56:
409:, adat practices in Central Asia began to be resurrected in the 1990s among rural communities. This was largely due to a decay of legal and law-enforcement institutions in many parts of the region. Legal constitutions also contributed to this process, since they empowered some traditional institutions, such as councils of elders (aqsaqals), with some administrative authorities. In the North Caucasus, traditional, clan-based systems of self-government, which had been functioning underground since the 1950s, began to reappear in response to the federal government's neglect and local administrative impotence. Due to the loss of Islamic scholars and literature during the Stalinist years, the adat that emerged contained almost no elements of Islamic law. However, there is growing participation by Muslim scholars in adat proceedings, some of whom are now involved in important decisions in village assemblies and district administrations.
45:
1797:
29:
1697:
322:. Local indigenous laws and customs of all ethnic groups, including those of non-Muslims, began to be collectively termed as "adat" and were encoded into units of jural management, whereby legal pluralism in the East Indies was introduced. Under this scheme, based on a classification of adat systems as cultural geographic units, the Dutch divided the East Indies into at least nineteen adat law areas.
530:(عادت محكمة) – the term refers to traditional laws, commandments, and orders compiled into legal codes by rulers to maintain social order and harmony. The adat laws, often blended together with Islamic laws, were the main written legal reference for Malay societies since the classical era and commonly referred to as
294:, the study of adat emerged as a specialised field of inquiry. Although associated with the needs of colonial administration, this study nevertheless gave rise to an active scholarly discipline that dealt with differing systems of adat comparatively. Among notable scholars in this study were
209:(عرف), something which is commonly known or accepted. It generally refers to the result of long-standing convention, either deliberately adopted or the result of unconscious adaptation to circumstances, that has been followed where practical considerations have been uppermost.
606:, organizing of rumah terbuka (a form of social event traditionally held at home during festive seasons, where well-wishers are received and which everyone, regardless of background, is invited to attend), and learning of the Malay martial art
634:(rituals), practices derived from pre-Islamic elements that some scholars think are against the teachings of Islam. Although Islam has been deeply rooted in the life of Malay society for hundreds of years, many practices of
542:(1303), which contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing ten basic laws for their guidance. Other notable Malay legal codes are
228:. It is based on a tribal code of conduct and on centuries of experience in conflict resolution between individuals, communities, and tribes. In the North Caucasus, the traditional value codex of adat held that the
318:('adat law communities'). The adat law or adatrecht has been used by colonial governments as a legal term designating a prescriptive right, which was given currency as an independent legal entity apart from the
167:, where due to colonial influence, its usage has been systematically institutionalised into various non-Muslim communities. Within the region, the term refers, in a broader sense, to the customary norms, rules,
338:(Council of Islam and Malay Customs) are responsible in advising the rulers as well as regulating both Islamic affairs and adat. Legal proceedings on matters related to Islamic affairs and adat (such as
175:
that guide individuals' conduct as members of the community and the sanctions and forms of address by which these norms and rules are upheld. Adat also includes the set of local and traditional laws and
497:, or the definition of rights to property, rank, and other privileges in traditional Malay society. Studies of adat law have chiefly been preoccupied with the questions of its relationship to Islamic (
654:(plain flour ritual) when one enters a new house in Malaysia. However, among the Malays of Indonesia, the ulama supports such practices and believe that they do not go against the teachings of Islam.
271:, which was heavily Islamic but with extensive adat influences. These codes would later spread across the region and become the legal source for local jurisprudence in major regional sultanates like
236:'s colonial administration did not interfere with local legal practices and delegated the administration at the local community level to the councils of aqsaqals and teips, as did the
55:
1818:
244:. The adat was practiced among the Central Asians and North Caucasians up until the early 1930s, before Soviet authorities banned its use and replaced it with civil law.
2288:
1328:
1889:
2569:
1672:
474:
that the remnants of tribal structure are clearly evident at present. To cite one instance, marriage between two persons belonging to the same clan is regarded as
330:
Adat is still enforced in the courts of Brunei, Malaysia, and
Indonesia as personal law in certain aspects. In Malaysia, each state's constitution has empowered
1642:
1393:
1830:
2216:
501:) law and the legal cases to which such conflicts have given rise. In Malay culture, there are at least five different perspectives of adat:
382:
headman courts) but with very limited jurisdiction. In
Indonesia, adat rules are still of legal relevance in some areas, especially in most
1733:
2802:
2273:
2785:
510:(عادت الله) – the absolute form of adat that refers to natural order created by Allah: the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
490:
2758:
44:
618:(عادت إستعادت) – defined as rituals mainly performed during festive celebrations and formal ceremonies, such as the installation of
2746:
2655:
2226:
1308:
1159:
622:. The purpose of these rituals is to prescribe proper etiquette, with the means of glorifying the celebrations and ceremonies.
3037:
2991:
1335:
1293:
1259:
1230:
1126:
1108:
1074:
1056:
1038:
1020:
803:
421:
of
Southeast Asia, the Malay community may be classified formally and historically into two different groups: one following
2346:
2221:
354:, native adat laws of non-Malay indigenous communities were institutionalised through the establishment of courts known as
2937:
2206:
594:
is a form of adat derived from social norms that are perceived as having good moral values and do not go against either
224:. Adat in traditional Central Asian societies are guided by authoritative members of communities, usually councils of
2114:
1857:
1208:
3047:
3042:
2604:
1726:
302:. Several key concepts that are still being used today within the customary law research in modern Indonesia are:
2341:
406:
3032:
2932:
2579:
2986:
2981:
2231:
1823:
1433:
220:
had long-established codes of legal and civil law, which in the
Islamic period came to be known by the term
2917:
2687:
2446:
2026:
539:
3027:
2912:
1894:
1719:
299:
2305:
1517:
2704:
1423:
3017:
2968:
2699:
2559:
2417:
2169:
1624:
1013:
Historical
Dictionary of Turkmenistan (Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East)
261:
3022:
2692:
2494:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2310:
2236:
2056:
1119:
Adat and
Indigeneity in Indonesia - Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription
295:
2451:
2397:
2246:
2211:
2201:
2074:
1756:
164:
2628:
1174:
1085:
A Matter of Fate: The
Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature
3012:
2544:
2402:
2361:
2251:
2139:
1991:
1953:
1761:
1378:
232:('clan') was the chief reference for loyalty, honor, shame, and collective responsibility. The
255:, apparently to distinguish non-Islamic from Islamic practices. In the fifteenth century, the
2958:
2574:
2300:
2241:
2016:
1614:
1358:
1164:, Persatuan Ilmuan Melayu Malaysia (Association of Malaysian Malay scholars), archived from
2509:
2499:
2283:
2011:
1996:
1835:
1700:
1598:
1450:
1418:
1373:
1321:
544:
267:
334:
as the head of Islam and Malay customs in their respective state. State councils known as
8:
2763:
2549:
2504:
2099:
1677:
1577:
1547:
1460:
1403:
367:
2963:
2554:
2474:
2256:
2036:
1968:
1872:
1742:
1368:
1344:
1221:
A Share of the
Harvest: Kinship, Property and Social History Among the Malays of Rembau
1219:
554:
456:
241:
177:
60:
2890:
2539:
2489:
2484:
2320:
2164:
2119:
2001:
1958:
1926:
1862:
1654:
1632:
1470:
1289:
1273:
1255:
1240:
1226:
1204:
1140:
1122:
1104:
1088:
1070:
1052:
1034:
1016:
391:
291:
147:
and traditions deemed compatible with Islam as observed by Muslim communities in the
144:
111:
33:
2622:
2407:
2325:
2295:
2154:
2084:
1510:
1186:
1165:
1137:
Signs of
Recognition: Powers and Hazards of Representation in an Indonesian Society
575:
549:
272:
256:
127:
87:
79:
2927:
2922:
2907:
2660:
2534:
2469:
2278:
2129:
1973:
1882:
1443:
1383:
452:
423:
280:
276:
140:
119:
71:
1286:
The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic
Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus
2725:
2479:
2464:
2149:
2144:
2124:
2094:
2079:
1963:
1936:
1842:
1682:
1505:
284:
248:
233:
213:
160:
152:
103:
1191:
251:, the concept of adat and its meanings were first formulated in the Islamised
3006:
2953:
2770:
2719:
2351:
2315:
2041:
1931:
1637:
1465:
1438:
603:
494:
429:
343:
95:
37:
470:
Though both adat originated from tribal organizations in the past, it is in
2864:
2859:
2412:
2261:
2109:
2089:
2031:
2006:
1916:
1911:
1852:
1847:
1649:
1555:
1500:
1495:
619:
607:
522:(discussion) and muafakat (consensus) applied in the Malay kingship system.
460:
418:
331:
217:
168:
156:
19:
This article is about customary law. For the digital recording format, see
642:
and community leaders to promote the discontinuation of such practices as
2869:
2790:
2371:
2159:
2046:
2021:
1946:
1941:
1906:
1455:
1363:
1031:
The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat Among Javanese Muslims
467:
rule of descent and a political structure based upon the kinship system.
464:
447:
and more pervasive, and it can be found in the majority of Malay states.
444:
252:
1796:
1201:
Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
489:, in the research and literature, has been with so-called undang-undang
28:
2807:
2736:
2564:
2456:
2196:
2134:
2051:
1921:
1901:
1877:
1277:
1252:
Asas-Asas Kenegaraan Malaysia (The Principles of Malaysia's Nationhood)
1144:
1092:
519:
475:
440:
395:
237:
172:
163:. Despite its Arabic origin, the term adat resonates deeply throughout
1766:
2884:
2821:
2815:
2751:
2650:
2516:
1867:
1711:
1565:
1560:
1485:
1388:
1175:"Adat in the City: Some Perceptions and Practices Among Urban Malays"
1067:
Family Law and Customary Law in Asia:A Contemporary Legal Perspective
399:
359:
319:
203:(عادَة), meaning custom, or habit, and is considered synonymous with
1242:
Legal Pluralism in The Northwest Caucasus: The Role of Sharia Courts
2848:
2826:
2797:
2741:
2266:
1582:
1101:
Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia
375:
49:
514:
may also refer to any practice that is almost absolutely based on
2731:
2714:
2677:
2672:
2638:
1779:
1774:
1542:
1480:
347:
225:
148:
2831:
2780:
2775:
2709:
2682:
2667:
2643:
2633:
2392:
1784:
1572:
1537:
1522:
559:
498:
193:
1313:
2879:
2614:
2609:
2104:
1532:
1527:
1475:
1249:
880:
647:
639:
567:
515:
383:
379:
366:('native courts'), respectively. A parallel system exists in
351:
2874:
2854:
387:
229:
20:
664:
638:
have prevailed. Continuous efforts have been made by the
205:
2570:
Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism
1673:
Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center
259:
empire developed a code of international shipping law,
1028:
844:
290:
In the early decades of the twentieth century, in the
314:(communal rights over land or 'right to avail'), and
342:
or 'matrimonial property' cases) are carried out in
804:"Indonesian Customary Law and European Colonialism"
1218:
1049:State, Society and International Relations in Asia
212:Prior to the arrival of Islam, the peoples of the
3004:
1154:(6 vol Thomson-Gale, 2002) 1:11–17, on Malaysia.
1116:
832:
682:
180:systems by which these societies are regulated.
36:wedding attire in front of the King's Throne at
1157:
996:
985:
974:
963:
952:
2217:Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals
1268:Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt; Abraham, Itty (2009),
1727:
1329:
134:
1267:
1179:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
706:
518:and the rules of Islam, like the concept of
443:) is the most common form of adat, which is
336:Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Istiadat Melayu
1734:
1720:
1336:
1322:
1033:, Australian National University E-Press,
1190:
1082:
718:
1270:Words in Motion: Toward a Global Lexicon
1238:
904:
107:
54:
43:
27:
1283:
1064:
928:
742:
32:A bride and grooms wearing traditional
3005:
2227:Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council
1741:
1250:Tengku Anuar Bin Tengku Dalam (1997),
1216:
1172:
1134:
1098:
1046:
1010:
940:
916:
892:
868:
856:
778:
766:
754:
730:
1715:
1317:
564:Undang-Undang Sembilan Puluh Sembilan
455:, where dwell the descendants of the
2347:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
2222:Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah
115:
1198:
1117:Hauser Schäublin, Brigitta (2013),
790:
694:
265:, and a civil and commercial code,
123:
75:
13:
1225:, University of California Press,
1139:, University of California Press,
881:Tengku Anuar Bin Tengku Dalam 1997
586:(عادتنه) – also commonly known as
481:The major concern with adat, both
14:
3059:
2575:Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya
1858:Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi
1302:
451:, confined almost exclusively to
139:) is a generic term derived from
1795:
1696:
1695:
1384:The formation of Negeri Sembilan
1239:Richmond, Walter Comins (2004),
412:
1394:The role of Minangkabau in PRRI
1343:
1272:, Duke University Press Books,
1152:The Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
1121:, Goettingen University Press,
1029:Abdul Ghoffir Muhaimin (2011),
1004:
990:
979:
968:
957:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
796:
784:
407:dissolution of the Soviet Union
325:
16:Customary law in Muslim regions
2580:December 2016 Jakarta protests
2461:Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia
1051:, Amsterdam University Press,
1047:Amineh, Mehdi Parvizi (2010),
772:
760:
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
688:
676:
240:during the first years of the
91:
1:
2232:Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
1217:Peletz, Michæl Gates (1992),
670:
3038:Indonesian words and phrases
2992:National Heroes of Indonesia
2918:Islamic criminal law in Aceh
2447:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
2274:Muslim Students' Association
2027:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
1150:Levinson, David et al. eds.
540:Terengganu Inscription Stone
478:and is strictly prohibited.
199:(عادات), the plural form of
7:
2913:Islam Yes, Islamic Party No
1284:Zurcher, Christoph (2007),
1173:Nagata, Judith Ann (1974),
1087:, Oxford University Press,
845:Abdul Ghoffir Muhaimin 2011
658:
300:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje
135:
10:
3064:
1819:Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari
1424:Minangkabau historiography
1065:Buxbaum, David C. (1968),
534:. The earliest example of
370:for ethnic Malays, called
83:
18:
2977:
2946:
2900:
2840:
2700:Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran
2592:
2560:Maluku sectarian conflict
2525:
2437:
2430:
2418:Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
2385:
2334:
2189:
2182:
2170:Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya
2065:
1982:
1811:
1804:
1793:
1749:
1691:
1663:
1623:
1607:
1591:
1552:Minangkabau architecture
1402:
1351:
1192:10.1163/22134379-90002708
1083:Cohen-Mor, Dalya (2001),
262:Undang-Undang Laut Melaka
183:
145:local customary practices
143:to describe a variety of
131:
99:
2495:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2377:United Development Party
2367:Prosperous Justice Party
2357:National Awakening Party
2237:Indonesian Ulema Council
1890:Abdus Samad al-Palimbani
1161:Adat Melayu (Malay Adat)
1158:Muhammad Ismail (2013),
707:Tsing & Abraham 2009
394:, and in the regions of
316:adatrechtsgemeenschappen
296:Cornelis van Vollenhoven
3048:Customary legal systems
3043:Malay words and phrases
2452:Ottoman embassy to Aceh
2247:Islamic Defenders Front
2212:Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
2202:Campus Dakwah Institute
1481:Saluang/Minangkabau Ney
1099:Fauzia, Amelia (2013),
463:, is associated with a
165:Maritime Southeast Asia
2545:Tanjung Priok massacre
2403:Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
2362:National Mandate Party
2140:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
1379:Minangkabau Malaysians
1199:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004),
1011:Abazov, Rafis (2005),
310:('adat law circles'),
64:
52:
41:
3033:Indonesian philosophy
2252:Liberal Islam Network
2242:Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya
2017:Muhammad Jamil Jambek
1932:Maulana Malik Ibrahim
1615:Islam in West Sumatra
1518:Minangkabau merchants
1359:Minangkabau homelands
1135:Keanne, Webb (1997),
833:Hauser Schäublin 2013
683:Hauser Schäublin 2013
439:(customs or rules of
58:
47:
31:
2987:History of Indonesia
2982:Mosques in Indonesia
2510:Yogyakarta Sultanate
2075:Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
2012:Tahir bin Jalaluddin
1997:Abdul Karim Amrullah
1638:Bodi-Chaniago system
1486:Talempong/Caklempong
1451:Minangkabau marriage
1434:Minangkabau folklore
1374:Minangkabau diaspora
997:Muhammad Ismail 2013
986:Muhammad Ismail 2013
975:Muhammad Ismail 2013
964:Muhammad Ismail 2013
953:Muhammad Ismail 2013
808:Thailand Law Journal
644:perayaan mandi safar
364:Mahkamah Anak Negeri
268:Undang-Undang Melaka
253:Malay-speaking world
192:is derived from the
2550:Talangsari incident
2342:Crescent Star Party
2100:Abdullah Gymnastiar
1678:Adityawarman Museum
1643:Koto-Piliang system
1548:Songket Minangkabau
1461:Minangkabau cuisine
1245:, Carfax Publishing
1168:on 13 December 2014
1015:, Scarecrow Press,
650:bath festival) and
602:. Examples include
578:), and many others.
368:Peninsular Malaysia
356:Mahkamah Bumiputera
63:in adat dress, 1895
3028:Dispute resolution
2555:Insurgency in Aceh
2475:Kingdom of Kaimana
2257:Majelis Rasulullah
2037:Sulaiman ar-Rasuli
1969:Burhanuddin Ulakan
1873:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
1848:Yusuf al-Makassari
1743:Islam in Indonesia
1492:Minangkabau dance
697:, pp. 123–124
572:Hukum Kanun Brunei
555:Hukum Kanun Pahang
545:Hukum Kanun Melaka
242:revolution of 1917
178:dispute resolution
65:
61:Minangkabau people
53:
48:Muslim men in the
42:
3000:
2999:
2891:Tafsir Al-Mishbah
2588:
2587:
2540:Petition of Fifty
2500:Ternate Sultanate
2490:Mataram Sultanate
2485:Malacca Sultanate
2426:
2425:
2335:Political parties
2321:Sumatera Thawalib
2311:Rabithah Alawiyah
2178:
2177:
2165:Abdurrahman Wahid
2120:Nurcholish Madjid
1959:Ali Mughayat Syah
1954:Abdurrauf Singkil
1927:Sunan Gunung Jati
1863:Abdullah al-Misri
1831:Nawawi al-Bantani
1709:
1708:
1633:Minangkabau clans
1471:Minangkabau music
1295:978-0-8147-9709-9
1261:978-983-038-038-4
1254:, Al-Azim Press,
1232:978-0-520-08086-7
1128:978-3-86395-132-0
1110:978-90-04-23397-3
1076:978-90-247-0348-7
1058:978-90-5356-794-4
1040:978-1-920942-30-4
1022:978-0-8108-5362-1
636:adat nenek moyang
627:Adat nenek moyang
372:Mahkamah Penghulu
340:harta sepencarian
312:beschikkingsrecht
308:adatrechtskringen
292:Dutch East Indies
3055:
3018:Law of Indonesia
2969:Central Sulawesi
2811:
2794:
2767:
2755:
2664:
2623:Babad Tanah Jawi
2505:Tidore Sultanate
2435:
2434:
2408:Jamaah Islamiyah
2326:Wahdah Islamiyah
2296:Nahdlatul Wathan
2187:
2186:
2155:Said Aqil Siradj
2085:Abu Bakar Bashir
1898:
1839:
1827:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1625:Tribes and clans
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1298:
1280:
1264:
1246:
1235:
1224:
1213:
1195:
1194:
1169:
1147:
1131:
1113:
1095:
1079:
1061:
1043:
1025:
999:
994:
988:
983:
977:
972:
966:
961:
955:
950:
944:
943:, pp. 91–92
938:
932:
926:
920:
919:, pp. 91–92
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
871:, pp. 96–97
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
709:, pp. 71–76
704:
698:
692:
686:
685:, pp. 46–47
680:
459:immigrants from
298:, Ter Haar, and
138:
133:
125:
117:
109:
101:
93:
85:
77:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3023:Law of Malaysia
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2973:
2942:
2928:Jemaah Tarbiyah
2923:Jama’ah Tabligh
2908:Islam Nusantara
2896:
2836:
2805:
2788:
2761:
2749:
2693:Istiqlal Mosque
2658:
2584:
2535:Jakarta Charter
2527:
2521:
2470:Demak Sultanate
2439:
2422:
2381:
2330:
2279:Nahdlatul Ulama
2174:
2130:Mohammad Natsir
2067:
2061:
1984:
1978:
1974:Usman bin Yahya
1892:
1883:Tuanku Tambusai
1833:
1821:
1800:
1791:
1745:
1740:
1710:
1705:
1687:
1665:
1659:
1619:
1603:
1587:
1444:Sabai Nan Aluih
1398:
1352:General history
1347:
1342:
1305:
1296:
1262:
1233:
1211:
1129:
1111:
1077:
1059:
1041:
1023:
1007:
1002:
995:
991:
984:
980:
973:
969:
962:
958:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
817:
815:
802:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
689:
681:
677:
673:
661:
566:("99 Laws") of
453:Negeri Sembilan
437:Adat temenggung
427:and the other,
424:Adat temenggung
415:
328:
186:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2938:Traditionalist
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2800:
2795:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2726:Sejarah Banten
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Gowa Sultanate
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Aceh Sultanate
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Quraish Shihab
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Harun Nasution
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Djohan Effendi
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Azyumardi Azra
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:Hasyim Asy'ari
1999:
1994:
1992:Abdullah Ahmad
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Tuanku Nan Tuo
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Sunan Kalijaga
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Hamzah Fansuri
1840:
1828:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:Old divisions
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1683:Orkes Gumarang
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:External links
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1281:
1265:
1260:
1247:
1236:
1231:
1214:
1209:
1196:
1170:
1155:
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1132:
1127:
1114:
1109:
1096:
1080:
1075:
1062:
1057:
1044:
1039:
1026:
1021:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:
989:
978:
967:
956:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
719:Cohen-Mor 2001
711:
699:
687:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
660:
657:
656:
655:
623:
611:
600:adat muhakamah
579:
536:adat muhakamah
527:Adat muhakamah
523:
414:
411:
405:Following the
327:
324:
306:('adat law'),
249:Southeast Asia
234:Russian Empire
214:North Caucasus
185:
182:
161:Southeast Asia
153:North Caucasus
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Malay culture
3011:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Tabligh Akbar
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Masyumi Party
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Sarekat Islam
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:Civil society
2188:
2185:
2183:Organizations
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Kartosoewirjo
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2057:Tjokroaminoto
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Mohammad Roem
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:Awakening era
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:Major figures
1803:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:organizations
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Makan bajamba
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Malin Kundang
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:Paper on Adat
1307:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1288:, NYU Press,
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1210:1-57607-770-5
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1008:
998:
993:
987:
982:
976:
971:
965:
960:
954:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
918:
913:
906:
905:Richmond 2004
901:
894:
889:
883:, p. 157
882:
877:
870:
865:
859:, p. 119
858:
853:
847:, p. 116
846:
841:
834:
829:
813:
809:
805:
799:
793:, p. 124
792:
787:
780:
775:
769:, p. 260
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
721:, p. 107
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
684:
679:
675:
666:
663:
662:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:adat istiadat
629:
628:
624:
621:
617:
616:
615:Adat istiadat
612:
609:
605:
604:gotong royong
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
504:
503:
502:
500:
496:
495:customary law
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
472:Adat perpatih
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Adat perpatih
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
431:
430:Adat perpatih
426:
425:
420:
413:Malay culture
410:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:courts') and
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Syariah Court
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
207:
202:
198:
195:
191:
181:
179:
174:
170:
169:interdictions
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
129:
121:
113:
105:
97:
89:
81:
73:
69:
62:
57:
51:
46:
39:
38:Maimun Palace
35:
30:
26:
22:
2959:West Sumatra
2889:
2865:Kitab kuning
2860:Jamiat Kheir
2847:
2814:
2724:
2621:
2605:Architecture
2599:
2528:independence
2440:independence
2413:Laskar Jihad
2262:Muhammadiyah
2207:Hidayatullah
2110:Wahid Hasyim
2090:Idham Chalid
2068:independence
2032:Haji Misbach
2007:Ahmad Dahlan
1917:Sunan Drajat
1912:Sunan Bonang
1853:Malikussaleh
1556:Rumah gadang
1427:
1412:
1411:
1285:
1269:
1251:
1241:
1220:
1203:, ABC-CLIO,
1200:
1182:
1178:
1166:the original
1160:
1151:
1136:
1118:
1100:
1084:
1069:, Springer,
1066:
1048:
1030:
1012:
1005:Bibliography
992:
981:
970:
959:
948:
936:
931:, p. 18
929:Buxbaum 1968
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
835:, p. 46
828:
816:. Retrieved
814:(Fall). 2012
811:
807:
798:
786:
781:, p. 81
774:
762:
750:
745:, p. 14
743:Zurcher 2007
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
652:tepung tawar
651:
643:
635:
631:
630:– refers to
626:
625:
620:Malay rulers
614:
613:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
581:
571:
563:
553:
543:
535:
531:
526:
525:
511:
506:
505:
486:
482:
480:
471:
469:
461:West Sumatra
448:
436:
435:
428:
422:
419:Malay states
416:
404:
386:villages in
371:
363:
355:
339:
335:
332:Malay rulers
329:
326:Modern usage
315:
311:
307:
303:
289:
266:
260:
246:
221:
218:Central Asia
211:
204:
200:
196:
189:
187:
157:Central Asia
67:
66:
25:
2870:Kota santri
2806: [
2789: [
2762: [
2750: [
2659: [
2398:Darul Islam
2372:Ummah Party
2160:Abdul Somad
2150:Ma'ruf Amin
2047:Rasuna Said
2022:Mas Mansoer
1947:Sunan Murya
1942:Sunan Kudus
1907:Sunan Ampel
1893: [
1834: [
1822: [
1812:Classic era
1599:Minangkabau
1364:Dharmasraya
1345:Minangkabau
941:Nagata 1974
917:Nagata 1974
907:, p. 4
895:, p. 3
893:Abazov 2005
869:Amineh 2010
857:Peletz 1992
779:Fauzia 2013
767:Keanne 1997
757:, p. 3
755:Abazov 2005
733:, p. 3
731:Abazov 2005
465:matrilineal
457:Minangkabau
445:patrilineal
392:Tenger area
173:injunctions
3007:Categories
2737:Serak Gulo
2715:Sholawatan
2565:Poso riots
2457:Wali Sanga
2197:Alkhairaat
2135:Amien Rais
2052:Agus Salim
1922:Sunan Giri
1902:Wali Sanga
1878:Tuanku Rao
1757:Shia Islam
1511:Pasambahan
1456:Matriarchy
1369:Pagaruyung
1278:B00EHNZP7O
1185:: 91–109,
1145:B003WOKXPS
1093:B001AU68DW
671:References
558:("Laws of
548:("Laws of
520:musyawarah
483:temenggung
476:incestuous
441:Temenggung
396:Yogyakarta
378:'s courts—
238:Bolsheviks
34:Malay Deli
2964:East Java
2947:By region
2933:Modernist
2901:Movements
2885:Pesantren
2841:Education
2822:Wetu Telu
2816:Tombo Ati
2803:Tirakatan
2678:Manakiban
2517:Padri War
1983:National
1762:Ahmadiyya
1566:Balairung
1561:Rangkiang
1419:etymology
1389:Padri War
1103:, BRILL,
596:adatullah
592:adatunnah
590:(norms),
583:Adatunnah
574:(Laws of
512:Adatullah
507:Adatullah
400:Surakarta
360:Bumiputra
320:canon law
304:adatrecht
188:The word
59:Group of
2849:Al-Munir
2827:Yaqowiyu
2798:Tausiyah
2786:Takbiran
2781:Tahlilan
2742:Slametan
2629:Costumes
2284:GP Ansor
2267:Aisyiyah
1750:Branches
1701:Category
1608:Religion
1592:Language
1583:Dubalang
818:19 March
791:Ooi 2004
695:Ooi 2004
659:See also
491:adat law
487:perpatih
376:Penghulu
226:Aqsaqals
112:Chagatay
50:Caucasus
2832:Yasinan
2759:Suronan
2732:Sekaten
2705:Qasidah
2688:Mosques
2673:Lebaran
2639:Songkok
2593:Culture
2431:History
2386:Militia
1780:Priyayi
1775:Abangan
1767:Kejawèn
1664:Related
1543:Songket
1404:Culture
538:is the
417:In the
348:Sarawak
281:Pattani
149:Balkans
128:Serbian
88:Chechen
80:Lezgian
2776:Tabuik
2747:Suroan
2710:Rebana
2683:Maulid
2668:Kauman
2651:Hadroh
2644:Sarong
2634:Kupiah
2393:Banser
2301:PERSIS
2289:JATMAN
1785:Santri
1578:Nagari
1573:Pantun
1538:Tabuik
1523:Randai
1506:Indang
1501:Piring
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1207:
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576:Brunei
560:Pahang
550:Melaka
499:Sharia
390:, the
283:, and
273:Brunei
257:Melaka
197:ʿādā́t
194:Arabic
184:Origin
171:, and
159:, and
141:Arabic
120:Pashto
72:Arabic
2880:LIPIA
2810:]
2793:]
2766:]
2754:]
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2663:]
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2615:Tajug
2610:Bedug
2526:Post-
2306:PERTI
2105:Hamka
2066:Post-
1897:]
1868:Padri
1838:]
1826:]
1655:Sakai
1533:Surau
1528:Silek
1496:Lilin
1476:Rabab
1428:tambo
648:safar
640:ulama
608:Silat
588:resam
568:Perak
532:kanun
516:ahkam
493:, or
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352:Sabah
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116:ئادەت
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