Minangkabau people

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that of her council of uncles. Because in Minang culture marriage is merely a 'commitment of two people' and not at all a 'union', there is no stigma attached to divorce. The Minangkabau were prominent among the intellectual figures in the Indonesian independence movement. Not only were they strongly embedded themselves surrounding Islamic traditions – which counteracted the influence of the Protestant Dutch – they also had a sense of cultural pride just as like every other Sumatran especially with their traditional belief of egalitarianism of "Standing as tall, sitting as low" (that no body stand or sit on an increased stage). They also speak a language closely related to the

1033:. It is considered "customary" and ideal for married sisters to remain in their parental home, with their husbands having a sort of visiting status. Not everyone lives up to this ideal, however. In the 1990s, anthropologist Evelyn Blackwood studied a relatively conservative village in Sumatra Barat where only about 22 percent of the households were "matrihouses", consisting of a mother and a married daughter or daughters. Nonetheless, there is a shared ideal among Minangkabau in which sisters and unmarried lineage members try to live close to one another or even in the same house. 619:) to settle the dispute. The prince agreed and produced the largest, meanest, most aggressive buffalo. The villagers on other hand produced a hungry baby calf with its small horns ground to be as sharp as knives. Seeing the adult buffalo across the field, the calf ran forward, hoping for milk. The big buffalo saw no threat in the baby buffalo and paid no attention to it, looking around for a worthy opponent. But when the baby thrust his head under the big bull's belly, looking for an udder, the sharpened horns punctured and killed the bull giving the villagers their victory ( 840:

cultural and political nationalism, culminating in the demand for Indonesian independence. Later rebellions against the Dutch occupation occurred such as the 1908 Anti-Tax Rebellion and the 1927 Communist uprising. During World War II the Minangkabau territories were occupied by the Japanese, and when the Japanese surrendered in August 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence. The Dutch attempts to regain control of the area were ultimately unsuccessful and in 1949 the Minangkabau territories became part of Indonesia as the province of Central Sumatra.

211: 188: 761: 1775: 1022: 331: 165: 257: 119: 56: 4628: 2722: 2310: 304: 96: 277: 1914: 1155: 666: 234: 1441: 1234: 1046:(headman), elected by groups of lineage leaders. With the agrarian base of the Minangkabau economy in decline, the suku—as a landholding unit—has also been declining somewhat in importance, especially in urban areas. Indeed, the position of penghulu is not always filled after the death of the incumbent, particularly if lineage members are not willing to bear the expense of the ceremony required to install a new penghulu. 142: 1732:(The genteel Sabai) is about a girl named Sabai who despite being famous for being a gentle girl with perfect wife skills, avenged the murder of her father by a powerful and evil ruler from a neighbouring village. After her father's death, her cowardly elder brother refuses to confront the murderer and so Sabai decided to take matters into her own hands. She seeks out the murderer and shoots him in revenge. 1526: 1468: 564: 855:. The Indonesian military invaded West Sumatra in April 1958 and had recaptured major towns within the next month. A period of guerrilla warfare ensued, but most rebels had surrendered by August 1961. In the years following, West Sumatra was like an occupied territory with Javanese officials occupying most senior civilian, military and police positions. The policies of centralisation continued under the 691:, though when the two languages split from a common ancestor and the precise historical relationship between Malay and Minangkabau culture is not known. Until the 20th century the majority of the Sumatran population lived in the highlands. The highlands are well suited for human habitation, with plentiful fresh water, fertile soil, a cool climate, and valuable commodities. It is probable that 887: 3411: 1285: 1134:. The tradition of merantau also meant that the Minangkabau developed a cosmopolitan bourgeoisie that readily adopted and promoted the ideas of an emerging nation-state. Due to their culture that stresses the importance of learning, Minang people are over-represented in the educated professions in Indonesia, with many ministers from Minang. 1042:(female lineage unit). Because Minangkabau men, like Acehnese men, often migrate to seek experience, wealth, and commercial success, the women's kin group is responsible for maintaining the continuity of the family and the distribution and cultivation of the land. These family groups, however, are typically led by a 1704:

is about the dangers of treating your mother badly. A sailor from a poor family voyages to seek his fortune, becoming rich and marrying. After refusing to recognise his elderly mother on his return home, being ashamed of his humble origins, he is cursed and dies when a storm ensues and turn him along

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that guides matrilineal inheritance, and though it seems that such a tradition might conflict with the precepts of Islam, the Minangnese insist that it does not. To accommodate both, the Minangkabau make a distinction between high and low inheritance. "High inheritance" is the property, including the

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fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagaruyung royals. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821. The first

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derives in part from the ancient animist and buddhist belief system of the Minangkabau, which existed before the arrival of Islam to Sumatra. When precisely the religion spread across the island and was adopted by the Minangkabau is unclear, though it probably arrived in West Sumatra around the 16th

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The houses have dramatic curved roof structures with multi-tiered, upswept gables. They are also well distinguished by their rooflines which curve upward from the middle and end in points, in imitation of the upward-curving horns of the water buffalo that supposedly eked the people their name (i.e.

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when lunch is not eaten. Meals commonly consist of steamed rice, a hot fried dish and a coconut milk dish, with a little variation from breakfast to dinner. Meals are generally eaten from a plate using the fingers of the right hand. Snacks are more frequently eaten by people in urban areas than in

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The Minangkabau are famous for their dedication to knowledge, as well as the widespread diaspora of their men throughout southeast Asia, the result being that Minangs have been disproportionately represented in positions of economic and political power throughout the region. The co-founder of the

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Increasingly, married couples go off on merantau; in such situations, the woman's role tends to change. When married couples reside in urban areas or outside the Minangkabau region and a Minang woman marries a non-Minang man, the woman will rely on the protection provided by the husband more than

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With the Minangkabau territories now under the control of the Dutch, transportation systems were improved and economic exploitation was intensified. New forms of education were introduced, allowing some Minangkabau to take advantage of a modern education system. The 20th century marked a rise and

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For most of the Minangkabau people, wandering is an ideal way to reach maturity and success; as a consequence, they exercised great influence in the politics of many kingdom and states in Maritime Southeast Asia. Overseas Minangkabau are also great influence developing Indonesian, Malaysian, and

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movement in Mecca, and sought to eliminate societal problems such as tobacco and opium smoking, gambling and general anarchy by ensuring the tenets of the quran were strictly observed. All Minangkabau customs allegedly in conflict with the quran were abolished. Although the Padri were eventually

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had also been an important component of Minangkabau culture. Even after the penetration of Islam into Minangkabau society in the 16th century, animistic beliefs were not extinguished. In this belief system, people were said to have two souls, a real soul and a soul which can disappear called the

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and not consumed, while lamb, goat and game are rarely consumed for reasons of taste and availability. Spiciness is a characteristic of Minangkabau food: The most commonly used herbs and spices are chili, turmeric, ginger and galangal. Vegetables are consumed two or three times a day. Fruits are

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is a dish which is considered to be a characteristic of Minangkabau culture; it is cooked 4–5 times a year. This particular dish is one of the world's renowned dish, especially after crowned the Best Food in CNN's World's 50 Best Foods in 2011 and 2017 by a CNN poll. Other characteristic dishes

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in Malay. When they are teenagers, they are encouraged to leave their hometown to learn in schools or through experiences outside of their hometown so that, as adults, they can return home wise and 'useful' to society and are able to contribute their thinking and experience to run the family or

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Late in the 18th century the gold supply which provided the economic base for Minangkabau royalty began to be exhausted. Around the same time other parts of the Minangkabau economy had a period of unparalleled expansion as new opportunities for the export of agricultural commodities arose,

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society in the world, with property, family name and land passing down from mother to daughter, while religious and political affairs are the responsibility of men, although some women also play important roles in these areas. This custom is called Lareh Bodi-Caniago and is known as

1403: 828:. When fighting resumed in 1832, the reinforced Dutch troops were able to more effectively attack the Padri. The main centre of resistance was captured in 1837, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was captured and exiled soon after, and by the end of the next year the war was effectively over. 2550:

Nowadays, Minangkabau people have made significant contributions to Indonesia's economic activities. Minangkabau businessmen are also notable in hospitality sector, media industry, healthcare, publisher, automotive, and textile trading. Some of them are industrialists include

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units, thereby destroying the traditional village social and cultural institutions. In the years following the downfall of the Suharto regime decentralisation policies were implemented, giving more autonomy to provinces, thereby allowing West Sumatra to reinstitute the

1092:(hometown) when they sit as members of the 'council of maternal uncles and maternal granduncles' (ninik-mamak). This tradition has created Minang communities in many Indonesian cities and towns, which nevertheless are still tied closely to their homeland; a state in 1146:

home and land, which passes among women. "Low inheritance" is what a father passes to his children out of his professional earnings. This latter inheritance follows Islamic law, a complex system which dictates, in part, that sons get twice as much as daughters.

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The Minangkabau are known as a society that places top priority in high education and thus they are widespread across Indonesia and foreign countries in a variety of professions and expertise such as politicians, writers, scholars, teachers, journalists, and

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situation, whereby they use their native language for everyday conversations, while the Malay language is used for most formal occasions, in education, and in writing, even to relatives and friends. The Minangkabau language was originally written using the

803:. Until early in the 19th century the Dutch remained content with their coastal trade of gold and produce, and made no attempt to visit the Minangkabau highlands. As a result of conflict in Europe, the British occupied Padang from 1781 to 1784 during the 3024: 914:

when it was no bigger than the size of an egg, which protruded from a surrounding body of water. After the waters receded the Minangkabau proliferated and dispersed to the slopes and valleys surrounding the volcano, a region called the

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The Minangkabau (in short Minang) are also known for their devotion to Islam. A dominant majority of both males and females pray five times a day, fast during the month of Ramadan, and express the desire to make the holy pilgrimage

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originated early in the 20th century out of fusion of local martial arts, storytelling and other performance traditions. Men originally played male and female characters in the story but, since the 1960s, women have participated.

741:, the latter having overt allegiances to royalty. By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World ( 1876:

Agam, Payakumbuh, Tanah Datar, Sijunjung, Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Singkarak, Pariaman, Orang Mamak, Ulu, Kampar Ocu, Rokan, Pasaman, Rao, Kuantan, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Pesisir, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Painan, Penghulu, Mukomuko.

1563:: 'spired roof house') are the traditional homes of the Minangkabau. The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau. A 1971:

Until the rise of the Padri movement late in the 18th century, Islamic practices such as prayers, fasting and attendance at mosques had been weakly observed in the Minangkabau highlands. The Padri were inspired by the

1760:) traditions have allowed Minangkabau women to hold a relatively advantageous position in their society compared to most patriarchal societies, because though they do not rule, they are at the center of their society. 2364:

Many people of Minangkabau descent have held prominent positions in the Indonesian and Malay nationalist movements. In 1920–1960, the political leadership in Indonesian was replete with Minangkabau people, such as

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came from a popular legend that was derived from a territorial dispute between a people and a prince from a neighbouring region. To avoid the battle, the local people proposed a fight to the death between two

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The staple ingredients of the Minangkabau diet are rice, fish, coconut, green leafy vegetables and chili. Meat is mainly limited to special occasions, and beef and chicken are most commonly used. Pork is not

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The language has a number of dialects and sub-dialects, but native Minangkabau speakers generally have no difficulty understanding the variety of dialects. The differences between dialects are mainly at the

910:. These stories are derived from an oral history which was transmitted between generations before the Minangkabau had a written language. The first Minangkabau are said to have arrived by ship and landed on 794:

to avoid interference from the Acehnese occupiers. In 1663 the Dutch agreed to protect and liberate local villages from the Acehnese in return for a trading monopoly, and as a result setup trading posts at

2355:. Outside West Sumatra, they are mostly an urban people, forming part of expanding Indonesia's middle-class. Based on a relatively small population, Minangkabau is one of the most successful. According to 1699:

is about a mother who acts as teacher and adviser to her two growing children. Initially her son is vain and headstrong and only after her perseverance does he become a good son who listens to his mother.

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into two systems is said to be the result of conflict between two half-brothers Datuak Katumangguangan and Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang, who were the leaders who formulated the foundations of Minangkabau

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performances are a synthesis of alternating martial arts dances, songs, and acted scenes. Stories are delivered by the acting and singing and are mostly based upon Minangkabau legends and folktales.

1968:) may be consulted to conjure invisible forces and bring comfort to the family. Sacrificial offerings can be made to placate the spirits, and certain objects such as amulets are used as protection. 721:

and ruled between 1347 and 1375. The establishment of a royal system seems to have involved conflict and violence, eventually leading to a division of villages into one of two systems of tradition,

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magazine (2000 New Year special edition), six of the top ten most influential Indonesians of the 20th century were Minang. Three out of the four Indonesian founding fathers are Minangkabau people.

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As one of the world's most populous (as well as politically and economically influential) matrilineal ethnicities, Minangkabau gender dynamics have been extensively studied by anthropologists. The

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The Minangkabau have large corporate descent groups, but they traditionally reckon descent matrilineally. A young boy, for instance, has his primary responsibility to his mother's and sisters'

2409:, Minangkabau politician dominated Indonesian parliament and cabinets. They were diversely affiliated to all of the existing factions, such as Islamist, nationalist, socialist and communist. 1830:) has its own sub-dialect consisting of subtle differences which can be detected by native speakers. The Padang dialect has become the lingua franca for people of different language regions. 2931: 1079:(traditionally: the house of men of a village where the boys learn from older men reading, reciting qur'an, simple math, and other survival skills) to learn religious and cultural ( 2023:

With the Minangkabau highlands being the heartland of their culture, and with Islam likely entering the region from coast it is said that "custom descended, religion ascended" (

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restaurants, named after the capital of West Sumatra, are known for placing a variety of Minangkabau dishes on a customer's table with rice and billing only for what is taken.

1187:– clan leader inauguration ceremony. Other clan leaders, all relatives in the same clan and all villagers in the region are invited. The ceremony lasts for seven days or more. 1104:

was originally Minangkabau's colony. By acquiring property and education through merantau experience, a young man can attempt to influence his own destiny in positive ways.

3437: 3021:"Collective volume with texts in Malay, Minangkabau, Arabic script (1-2) Subtitle No. 61. Oendang oendang adat Lembaga : Tambo Minangkabau; and other texts Or. 12.182" 4259: 4033: 3486: 1724:(Staring Eye) is about the traditions of Minangkabau royalty. The story involves a mythical Minangkabau queen, Bundo Kanduang, who embodies the behaviours prescribed by 1083:) teachings. At the surau during night time (after the Isyak prayers), these youngsters are taught the traditional Minangkabau art of self-defence, called as Silek, or 1960:

represents the vitality of life and it is said to be possessed by all living creatures including animals and plants. An illness may be explained as the capture of the

1842:, an adapted Arabic alphabet. Romanization of the language dates from the 19th century, and a standardised official orthography of the language was published in 1976. 4603: 1414:

Particular Minangkabau villages specialise in cottage industries producing handicrafts such as woven sugarcane and reed purses, gold and silver jewellery using

4869: 4859: 1664:) consist of narratives that present the social and personal consequences of either ignoring or observing the ethical teachings and the norms embedded in the 4839: 4750: 4573: 4324: 1899:

shares many similar words with Malay, yet it has a distinctive pronunciation and some grammatical differences rendering it unintelligible to Malay speakers.

1062:, men and women pray together, although separated into their respective gender-designated sections. A high percentage of women and girls wear the headscarf. 733: 723: 4854: 4664: 1937:

was brought from Java to Dharmasraya, and this act brought great happiness to the people. Influential Buddhist kingdoms thrived in the area, including the

5845: 4745: 4239: 3829: 5392: 5262: 3941: 738: 5457: 5437: 4905: 4220: 657:'s sacred journey from Minanga Tamwan accompanied with 20,000 soldiers heading to Matajap and conquering several areas in the southern of Sumatra. 5452: 1275:, inaugurate a new datuk when the old one died in the past 10 or 50 years and even more, attendance in the Batagak Pangulu ceremony is mandatory. 4234: 5307: 4715: 642:), yet there has not been any popular explanation on the word 'minang' that relates the aforementioned action to the word for "water buffalo". 5317: 4705: 6062: 2887: 3322: 1107: 3117:

Miksic, John (2004). "From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra".

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is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals, and complex stories may span a number of nights. It is performed as a

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Notable people of Minangkabau descent outside of the Malay world include member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands,

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when the old one died in the few hours (no need to proceed to the batagak pangulu, but the clan must invite all datuk in the region.

631:). That legend, however, is known to be a mere tale and that the word "minang" is too far from the word "menang" which means 'win'. 7173: 4657: 3727: 3429: 757:). The Minangkabau kings were charismatic or magical figures, but did not have much authority over the conduct of village affairs. 6666: 5838: 3627:

Lipoeto, Nur I; Agus, Zulkarnain; Oenzil, Fadil; Masrul, Mukhtar; Wattanapenpaiboon, Naiyana; Wahlqvist, Mark L (February 2001).

2586:. The Minangkabaus migrated to the Malay peninsula in the 14th century and began to take control of the local politics. In 1773, 2471:

Moreover, there are also significant number of Minangkabau people in the popular entertainment industry, such as movie directors

983:(clan chiefs) being equal while the Koto Piliang /Adat Katumangguangan system is more autocratic with there being a hierarchy of 831: 6864: 6646: 5738: 3394: 4030: 3735: 3478: 6661: 6547: 4266: 4011:

Mochtar Naim, Zulqaiyyim, Hasanuddin, Gusdi Sastra; Menelusuri Jejak Melayu-Minangkabau, Yayasan Citra Budaya Indonesia, 2002

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Historically, Minangs had also settled outside West Sumatra, migrating as far as the south Philippines by the 14th century.

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Over half of the Minangkabau people can be considered overseas Minangkabaus. They make up the majority of the population of

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A theme in Minangkabau folktales is the central role mothers and motherhood has in Minangkabau society, with the folktales

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is another restaurant variant which specialises in dishes using offal and tamarind to add a sourness to the spicy flavour.

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usually refers to the larger communal homes, however, smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements.

975:, a prince from Majapahit, as a king while the latter considered him a minister, and a civil war ensued. The Bodi Caniago/ 7158: 7143: 4650: 2293:

culture and economic conditions in West Sumatra have made the Minangkabau people one of the most mobile ethnic group in

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Minangkabaus have filled many political positions in Malaysia and Singapore, namely the first President of Singapore,

2464:. Many prominent Indonesian novels were written by Minangkabau writers and later influenced the development of modern 1065: 847:

administration triggered a revolt which was centred in the Minangkabau region of Sumatra, with rebels proclaiming the

7148: 4089: 3893: 3710: 3685: 3287: 3185:

Dobbin, Christine (1977). "Economic change in Minangkabau as a factor in the rise of the Padri movement, 1784–1830".

2998: 2925: 2858: 2835: 2816: 2788: 2666: 590:: منڠ). While the word "kabau" undisputedly translates to "buffalo", the word "minang" is traditionally known as the 6968: 3775:

Abdullah, Taufik (1970). "Some Notes on the Kaba Tjindua Mato: An Example of Minangkabau Traditional Literature".

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Nancy Tanner, Disputing and Dispute Settlement Among the Minangkabau of Indonesia, Cornell University Press, 1969

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Michael G. Peletz, A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property, and Social History Among the Malays of Rembau, 1988

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Asian Studies, Volume 16–18; Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines System, 1978

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Pauka, Kirstin; Askovic, Ivana; Polk, Barbara (2003). "Umbuik Mudo and the Magic Flute: A Randai Dance-Drama".

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Timothy P. Daniels, Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship, 2005

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From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra

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Jeffrey Hadler, Muslims and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia through Jihad and Colonialism, 2013

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was derived from hereditary wisdom before the arrival of Islam. The present relationship between Islam and

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is closely related to it due to the fact many of the population are descendants of Minangkabau immigrants.

22: 2755: 7138: 6811: 2703: 2357: 2208: 1795: 1728:. Cindua Mato, a servant of the queen, uses magic to defeat hostile outside forces and save the kingdom. 4123: 2910:

Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010

2643:. They are also known for their significant contributions to Malaysian and Singaporean culture, such as 6857: 4673: 4448: 4023: 2352: 2321: 995:

was an autonomous "republic", and governed independently of the Minangkabau kings using one of the two

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Other popular folktales also relate to the important role of the woman in Minangkabau society. In the

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Three meals a day are typical with lunch being the most important, except during the fasting month of

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Food has a central role in the Minangkabau ceremonies which honour religious and life-cycle rites.

783: 433: 3942:"Catatan Kritis untuk Buku 'Sejarah Minangkabau, Loanwords, dan Kreativitas Berbahasa Urang Awak'" 3585:

Cohen, Matthew Isaac (2003). "Look at the Clouds: Migration and West Sumatran 'Popular' Theatre".

1581:"). Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profuse painted floral carvings. The term 1573:

is owned by the women of the family who live there – ownership is passed from mother to daughter.

7064: 7054: 6725: 6671: 5972: 5802: 4777: 2294: 1985:(customs) were said to be based upon appropriateness and propriety, but this was changed so that 1930: 1419: 979:

system formulated by Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang is based upon egalitarian principles with all

778:. The first contact between the Minangkabau and western nations occurred with the 1529 voyage of 4136:

Tim Wartawan Tempo, "4 Serangkai Pendiri Republik", Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, Jakarta (2010)

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is described in the saying "traditions are founded upon the law, and the law founded upon the

1509:

Minangkabau food is popular among Indonesians and restaurants are present throughout Indonesia.

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Reid, Anthony (2001). "Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities".

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differences also exist. Minangkabau dialects are regional, consisting of one or more villages (

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Abdullah, Taufik (October 1966). "Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau".

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mainly seasonal, although fruits such as banana, papaya and citrus are continually available.

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was settled, new outside settlements were created and ruled using the Koto Piliang system by

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particularly with coffee which was in very high demand. A civil war started in 1803 with the

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long before it appeared in other parts of Sumatra, and predates significant foreign contact.

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In February 1958, dissatisfaction with the centralist and communist-leaning policies of the

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Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1976

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villages. Western food has had little impact upon Minangkabau consumption and preference.

8: 7183: 6910: 6806: 6755: 6037: 5957: 5728: 5701: 5082: 4608: 4508: 4478: 4391: 4334: 3402: 2624: 2616: 2524: 2465: 2344: 1435: 1127: 1016: 944: 865: 492: 468: 360: 820:

phase of the war ended in 1825 when the Dutch signed an agreement with the Padri leader

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kingdoms of Java, is believed to have founded a kingdom in the Minangkabau highlands at

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Pauka, Kirstin (1998). "The Daughters Take Over? Female Performers in Randai Theatre".

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with his ship to stone. The said stone is in Air Manis beach and is known by locals as

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The legend however has its rebuttals as the word 'minang' refers to the consumption of

511: 428: 373: 318: 1824:), and usually correspond to differences in customs and traditions. Each sub-village ( 1569:

serves as a residence, a hall for family meetings, and for ceremonial activities. The

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R. Ng. Poerbatjaraka, Riwajat Indonesia. Djilid I, 1952, Jakarta: Yayasan Pembangunan

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Location ethnic groups of Sumatra, the Minangkabau is shown in light and dark olive.

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is a folk theatre tradition which incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the

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4 of Indonesian founding fathers are Soekarno, Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, and Tan Malaka

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Minangkabau writers and journalists have made significant contributions to modern

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in Malaysia. Today 4.2 million Minangs live in the homeland of West Sumatra.

7039: 6963: 6780: 6759: 6744: 6740: 6513: 6507: 6463: 6428: 6349: 6232: 6047: 6005: 5962: 5937: 5733: 5624: 5559: 5512: 5507: 5272: 5252: 5247: 5237: 5195: 5154: 5137: 5132: 5096: 4980: 4948: 4920: 4876: 4757: 4374: 4314: 4037: 4027: 3398: 2891: 2698: 2595: 2437: 2390: 2332: 2269:. Minangkabaus have also emigrated as skilled professionals and merchants to the 2214: 1803: 1101: 1097: 1054:) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Each Minangkabau neighbourhood has a 808: 760: 530: 3130: 6958: 6576: 6519: 6419: 6384: 6354: 6309: 6282: 6247: 6158: 6079: 6057: 5932: 5912: 5743: 5678: 5651: 5636: 5599: 5584: 5402: 5327: 5171: 5040: 4925: 4819: 4804: 4772: 4613: 4436: 3528: 3046: 2960: 2685: 2632: 2571: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2441: 2366: 2328: 2313: 1942: 1892: 1774: 1674:) recites the story in poetic or lyrical prose while accompanying himself on a 1329: 1123: 936: 899: 688: 472: 423: 369: 6715: 3867: 3598: 3078: 1385:

to achieve an equality and unity between audience members and the performers.

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As early as the age of 7, boys traditionally leave their homes and live in a

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village system throughout Indonesia, and in 1983 the traditional Minangkabau

728: 612: 480: 170: 5823: 4207: 2781:

Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 1784–1847

2229:(in Indonesia). They also form a significant minority in the populations of 1058:, which means "a temporary place of prayer" in Arabic. In the neighbourhood 6873: 6566: 6556: 6453: 6448: 6404: 6389: 6324: 6272: 6227: 6215: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6163: 6131: 6067: 5990: 5619: 5614: 5589: 5579: 5574: 5564: 5527: 5517: 5442: 5427: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5322: 5267: 5190: 5149: 5120: 5062: 5032: 5002: 4963: 4814: 4725: 4710: 4580: 4486: 4431: 4426: 3654: 3086: 2707: 2689: 2654: 2620: 2587: 2528: 2516: 2508: 2476: 2472: 2417: 2278: 2254: 2202: 2157: 2117: 2057: 1811: 1607:) at formal occasions such as weddings, funerals, adoption ceremonies, and 1544: 1529: 972: 932: 911: 891: 702: 568: 526: 503: 495: 262: 124: 3563: 1929:

was popular in the region. Buddhism in central Sumatra is attested by the

1895:

in both Malaysia and Indonesia, they do have their own mother tongue; the

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inaugurations. These ceremonial orations consist of many forms including

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to halt hostilities, allowing them to redeploy their forces to fight the

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Singaporean culture, mainly language, culinary, music, and martial art.

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Minangkabau culture has a long history of oral traditions. One is the

902:

of the Minangkabau tells of the development of the Minangkabau World (

6842: 6433: 6329: 6299: 5723: 5607: 5166: 4496: 4491: 4416: 4319: 3673: 2504: 2461: 2282: 2250: 2226: 2178: 2097: 2041: 2011: 1852: 1834: 1310: 768: 753:), and collectively they were known as the Kings of the Three Seats ( 714: 635: 595: 542: 534: 519: 507: 309: 216: 101: 3916: 3788: 3246: 3198: 1913: 6409: 5641: 5502: 5229: 4881: 4513: 3854:

Anwar, Khaidir (June 1980). "Language use in Minangkabau society".

2520: 2340: 2246: 2222: 2137: 1977:

defeated by the Dutch, during this period the relationship between

1922: 1415: 1257: 1154: 1113: 1093: 825: 787: 538: 282: 62: 3629:"Contemporary Minangkabau food culture in West Sumatra, Indonesia" 3479:"Indonesia's Minangkabau: The World's Largest Matrilineal Society" 2369:

a former Indonesian government prime minister and vice-president,

1996:

while at the same time also following their ethnic traditions, or

1532:

in the Pandai Sikek village of West Sumatra, with two rice barns (

1440: 1233: 1117:

fencing dancers (Tukang Mancak) on the west coast of Sumatra, 1897

6414: 6277: 6264: 6205: 5967: 5091: 4692: 4473: 4411: 3430:"Indonesia's Minangkabau culture promotes empowered Muslim women" 3414:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Minangkabau songket, the pattern in the lower third representing

1302: 1288: 1227: 1130:, which was considerably freer of hierarchical connotations than 859:

regime. The national government legislated to apply the Javanese

856: 844: 665: 193: 2809:

Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity

510:. The Minangkabau's West Sumatera homelands was the seat of the 6948: 6695: 6458: 6394: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6175: 5019: 4503: 4468: 4453: 3280:

An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra

2398: 2258: 2218: 2167: 2127: 1616: 1525: 1467: 1407: 1402: 1367: 1248: 1238: 796: 563: 533:. Minangkabau are also a recognised minority in other parts of 4244: 3993:

Dobbin, Christine (1972). "Tuanku Imam Bondjol, (1772–1864)".

2991:

Webs of Power: Women, Kin, and Community in a Sumatran Village

2653:(the national anthem of Singapore); the Singaporean musician, 2316:, Indonesian nationalist and first vice-president of Indonesia 606:) leaves. But there is also a folklore that mention that term 514:, believed by early historians to have been the cradle of the 6931: 6399: 6371: 6222: 6027: 6015: 6000: 5812: 5497: 4767: 4463: 4458: 4406: 2433: 2429: 2393:

a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of

2385:

a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of

2242: 2238: 2107: 1993: 1677: 1451: 1426:

textiles, wood carving, embroidery, pottery, and metallurgy.

1373: 1354: 1266: 1084: 1075: 603: 239: 2844: 886: 571:, founder of Pagaruyung kingdom, a royal Minangkabau dynasty 5554: 4935: 4343: 4020: 2850: 2575: 2067: 1998: 1100:

especially is heavily influenced by Minang culture because

1080: 1051: 446: 147: 2405:

a former Indonesian government prime minister. During the

2331:, was a Minang, as were the first President of Singapore, 2289:), they have a reputation for being shrewd merchants. The 1601:(ceremonial orations) which are performed by clan chiefs ( 1284: 894:, is in folklore said to be the first Minangkabau village. 3728:"Matriarchy and Islam Post 9/11: A Report from Indonesia" 1825: 1819: 1675: 1669: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1582: 1564: 1554: 1542: 1533: 1352: 1340: 1334: 1316: 1308: 1300: 4604:

Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center

3159:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 2040:

This table contains Minangkabau population breakdown in

4197: 4105:. Majalah Tempo Edisi Khusus Tahun 2000. December 1999. 3346: 3344: 2665:; as well as business and economic activities, such as 2377:

international communist leader and founder of PARI and

1363:

are ceremonial orations performed at formal occasions.

835:

Minangkabau chiefs, picture taken between 1910 and 1930

4078:

Adat Minangkabau dan merantau dalam perspektif sejarah

2847:

Walk in Splendor: Ceremonial Dress and the Minangkabau

60:

A Minangkabau bride and groom. The bride is wearing a

1716:

epic the woman is the source of wisdom, while in the

1025:

Minangkabau women clad in traditional Minang costumes

849:

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia

3341: 2717: 1299:

which consists of singing to the accompaniment of a

575:

There are several possible etymologies for the term

3401:(William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, eds.). 2619:; and many Malaysian government ministers, such as 2035: 1036:Landholding is one of the crucial functions of the 890:The village of Pariangan, located on the slopes of 627:: "victors of the buffalo" which eventually became 4172:Dari Buku ke Buku, Sambung Menyambung Menjadi Satu 4031:Warga Minang Melbourne Australia Dilepas Naik Haji 1794:linguistic subgroup, which in turn belongs to the 1069:Minangkabau men in traditional Minangkabau clothes 3915:. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Archived from 1590: 42: 7130: 3549: 3056: 2828:Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy 3879: 3877: 3819: 3813: 3755: 3753: 3228: 3226: 2984: 2982: 1989:was more strongly based upon Islamic precepts. 4672: 4200:Tata Cara Perkawinan Adat Istiadat Minangkabau 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 1162:Minangkabau ceremonies and festivals include: 943:claims the ship was sailed by a descendant of 6858: 5853: 5839: 4658: 4260: 3180: 3178: 3176: 2845:Summerfield, Anne; Summerfield, John (1999). 1158:Women carrying platters of food to a ceremony 645:The first mention of the name Minangkabau as 327: 4219:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3874: 3849: 3847: 3750: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3320: 3223: 2979: 1856: 3613: 1149: 300: 92: 6865: 6851: 5846: 5832: 4665: 4651: 4267: 4253: 3633:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3282:. National University of Singapore Press. 3173: 3014: 3012: 3010: 1981:and religion was reformulated. Previously 273: 251: 228: 205: 182: 159: 136: 113: 3844: 3796: 3644: 3501: 3254: 3206: 3110: 2988: 2373:a former Indonesian government minister, 2335:, and the first Supreme Head of State or 807:, and again from 1795 to 1819 during the 774:Around the 16th century, the Minangkabau 6690: 6600: 3883: 3774: 3759: 3726:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (9 December 2002). 3232: 2800:Journey to the land of the earth goddess 2574:was the leader of the forming polity in 2308: 2209:Indonesian Malaysians § Minangkabau 1912: 1773: 1524: 1466: 1439: 1401: 1283: 1232: 1153: 1106: 1064: 1020: 953: 885: 830: 759: 664: 562: 4157:Tan Malaka dan Gerakan Kiri Minangkabau 3476: 3157:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 3007: 2192: 1902: 1720:she is a gentle girl who takes action. 1295:Traditional Minangkabau music includes 525:Minangkabau are the ethnic majority in 7131: 6872: 3992: 3952:from the original on 12 September 2021 3908: 3832:from the original on 22 September 2016 3725: 3667: 3477:Shapiro, Danielle (4 September 2011). 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3184: 3151: 3145: 3116: 3045: 2825: 2778: 2304: 1007:who were representatives of the king. 869:village units were split into smaller 6846: 5827: 4646: 4248: 3853: 3822:"World's largest matrilineal society" 3820:Rathina Sankari (22 September 2016). 3584: 3514: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3321:Tedjasukmana, Jason (12 March 2001). 2806: 1315:gong-chime music. Dances include the 4169: 4075: 4069: 3703:Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery 3700: 3427: 3350:Summerfield (1999), pages 48–49 3277: 3062: 3018: 2967:from the original on 22 January 2016 2898:. 2015 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2797: 1226:– sending food to mother-in-law for 450:), all Minangkabau people are Muslim 87:Regions with significant populations 4354: 3974:, Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu, hlm. 223. 3972:Kuntala, Sriwijaya Dan Suwarnabhumi 3886:Compendium of the World's Languages 3440:from the original on 19 August 2019 3388:Kuipers, Joel C. "Minangkabau". In 2605:; the first Supreme Head of State ( 2401:a former Indonesian president, and 1800:The Negri Sembilan dialect of Malay 1660:Minangkabau traditional folktales ( 13: 4191: 3912:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 3353: 3066:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1279: 790:in 1651, but later moved south to 14: 7195: 4228: 4154: 3983:Dobbin (1983), pages 117–118 3489:from the original on 29 July 2019 3019:Alam, Sutan Gagar (6 July 1856). 2667:Mohamed Taib bin Haji Abdul Samad 1992:The Minangkabau strongly profess 1964:by an evil spirit, and a shaman ( 881: 7179:Ethnic groups in the Netherlands 6899:Peranakan / Straits-Born Chinese 4627: 4626: 4315:The formation of Negeri Sembilan 4198:Nazif Basir; Elly Kasim (1997), 3783:(Apr). Indonesia, Vol. 9: 1–22. 3738:from the original on 14 May 2011 3646:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00201.x 3409: 3311:Kahin (1999), pages 257–261 3302:Kahin (1999), pages 165–229 2798:Frey, Katherine Stenger (1986). 2720: 2036:Minangkabau Population Breakdown 2017:adat nan kawi', syara' nan lazim 1740:The Minangkabau are the largest 1128:spoken in newly formed Indonesia 958:Minangkabau house and rice barns 329: 302: 275: 255: 232: 209: 186: 163: 140: 117: 94: 54: 7174:Muslim communities of Indonesia 4325:The role of Minangkabau in PRRI 4274: 4178: 4163: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4098: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4014: 4005: 3986: 3977: 3964: 3948:(in Indonesian). 1 March 2021. 3934: 3902: 3768: 3719: 3694: 3661: 3578: 3543: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3421: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3271: 3193:(1). Indonesia, Vol. 23: 1–38. 3155:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 3027:from the original on 7 May 2021 2657:; the Malaysian film director, 2030: 1917:A Minangkabau mosque circa 1900 1735: 1520: 317:(counted as part of the local " 290:(counted as part of the local " 7108:Immigrant workers in Singapore 3639:(1). Blackwell Synergy: 10–6. 3241:(2). Indonesia, Vol. 2: 1–24. 3101: 3039: 2949: 2901: 2876: 2811:. Amsterdam University Press. 2582:, which later turned into the 1921:Prior to conversion to Islam, 1833:The Minangkabau society has a 1591:Oral traditions and literature 687:family, and is closest to the 1: 3856:Indonesia and the Malay World 3119:Indonesia and the Malay World 2826:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2004). 2766: 1844: 749:), and the King of Religion ( 649:, is in the late 7th century 444:According to customary law ( 77: 6512:Peranakan Eropah (including 3884:Campbell, George L. (2000). 2993:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2830:. Cornell University Press. 2387:Socialist Party of Indonesia 2025:adat manurun, syarak mandaki 1867: 1826: 1820: 1676: 1670: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1583: 1565: 1555: 1543: 1534: 1353: 1341: 1335: 1317: 1309: 1301: 552: 23:Minangkabau (disambiguation) 7: 3909:Gordon, Raymond G. (2005). 3732:Peggy Reeves Sanday - UPenn 3131:10.1080/1363981042000320134 2713: 2704:Fouad Abdulhameed Alkhateeb 1872: 1763: 1359:martial art are performed. 776:started to convert to Islam 10: 7200: 7159:Ethnic groups in Singapore 7144:Ethnic groups in Indonesia 4674:Ethnic groups in Indonesia 4355:Minangkabau historiography 4240:The Carvers of Bukittinggi 4202:, Elly Kasim Collections, 3529:10.1162/105420498760308706 3391:Indonesia: A Country Study 3325:. Time Inc. Archived from 2989:Blackwood, Evelyn (2000). 2779:Dobbin, Christine (1983). 2771: 2322:List of Minangkabau people 2319: 2206: 2196: 1906: 1891:Despite widespread use of 1782:The Minangkabau language ( 1767: 1433: 1429: 1273:Mambangkik Batang Tarandam 1256:in the coastal village of 1205:– the local observance of 1014: 1010: 962:A division in Minangkabau 660: 556: 518:, and the location of the 465:Urang Minang or Urang Awak 44:Urang Minang or Urang Awak 20: 7154:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 7103: 7083: 7000: 6991: 6919: 6889: 6880: 6724: 6706: 6626: 6541: 6498: 6370: 6263: 6115: 6102: 5981: 5898: 5883: 5872: 5861: 5855:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 5694: 5598: 5481: 5343: 5228: 5018: 4934: 4691: 4680: 4622: 4594: 4554: 4538: 4522: 4483:Minangkabau architecture 4333: 4282: 4036:24 September 2015 at the 3868:10.1080/03062848008723789 3599:10.1017/S0266464X03000125 3406:Federal Research Division 3079:10.1017/S0022463401000157 2957:"Minangkabau in Malaysia" 2736:List of Minangkabau clans 2692:, the imam (head) of the 2051: 2048: 1881: 1503:(beef with chili sauce). 1397: 1193:– community work ceremony 651:Kedukan Bukit inscription 484: 442: 400: 395: 388: 383: 351: 346: 326: 299: 272: 249: 226: 203: 180: 157: 134: 111: 91: 86: 76: 71: 53: 40: 16:Ethnic group in Indonesia 7149:Ethnic groups in Sumatra 7113:Immigration to Singapore 5928:Negeri Sembilanese Malay 4021:http://www.padeknews.com 3668:Witton, Patrick (2002). 2869: 2756:Minangkabau Singaporeans 2702:; and Khatib's grandson 2590:was appointed the first 2426:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana 2416:. These include authors 2253:in Indonesia as well as 1804:the aforementioned state 1351:. Demonstrations of the 1169:– baby blessing ceremony 1150:Ceremonies and festivals 784:Dutch East India Company 567:A statue believed to be 487:‎), also known as 21:For other purposes, see 5996:Christmas Island Malays 5739:Bangka Belitung Chinese 4412:Saluang/Minangkabau Ney 4076:Kato, Tsuyoshi (2005). 3970:Muljana, Slamet, 1981, 3705:. Frances Lincoln Ltd. 2896:Encyclopædia Britannica 2327:Republic of Indonesia, 2295:Maritime Southeast Asia 2052:Minangkabau Population 1933:, which states that an 1931:Padang Roco Inscription 1645:), two-line aphorisms ( 1220:Wild boar hunt ceremony 1175:– circumcision ceremony 786:first acquired gold at 464: 43: 4310:Minangkabau Malaysians 3278:Reid, Anthony (2005). 2807:Kahin, Audrey (1999). 2802:. Gramedia Publishing. 2751:Minangkabau Malaysians 2679:Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah 2317: 1918: 1883:Source: Gordon (2005). 1779: 1579:victors of the buffalo 1539: 1474: 1445: 1411: 1292: 1243: 1159: 1118: 1070: 1026: 971:. The former accepted 959: 895: 836: 805:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 771: 676: 572: 6944:Ceylonese/Sri Lankans 4546:Islam in West Sumatra 4449:Minangkabau merchants 4290:Minangkabau homelands 3670:World Food: Indonesia 3587:New Theatre Quarterly 3564:10.1353/atj.2003.0025 3552:Asian Theatre Journal 3397:15 March 2015 at the 2918:Badan Pusat Statistik 2741:Minangkabau Merchants 2608:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2519:, as well as singers 2454:Djamaluddin Adinegoro 2414:Indonesian literature 2407:liberal democracy era 2337:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2312: 2207:Further information: 1916: 1909:Islam in West Sumatra 1873:6,500,000 (1981) 1788:Austronesian language 1777: 1633:), religious advice ( 1528: 1470: 1443: 1405: 1287: 1236: 1199:– harvesting ceremony 1157: 1110: 1068: 1024: 957: 923:is composed of three 889: 834: 763: 745:), the King of Adat ( 697:Minangkabau Highlands 685:Austronesian language 668: 566: 500:Minangkabau Highlands 396:Related ethnic groups 6894:Chinese Singaporeans 6766:China/Taiwan Chinese 4569:Bodi-Chaniago system 4417:Talempong/Caklempong 4382:Minangkabau marriage 4365:Minangkabau folklore 4305:Minangkabau diaspora 2746:Minangkabau diaspora 2613:Federation of Malaya 2491:; actor and actress 2199:Overseas Minangkabau 2193:Overseas Minangkabau 1903:Customs and religion 1897:Minangkabau language 1770:Minangkabau language 1695:being two examples. 1383:theatre-in-the-round 1254:Mourning of Muharram 693:wet rice cultivation 681:Minangkabau language 559:Minangkabau (legend) 405:Austronesian peoples 6993:Foreign ethnicities 6911:Indian Singaporeans 6726:Foreign ethnicities 6109:Indigenous peoples) 4609:Adityawarman Museum 4574:Koto-Piliang system 4479:Songket Minangkabau 4392:Minangkabau cuisine 4026:2 June 2015 at the 3403:Library of Congress 2663:Zainal Abidin Ahmad 2625:Amirsham Abdul Aziz 2617:Tuanku Abdul Rahman 2525:Bunga Citra Lestari 2466:Indonesian language 2345:Tuanku Abdul Rahman 2305:Notable Minangkabau 2285:. In the overseas ( 2265:in the rest of the 1857:Population (as of) 1814:level, though some 1668:. The storyteller ( 1436:Minangkabau cuisine 1297:saluang jo dendang, 1265:, inaugurate a new 1017:Minangkabau culture 999:systems. After the 949:Iskandar Zulkarnain 945:Alexander the Great 734:Koto-Piliang system 724:Bodi-Caniago system 683:is a member of the 37: 7139:Minangkabau people 6906:Malay Singaporeans 6874:Singaporean people 6667:Indians in Sarawak 5958:Terengganuan Malay 4423:Minangkabau dance 4155:Nasir, Zulhasril. 3922:on 12 October 2009 3701:Owen, Sri (1999). 3023:. Sakolah Malayu. 2890:5 May 2015 at the 2884:Minangkabau people 2452:; and journalists 2318: 2002:. The Minangkabau 1939:Pagaruyung Kingdom 1919: 1802:used by people in 1780: 1707:batu Malin Kundang 1553:: 'big house') or 1540: 1475: 1446: 1422:techniques, woven 1412: 1327:(umbrella dance), 1293: 1244: 1181:– wedding ceremony 1160: 1119: 1111:Minangkabau knife 1071: 1027: 960: 896: 837: 822:Tuanku Imam Bonjol 772: 767:, a leader in the 765:Tuanku Imam Bonjol 677: 573: 512:Pagaruyung Kingdom 457:Minangkabau people 376: • 359: • 31: 7126: 7125: 7118:Race in Singapore 7099: 7098: 6987: 6986: 6840: 6839: 6702: 6701: 6622: 6621: 6592:Penangite Chinese 6537: 6536: 6494: 6493: 6098: 6097: 5953:Selangorian Malay 5918:Kelantanese Malay 5821: 5820: 4640: 4639: 4564:Minangkabau clans 4402:Minangkabau music 4235:On Culture's Loom 4118:Missing or empty 3760:Dahsinar (1971). 3428:Bhanbhro, Sadiq. 3166:978-0-8248-0368-1 2696:school of law at 2675:Kamarudin Meranun 2671:Mokhzani Mahathir 2650:Majulah Singapura 2641:Khairy Jamaluddin 2584:Sultanate of Sulu 2513:Titi Rajo Bintang 2481:Djamaluddin Malik 2479:; movie producer 2263:Brunei Darussalam 2190: 2189: 1888: 1887: 1796:Malayo-Polynesian 1790:belonging to the 1307:bamboo flute and 1211:Adoption ceremony 709:with ties to the 477:Orang Minangkabau 454: 453: 7191: 6998: 6997: 6887: 6886: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6696:Peranakan Chitty 6688: 6687: 6662:Indians in Sabah 6647:Penangite Indian 6598: 6597: 6113: 6112: 5973:Sarawakian Malay 5896: 5895: 5881: 5880: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5824: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4630: 4629: 4556:Tribes and clans 4269: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3920:(online version) 3906: 3900: 3899: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3764:. Balai Pustaka. 3762:Si Malin Kundang 3757: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3517:The Drama Review 3512: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3434:The Conversation 3425: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3386: 3351: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3258: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3210: 3182: 3171: 3170: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3005: 3004: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2936: 2930:. Archived from 2915: 2905: 2899: 2880: 2864: 2841: 2822: 2803: 2794: 2783:. Curzon Press. 2730: 2728:Indonesia portal 2725: 2724: 2723: 2661:; the linguist, 2659:U-Wei Haji Saari 2493:Soekarno M. Noer 2261:, Singapore and 2046: 2045: 1927:Tantric Buddhism 1884: 1846: 1845: 1829: 1823: 1784:Baso Minangkabau 1697:Rancak di Labuah 1687:Rancak di Labuah 1681: 1673: 1656: 1651:), and similes ( 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1586: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1537: 1358: 1344: 1338: 1322: 1314: 1306: 1217:Funeral ceremony 987:. Each village ( 904:alam Minangkabau 898:The traditional 782:to Sumatra. The 707:Tantric Buddhism 705:, a follower of 675:) of Minangkabau 522:(1821 to 1837). 486: 372:varieties incl. 339: 335: 333: 332: 322: 312: 308: 306: 305: 295: 285: 281: 279: 278: 261: 259: 258: 252: 238: 236: 235: 229: 215: 213: 212: 206: 192: 190: 189: 183: 169: 167: 166: 160: 146: 144: 143: 137: 123: 121: 120: 114: 104: 100: 98: 97: 79: 72:Total population 58: 46: 38: 36: 30: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7095: 7079: 6983: 6915: 6876: 6871: 6841: 6836: 6727: 6720: 6709:(non-Peranakan) 6708: 6698: 6686: 6630: 6618: 6596: 6545: 6533: 6530:Peranakan Turki 6490: 6366: 6259: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6094: 5977: 5933:Penangite Malay 5887: 5868: 5857: 5852: 5822: 5817: 5690: 5594: 5484: 5477: 5339: 5224: 5014: 4930: 4687: 4676: 4671: 4641: 4636: 4618: 4596: 4590: 4550: 4534: 4518: 4375:Sabai Nan Aluih 4329: 4283:General history 4278: 4273: 4231: 4212: 4211: 4194: 4192:Further reading 4189: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4168: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038:Wayback Machine 4028:Wayback Machine 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3882: 3875: 3852: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3818: 3814: 3789:10.2307/3350620 3773: 3769: 3758: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3680:. p. 183. 3666: 3662: 3625: 3614: 3583: 3579: 3548: 3544: 3513: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3422: 3410: 3399:Wayback Machine 3387: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3323:"Success Story" 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3276: 3272: 3247:10.2307/3350753 3231: 3224: 3199:10.2307/3350883 3183: 3174: 3167: 3150: 3146: 3125:(93): 191–210. 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3061: 3057: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3008: 3001: 2987: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2937:on 12 July 2017 2934: 2928: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892:Wayback Machine 2881: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2838: 2819: 2791: 2774: 2769: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2699:Masjid al-Haram 2647:, who composed 2596:Negeri Sembilan 2483:, screenwriter 2438:Ali Akbar Navis 2391:Muhammad Natsir 2333:Yusof bin Ishak 2324: 2307: 2215:Negeri Sembilan 2211: 2205: 2195: 2038: 2033: 1911: 1905: 1889: 1882: 1772: 1766: 1738: 1730:Sabai nan Aluih 1718:Sabai nan Aluih 1624:papatah-patitih 1593: 1556:rumah bagonjong 1523: 1438: 1432: 1400: 1348:tari pasambahan 1333:(also known as 1323:(plate dance), 1282: 1280:Performing arts 1224:Maanta pabukoan 1185:Batagak pangulu 1152: 1141:century. It is 1102:Negeri Sembilan 1098:Negeri Sembilan 1019: 1013: 884: 809:Napoleonic Wars 780:Jean Parmentier 739:Adat Temenggung 695:evolved in the 663: 613:water buffaloes 561: 555: 531:Negeri Sembilan 443: 438: 409: 367: 363: 355: 330: 328: 316: 303: 301: 289: 276: 274: 256: 254: 250: 233: 231: 227: 210: 208: 204: 187: 185: 181: 164: 162: 158: 141: 139: 135: 118: 116: 112: 95: 93: 67: 49: 47: 34: 33: 29: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7197: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7004: 7002: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959:Jawi Peranakan 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6870: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6847: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6707:Mixed ancestry 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6608:Peranakan Cina 6604: 6602: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6525:Peranakan Siam 6522: 6520:Jawi Peranakan 6517: 6510: 6508:Peranakan Arab 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6387: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6139: 6134: 6123: 6121: 6110: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6080:Burmese Malays 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5963:Bruneian Malay 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5943:Perlisan Malay 5940: 5938:Perakian Malay 5935: 5930: 5925: 5923:Malaccan Malay 5920: 5915: 5910: 5908:Johorean Malay 5904: 5902: 5893: 5878: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5744:Maluku Chinese 5741: 5736: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5707:Black Dutchmen 5698: 5696: 5695:Non-indigenous 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5604: 5602: 5600:Maluku Islands 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4873: 4872: 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4097: 4090: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4013: 4004: 4001:(April): 4–35. 3985: 3976: 3963: 3946:Padangkita.com 3933: 3901: 3894: 3873: 3843: 3812: 3767: 3749: 3718: 3711: 3693: 3686: 3660: 3612: 3593:(3): 214–229. 3577: 3542: 3523:(1): 113–121. 3500: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3420: 3352: 3340: 3329:on 16 May 2007 3313: 3304: 3295: 3288: 3270: 3222: 3172: 3165: 3153:Coedès, George 3144: 3109: 3100: 3073:(3): 295–313. 3055: 3038: 3006: 2999: 2978: 2961:Joshua Project 2948: 2926: 2900: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2859: 2842: 2836: 2823: 2817: 2804: 2795: 2789: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2715: 2712: 2686:Rustam Effendi 2633:Ghazali Shafie 2537:Afgansyah Reza 2533:Dorce Gamalama 2442:Muhammad Yamin 2367:Mohammad Hatta 2353:businesspeople 2329:Mohammad Hatta 2314:Mohammad Hatta 2306: 2303: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2113: 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324: 323: 313: 297: 296: 286: 270: 269: 266: 247: 246: 243: 224: 223: 220: 201: 200: 197: 178: 177: 174: 155: 154: 151: 132: 131: 128: 109: 108: 105: 89: 88: 84: 83: 74: 73: 69: 68: 59: 51: 50: 41: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7196: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6979:Orang Seletar 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:East Timorese 6769: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6612: 6610:(Baba-Nyonya) 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6380:Kadazan-Dusun 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6152:Orang Seletar 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6085:Patani Malays 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:Kedahan Malay 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5485:Sunda Islands 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597:organizations 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Makan bajamba 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Malin Kundang 4368: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4181: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4125: 4112: 4101: 4093: 4091:979-690-360-1 4087: 4084:. p. 2. 4083: 4082:Balai Pustaka 4079: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3897: 3895:0-415-20298-1 3891: 3888:. Routledge. 3887: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3862:(22): 55–63. 3861: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3712:0-7112-1273-2 3708: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3687:1-74059-009-0 3683: 3679: 3678:Lonely Planet 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3416:public domain 3407: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3291: 3289:9971-69-298-8 3285: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3059: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3000:0-8476-9911-0 2996: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2933: 2929: 2927:9789790644175 2923: 2919: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2862: 2860:0-930741-73-0 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2837:0-8014-8906-7 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2818:90-5356-395-4 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2790:0-7007-0155-9 2786: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2708:Saudi Arabian 2705: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2592:Yamtuan Besar 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2565:Basrizal Koto 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2541:Sherina Munaf 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Camelia Malik 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:Rosihan Anwar 2455: 2451: 2450:Taufik Ismail 2447: 2446:Chairil Anwar 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383:Sutan Sjahrir 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:United States 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225:) as well as 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2078:North Sumatra 2076: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925:, especially 1924: 1915: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1747:adat perpatih 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1702:Malin Kundang 1698: 1694: 1693: 1692:Malin Kundang 1688: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1627:), proverbs ( 1625: 1621:, aphorisms ( 1619: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1442: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1404: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377:martial art. 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1214:Adat ceremony 1213: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1023: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 977:Adat perpatih 974: 970: 965: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 909: 905: 901: 893: 888: 879: 877: 872: 868: 867: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 833: 829: 827: 823: 818: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 770: 766: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 735: 730: 729:Adat Perpatih 726: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 674: 673: 667: 658: 656: 653:, describing 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 586: 582: 578: 570: 565: 560: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 494: 490: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 449: 448: 441: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 406: 403: 402: 399: 394: 391: 387: 382: 379: 375: 371: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:Predominantly 350: 345: 341: 338: 325: 320: 314: 311: 298: 293: 287: 284: 271: 267: 265: 264: 248: 244: 242: 241: 225: 221: 219: 218: 202: 198: 196: 195: 179: 175: 173: 172: 171:North Sumatra 156: 152: 150: 149: 133: 129: 127: 126: 110: 106: 103: 90: 85: 82: 75: 70: 65: 64: 57: 52: 45: 39: 24: 19: 7164:West Sumatra 7018:Bangladeshis 6973: 6822:Singaporeans 6728:/expatriates 6454:Orang Sungai 5991:Cocos Malays 5982: 5948:Pahang Malay 5899: 5873: 5863: 5323:Tau Taa Wana 4888: 4751:Talang Mamak 4682: 4487:Rumah gadang 4358: 4342: 4275: 4199: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4120:|title= 4100: 4077: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3956:12 September 3954:. Retrieved 3945: 3936: 3924:. Retrieved 3917:the original 3911: 3904: 3885: 3859: 3855: 3836:22 September 3834:. Retrieved 3825: 3815: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3740:. Retrieved 3731: 3721: 3702: 3696: 3669: 3663: 3636: 3632: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3520: 3516: 3491:. Retrieved 3482: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3442:. Retrieved 3433: 3423: 3390: 3331:. Retrieved 3327:the original 3316: 3307: 3298: 3279: 3273: 3238: 3234: 3190: 3186: 3156: 3147: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3047:Miksic, John 3041: 3029:. Retrieved 2990: 2969:. Retrieved 2951: 2939:. Retrieved 2932:the original 2909: 2903: 2883: 2878: 2846: 2827: 2808: 2799: 2780: 2710:ambassador. 2697: 2690:Ahmad Khatib 2683: 2655:Wandly Yazid 2648: 2621:Aishah Ghani 2606: 2600: 2588:Raja Melewar 2572:Raja Bagindo 2569: 2561:Abdul Latief 2549: 2529:Nazril Irham 2517:Dude Herlino 2509:Nirina Zubir 2477:Nasri Cheppy 2473:Usmar Ismail 2470: 2418:Marah Roesli 2411: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2325: 2299: 2286: 2279:Saudi Arabia 2255:Kuala Lumpur 2212: 2203:Rawa (tribe) 2184: 2177: 2158:Riau Islands 2118:Riau Islands 2058:West Sumatra 2039: 2031:Demographics 2024: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1920: 1890: 1865:Minangkabau 1832: 1812:phonological 1808: 1783: 1781: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1739: 1736:Matrilineage 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1639:, parables ( 1594: 1584:rumah gadang 1575: 1571:rumah gadang 1570: 1566:rumah gadang 1545:Rumah gadang 1541: 1530:Rumah gadang 1521:Architecture 1514: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1477: 1476: 1458: 1450: 1447: 1413: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1346: 1328: 1324: 1296: 1294: 1272: 1262: 1247: 1237: 1223: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1120: 1112: 1089: 1074: 1072: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 973:Adityawarman 968: 963: 961: 948: 940: 924: 920: 916: 912:Mount Marapi 907: 903: 897: 892:Mount Marapi 875: 870: 864: 860: 842: 838: 816: 813: 773: 754: 750: 746: 742: 732: 722: 703:Adityawarman 701: 678: 670: 655:Sri Jayanasa 646: 644: 639: 633: 628: 625:minang kabau 624: 620: 616: 607: 599: 591: 584: 576: 574: 569:Adityawarman 527:West Sumatra 524: 504:West Sumatra 496:ethnic group 493:Austronesian 488: 476: 456: 455: 445: 364: 352: 263:Riau Islands 253: 230: 207: 184: 161: 138: 125:West Sumatra 115: 80: 61: 28:Ethnic group 18: 7169:Minangkabau 7091:Australians 6974:Minangkabau 6937:Bugis-Malay 6751:Bangladeshi 6614:Sino-Native 6147:Orang Kuala 6137:Orang Kanaq 6127:Proto-Malay 6053:Minangkabau 6032:Bugis-Malay 5983:Anak Dagang 5669:Tanimbarese 5383:Ekari (Mee) 5258:Gorontaloan 4894:Aneuk Jamee 4889:Minangkabau 4845:Bugis-Malay 4736:Orang Rimba 4731:Orang Kuala 4684:Indonesians 4530:Minangkabau 4295:Dharmasraya 4276:Minangkabau 3926:3 September 3483:Daily Beast 2761:Puti Bungsu 2603:Yusof Ishak 2580:Philippines 2557:Fahmi Idris 2553:Hasyim Ning 2403:Abdul Halim 2291:matrilineal 2271:Netherlands 2267:Malay world 2257:, Malacca, 1840:Jawi script 1742:matrilineal 1722:Cindua Mato 1714:Cindua Mato 1671:tukang kaba 1598:pidato adat 1561:Minangkabau 1551:Minangkabau 1511:Nasi Padang 1496:Sate Padang 1491:Soto Padang 1420:granulation 1361:Pidato adat 1330:tari indang 1325:tari payung 1319:tari piring 1291:performance 1207:Eid al-Fitr 1173:Sunat rasul 1167:Turun mandi 929:Tanah Datar 853:Bukittinggi 751:Raja Ibadat 669:Tricolour ( 629:Minangkabau 608:Minangkabau 588:Jawi script 581:Minangkabau 577:Minangkabau 547:Netherlands 537:as well as 461:Minangkabau 429:Aneuk Jamee 390:Sunni Islam 357:Minangkabau 337:Netherlands 35:Minangkabos 32:Minangkabau 7184:Matriarchy 7133:Categories 7075:Vietnamese 7065:Pakistanis 7055:Malaysians 6832:Vietnamese 6786:Indonesian 6672:Sri Lankan 6476:Sama-Bajau 6444:Lun Bawang 6320:Lun Bawang 6253:Semaq Beri 6142:Orang Laut 6117:Peninsular 6104:Orang Asal 6021:Mandailing 5875:Bumiputera 5865:Malaysians 5808:Portuguese 5766:Klingalese 5208:Orang Laut 5046:Lun Bawang 5020:Kalimantan 4976:Kangeanese 4969:Tenggerese 4959:Banyumasan 4954:Cirebonese 4798:Toba Batak 4793:Simalungun 4783:Mandailing 4746:Petalangan 4701:Aboriginal 4442:Pasambahan 4387:Matriarchy 4300:Pagaruyung 4170:Swantoro. 3798:1813/53478 3558:(2): 113. 3256:1813/53394 3208:1813/53633 2971:22 January 2767:References 2645:Zubir Said 2637:Rais Yatim 2629:Aziz Ishak 2497:Rano Karno 2489:Asrul Sani 2422:Abdul Muis 2375:Tan Malaka 2371:Agus Salim 2320:See also: 2197:See also: 2062:4,219,729 1538:) in front 1515:Nasi Kapau 1486:Asam Padeh 906:) and its 851:(PRRI) in 719:Pagaruyung 711:Singhasari 545:, and the 516:Malay race 469:Indonesian 414:Mandailing 361:Indonesian 288:1,000,000 7035:Filipinos 7028:Taiwanese 7013:Armenians 6954:Eurasians 6927:Banjarese 6817:Pakistani 6716:Chindians 6691:Peranakan 6601:Peranakan 6572:Hainanese 6562:Cantonese 6527:(Sam-Sam) 6500:Peranakan 6405:Mangka'ak 6300:Orang Ulu 6238:Cheq Wong 6075:Sundanese 6043:Baweanese 6011:Banjarese 5900:Anak Jati 5803:Pakistani 5798:Mardijker 5749:Peranakan 5550:Manggarai 5533:Lamaholot 5393:Ketengban 5313:Sangirese 5293:Mongondow 5288:Minahasan 5283:Mandarese 5263:Kalumpang 5196:Pontianak 5167:Punan Bah 5083:Uma Baka' 5058:Apo Kayan 5037:Apo Duat 5008:Bantenese 4998:Sundanese 4911:Palembang 4497:Balairung 4492:Rangkiang 4350:etymology 4320:Padri War 4111:cite book 3995:Indonesia 3777:Indonesia 3674:Melbourne 3607:191475739 3572:161392351 3493:19 August 3444:19 August 3333:8 October 3235:Indonesia 3187:Indonesia 3139:214651183 2941:24 August 2611:) of the 2505:Eva Arnaz 2462:Ani Idrus 2283:Australia 2251:Palembang 2227:Pekanbaru 2185:6,462,713 2179:Indonesia 2098:West Java 2049:Province 2042:Indonesia 1860:Dialects 1853:ISO 639-3 1835:diglossia 1535:rangkiang 1311:talempong 1203:Hari Rayo 991:) in the 769:Padri War 747:Raja Adat 743:Raja Alam 737:based on 727:based on 715:Majapahit 636:areca nut 596:areca nut 553:Etymology 543:Singapore 535:Indonesia 520:Padri War 508:Indonesia 491:, are an 374:Malaysian 347:Languages 310:Singapore 217:West Java 130:4,281,439 107:6,462,713 102:Indonesia 81:8 million 7045:Japanese 6964:Javanese 6932:Buginese 6803:(former) 6796:Japanese 6776:Filipino 6760:Rohingya 6745:Hadhrami 6657:Malayali 6642:Gujarati 6514:Kristang 6464:Tambanuo 6410:Maragang 6233:Mah Meri 6119:Malaysia 6048:Makassar 6038:Javanese 6006:Acehnese 5783:Japanese 5756:Filipino 5724:Chindian 5719:Armenian 5642:Ambonese 5625:Manusela 5608:Moluccan 5560:Rotenese 5513:Bimanese 5508:Balinese 5503:Bali Aga 5273:Makassar 5253:Bonerate 5248:Butonese 5238:Buginese 5230:Sulawesi 5155:Bakumpai 5143:Ma'anyan 5138:Lawangan 5133:Ot Danum 5097:Kendayan 4981:Madurese 4949:Javanese 4921:Simeulue 4882:Sakuddei 4877:Mentawai 4758:Acehnese 4632:Category 4539:Religion 4523:Language 4514:Dubalang 4215:citation 4208:16688147 4034:Archived 4024:Archived 3950:Archived 3830:Archived 3736:Archived 3655:11708602 3537:57565023 3487:Archived 3438:Archived 3408:(2011). 3395:Archived 3095:38870744 3087:19192500 3049:(2004), 3025:Archived 2965:Archived 2920:. 2011. 2888:Archived 2714:See also 2521:Fariz RM 2440:; poets 2341:Malaysia 2247:Surabaya 2223:Malaysia 2138:Bengkulu 2122:162,452 2112:163,760 2102:241,169 2092:272,018 2082:333,241 2072:676,948 1962:semangat 1958:Semangat 1954:semangat 1923:Buddhism 1798:branch. 1786:) is an 1764:Language 1648:gurindam 1610:panghulu 1604:panghulu 1483:include 1416:filigree 1342:badindin 1258:Pariaman 1252:– local 1242:ceremony 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Minangkabau people

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