo-European
10584:from the original on 2023-03-26
10528:from the original on 2023-03-26
10511:Languages in Prehistoric Europe
10474:from the original on 2021-01-26
10423:from the original on 2023-03-26
10391:from the original on 2023-03-26
10315:from the original on 2022-03-08
10288:from the original on 2023-03-26
10187:
10179:Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2004).
10172:
10148:
10136:
10064:
10052:
10040:
10007:
9816:
9796:Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2004).
9734:
9711:from the original on 2023-03-26
9644:
9602:
9590:
9574:
9538:
9526:
9506:
9495:from the original on 2023-03-26
9468:
9407:
9338:from the original on 2023-03-26
9297:from the original on 2023-03-26
9280:The Ancient Languages of Europe
9256:from the original on 2023-03-26
9199:from the original on 2023-03-26
9144:from the original on 2021-10-28
9111:from the original on 2023-03-26
9030:West, M. L. (23 October 1997).
7023:as articles is post-Mycenaean.
5566:with compensatory lengthening:
5400:, where the usual Greek change
5020:also merged with the reflex of
4770:"worship, be respectful" (Ved.
4143:, where the reflex of original
4104:, in the case of both original
3419:"standing, being made to stand"
2900:"to burn" (possibly related to
2708:also occurs in the combination
225:List of Indo-European languages
10229:. Princeton University Press.
9172:
9036:. Clarendon Press. p. 1.
7239:), lending some support to a "
4943:by the second palatalization:
4063:
2872:/ksun/, Homeric and Old Attic
2729:Exact phonetic value uncertain
81:multilingual support templates
1:
14518:History of the Greek language
14411:
14403:
14395:
14387:
14379:
14247:Center for the Greek Language
13805:
13792:
13779:
13766:
13753:
11252:
11239:
11220:
11203:
10743:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10215:
9609:Feuer, Bryan (2 March 2004).
6045:
5991:"I throw (a missile, etc.)",
4419:after long vowel or diphthong
4084:was restored after original
3062:in Mycenaean after a labial:
2884:"light in the sky, as in the
2748:
2333:
2298:
2220:Older theories like those of
2202:
2189:is shared, for one, with the
2136:
2129:
2030:
1551:Proto-Indo-European mythology
820:Paleolithic continuity theory
155:
146:
12380:Funeral and burial practices
11565:Military of Mycenaean Greece
10666:. In Olander, Thomas (ed.).
10085:10.1016/0024-3841(79)90078-0
8978:
8771:
8746:
8721:
8696:
8681:
8656:
8631:
8606:
8591:
8566:
8547:
8518:
8503:
8488:
8473:
8458:
8443:
8425:
8399:
8384:
8369:
8347:
8328:
8309:
8291:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8238:
7074:, "again", and *to, "that")
5918:"slaughter" < *gʷʰón-os;
5507:in consonant clusters, with
3344:respectively (the so-called
3202:"I will have" < Post-PIE
2743:Proto-Indo-European language
2342:
2279:Proto-Indo-European language
2248:, as well as west and north
2126:Proto-Indo-European language
1239:Northern Black Polished Ware
438:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
10735:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul
10596:Skelton, Christina (2014).
10274:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
9318:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010).
8966:
8210:
7070:*autós < *h₂ewtos (from
7002:
6154:Examples of noun declension
6138:"women", attested from the
5210:
4739:scans as long-short, while
4692:in transparent formations.
3244:It postdates the change of
1556:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
14534:
12304:Greek Revival architecture
11646:
10707:Woodard, Roger D. (1997).
10674:Cambridge University Press
10659:van Beek, Lucien (2022b).
10607:van Beek, Lucien (2022a).
10327:Egetmeyer, Markus (2010).
10018:
9697:. Routledge. p. 101.
9277:Woodard, Roger D. (2008).
9236:Hall, Jonathan M. (1997).
9185:. Duckworth. p. 248.
8765:
8740:
8715:
8690:
8675:
8650:
8625:
8600:
8585:
8560:
8541:
8512:
8497:
8482:
8467:
8452:
8437:
8393:
8378:
8363:
8322:
8303:
8254:
7292:
6717:*dzugón, dzugójjo (yoke),
6442:*pʰugā́, pʰugā́s (fugue),
6134:The peculiar oblique stem
5416:
5235:
5225:
5050:
3993:with alveolar affricates:
3298:
3209:Loss of aspiration before
3194:Loss of aspiration before
3118:
3110:
3036:
3028:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2324:script, Walter Porzig and
2119:
852:Domestication of the horse
18:
14372:
14260:
14234:
14206:
14129:
14103:
14068:
13951:
13928:
13831:
13824:
13740:
13704:
13626:
13577:
13571:
13566:
13411:
13288:
13277:
13204:
13126:
13083:
13030:
12888:
12740:
12731:
12727:
12708:
12657:
12572:
12510:
12472:
12465:
12415:
12375:
12366:
12288:
12165:
12161:
12137:
12103:
12072:
11914:
11801:
11745:
11712:Attalid kings of Pergamon
11667:
11658:
11654:
11641:
11520:Antigonid Macedonian army
11493:
11466:
11438:
11395:
11352:
11343:
11185:
11124:
11021:
11017:
10988:
10887:
10836:
10832:
10808:
10795:
10540:Schwyzer, Eduard (1939).
10331:(in French). De Gruyter.
10300:Coleman, John E. (2000).
9615:. McFarland. p. 67.
6159:*agrós, agrójjo (field),
5983:"spear, dart" (dialectal
5550:from earlier affricates,
5396:
5386:
5317:
5308:
5277:
5246:
5180:
5039:
4797:"thought, contemplation")
4695:The outcome of PG medial
4688:in opaque formations but
4631:
4626:
4606:
4596:
4588:
4571:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4516:
4506:
4497:
4490:
4475:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4421:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4363:
4246:
4210:
3620:are found instead: Greek
2498:
1561:Historical Vedic religion
838:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
168:
139:
135:Southern Balkan Peninsula
131:
117:
112:
107:
10268:Clackson, James (1995).
7160:
7034:Proto-Hellenic < PIE
7019:are created. The use of
6050:
5995:"a blow with a missile".
5798:compensatory lengthening
5723:compensatory lengthening
5684:is used for such sounds.
5617:"having conquered" <
5511:of the preceding vowel (
5509:compensatory lengthening
5491:Post-Proto-Greek changes
5059:"skyling, sky god" >
4988:For words with original
3835:= vowel) passes through
3187:Major changes included:
3183:Changes to the aspirates
3090:"one hundred" vs. usual
2745:include the following.
1566:Ancient Iranian religion
929:Novotitarovskaya culture
776:Indo-European migrations
19:Not to be confused with
14278:Greek language question
10223:Anthony, David (2010).
8756:
8731:
8706:
8666:
8641:
8616:
8576:
8528:
8416:
8409:
8338:
8282:
8229:
8222:
7146:? (Attic Greek: autaí)
7138:? (Attic Greek: autoí)
5882:, respectively, before
5725:of the preceding vowel.
5523:) or of the consonant (
5349:
4112:. Either way, restored
3584:with acute register in
2289:Greek peninsula to 2200
1067:Northern/Eastern Steppe
11746:Artists & scholars
11661:List of ancient Greeks
11298:Second Athenian League
11147:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
10972:Ancient Greek colonies
10456:Katona, A. L. (2000).
9689:Mallory, J.P. (2003).
9475:Demand, Nancy (2012).
8998:Drews, Robert (1994).
7664:*néwos, -ā, -on (new)
7652:*ehénti < *h₁sénti
7154:? (Attic Greek: autá)
7122:*əhmé(e)s < *usmé
7082:*autā́ < *h₂ewtéh₂
5910:"I strike, kill" <
5811:, labiovelars next to
5800:of a preceding vowel.
5706:Rise of a distinctive
5546:Creation of secondary
5297:
5266:
5200:
4727:. This was useful for
4413:final, initial, after
2332:During this period of
2062:ancient Greek dialects
2050:Indo-European language
2037:
2010:
1538:Religion and mythology
1497:Medieval Scandinavians
788:Alternative and fringe
126:Ancient Greek dialects
118:Reconstruction of
12865:Sybaris on the Traeis
11590:Sacred Band of Thebes
11330:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
10844:Cycladic civilization
10682:10.1017/9781108758666
10435:Hooker, J.T. (1976).
9585:Late Neolithic Period
9481:. Wiley. p. 49.
9427:Bronze Age Migrations
9377:10.2972/hesp.77.3.431
7602:*eswén? < *h₁swós
7278:. The third singular
5578:, "absent", feminine.
4723:dat. pl. "foot" <
4711:after a short vowel:
4155:Second palatalization
3544:= laryngeal) becomes
3024:in some cases. Thus:
2856:; preserved in Greek
2016:
2008:
1888:Indo-European studies
1251:Peoples and societies
14288:Morphemes in English
14273:Eteocypriot language
13705:Origin and genealogy
12390:mythological figures
12111:Ancient Greek tribes
11236:Peloponnesian League
10676:. pp. 173–201.
10356:. pp. 175–189.
9936:, pp. 190, 205.
9668:. pp. 122–123.
7632:*esmén < *h₁smós
7622:*estón < *h₁stés
7612:*estón < *h₁stés
7193:improve this section
7114:*spʰо̄é < ?
7106:*spʰṓwi < ?
6131:becomes productive.
5433:, also known as the
5169:), in either order.
4750:Examples of initial
4715:dat. pl. "rug" <
4699:in Homeric Greek is
3985:First palatalization
3974:affricate consonants
3972:, producing various
3484:"darkness" < PIE
2375:improve this section
2222:Vladimir I. Georgiev
2150:to the east and pre-
2042:Proto-Greek language
2019:Vladimir I. Georgiev
795:Anatolian hypothesis
747:Proto-Indo-Europeans
654:Hittite inscriptions
199:Indo-European topics
43:specify the language
41:This article should
14293:Terms of endearment
14268:Eteocretan language
14235:Promotion and study
13722:Pre-Greek substrate
12502:Tunnel of Eupalinos
12497:Theatre of Dionysus
12121:Ancient Macedonians
11737:Tyrants of Syracuse
11249:Amphictyonic League
10849:Minoan civilization
10609:Lubotsky, Alexander
10209:, pp. 182–183.
10169:, pp. 180–181.
10049:, pp. 191–192.
9781:, pp. 177–179.
9599:, pp. 101–153.
8953:One thousand (1000)
8785:
8406:"four": nominative
7938:
7665:
7592:*estí < *h₁ésti
7551:
7336:
7090:*autó < *h₂ewtó
7027:
6721:
6446:
6163:
6127:The superlative in
5413:has not occurred).
4872:Examples of medial
4801:Examples of medial
4640:The restoration of
4468:medial intervocalic
4388:Lesbian, Thessalian
3384:"sacred, religious"
3367:Proto-Indo-European
3356:or other vowels in
3268:"I will have" <
3164:"heart" > Attic
3070:) "seed" vs. usual
3054:before a sonorant.
2737:Proto-Greek changes
2660:(equivalent to the
2297:(1928) dates it to
2092:) and, ultimately,
2034: 2200–2000 BC
1051:Multi-cordoned ware
922:Mikhaylovka culture
810:Indigenous Aryanism
800:Armenian hypothesis
659:Hieroglyphic Luwian
178:Proto-Indo-European
150: 2200–1900 BC
21:Pre-Greek substrate
14390:1600–1100 BC
14313:Greek Language Day
13943:Jewish Koine Greek
13732:Hellenic languages
13176:Menestheus's Limin
12830:Pandosia (Lucania)
12718:Greek colonisation
12080:Athenian statesmen
11841:Diogenes of Sinope
11702:Kings of Macedonia
11692:Kings of Commagene
11560:Macedonian phalanx
11540:Hellenistic armies
11288:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
11152:Indo-Greek Kingdom
10874:Hellenistic Greece
10245:Buck, Carl Darling
9960:, pp. 35, 39.
9892:, p. 190–191.
9856:, p. 189–196.
8784:
7937:
7663:
7642:*esté < *h₁sté
7546:
7331:
7098:*nṓwi < ?
7026:
6716:
6441:
6158:
6008:Germanic languages
5987:) by analogy with
5435:trisyllabicity law
4927:"strong" < PIE
4919:, usual non-Attic
4892:, usual non-Attic
4813:"as much" > PG
3755:*CeReC/CeRaC/CeRoC
3594:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3586:Proto-Balto-Slavic
3495:"darkness"; Greek
3391:) "decreed by God"
2148:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2086:ancient Macedonian
2038:
2011:
631:Proto-Indo-Iranian
617:Proto-Balto-Slavic
598:Proto-Italo-Celtic
122:Hellenic languages
14485:
14484:
14480:
14479:
14382:3rd millennium BC
14331:
14330:
14137:Cypriot syllabary
14064:
14063:
13938:Hellenistic Koine
13664:
13663:
13622:
13621:
13562:
13561:
13558:
13557:
13554:
13553:
13128:Iberian Peninsula
13060:Lipara/Meligounis
13026:
13025:
12704:
12703:
12700:
12699:
12677:Cypriot syllabary
12568:
12567:
12477:Athenian Treasury
12461:
12460:
12133:
12132:
12129:
12128:
11722:Ptolemaic dynasty
11682:Archons of Athens
11637:
11636:
11633:
11632:
11508:Athenian military
11489:
11488:
11322:League of Corinth
11304:Thessalian League
11280:Chalcidian League
11262:Acarnanian League
11172:Ptolemaic Kingdom
10984:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10691:978-1-108-49979-8
10643:978-90-04-46973-0
10613:Kloekhorst, Alwin
10562:Sihler, Andrew L.
10553:978-3-406-03397-1
10521:978-3-82-531449-1
10448:978-0-7100-8379-1
10416:978-953-51-7261-1
10363:978-90-04-22597-8
10338:978-3-11-021752-0
10281:978-0-631-19197-1
10260:978-0-226-07931-8
10236:978-1-4008-3110-4
10100:, pp. 42–43.
9675:978-3-11-156887-4
9666:De Gruyter Mouton
9652:Katicic, Radoslav
9622:978-0-7864-1748-3
9488:978-1-4051-5551-9
9331:978-1-4443-1892-0
9290:978-1-139-46932-6
9249:978-0-521-78999-8
9192:978-0-7156-0580-6
9104:978-0-7007-1463-6
9043:978-0-19-159104-4
8964:
8963:
8946:(*ḱm̥tóm: "100")
8933:One hundred (100)
8233:(feminine) (>
8208:
8207:
7935:
7934:
7656:
7655:
7582:*ehí < *h₁ési
7544:
7543:
7243:" or "Inner PIE"
7229:
7228:
7221:
7158:
7157:
6997:
6996:
6714:
6713:
6439:
6438:
5431:law of limitation
5127:
5126:
4911:"better" > PG
4840:"middle" > PG
4781:"notice" > PG
4638:
4637:
4429:after short vowel
4339:
4338:
4173:Before (post-PIE)
4034:
4033:
3759:CeReC/CaRaC/CoRoC
3469:
3468:
3332:are reflected as
3295:Laryngeal changes
3220:was a process of
3160:"army"; post-PIE
2676:
2675:
2630:
2629:
2566:
2565:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2191:Armenian language
2160:Kurgan hypothesis
2090:Hellenic language
2060:, the subsequent
2003:
2002:
1264:Anatolian peoples
1234:Painted Grey Ware
1122:Nordic Bronze Age
771:Kurgan hypothesis
724:Old Irish glosses
689:Gaulish epigraphy
184:
183:
161:(diversification)
103:
102:
83:may also be used.
14525:
14420:
14415:
14413:
14407:
14405:
14399:
14398:800–300 BC
14397:
14391:
14389:
14383:
14381:
14375:
14374:
14358:
14351:
14344:
14335:
14334:
14056:Greco-Australian
13829:
13828:
13810:
13807:
13797:
13794:
13784:
13781:
13771:
13768:
13758:
13755:
13691:
13684:
13677:
13668:
13667:
13654:
13653:
13644:
13634:
13633:
13568:
13567:
13286:
13285:
12785:Heraclea Lucania
12738:
12737:
12729:
12728:
12710:
12709:
12470:
12469:
12402:Twelve Olympians
12373:
12372:
12163:
12162:
12139:
12138:
11727:Seleucid dynasty
11707:Kings of Paionia
11656:
11655:
11643:
11642:
11513:Scythian archers
11420:Graphe paranomon
11350:
11349:
11257:
11254:
11244:
11241:
11225:
11222:
11212:
11208:
11205:
11019:
11018:
10990:
10989:
10869:Classical Greece
10854:Mycenaean Greece
10834:
10833:
10810:
10809:
10782:
10775:
10768:
10759:
10758:
10754:
10722:
10703:
10665:
10655:
10632:. Vol. 22.
10603:
10592:
10590:
10589:
10557:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10504:
10482:
10480:
10479:
10473:
10462:
10452:
10438:Mycenaean Greece
10431:
10429:
10428:
10399:
10397:
10396:
10367:
10342:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10311:(1–2): 101–153.
10296:
10294:
10293:
10264:
10240:
10210:
10204:
10198:
10191:
10185:
10184:
10176:
10170:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10146:
10140:
10134:
10128:
10101:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10044:
10038:
10032:
10023:
10021:
10020:
10011:
10005:
9999:
9990:
9984:
9973:
9967:
9961:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9925:
9919:
9908:
9902:
9893:
9887:
9881:
9875:
9869:
9863:
9857:
9851:
9845:
9839:
9826:
9820:
9814:
9808:
9802:
9801:
9793:
9782:
9776:
9755:
9752:
9748:
9738:
9732:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9686:
9680:
9679:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9634:
9606:
9600:
9594:
9588:
9578:
9572:
9566:
9560:
9554:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9530:
9524:
9522:
9510:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9472:
9466:
9460:
9454:
9448:
9442:
9436:
9430:
9415:Mycenaean Greece
9411:
9405:
9404:
9356:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9343:
9315:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9274:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9233:
9224:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9205:
9204:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9131:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9086:
9075:
9069:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9055:
9027:
9016:
9015:
8995:
8786:
8783:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8724:
8718:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8569:
8563:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8423:
8419:
8412:
8402:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8294:
8289:
8285:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8236:
8232:
8225:
7939:
7936:
7666:
7662:
7552:
7545:
7337:
7332:*ágō (I drive),
7330:
7297:
7296:
7255:-endings in the
7224:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7204:
7173:
7165:
7028:
7025:
6722:
6715:
6447:
6440:
6164:
6157:
6032:contracted verbs
6000:centum languages
5905:
5901:
5889:
5885:
5835:"goatherd" <
5819:"herdsman" <
5814:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5780:
5738:
5720:
5716:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5631:
5612:
5608:
5411:
5405:
5398:
5388:
5375:
5371:
5362:
5361:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5319:
5310:
5289:
5288:
5279:
5258:
5257:
5248:
5237:
5227:
5213:
5192:
5191:
5182:
5163:labial consonant
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5122:
5119:
5101:
5094:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5058:
5057:
5016:. The reflex of
4884:"I row" > PG
4762:"avoid" > PG
4721:possí(n)/posí(n)
4379:Boeotian, Cretan
4361:
4360:
4170:
4169:
4080:, the consonant
3996:
3995:
3902:
3879:
3868:In the sequence
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3642:tends to become
3478:prothetic vowels
3364:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3312:
3301:Laryngeal theory
3251:
3247:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2922:of word-initial
2811:
2807:
2789:
2757:
2730:
2727:
2716:
2694:
2575:
2574:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2355:
2347:
2338:
2335:
2318:
2303:
2300:
2292:
2283:Neolithic Greece
2274:Radoslav Katičić
2211:
2207:
2204:
2187:prothetic vowels
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2115:
2111:
2104:(along with its
2035:
2032:
2028:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1836:
1829:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1684:
1670:
1663:
1649:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1394:Germanic peoples
1384:Hellenic peoples
1373:
1366:
1359:
1282:Mycenaean Greeks
1271:
1199:Thraco-Cimmerian
1097:Globular Amphora
1074:Abashevo culture
1013:
1006:
976:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
719:Tocharian script
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
340:
326:
319:
312:
298:
274:
267:
248:
209:
186:
185:
160:
157:
151:
148:
105:
104:
98:
95:
89:
74:
68:
64:
58:
54:
48:
36:
35:
28:
14533:
14532:
14528:
14527:
14526:
14524:
14523:
14522:
14508:Proto-languages
14488:
14487:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14467:
14458:
14449:
14440:
14431:
14418:
14410:
14402:
14394:
14386:
14378:
14368:
14362:
14332:
14327:
14318:Trojan language
14308:Minoan language
14256:
14230:
14202:
14130:Writing systems
14125:
14121:Standard Modern
14099:
14095:Standard Modern
14060:
14014:Greco/Calabrian
13947:
13924:
13820:
13808:
13795:
13782:
13769:
13763:Mycenaean Greek
13756:
13736:
13727:Graeco-Phrygian
13717:Graeco-Armenian
13700:
13695:
13665:
13660:
13618:
13573:
13550:
13413:
13407:
13290:
13281:
13273:
13244:Melaina Korkyra
13200:
13122:
13079:
13032:Aeolian Islands
13022:
12884:
12742:
12723:
12722:
12696:
12653:
12564:
12506:
12457:
12411:
12362:
12284:
12275:Wedding customs
12157:
12156:
12125:
12116:Thracian Greeks
12099:
12090:Olympic victors
12068:
11910:
11797:
11741:
11732:Kings of Sparta
11717:Kings of Pontus
11687:Kings of Athens
11663:
11650:
11629:
11525:Army of Macedon
11485:
11462:
11434:
11391:
11339:
11312:(370–c. 230 BC)
11310:Arcadian League
11294:(c. 400–188 BC)
11292:Aetolian League
11286:Boeotian League
11268:Hellenic League
11255:
11242:
11232:(c. 650–404 BC)
11223:
11217:Italiote League
11210:
11206:
11200:Doric Hexapolis
11190:
11181:
11177:Seleucid Empire
11120:
11013:
11012:
10976:
10883:
10859:Greek Dark Ages
10828:
10827:
10804:
10791:
10786:
10751:
10730:
10728:Further reading
10725:
10719:
10692:
10663:
10644:
10587:
10585:
10578:
10554:
10531:
10529:
10522:
10501:
10477:
10475:
10471:
10460:
10449:
10426:
10424:
10417:
10394:
10392:
10385:
10364:
10352:. Vol. 3.
10339:
10318:
10316:
10291:
10289:
10282:
10261:
10237:
10218:
10213:
10205:
10201:
10192:
10188:
10177:
10173:
10165:
10161:
10153:
10149:
10141:
10137:
10129:
10104:
10096:
10092:
10069:
10065:
10057:
10053:
10045:
10041:
10033:
10026:
10012:
10008:
10000:
9993:
9985:
9976:
9968:
9964:
9956:
9952:
9944:
9940:
9932:
9928:
9920:
9911:
9903:
9896:
9888:
9884:
9876:
9872:
9864:
9860:
9852:
9848:
9840:
9829:
9821:
9817:
9809:
9805:
9794:
9785:
9777:
9758:
9750:
9744:
9739:
9735:
9727:
9723:
9714:
9712:
9705:
9687:
9683:
9676:
9649:
9645:
9632:
9630:
9623:
9607:
9603:
9595:
9591:
9579:
9575:
9567:
9563:
9555:
9551:
9543:
9539:
9531:
9527:
9520:
9515:, p. 35: "
9511:
9507:
9498:
9496:
9489:
9473:
9469:
9461:
9457:
9449:
9445:
9437:
9433:
9412:
9408:
9357:
9350:
9341:
9339:
9332:
9316:
9309:
9300:
9298:
9291:
9275:
9268:
9259:
9257:
9250:
9234:
9227:
9219:
9215:
9202:
9200:
9193:
9177:
9173:
9165:
9156:
9147:
9145:
9132:
9123:
9114:
9112:
9105:
9087:
9078:
9070:
9066:
9053:
9051:
9044:
9028:
9019:
9012:
8996:
8985:
8981:
8969:
8782:
8255:εἷς (ἑνός), μία
8213:
7661:
7558:Verb (present)
7547:*ehmí (to be),
7343:Verb (present)
7329:
7311:Infinitives in
7225:
7214:
7208:
7205:
7190:
7174:
7163:
7062:*tú < *túh₂
7005:
6156:
6053:
6048:
5807:Due to the PIE
5703:than elsewhere.
5677:
5609:(from original
5497:Mycenaean Greek
5493:
5447:, which causes
5419:
5359:
5338:
5327:
5286:
5255:
5189:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5107:needs expansion
5092:
5042:
4833:"so much/many")
4644:after original
4418:
4157:
4141:Mycenaean Greek
4128:after original
4066:
4056:, all becoming
3987:
3962:
3678:in the case of
3303:
3297:
3227:Grassmann's law
3225:(also known as
3218:Grassmann's law
3185:
2880:. Furthermore,
2868:) to Mycenaean
2840:"dense growth,
2802:Debuccalization
2783:> Mycenaean
2751:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2719:
2695:
2682:
2677:
2645:, and possibly
2633:Diphthongs are
2407:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2372:
2356:
2345:
2336:
2316:
2310:
2308:Diversification
2301:
2290:
2209:
2205:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2058:Mycenaean Greek
2044:(also known as
2033:
2026:
1999:
1970:
1969:
1902:Marija Gimbutas
1890:
1880:
1879:
1871:Winter solstice
1861:Horse sacrifice
1832:
1825:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1708:
1693:
1680:
1666:
1659:
1645:
1636:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1570:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1473:
1460:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1273:
1267:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1217:
1194:
1181:
1169:
1150:
1092:
1069:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1002:
993:
991:Northern Europe
972:
968:
955:
942:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
874:Steppe cultures
847:
840:
833:
825:
824:
815:Baltic homeland
789:
785:
781:Eurasian nomads
765:
761:
737:
729:
728:
699:Runic epigraphy
694:Latin epigraphy
649:
641:
640:
578:Proto-Anatolian
562:
517:
513:Thraco-Illyrian
498:Graeco-Phrygian
488:Graeco-Armenian
483:Graeco-Albanian
462:
440:
427:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
336:
322:
315:
308:
294:
270:
263:
244:
229:
221:
219:
180:
173:
171:
164:
158:
149:
99:
93:
90:
84:
72:
66:
62:
60:transliteration
56:
52:
46:
37:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14531:
14521:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14498:Greek language
14483:
14482:
14478:
14477:
14470:
14468:
14461:
14459:
14452:
14450:
14443:
14441:
14434:
14432:
14425:
14422:
14421:
14416:
14414:600–1453
14408:
14400:
14392:
14384:
14373:
14370:
14369:
14361:
14360:
14353:
14346:
14338:
14329:
14328:
14326:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14264:
14262:
14258:
14257:
14255:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14238:
14236:
14232:
14231:
14229:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14212:
14210:
14204:
14203:
14201:
14200:
14195:
14194:
14193:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14167:Greek numerals
14164:
14162:Attic numerals
14159:
14154:
14147:Greek alphabet
14144:
14139:
14133:
14131:
14127:
14126:
14124:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14107:
14105:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14072:
14070:
14066:
14065:
14062:
14061:
14059:
14058:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14022:
14021:
14016:
14006:
14004:Constantinople
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13985:
13984:
13972:
13965:
13957:
13955:
13949:
13948:
13946:
13945:
13940:
13934:
13932:
13926:
13925:
13923:
13922:
13917:
13916:
13915:
13914:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13890:
13882:
13881:
13880:
13879:
13878:
13868:
13860:
13859:
13858:
13857:
13856:
13846:
13837:
13835:
13826:
13822:
13821:
13819:
13818:
13812:
13802:Medieval Greek
13799:
13786:
13773:
13760:
13746:
13744:
13738:
13737:
13735:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13708:
13706:
13702:
13701:
13698:Greek language
13694:
13693:
13686:
13679:
13671:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13658:
13648:
13638:
13627:
13624:
13623:
13620:
13619:
13617:
13616:
13611:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13590:
13589:
13578:
13575:
13574:
13564:
13563:
13560:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13417:
13415:
13409:
13408:
13406:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13294:
13292:
13283:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13210:
13208:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13132:
13130:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13115:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13089:
13087:
13081:
13080:
13078:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13036:
13034:
13028:
13027:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12978:Megara Hyblaea
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12958:Hybla Gereatis
12955:
12950:
12948:Heraclea Minoa
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12894:
12892:
12886:
12885:
12883:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12746:
12744:
12735:
12725:
12724:
12721:
12720:
12714:
12706:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12694:
12692:Attic numerals
12689:
12687:Greek numerals
12684:
12682:Greek alphabet
12679:
12674:
12669:
12663:
12661:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12651:
12646:
12645:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12578:
12576:
12570:
12569:
12566:
12565:
12563:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12516:
12514:
12508:
12507:
12505:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12473:
12467:
12463:
12462:
12459:
12458:
12456:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12419:
12417:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12382:
12376:
12370:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12339:
12338:
12336:Musical system
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12307:
12306:
12295:
12293:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12171:
12169:
12159:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12149:
12143:
12135:
12134:
12131:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12124:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12107:
12105:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12076:
12074:
12070:
12069:
12067:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11920:
11918:
11912:
11911:
11909:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11807:
11805:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11768:Mathematicians
11765:
11760:
11755:
11749:
11747:
11743:
11742:
11740:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11677:Kings of Argos
11673:
11671:
11665:
11664:
11652:
11651:
11639:
11638:
11635:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11535:Cretan archers
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11505:
11499:
11497:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11483:
11478:
11472:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11444:
11442:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11401:
11399:
11393:
11392:
11390:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11353:
11347:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11334:Achaean League
11331:
11328:Euboean League
11325:
11319:
11316:Epirote League
11313:
11307:
11301:
11295:
11289:
11283:
11277:
11271:
11265:
11264:(c. 500–31 BC)
11259:
11246:
11233:
11227:
11214:
11196:
11194:
11192:Confederations
11183:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11128:
11126:
11122:
11121:
11119:
11118:
11116:Lissus (Crete)
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11015:
11014:
11011:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10994:
10986:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10893:
10891:
10885:
10884:
10882:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10864:Archaic Greece
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10840:
10838:
10830:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10820:
10814:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10802:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10789:Ancient Greece
10785:
10784:
10777:
10770:
10762:
10756:
10755:
10749:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10723:
10717:
10704:
10690:
10656:
10642:
10604:
10593:
10576:
10558:
10552:
10537:
10520:
10505:
10499:
10483:
10453:
10447:
10432:
10415:
10400:
10383:
10368:
10362:
10343:
10337:
10324:
10297:
10280:
10265:
10259:
10241:
10235:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10211:
10199:
10186:
10171:
10159:
10147:
10135:
10133:, p. 180.
10102:
10090:
10079:(4): 323–332.
10063:
10061:, p. 194.
10051:
10039:
10037:, p. 194.
10024:
10006:
10004:, p. 195.
9991:
9989:, p. 123.
9987:Egetmeyer 2010
9974:
9962:
9950:
9938:
9926:
9924:, p. 190.
9909:
9894:
9882:
9880:, p. 205.
9870:
9868:, p. 192.
9858:
9846:
9844:, p. 191.
9827:
9825:, p. 190.
9815:
9813:, p. 178.
9803:
9783:
9756:
9741:van Beek 2022b
9733:
9721:
9703:
9681:
9674:
9656:Winter, Werner
9643:
9621:
9601:
9589:
9573:
9561:
9549:
9537:
9525:
9505:
9487:
9467:
9465:, p. 369.
9455:
9443:
9431:
9406:
9348:
9330:
9307:
9289:
9266:
9248:
9225:
9213:
9191:
9171:
9154:
9121:
9103:
9076:
9074:, p. 175.
9064:
9042:
9017:
9010:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8938:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8795:
8790:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8751:
8726:
8701:
8661:
8636:
8611:
8571:
8523:
8432:"four-eared";
8404:
8333:
8277:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8191:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8156:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8121:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8086:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8051:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8016:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7981:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7954:
7946:
7933:
7932:
7918:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7883:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7848:
7834:
7828:
7827:
7813:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7778:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7743:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7708:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7681:
7673:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7542:
7541:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7328:
7325:
7249:proto-language
7227:
7226:
7177:
7175:
7168:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7004:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6984:
6981:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6954:
6951:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6906:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6842:
6835:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6801:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6770:
6756:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6698:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6671:
6668:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6641:
6631:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6604:
6594:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6560:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6526:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6495:
6481:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6423:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6396:
6393:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6358:
6348:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6321:
6311:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6284:
6277:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6250:
6243:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6212:
6198:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6155:
6152:
6140:Thebes tablets
6114:
6113:
6103:
6092:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6027:
6026:
5996:
5964:
5864:
5775:
5774:
5762:
5751:Vendryes's Law
5748:
5726:
5711:
5704:
5685:
5666:
5641:
5626:
5595:
5594:
5579:
5544:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5480:Vendryes's law
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:Vedic Sanskrit
5460:
5442:
5418:
5415:
5366:
5365:
5302:
5271:
5240:
5137:vowel becomes
5125:
5124:
5104:
5102:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5072:
5041:
5038:
4986:
4985:
4967:
4933:
4932:
4901:
4882:*h₁erh₁-t-yoh₂
4870:
4869:
4856:, other dial.
4834:
4799:
4798:
4775:
4684:becomes Attic
4652:(resulting in
4636:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4337:
4336:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4156:
4153:
4065:
4062:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3986:
3983:
3961:
3960:Palatalization
3958:
3957:
3956:
3935:possibly >
3889:
3886:Brugmann's law
3866:
3855:
3844:
3809:
3808:
3777:CyēC/CyāC/CyōC
3766:
3743:CRēC/CRāC/CRōC
3732:
3718:
3684:
3683:
3636:
3608:.) Sometimes,
3578:Proto-Germanic
3526:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3404:"temple" <
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:Vedic Sanskrit
3371:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3272:< Post-PIE
3256:"I have" <
3242:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3192:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3107:
2977:
2966:
2943:
2917:
2890:selḗnē/selā́nā
2799:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2747:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2654:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2337: 1700 BC
2309:
2306:
2302: 1900 BC
2266:Late Neolithic
2210: 2300 BC
2154:and pre-Proto-
2152:Proto-Armenian
2144: 2200 BC
2133: 2500 BC
2121:
2118:
2046:Proto-Hellenic
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Fire sacrifice
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:Zoroastrianism
1629:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1514:Medieval India
1505:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1396:
1391:
1389:Italic peoples
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1165:Gandhara grave
1162:
1157:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:Middle Dnieper
1007:
988:
987:
982:
977:
966:Eastern Europe
963:
962:
950:
949:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
925:
911:
904:
897:
894:Dnieper–Donets
890:
883:
871:
869:Kurgan culture
866:
865:
864:
854:
842:
841:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
805:Beech argument
802:
797:
791:
790:
784:
783:
778:
773:
767:
766:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
628:
614:
609:
595:
588:Proto-Germanic
585:
583:Proto-Armenian
580:
575:
573:Proto-Albanian
569:
568:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
524:
523:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
468:
461:
460:
459:
458:
434:
433:
426:
425:
424:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
362:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
342:
341:
329:
328:
327:
320:
313:
301:
300:
299:
287:
282:
277:
276:
275:
268:
256:
251:
250:
249:
236:
235:
228:
227:
220:
215:
214:
211:
210:
202:
201:
195:
194:
182:
181:
176:
174:
169:
166:
165:
163:
162:
159: 1700 BC
153:
143:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
119:
115:
114:
113:Proto-Hellenic
110:
109:
101:
100:
79:. Knowledge's
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14530:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14503:Ancient Greek
14501:
14499:
14496:
14495:
14493:
14475:
14474:
14469:
14466:
14465:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14451:
14448:
14447:
14442:
14439:
14438:
14433:
14430:
14429:
14424:
14423:
14417:
14409:
14401:
14393:
14385:
14377:
14376:
14371:
14367:
14359:
14354:
14352:
14347:
14345:
14340:
14339:
14336:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14265:
14263:
14259:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14233:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14213:
14211:
14209:
14205:
14199:
14196:
14192:
14188:
14187:Cyrillization
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14157:Archaic forms
14155:
14153:
14150:
14149:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14134:
14132:
14128:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14108:
14106:
14102:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14085:
14081:
14077:
14074:
14073:
14071:
14067:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14020:
14019:Griko/Apulian
14017:
14015:
14012:
14011:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13983:
13982:
13978:
13977:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13970:
13966:
13964:
13963:
13959:
13958:
13956:
13954:
13950:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13933:
13931:
13927:
13921:
13918:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13893:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13885:
13883:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13861:
13855:
13854:Arcadocypriot
13852:
13851:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13841:
13839:
13838:
13836:
13834:
13830:
13827:
13823:
13816:
13813:
13803:
13800:
13796: 300 BC
13790:
13787:
13777:
13776:Ancient Greek
13774:
13764:
13761:
13751:
13748:
13747:
13745:
13743:
13739:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13709:
13707:
13703:
13699:
13692:
13687:
13685:
13680:
13678:
13673:
13672:
13669:
13657:
13649:
13647:
13643:
13639:
13637:
13629:
13628:
13625:
13615:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13583:
13580:
13579:
13576:
13569:
13565:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13418:
13416:
13410:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13287:
13284:
13280:
13276:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13211:
13209:
13207:
13203:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13156:Hemeroscopion
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13129:
13125:
13119:
13116:
13113:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13086:
13082:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13033:
13029:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12893:
12891:
12887:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12733:Magna Graecia
12730:
12726:
12719:
12716:
12715:
12711:
12707:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12664:
12662:
12660:
12656:
12650:
12647:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12607:Arcadocypriot
12605:
12603:
12600:
12599:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12579:
12577:
12575:
12571:
12561:
12560:Zeus, Olympia
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12545:Hera, Olympia
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12509:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12474:
12471:
12468:
12464:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12448:Mount Olympus
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12420:
12418:
12416:Sacred places
12414:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12377:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12365:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12300:
12297:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12287:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12240:Olympic Games
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12230:Homosexuality
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12164:
12160:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12102:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12077:
12075:
12071:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11913:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11804:
11800:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11750:
11748:
11744:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11644:
11640:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11600:Seleucid army
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11514:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11496:
11492:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11473:
11471:
11469:
11465:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11394:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11354:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11342:
11335:
11332:
11329:
11326:
11323:
11320:
11317:
11314:
11311:
11308:
11305:
11302:
11299:
11296:
11293:
11290:
11287:
11284:
11281:
11278:
11275:
11274:Delian League
11272:
11269:
11266:
11263:
11260:
11250:
11247:
11237:
11234:
11231:
11230:Ionian League
11228:
11218:
11215:
11211: 560 BC
11201:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11188:
11184:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10952:Magna Graecia
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10886:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10794:
10790:
10783:
10778:
10776:
10771:
10769:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10752:
10750:90-272-2150-2
10746:
10742:
10741:
10736:
10732:
10731:
10720:
10718:0-19-510520-6
10714:
10710:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10670:
10662:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10639:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10626:
10623:
10618:
10617:Pronk, Tijmen
10614:
10610:
10605:
10601:
10600:
10594:
10583:
10579:
10577:0-19-508345-8
10573:
10569:
10568:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10549:
10545:
10544:
10538:
10527:
10523:
10517:
10513:
10512:
10506:
10502:
10500:0-7156-0580-1
10496:
10492:
10491:
10484:
10470:
10466:
10459:
10454:
10450:
10444:
10440:
10439:
10433:
10422:
10418:
10412:
10408:
10407:
10401:
10390:
10386:
10384:1-4051-0316-7
10380:
10376:
10375:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10350:
10344:
10340:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10298:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10273:
10272:
10266:
10262:
10256:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10208:
10203:
10196:
10190:
10182:
10175:
10168:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10144:
10139:
10132:
10127:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10099:
10094:
10086:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10055:
10048:
10043:
10036:
10031:
10029:
10016:
10010:
10003:
9998:
9996:
9988:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9972:, p. 35.
9971:
9966:
9959:
9954:
9948:, p. 34.
9947:
9942:
9935:
9930:
9923:
9918:
9916:
9914:
9907:, p. 95.
9906:
9901:
9899:
9891:
9886:
9879:
9874:
9867:
9862:
9855:
9850:
9843:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9832:
9824:
9819:
9812:
9807:
9799:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9780:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9731:, p. 81.
9730:
9725:
9710:
9706:
9704:1-134-82877-2
9700:
9696:
9692:
9685:
9677:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9640:
9628:
9624:
9618:
9614:
9613:
9605:
9598:
9593:
9586:
9582:
9581:Georgiev 1981
9577:
9570:
9565:
9558:
9553:
9546:
9541:
9534:
9533:Clackson 1995
9529:
9518:
9514:
9509:
9494:
9490:
9484:
9480:
9479:
9471:
9464:
9459:
9453:, p. 51.
9452:
9447:
9441:, p. 81.
9440:
9435:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9355:
9353:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9314:
9312:
9296:
9292:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9273:
9271:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9240:
9232:
9230:
9223:, p. 82.
9222:
9217:
9210:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9184:
9183:
9175:
9168:
9167:Georgiev 1981
9163:
9161:
9159:
9143:
9139:
9138:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9073:
9068:
9061:
9049:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9034:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9013:
9011:0-691-02951-2
9007:
9003:
9002:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8983:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8773:
8758:
8752:
8748:
8733:
8727:
8723:
8708:
8702:
8698:
8683:
8668:
8662:
8658:
8643:
8637:
8633:
8618:
8612:
8608:
8593:
8578:
8572:
8568:
8549:
8530:
8524:
8520:
8505:
8490:
8475:
8460:
8445:
8427:
8418:
8411:
8405:
8401:
8386:
8371:
8349:
8340:
8334:
8330:
8311:
8293:
8284:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8240:
8231:
8226:(masculine),
8224:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7324:
7323:are created.
7322:
7318:
7314:
7309:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7245:proto-dialect
7242:
7238:
7234:
7223:
7220:
7212:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7178:This section
7176:
7172:
7167:
7166:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7048:Homeric Greek
7045:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7007:The pronouns
7000:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6043:
6041:
6040:Ancient Greek
6037:
6033:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:"fifth" <
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5897:
5893:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5861:*h₁ln̥gʷʰ-rós
5859:"light" <
5858:
5854:
5851:"small" <
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5837:*ai(g)-kʷólos
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5810:
5809:boukólos rule
5806:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5786:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5686:
5681:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5636:"three" <
5635:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5485:
5484:Bartoli's law
5481:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5445:Wheeler's law
5443:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5363:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5321:) < early
5320:
5315:
5311:"nail" (stem
5306:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5186:
5183:"night" <
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5144:
5132:
5121:
5112:
5108:
5105:This section
5103:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5090:Cowgill's law
5077:: Raising of
5076:
5075:Cowgill's law
5073:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5046:Osthoff's law
5044:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4793:"sign" (Ved.
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4604:after ε, ι, υ
4603:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4569:after ε, ι, υ
4568:
4567:
4564:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Andrew Sihler
4162:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4108:and original
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:The sequence
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:The sequence
3845:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:= laryngeal,
3830:
3826:
3823:= consonant,
3822:
3818:
3815:The sequence
3814:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:The sequence
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:= consonant,
3535:
3531:
3528:The sequence
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3347:
3346:triple reflex
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:, but future
3263:
3259:
3255:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:areal feature
3232:
3228:
3223:
3222:dissimilation
3219:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3175:
3172:, Pamphylian
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:. Similarly,
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:and Sanskrit
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:Strengthening
2918:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:Centumization
2764:
2761:
2760:boukólos rule
2753:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2402:
2394:
2391:November 2019
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2360:This section
2358:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:Arcadocypriot
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2007:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:J. P. Mallory
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:Reconstructed
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:Insular Celts
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:Indo-Iranians
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:Pontic Steppe
1023:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
994:
992:
986:
983:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
969:
967:
961:
958:
957:
956:
954:
948:
945:
944:
943:
941:
930:
926:
923:
919:
918:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
863:
862:Kurgan stelae
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
846:
845:Pontic Steppe
839:
836:
835:
829:
828:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
787:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
763:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
733:
732:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
645:
644:
636:
635:Proto-Iranian
632:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
603:
599:
596:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Daco-Thracian
476:
474:
471:
470:
467:
464:
463:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:Reconstructed
429:
428:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
367:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
339:
335:
334:
333:
330:
325:
321:
318:
314:
311:
307:
306:
305:
302:
297:
293:
292:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
273:
269:
266:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
247:
243:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
230:
226:
223:
222:
218:
213:
212:
208:
204:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
179:
175:
170:Reconstructed
167:
154:
145:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
106:
97:
87:
82:
78:
71:
61:
51:
44:
39:
30:
29:
26:
22:
14471:
14462:
14453:
14444:
14435:
14427:
14426:
14191:Romanization
14041:Romano-Greek
14031:Mariupolitan
13979:
13969:Katharevousa
13967:
13960:
13817:(since 1453)
13815:Modern Greek
13749:
13712:Graeco-Aryan
13451:Dionysopolis
13421:Abonoteichos
13373:Pantikapaion
12963:Hybla Heraea
12581:
12299:Architecture
12255:Prostitution
11944:Aristophanes
11803:Philosophers
11773:Philosophers
11605:Spartan army
11336:(280–146 BC)
11324:(338–322 BC)
11318:(370–168 BC)
11306:(374–196 BC)
11300:(378–355 BC)
11282:(430–348 BC)
11276:(478–404 BC)
11270:(499–449 BC)
10957:Peloponnesus
10879:Roman Greece
10739:
10708:
10668:
10625:
10624:Kunstsprache
10621:
10598:
10586:. Retrieved
10566:
10542:
10530:. Retrieved
10510:
10489:
10476:. Retrieved
10464:
10437:
10425:. Retrieved
10405:
10393:. Retrieved
10373:
10348:
10328:
10317:. Retrieved
10308:
10304:
10290:. Retrieved
10270:
10249:
10225:
10202:
10194:
10189:
10180:
10174:
10162:
10150:
10138:
10093:
10076:
10072:
10066:
10054:
10042:
10014:
10009:
9970:Skelton 2014
9965:
9958:Skelton 2014
9953:
9946:Skelton 2014
9941:
9929:
9905:Woodard 1997
9885:
9873:
9861:
9849:
9818:
9806:
9797:
9736:
9729:Anthony 2010
9724:
9713:. Retrieved
9694:
9684:
9660:
9646:
9638:
9633:28 September
9631:. Retrieved
9611:
9604:
9597:Coleman 2000
9592:
9584:
9576:
9564:
9552:
9540:
9528:
9516:
9513:Renfrew 2003
9508:
9497:. Retrieved
9477:
9470:
9463:Anthony 2010
9458:
9451:Anthony 2010
9446:
9439:Anthony 2010
9434:
9426:
9423:Renfrew 1973
9414:
9409:
9364:
9360:
9340:. Retrieved
9320:
9299:. Retrieved
9279:
9258:. Retrieved
9238:
9221:Anthony 2010
9216:
9207:
9201:. Retrieved
9181:
9174:
9146:. Retrieved
9136:
9113:. Retrieved
9094:
9067:
9059:
9054:28 September
9052:. Retrieved
9032:
9000:
8952:
8945:
8941:
8932:
8919:
8906:
8893:
8880:
8867:
8854:
8841:
8828:
8815:
8802:
8753:"thousand":
8430:/kʷétroːwes/
8214:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8174:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8104:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8009:
8005:
7999:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7957:
7951:
7943:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7684:
7678:
7670:
7647:
7637:
7627:
7617:
7607:
7597:
7587:
7577:
7563:
7548:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7478:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7450:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7422:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7348:
7333:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7310:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7293:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7261:
7257:middle voice
7252:
7241:Graeco-Aryan
7232:
7230:
7215:
7206:
7191:Please help
7179:
7071:
7051:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7006:
6998:
6991:
6987:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6961:
6957:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6849:
6845:
6841:< ?
6838:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6815:
6811:
6807:< ?
6804:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6781:
6773:
6767:
6759:
6753:
6745:
6739:
6718:
6708:
6704:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6678:
6674:
6665:
6664:? < *bʰug
6661:
6655:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6574:
6570:
6566:< ?
6563:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6540:
6536:
6532:< ?
6529:
6523:
6519:
6513:
6506:
6498:
6492:
6484:
6478:
6470:
6464:
6443:
6433:
6429:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6403:
6399:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6291:
6287:
6283:< ?
6280:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6257:
6253:
6249:< ?
6246:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6209:
6201:
6195:
6187:
6181:
6160:
6143:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6036:Modern Greek
6031:
6028:
6022:
6015:
6011:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5952:"who?" <
5949:
5945:
5938:
5937:"life" <
5934:
5930:
5923:
5922:"womb" <
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5895:
5891:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5856:
5853:*h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ús
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5821:*gʷou-kʷólos
5820:
5816:
5802:
5787:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5743:"girl" <
5740:
5733:
5729:
5679:
5662:
5661:"year" from
5658:
5657:). Example:
5637:
5633:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5596:
5591:assibilation
5586:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5531:"I am" >
5528:
5504:
5494:
5470:
5456:
5452:
5441:of the word.
5434:
5423:pitch accent
5420:
5408:
5401:
5397:ónuks/ónukh-
5391:
5381:
5367:
5357:
5344:
5336:
5325:
5312:
5292:
5284:
5280:"mill" <
5261:
5253:
5249:"leaf" <
5230:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5195:
5187:
5171:
5128:
5115:
5111:adding to it
5106:
5063:
5052:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4981:, Mycenaean
4978:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:mésos/méssos
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4823:tósos/tóssos
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4743:with single
4740:
4736:
4735:with double
4732:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4607:
4597:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4414:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4007:
3990:
3988:
3965:
3963:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3827:= resonant,
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:assimilation
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3624:"death" vs.
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:Proto-Celtic
3602:Proto-Italic
3597:
3589:
3582:*CiRˀC/CuRˀC
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:= resonant,
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3507:vs. English
3504:
3500:
3499:"wind" <
3496:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3358:Indo-Iranian
3345:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3304:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3231:Indo-Iranian
3216:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2836:"dense" and
2833:
2829:
2828:" (from PIE
2821:
2817:
2813:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2740:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2670:
2665:acute accent
2658:pitch accent
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2412:
2397:
2388:
2373:Please help
2361:
2331:
2311:
2287:
2219:
2199:
2176:Paleo-Balkan
2123:
2102:Modern Greek
2056:, including
2045:
2041:
2039:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1928:Publications
1927:
1913:
1894:
1848:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:Paleo-Balkan
1703:
1702:
1690:
1689:
1631:
1630:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1543:
1526:Greater Iran
1519:
1518:
1507:
1506:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1399:Paleo-Balkan
1364:Celtiberians
1343:
1342:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1227:
1226:
1214:
1213:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1147:
1146:
1089:
1088:
1066:
1065:
1028:
1027:
990:
989:
965:
964:
952:
951:
939:
938:
880:Bug–Dniester
844:
843:
709:Gothic Bible
625:Proto-Baltic
621:Proto-Slavic
611:
606:Proto-Italic
602:Proto-Celtic
565:
520:
508:Italo-Celtic
503:Indo-Hittite
493:Graeco-Aryan
466:Hypothetical
465:
430:
365:Paleo-Balkan
347:
304:Indo-Iranian
259:Balto-Slavic
232:
91:
77:ISO 639 code
73:}}
67:{{
63:}}
57:{{
53:}}
47:{{
42:
25:
14428:Proto-Greek
14298:Place names
14172:Orthography
13981:Misthiotika
13975:Cappadocian
13789:Koine Greek
13770: 1600
13757: 2900
13750:Proto-Greek
13599:Place names
13511:Salmydessus
13333:Kalos Limen
13313:Chersonesus
13303:Borysthenes
13008:Tauromenion
12820:Metapontion
12582:Proto-Greek
12535:Erechtheion
12530:Athena Nike
12492:Philippeion
12321:Mathematics
12292:and science
12175:Agriculture
12039:Stesichorus
11949:Bacchylides
11939:Archilochus
11826:Antisthenes
11816:Anaximander
11788:Seven Sages
11778:Playwrights
11758:Geographers
11753:Astronomers
11580:Pezhetairos
11207: 1100
11187:Federations
11086:Megalopolis
11023:City states
10998:City states
10197:. Page 654.
10155:Sihler 1995
10143:Sihler 1995
10098:Sihler 1995
10059:Sihler 1995
10047:Sihler 1995
10035:Sihler 1995
10013:Lengthened
10002:Sihler 1995
9934:Sihler 1995
9922:Sihler 1995
9890:Sihler 1995
9878:Sihler 1995
9866:Sihler 1995
9854:Sihler 1995
9842:Sihler 1995
9823:Sihler 1995
9746:Figure 11.1
9583:, p. 192: "
9569:Katona 2000
9557:Katona 2000
9419:Hooker 1976
9371:: 443–444.
8957:*kʰehliyoi
8901:*(h₁)oḱtṓw
8849:*kʷetwóres
8846:*kʷétwores
8728:"hundred":
8426:qe-to-ro-we
8413:, genitive
7958:(singular)
7952:(singular)
7944:(singular)
7685:(singular)
7679:(singular)
7671:(singular)
7588:He, she, it
7568:*ehmí <
7387:He, she, it
7304:The suffix
7290:(from PIE *
7111:They (two)
6432:< *h₂éǵr
6419:< *h₂éǵr
6402:< *h₂éǵr
6385:< *h₂éǵr
6364:< *h₂éǵr
6354:< *h₂éǵr
6344:< *h₂éǵr
6327:< *h₂éǵr
6317:< *h₂éǵr
6307:< *h₂éǵr
6290:< *h₂éǵr
6273:< *h₂éǵr
6256:< *h₂éǵr
6239:< *h₂éǵr
5979:"missile",
5827:"cow" <
5757:> Attic
5728:Raising of
5701:Attic Greek
5699:); more in
5670:labiovelars
5499:, include:
5346:Old English
5229:, gen. sg.
5167:labiovelars
5165:(including
5131:Proto-Greek
5118:August 2022
5061:Attic Greek
4973:> Attic
4955:> Attic
4915:> Attic
4888:> Attic
4766:> Greek
4376:Other Ionic
4364:Proto-Greek
4064:Restoration
3970:palatalized
3872:(including
3852:CēC/CāC/CōC
3839:, becoming
3729:eC-/aC-/oC-
3715:CeC/CaC/CoC
3633:*dʰn̥h₂-tos
3626:Doric Greek
3505:*h₂wéh₁n̥t-
3410:*dʰh̥₁s-no-
3274:*seǵʰ-s-oh₂
3204:*seǵʰ-s-oh₂
3152:> usual
3144:appears as
3104:*sem-ḱm̥tóm
3058:appears as
3046:, but >
2953:with Greek
2934:(note that
2662:Attic Greek
2635:ai ei oi ui
2326:Ernst Risch
2295:Carl Blegen
2254:Histiaeotis
2242:Amphilochia
2206: 2400
2166:from their
2140: 2400
1806:Continental
1799:Anglo-Saxon
1502:Middle Ages
1452:Middle Ages
1307:Indo-Aryans
1300:Indo-Aryans
1107:Bell Beaker
1102:Corded ware
998:Corded ware
887:Sredny Stog
832:Archaeology
612:Proto-Greek
592:Proto-Norse
108:Proto-Greek
14492:Categories
14419:Since 1453
14208:Literature
14177:Diacritics
13920:Pamphylian
13911:Macedonian
13892:Northwest
13809: 330
13783: 800
13501:Polemonion
13378:Phanagoria
13348:Kimmerikon
13343:Kerkinitis
13328:Hermonassa
13318:Dioscurias
13214:Aspalathos
13161:Kalathousa
13136:Akra Leuke
13065:Phoenicusa
12850:Scylletium
12835:Poseidonia
12755:Brentesion
12642:Pamphylian
12637:Macedonian
12555:Samothrace
12540:Hephaestus
12487:Long Walls
12466:Structures
12407:Underworld
12353:Technology
12316:Literature
12250:Philosophy
12215:Euergetism
12104:By culture
12049:Thucydides
11891:Pythagoras
11886:Protagoras
11876:Parmenides
11861:Heraclitus
11846:Empedocles
11836:Democritus
11821:Anaximenes
11811:Anaxagoras
11763:Historians
11256: 595
11243: 550
11224: 800
11209: – c.
11137:Cappadocia
10942:Ionian Sea
10932:Hellespont
10897:Aegean Sea
10588:2016-02-23
10532:2016-04-15
10478:2021-01-22
10427:2016-02-23
10395:2016-02-23
10319:2018-06-01
10292:2016-05-21
10216:References
10207:Filos 2014
10167:Filos 2014
10131:Filos 2014
9811:Filos 2014
9779:Filos 2014
9715:2020-08-20
9545:Filos 2014
9499:2020-08-20
9342:2021-02-11
9301:2021-02-11
9260:2021-02-11
9203:2021-02-11
9148:2020-05-06
9115:2020-08-21
9072:Filos 2014
8944:*h₁ḱm̥tóm
8940:*heḱm̥tóm
8245:(dative);
7618:They (two)
7537:< *h₂éǵ
7520:< *h₂éǵ
7496:< *h₂éǵ
7468:< *h₂éǵ
7460:They (two)
7440:< *h₂éǵ
7412:< *h₂éǵ
7395:< *h₂éǵ
7378:< *h₂éǵ
7209:March 2024
7151:They (n.)
7143:They (f.)
7135:They (m.)
7130:*uhmé(e)s
7127:You (all)
7050:egṓn <
7042:*egṓ <
7021:ho, hā, to
6707:< *bʰug
6694:< *bʰug
6677:< *bʰug
6647:< *bʰug
6637:< *bʰug
6627:< *bʰug
6610:< *bʰug
6600:< *bʰug
6590:< *bʰug
6573:< *bʰug
6556:< *bʰug
6539:< *bʰug
6522:< *bʰug
6124:"water").
6098:(Arcadian
6046:Morphology
6018:; compare
5948:"alive"),
5777:Note that
5708:circumflex
5172:Examples:
5141:between a
4971:*kyā-wetes
4949:*ki-āmerom
4907:> PreG
4900:"oarsman")
4860:(cf. Ved.
4844:> Att.
4825:(cf. Ved.
4817:> Att.
4785:> Dor.
4612:unattested
4594:after α, ο
4559:unattested
4551:after α, ο
4373:West Ionic
3590:*CīRC/CūRC
3398:) "devout"
3389:thésphatos
3387:θέσφατος (
3307:laryngeals
3299:See also:
3168:, Homeric
3162:*ḱr̥di-eh₂
2982:resonants
2749:Consonants
2651:allophonic
2649:; all are
2548:Semivowel
2510:Fricative
2494:Affricate
2444:Labiovelar
2422:Consonants
2313:Ivo Hajnal
2293:BC, while
2258:Perrhaibia
2208: – c.
2183:laryngeals
2179:sprachbund
2142: – c.
1914:Institutes
1834:Lithuanian
1588:Indo-Aryan
1574:Historical
1508:Indo-Aryan
1465:Tocharians
1379:Cimmerians
1257:Bronze Age
1148:South Asia
1022:Bronze Age
960:Afanasievo
764:Mainstream
528:Vocabulary
448:Sound laws
310:Indo-Aryan
14437:Mycenaean
14221:Byzantine
14198:Greeklish
14069:Phonology
14046:Tsakonian
13999:Himariote
13849:Mycenaean
13825:Varieties
13772:–1100 BC)
13759:–1600 BC)
13587:in Epirus
13536:Trapezous
13481:Mesambria
13466:Eupatoria
13436:Apollonia
13431:Anchialos
13393:Theodosia
13363:Nymphaion
13353:Myrmekion
13323:Gorgippia
13279:Black Sea
13264:Tragurion
13249:Nymphaion
13234:Epidauros
13229:Epidamnos
13219:Apollonia
13196:Zacynthos
13118:Ptolemais
13112:Apollonia
13085:Cyrenaica
13075:Therassía
13070:Strongyle
13050:Ereikousa
12973:Leontinoi
12913:Apollonia
12790:Hipponion
12587:Mycenaean
12550:Parthenon
12482:Lion Gate
12385:Mythology
12348:Sculpture
12311:Astronomy
12245:Pederasty
12220:Festivals
12205:Education
12085:Lawgivers
12054:Timocreon
12034:Sophocles
12029:Simonides
12004:Philocles
11999:Panyassis
11994:Mimnermus
11959:Herodotus
11954:Euripides
11924:Aeschylus
11871:Leucippus
11831:Aristotle
11610:Strategos
11476:Synedrion
11430:Ostracism
11410:Areopagus
11362:Free city
11157:Macedonia
11041:Byzantion
10947:Macedonia
10912:Cyrenaica
10889:Geography
10823:Geography
10700:161016819
10652:0926-5856
9654:(2012) .
9401:161497388
9385:0018-098X
8979:Footnotes
8937:*hekətón
8914:*h₁néwn̥
8894:Eight (8)
8881:Seven (7)
8829:Three (3)
8807:*h₁óynos
8757:kʰéhliyoi
8638:"eight":
8613:"seven":
8410:kʷétwores
8335:"three":
7638:You (all)
7549:athematic
7512:You (all)
7180:does not
7054:*eǵh₂óm)
6990:< *yug
6977:< *yug
6960:< *yug
6943:< *yug
6922:< *yug
6912:< *yug
6902:< *yug
6885:< *yug
6875:< *yug
6865:< *yug
6848:< *yug
6831:< *yug
6814:< *yug
6797:< *yug
6728:Singular
6453:Singular
6170:Singular
6150:as well.
6020:Old Latin
6016:*pénkʷtos
6006:and most
5970:becoming
5968:kʷ kʷʰ gʷ
5939:*gʷih₃wos
5912:*gʷʰen-yō
5902:(but not
5847:"goat");
5568:*apónt-ya
5453:*poikilós
5287:*mol-eh₂-
5239:/nekʷts/)
4963:, Doric
4905:*krét-yōs
4852:, Boeot.
3978:geminated
3882:aspirates
3503:< PIE
3486:*h₁regʷos
3480:): Greek
3417:*sth₂-to-
3394:धिष्ण्य (
3262:*seǵʰ-oh₂
3260:< PIE
3156:, Aeolic
3150:*str̥-tos
3020:but also
2965:"out of".
2914:*sāwélios
2908:", Ionic
2794:, Aeolic
2788:/híkkʷos/
2487:kʷ gʷ kʷʰ
2362:does not
2343:Phonology
2270:pre-Greek
2246:Acarnania
2234:Athamania
2172:Black Sea
2098:Byzantine
2048:) is the
2023:pre-Greek
1849:Practices
1668:Yarsanism
1478:Albanians
1458:East Asia
1445:Scythians
1437:Phrygians
1430:Paeonians
1423:Illyrians
1409:Thracians
1326:East Asia
1277:Armenians
1204:Hallstatt
1186:Chernoles
1127:Terramare
1117:Trzciniec
1084:Sintashta
1079:Andronovo
980:Cernavodă
953:East Asia
908:Khvalynsk
648:Philology
558:Particles
444:Phonology
385:Liburnian
360:Tocharian
355:Anatolian
324:Nuristani
217:Languages
14464:Medieval
14364:Ages of
14303:Proverbs
14142:Linear B
14084:teaching
13840:Central
13798:–AD 330)
13785:–300 BC)
13636:Category
13614:Theatres
13541:Tripolis
13476:Kerasous
13471:Heraclea
13403:Tyritake
13358:Nikonion
13269:Thronion
13191:Salauris
13146:Emporion
13103:Berenice
13093:Balagrae
13045:Euonymos
13018:Tyndaris
13003:Syracuse
12998:Selinous
12968:Kamarina
12923:Casmenae
12908:Akrillai
12825:Neápolis
12760:Caulonia
12741:Mainland
12672:Linear B
12667:Linear A
12597:Dialects
12574:Language
12368:Religion
12326:Medicine
12260:Religion
12225:Folklore
12210:Emporium
12185:Clothing
12180:Calendar
12064:Xenophon
12059:Tyrtaeus
12044:Theognis
12019:Polybius
12014:Plutarch
11989:Menander
11969:Hipponax
11896:Socrates
11851:Epicurus
11697:Diadochi
11595:Sciritae
11555:Hetairoi
11530:Ballista
11495:Military
11458:Gerousia
11448:Ekklesia
11415:Ecclesia
11397:Athenian
11345:Politics
11258:–279 BC)
11245:–366 BC)
11226:–389 BC)
11162:Pergamon
11132:Bithynia
11125:Kingdoms
11066:Pergamon
11008:Military
11003:Politics
10800:Timeline
10737:(1995).
10619:(eds.).
10582:Archived
10564:(1995).
10526:Archived
10469:Archived
10421:Archived
10389:Archived
10313:Archived
10286:Archived
10247:(1933).
9709:Archived
9627:Archived
9493:Archived
9393:40205757
9336:Archived
9295:Archived
9254:Archived
9197:Archived
9142:Archived
9109:Archived
9048:Archived
8967:See also
8920:Ten (10)
8911:*ennéwə
8907:Nine (9)
8888:*septḿ̥
8885:*heptə́
8862:*pénkʷe
8859:*pénkʷe
8855:Five (5)
8842:Four (4)
8836:*tréyes
8833:*tréyes
8663:"nine":
8573:"six":
8525:"five":
8489:píttares
8483:πίτταρες
8474:péttares
8468:πέτταρες
8459:tésseres
8453:τέσσερες
8444:téttares
8438:τέτταρες
8417:kʷeturṓn
8211:Numerals
7572:*h₁ésmi
7555:Pronoun
7340:Pronoun
7334:thematic
7288:*phéresi
7286:, Ionic
7284:*phéreti
7270:replace
7237:Armenian
7103:You two
7046:*éǵh₂; (
7031:Pronoun
7003:Pronouns
6639:éh₂h₁(e)
6602:éh₂h₁(e)
6493:éh₂h₁(e)
6148:Armenian
6096:*-oi(i)n
6023:quinctus
6002:such as
5985:délemnon
5981:bélemnon
5928:Sanskrit
5924:*gʷelbʰ-
5890:, while
5857:elaphrós
5843:, gen.
5817:boukólos
5788:Loss of
5759:hétoimos
5755:hetoîmos
5713:Loss of
5682:⟩
5678:⟨
5668:Loss of
5644:Loss of
5628:Loss of
5623:*níkasas
5619:*níkahas
5605:Loss of
5599:Linear B
5503:Loss of
5457:poikílos
5360:*nag-laz
5339:h₃nogʷʰ-
5328:*onokʷʰ-
5256:*bʰolyom
5161:) and a
5143:resonant
4983:za-we-te
4977:, Ionic
4965:sā́meron
4959:, Ionic
4953:*ťāmeron
4951:> PG
4917:kreíttōn
4913:*kréťťōn
4909:*krétyōn
4842:*mét͡sos
4838:*médʰyos
4815:*tót͡sos
4779:*dʰyeh₂-
4764:*t͡segʷ-
4731:, since
4382:Arcadian
3861:becomes
3850:becomes
3622:thánatos
3518:"wind",
3444:*dh₃-ti-
3422:στατός (
3396:dhíṣṇya-
3076:*spérmn̥
2980:Syllabic
2959:Linear B
2876:, later
2790:, Attic
2781:*híkkʷos
2779:> PG
2777:*h₁éḱwos
2647:āu ēu ōu
2643:āi ēi ōi
2639:au eu ou
2472:Plosive
2447:Glottal
2435:Alveolar
2322:Linear B
2262:Tripolis
2250:Thessaly
2230:Tymphaia
2226:Parauaea
2168:homeland
2164:migrated
2156:Phrygian
2106:variants
1895:Scholars
1793:Germanic
1764:Scottish
1729:Thracian
1723:Illyrian
1717:Albanian
1705:European
1698:Armenian
1682:Ossetian
1676:Scythian
1661:Yazidism
1611:Buddhism
1602:Hinduism
1493:Norsemen
1403:Anatolia
1320:Iranians
1313:Iranians
1294:Iron Age
1269:Hittites
1222:Colchian
1215:Caucasus
1173:Iron Age
1142:Lusatian
1137:Urnfield
1061:Srubnaya
1056:Poltavka
1046:Catacomb
985:Cucuteni
940:Caucasus
757:Religion
742:Homeland
684:Behistun
664:Linear B
553:Numerals
548:Pronouns
473:Balkanic
420:Thracian
413:Phrygian
406:Paeonian
392:Messapic
378:Illyrian
290:Hellenic
285:Germanic
254:Armenian
246:Albanian
240:Albanoid
191:a series
189:Part of
172:ancestor
94:May 2019
14446:Ancient
14283:Exonyms
14216:Ancient
14182:Braille
14152:History
14111:Ancient
14104:Grammar
14076:Ancient
14051:Yevanic
14009:Italiot
13994:Cypriot
13962:Demotic
13906:Locrian
13901:Epirote
13896:Achaean
13876:Homeric
13833:Ancient
13742:Periods
13656:Outline
13609:Temples
13546:Zaliche
13526:Thèrmae
13516:Sesamus
13486:Odessos
13461:Cytorus
13456:Cotyora
13206:Illyria
13171:Mainake
13166:Kypsela
13055:Hycesia
13013:Thermae
12993:Segesta
12983:Messana
12938:Helorus
12918:Calacte
12898:Akragas
12860:Sybaris
12845:Rhegion
12800:Krimisa
12750:Alision
12659:Writing
12632:Locrian
12622:Epirote
12592:Homeric
12525:Artemis
12512:Temples
12453:Olympia
12423:Eleusis
12358:Theatre
12343:Pottery
12270:Warfare
12265:Slavery
12200:Economy
12195:Cuisine
12190:Coinage
12167:Society
12152:Culture
12147:Society
12095:Tyrants
11934:Alcaeus
11916:Authors
11866:Hypatia
11856:Gorgias
11793:Writers
11615:Toxotai
11585:Sarissa
11575:Peltast
11570:Phalanx
11550:Hoplite
11545:Hippeis
11468:Macedon
11440:Spartan
11425:Heliaia
11372:Proxeny
11081:Larissa
11076:Kerkyra
11071:Eretria
11061:Miletus
11056:Ephesus
11051:Corinth
11046:Chalcis
10967:Taurica
10837:Periods
10818:History
10661:"Greek"
9658:(ed.).
9209:Greece.
8927:*déḱm̥
8875:*swéḱs
8872:*hwéks
8868:Six (6)
8823:*dwóh₁
8816:Two (2)
8810:*óynos
8803:One (1)
8789:Number
8772:khílioi
8747:hekatón
8732:hekətón
8703:"ten":
8519:tétores
8513:τέτορες
8504:písures
8498:πίσυρες
8352:/trins/
8296:/dúwoː/
8279:"two":
8243:/heméi/
8219:"one":
8010:eh₂oHom
7608:You two
7432:You two
7294:bʰéreti
7201:removed
7186:sources
7095:We two
7052:variant
7013:ekeînos
6734:Plural
6541:éh₂oHom
6459:Plural
6176:Plural
6136:gunaik-
6118:húdatos
6012:pémptos
5931:garbha-
5920:delphús
5906:). Cf.
5898:before
5894:became
5874:became
5849:elakhús
5833:aipólos
5717:before
5638:*tréyes
5632:, e.g.
5449:oxytone
5417:Prosody
5380:(as in
5232:Hittite
5190:*nokʷts
5069:/dzeús/
4961:sḗmeron
4957:tḗmeron
4929:*kr̥tús
4921:kréssōn
4886:*eréťťō
4864:, Lat.
4862:mádhya-
4848:, Hom.
4829:, Lat.
4821:, Hom.
4811:*tótyos
4789:, Att.
4774:"flee")
4768:sébomai
4760:*tyegʷ-
4385:Cypriot
4367:Homeric
3939:, with
3785:*Cih₂eC
3751:*CeRHeC
3629:thnātós
3525:"wind".
3501:*awent-
3449:δόσις (
3431:sthíta-
3429:स्थित (
3406:*fasnom
3382:*dʰh₁s-
3198:, e.g.
3174:korzdia
3158:strótos
3154:stratós
3096:hekatón
3088:hekotón
3086:"ten",
2910:hēélios
2852:(Latin
2758:, the "
2529:Liquid
2438:Palatal
2383:removed
2368:sources
2238:Dolopia
2120:Origins
2064:(i.e.,
1827:Latvian
1785:Cornish
1655:Kurdish
1641:Persian
1633:Iranian
1625:Sikhism
1618:Jainism
1581:Hittite
1520:Iranian
1416:Dacians
1209:Jastorf
1132:Tumulus
1112:Únětice
1041:Yamnaya
1036:Chariot
974:Usatovo
915:Yamnaya
752:Society
736:Origins
669:Rigveda
521:Grammar
348:Extinct
338:Romance
317:Iranian
86:See why
14473:Modern
14226:Modern
14080:accent
14036:Pontic
14026:Maniot
13989:Cretan
13953:Modern
13844:Aeolic
13811:–1453)
13646:Portal
13594:People
13582:Cities
13521:Sinope
13506:Rhizos
13496:Phasis
13446:Bathus
13441:Athina
13426:Amisos
13388:Tanais
13383:Pityus
13308:Charax
13259:Pharos
13254:Orikon
13151:Helike
13141:Alonis
13108:Cyrene
13040:Didyme
12953:Himera
12928:Catana
12890:Sicily
12880:Thurii
12875:Terina
12840:Pixous
12795:Hydrus
12770:Croton
12602:Aeolic
12520:Aphaea
12443:Dodona
12428:Delphi
12397:Temple
12073:Others
12024:Sappho
12009:Pindar
11984:Lucian
11979:Ibycus
11964:Hesiod
11901:Thales
11669:Rulers
11648:People
11625:Xyston
11620:Xiphos
11481:Koinon
11387:Tyrant
11377:Stasis
11367:Koinon
11167:Pontus
11142:Epirus
11111:Sparta
11101:Rhodes
11096:Megara
11091:Thebes
11036:Athens
10962:Pontus
10927:Epirus
10917:Cyprus
10902:Aeolis
10747:
10715:
10698:
10688:
10650:
10640:
10574:
10550:
10518:
10497:
10445:
10413:
10381:
10360:
10335:
10278:
10257:
10233:
10073:Lingua
9751:
9701:
9672:
9619:
9521:
9485:
9399:
9391:
9383:
9328:
9287:
9246:
9189:
9101:
9040:
9008:
8973:Greeks
8924:*dékə
8898:*oktṓ
8820:*dúwō
8766:χίλιοι
8760:(>
8741:ἑκατόν
8735:(>
8710:(>
8670:(>
8667:ennéwə
8645:(>
8620:(>
8617:heptə́
8580:(>
8557:Thess.
8532:(>
8529:pénkʷe
8479:Thess.
8464:Boeot.
8420:(>
8342:(>
8339:tréyes
8286:(>
8185:eh₂mis
8175:Instr.
8080:eh₂m̥s
8045:eh₂mos
7902:Instr.
7598:We two
7404:We two
7280:phérei
7009:hoûtos
6969:Instr.
6914:óy(h₁)
6877:óy(h₁)
6768:óy(h₁)
6709:éh₂mis
6686:Instr.
6612:éh₂m̥s
6575:éh₂mos
6411:Instr.
6222:*h₂éǵr
6208:*h₂éǵr
6194:*h₂éǵr
6144:gunai-
6129:-tatos
6107:*-āsyo
5972:p ph b
5943:Gothic
5933:) vs.
5916:phónos
5908:theínō
5831:) vs.
5829:*gʷou-
5745:*kórwā
5663:*wétos
5615:níkaas
5576:apoûsa
5572:apónsa
5525:Aeolic
5318:ónukh-
5298:molīna
5267:folium
5247:φύλλον
5222:Gothic
5217:*nakts
5040:Vowels
5022:*g(ʷ)y
4941:*k(ʰ)y
4925:kratús
4898:erétēs
4894:eréssō
4890:eréttō
4866:medius
4854:méttos
4795:dhyā́-
4783:*t͡sā-
4717:tátēt-
4713:tátēsi
4682:*t(ʰ)y
4391:Other
4176:After
4149:*k(ʰ)y
4145:*t(ʰ)y
4118:*k(ʰ)y
4114:*t(ʰ)y
4002:After
3999:Before
3945:hiatus
3937:*CR̥RV
3933:*CR̥HV
3837:*CR̥HV
3799:; or,
3793:*CiyaC
3789:*CiHaC
3781:*Cih₂C
3779:; or,
3773:*CyeHC
3745:; or,
3739:*CReHC
3680:*Cih₂C
3520:Breton
3516:ventus
3493:riqiz-
3490:Gothic
3482:érebos
3456:दिति (
3446:"gift"
3437:status
3424:statós
3376:Latin
3352:, but
3270:*heks-
3258:*hekh-
3170:kradíē
3166:kardíā
3132:, but
3100:*déḱm̥
3072:spérma
3068:spérmo
2968:Final
2902:hḗlios
2898:*swel-
2888:" and
2886:aurora
2866:koinós
2842:forest
2830:*suh₁-
2792:híppos
2671:
2592:Close
2584:Center
2571:Vowels
2484:k g kʰ
2478:t d tʰ
2475:p b pʰ
2452:Nasal
2432:Labial
2317:
2291:
2244:, and
2114:
2110:
2084:, and
2074:Aeolic
2027:
1842:Slavic
1821:Baltic
1771:Breton
1751:Celtic
1735:Dacian
1691:Others
1471:Europe
1344:Europe
1338:Yuezhi
1192:Europe
1179:Steppe
1090:Europe
947:Maykop
901:Samara
857:Kurgan
674:Avesta
456:Ablaut
452:Accent
399:Mysian
371:Dacian
332:Italic
280:Celtic
272:Slavic
265:Baltic
233:Extant
132:Region
14455:Koine
14366:Greek
14261:Other
14116:Koine
14090:Koine
13930:Koine
13888:Doric
13884:West
13871:Ionic
13866:Attic
13862:East
13604:Stoae
13572:Lists
13491:Oinòe
13414:coast
13412:South
13398:Tyras
13368:Olbia
13338:Kepoi
13291:coast
13289:North
13282:basin
13224:Aulon
13186:Rhode
13098:Barca
12988:Naxos
12943:Henna
12903:Akrai
12870:Taras
12855:Siris
12815:Medma
12810:Locri
12775:Cumae
12765:Chone
12743:Italy
12649:Koine
12627:Ionic
12617:Doric
12612:Attic
12433:Delos
12331:Music
11974:Homer
11929:Aesop
11881:Plato
11783:Poets
11453:Ephor
11405:Agora
11382:Tagus
11357:Boule
11106:Samos
11031:Argos
10937:Ionia
10922:Doris
10907:Crete
10696:S2CID
10664:(PDF)
10634:Brill
10472:(PDF)
10461:(PDF)
10354:Brill
9517:Greek
9397:S2CID
9389:JSTOR
9367:(3).
8755:*
8730:*
8705:*
8682:ennéa
8676:ἐννέα
8665:*
8640:*
8632:heptá
8615:*
8577:hwéks
8575:*
8567:pémpe
8561:πέμπε
8553:Lesb.
8548:pénte
8542:πέντε
8527:*
8494:Lesb.
8415:*
8408:*
8400:trées
8394:τρέες
8390:Cret.
8375:Lesb.
8370:treîs
8364:τρεῖς
8348:ti-ri
8337:*
8292:du-wo
8281:*
8267:henos
8228:*
8221:*
8201:, néw
8197:, néw
8187:, néw
8183:, néw
8166:, néw
8162:, néw
8152:, néw
8150:eh₂su
8148:, néw
8131:, néw
8127:, néw
8117:, néw
8115:eh₂es
8113:, néw
8096:, néw
8092:, néw
8082:, néw
8078:, néw
8061:, néw
8057:, néw
8047:, néw
8043:, néw
8026:, néw
8022:, néw
8012:, néw
8008:, néw
7991:, néw
7987:, néw
7977:, néw
7975:eh₂es
7973:, néw
7942:Case
7928:, néw
7924:, néw
7914:, néw
7912:eh₂h₁
7910:, néw
7895:oi/ei
7893:, néw
7889:, néw
7887:oi/ei
7881:oy/ey
7879:, néw
7875:, néw
7873:oy/ey
7858:, néw
7854:, néw
7844:, néw
7840:, néw
7823:, néw
7819:, néw
7809:, néw
7805:, néw
7788:, néw
7784:, néw
7774:, néw
7772:eh₂ey
7770:, néw
7753:, néw
7749:, néw
7739:, néw
7735:, néw
7718:, néw
7714:, néw
7704:, néw
7700:, néw
7669:Case
7477:, *ág
7449:, *ág
7421:, *ág
7361:*h₂éǵ
7357:<
7317:-enai
7313:-ehen
7161:Verbs
7072:*h₂ew
7017:autós
6986:*dzug
6973:*dzug
6956:*dzug
6935:*dzug
6918:*dzug
6908:*dzug
6898:*dzug
6881:*dzug
6871:*dzug
6861:*dzug
6844:*dzug
6839:óyyun
6837:*dzug
6827:*dzug
6810:*dzug
6805:óyyun
6803:*dzug
6793:*dzug
6776:<
6772:*dzug
6762:<
6758:*dzug
6748:<
6744:*dzug
6731:Dual
6725:Case
6703:*pʰug
6696:éh₂h₁
6690:*pʰug
6679:éh₂su
6673:*pʰug
6660:*pʰug
6649:éh₂es
6643:*pʰug
6633:*pʰug
6623:*pʰug
6606:*pʰug
6596:*pʰug
6586:*pʰug
6569:*pʰug
6564:áyyun
6562:*pʰug
6558:éh₂ey
6552:*pʰug
6535:*pʰug
6530:áyyun
6528:*pʰug
6518:*pʰug
6507:éh₂es
6505:*bʰug
6501:<
6497:*pʰug
6491:*bʰug
6487:<
6483:*pʰug
6477:*bʰug
6473:<
6469:*pʰug
6456:Dual
6450:Case
6281:óyyun
6247:óyyun
6218:<
6204:<
6190:<
6173:Dual
6167:Case
6122:húdōr
6100:-oiun
6062:*-su-
6051:Nouns
6004:Latin
5989:bállō
5977:bélos
5958:Latin
5954:*kʷis
5845:aigós
5839:(cf.
5823:(cf.
5771:oínou
5767:oînos
5634:treîs
5621:<
5585:>
5574:>
5570:>
5558:>
5554:>
5529:*ésmi
5521:Doric
5517:Ionic
5513:Attic
5455:>
5439:morae
5407:>
5393:Greek
5383:Greek
5376:will
5355:PGerm
5353:<
5343:(cf.
5332:<
5314:Greek
5305:Greek
5294:Latin
5291:(cf.
5274:Greek
5263:Latin
5260:(cf.
5243:Greek
5236:nekuz
5226:nahts
5215:<
5197:Latin
5194:(cf.
5177:Greek
5054:dyēws
5000:>
4998:*d͡zy
4979:sêtes
4975:têtes
4969:PreG
4947:PreG
4939:from
4923:(cf.
4896:(cf.
4858:mésos
4846:mésos
4819:tósos
4809:PreG
4787:sā́ma
4772:tyaj-
4733:possí
4370:Attic
4332:>
4311:>
4242:*d͡zy
4234:*kʷʰy
4206:*t͡sy
4102:*t͡sy
4076:into
3968:were
3929:*CuwV
3927:>
3925:*CuHV
3921:*CiyV
3919:>
3917:*CiHV
3891:In a
3874:CHR̥C
3859:*CoHC
3848:*CeHC
3817:*CRHV
3801:*CiHC
3795:>
3791:>
3787:>
3783:>
3775:>
3771:>
3769:*CiHC
3757:>
3753:>
3749:>
3747:*CRHC
3741:>
3737:>
3735:*CRHC
3727:>
3725:*HeC-
3723:>
3713:>
3711:*CHeC
3709:>
3654:from
3652:*CyōC
3648:*CyāC
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3614:CaRaC
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8626:ἑπτά
8622:Att.
8607:wéks
8597:Dor.
8592:héks
8582:Att.
8538:Ion.
8534:Att.
8509:Dor.
8449:Ion.
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8422:Myc.
8385:trḗs
8379:τρής
8360:Ion.
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8315:Att.
8300:Hom.
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8088:*néw
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6766:*yug
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6079:and
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