Abolitionism - Knowledge

3137: 5028: 3887:, for possessing abolitionist publications. In addition, laws were passed to further repress slaves. These laws included anti-literacy laws and anti-gathering laws. The anti-gathering laws were applied to religious gatherings of free blacks and slaves. These laws, passed around the 1820–1850 period, were blamed in the South on Northern abolitionists. As one slaveowner wrote, "I can tell you. It was the abolition agitation. If the slave is not allowed to read his bible, the sin rests upon the abolitionists; for they stand prepared to furnish him with a key to it, which would make it, not a book of hope, and love, and peace, but of despair, hatred and blood; which would convert the reader, not into a Christian, but a demon. Allow our slaves to read your writings, stimulating them to cut our throats! Can you believe us to be such unspeakable fools?" 4076:

measured against liberal - abolitionist yardsticks, precarious and even reversible" the action " . . . were very concrete, and in the long term, they served to corrode the legal structures of plantation slavery locally." These actions included marronage and maroon societies that undermined the authority of enslavers in Brazil and legal challenges relying on the legal history of Spain in Cuba. These practices are regionally specific based on the legal customs of the region that enslaved people knew well from centuries of interactions with Iberian slave laws. A key avenue for these legal arguments was the prominence of "lo extrajudicial", a field of legal interactions adjacent to a lawsuit explained by historian Bianca Premo as consisting of out-of-court settlements, public revelations, and face-to-face encounters. (Chira, 29).

4031:, which was an executive order of the U.S. government that changed the legal status of 3 million slaves in the Confederacy from "slave" to "henceforward ... free". Though slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation, they became actually free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops. Even before the Emancipation Proclamation, many former slaves served the federal army as teamsters, cooks, laundresses, and laborers, as well as scouts, spies, and guides. Confederate General Robert Lee once said, "The chief source of information to the enemy is through our negroes." The Emancipation Proclamation, however, provided that people it declared to be free who were "of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States", and the 3189: 94: 3986: 3251: 3772: 3588: 3346: 4085:

throughout the Atlantic world, images appearing in abolitionist publications routinely included images of families being torn apart and pregnant women being forced to do hard labor. As countries imposed "free womb laws" to soften the image of slavery and bring about gradual emancipation, for many it raised the question of the justice of women being used to carry out emancipation without benefiting from it themselves. Speeches given on the topic at the time focused on mothers and compared them to "all other mothers", using motherhood to level the subjects and objects of their speech.

4693: 2649: 4381: 2793: 2368: 5202: 5004: 3509: 2522:, issued the first emancipation proclamation of the modern world (Decree of 16 Pluviôse An II). The Convention sent them to safeguard the allegiance of the population to revolutionary France. The proclamation resulted in crucial military strategy as it gradually brought most of the black troops into the French fold and kept the colony under the French flag for most of the conflict. The connection with France lasted until blacks and free people of colour formed L'armée indigène in 1802 to resist 2966:. Vermont, which was excluded from the thirteen colonies, existed as an independent state from 1777 to 1791. Vermont abolished adult slavery in 1777. In other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans and African Americans. During the following decades, the abolitionist movement grew in northern states, and Congress heavily regulated the expansion of Slave or Free States in new territories admitted to the union (see 3284: 2876: 3698: 3242:

death rate (and thus repurchase cost) of slaves was also high, and people are less productive when not allowed to choose the type of work they prefer, are illiterate, and are forced to live and work in miserable and unhealthy conditions. The free labour markets and international free trade that Smith preferred would also result in different prices and allocations that Smith believed would be more efficient and productive for consumers.

2552: 8688: 51: 5190:, prosecuted six individuals in Florida on charges of slavery in the agricultural industry. These prosecutions have led to freedom for over 1000 enslaved workers in the tomato and orange fields of South Florida. This is only one example of the contemporary fight against slavery worldwide. Slavery exists most widely in agricultural labour, apparel and sex industries, and service jobs in some regions. 4109:

this proximity to pay for their and their families freedom and argued before colonial courts for their freedom with increasing success as the nineteenth century progressed. Enslaved women like Adelina Charuteira used their mobility as street vendors and as much access as they had to literacy to spread information about abolition between freedom-seeking people and local abolitionist networks.

3431: 4027:. Although the initial act did not mention emancipation, the second Confiscation Act, passed on 17 July 1862, stated that escaped or liberated slaves belonging to anyone who participated in or supported the rebellion "shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves". On 1 January 1863, Lincoln issued the 6749:– increasingly linked temperance to a larger battle against slavery, discrimination, and racism. In churches, conventions, and newspapers, these reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection of both alcohol and slavery. The connection between temperance and antislavery views remained strong throughout the 1840s and 1850s. The white abolitionists 3048:) had disappeared in England by the beginning of the 17th century. In 1569 a court considered the case of Cartwright, who had bought a slave from Russia. The court ruled English law could not recognize slavery, as it was never established officially. This ruling was overshadowed by later developments; It was upheld in 1700 by the Lord Chief Justice 3675:. Under its provisions no new slaves could be imported, slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, and children born to female slaves would be slaves but must be freed at the age of 25. The last slaves in Canada gained their freedom when slavery was abolished in the entire British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833. 2683:. The first article of the law stated that "Slavery was abolished" in the French colonies, while the second article stated that "slave-owners would be indemnified" with financial compensation for the value of their slaves. The French constitution passed in 1795 included in the declaration of the Rights of Man that slavery was abolished. 3086:(1769). Each of the slaves had been baptized in Scotland and challenged the legality of slavery. They set the precedent of legal procedure in British courts that would later lead to successful outcomes for the plaintiffs. In these cases, deaths of the plaintiff and defendant, respectively, brought an end before court decisions. 5831:, "Weaver Family: Three members of the Weaver family, probably brothers, were called 'East Indians' in Lancaster County, between 1707 and 1711." "'The indenture of Indians (Native Americans) as servants was not common in Maryland ... the indenture of East Indian servants was more common." Retrieved 15 February 2008. 3752:, which was covered in newspapers nationwide, causing a rise in membership in abolitionist societies. By 1840 more than 15,000 people were members of abolitionist societies in the United States. The formation of Christian denominations that heralded abolitionism as a moral issue occurred, such as the organization of 5152:, Europe, and Latin America, as well as parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Modern slavery keeps around 50 million people from exercising their freedom. In Mauritania alone, estimates are that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved. Many of them are used as 5069:

as an abolitionist document. It calls for an appeal to constitutionalism and progressive constitutionalism. This vision is interdisciplinary and finds its roots in the anti-slavery movement in the United States of America and is largely based on the tenet that current state institutions, particularly

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in Cuba worked to end slavery, it was enslaved people themselves who worked daily to chip away at enslavers' local authority. These actions have at times been dismissed because they were small actions, but historian Adriana Chira argues that while "These freedoms were patchwork, often incomplete when

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The state of slavery is of such a nature that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political, but only by positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasions, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory. It is so odious, that nothing

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publishes the annual Trafficking in Persons Report, identifying countries as either Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 2 Watch List or Tier 3, depending upon three factors: "(1) The extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking; (2) The extent to which

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2007 witnessed major exhibitions in British museums and galleries to mark the anniversary of the 1807 abolition act – 1807 Commemorated 2008 marked the 201st anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire. It also marked the 175th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the

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In 2014, for the first time in history major Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox Christian leaders, as well as Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist leaders, met to sign a shared commitment against modern-day slavery; the declaration they signed calls for the elimination of slavery and human trafficking

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and Harriet Tubman took matters into their own hands by challenging the institution of slavery through their writing and their actions. In countries like Cuba and Brazil, where many enslaved women in urban areas were close to the governmental apparatuses needed to challenge slavery, they often used

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Las Casas for 20 years worked to get African slaves imported to replace natives; African slavery was everywhere and no one talked of ridding the New World of it, though France had abolished slavery in France itself and there was talk in other countries about doing the same. However, Las Casas had a

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wanted to achieve the gradual extinction of slavery by market forces, because its members believed that free labour was superior to slave labour. White southern leaders said that the Republican policy of blocking the expansion of slavery into the West made them second-class citizens, and they also

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of the judgement are unclear when analysed by lawyers, the judgement was generally taken at the time to have determined that slavery did not exist under English common law and was thus prohibited in England. The decision did not apply to the British overseas territories; by then, for example, the

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authorized and codified cruel corporal punishment against slaves under certain conditions, it forbade slave owners to torture them or to separate families. It also demanded enslaved Africans receive instruction in the Catholic faith, implying that Africans were human beings endowed with a soul, a

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Radical abolitionists are often marginalized. There is a belief that constitutionalism as a main tenet of radical abolitionism can change and appeal to the popular opinion more. Historically, slavery abolitionists have had to use the public meaning of Constitutional terms in order in their fight

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can be seen as a compromise for freedom, without allowing for the full abolition. Criminal punishment was a major way that Southern states maintained the exploitation of black labour and effectively nullified the Reconstruction Amendments. This was done namely through Black Codes, harsh vagrancy

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defines an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional, and total abolition of slavery in the United States". He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln or the Republican Party, which called for the gradual ending of slavery.

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argued for the abolition of slavery on economic grounds. Smith pointed out that slavery incurred security, housing, and food costs that the use of free labour would not, and opined that free workers would be more productive because they would have personal economic incentives to work harder. The

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helped lead the American Temperance Union, formed in 1833. Frederick Douglass, who took the teetotaler pledge while in Scotland in 1845, claimed, "I am a temperance man because I am an anti-slavery man." Activists argued that alcohol aided slavery by keeping enslaved men and women addled and by

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In 2000, the United States passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA) "to combat trafficking in persons, especially into the sex trade, slavery, and involuntary servitude". The TVPA also "created new law enforcement tools to strengthen the prosecution and punishment of

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There are debates among abolitionists, where some claim that the Constitution ought not to be treated as an abolitionist text, as it is rather used as a legal tool by the state to deny freedoms to marginalized communities; and that contemporary abolitionist work cannot be done by relying on the

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The suffering of women in slavery was a common trope consistently used in abolitionists' rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. This was especially true as it relates to the image of suffering mothers and their children. Towards the end of the nineteenth century as slavery was coming to an end

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the government of the country does not comply with the TVPA's minimum standards including, in particular, the extent of the government's trafficking-related corruption; and (3) The resources and capabilities of the government to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons."

3741:. Other states with more of an economic interest in slaves, such as New York and New Jersey, also passed gradual emancipation laws, and by 1804, all the Northern states had abolished it, although this did not mean that already enslaved people were freed. Some had to work without wages as " 2703:, they threatened to move the French Caribbean colonies under British control, as Great Britain still allowed slavery. Fearing secession from these islands, successfully lobbied by planters and concerned about revenues from the West Indies, and influenced by the slaveholder family of 5844:, IndoLink, Quote: "Documents available from American archival sources of the colonial period now confirm the presence of indentured servants or slaves who were brought from the Indian subcontinent, via England, to work for their European American masters." Retrieved 20 April 2010. 3421:

at the beginning of the 19th century. The progressive pro-European and anti-Ottoman movement, which gradually gained power in the two principalities, also worked to abolish that slavery. Between 1843 and 1855, the principalities emancipated all of the 250,000 enslaved Roma people.

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The border states were exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, but they too (except Delaware) began their own emancipation programs. As the war dragged on, both the federal government and Union states continued to take measures against slavery. In June 1864, the

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took effect in December 1865, seven months after the end of the war, and finally ended slavery for non-criminals throughout the United States. It also abolished slavery among the Indian tribes, including the Alaska tribes that became part of the U.S. in 1867.

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African slaves were not bought or sold in London but were brought by masters from other areas. Together with people from other nations, especially non-Christian, Africans were considered foreigners, not able to be English subjects. At the time, England had no

3871:, the slave population in the United States had grown to four million. American abolitionism was based in the North, although there were anti-abolitionist riots in several cities. In the South abolitionism was illegal, and abolitionist publications, like 5081:

laws, apprenticeship laws and extreme punishment for black people. The Reconstruction Amendments in their aim to promote citizenship and emancipation are believed by these thinkers to still be guiding principles in the fight for freedom and abolition.

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became a destination for black refugees leaving Southern Colonies and United States. While many blacks who arrived in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution were free, others were not. Black slaves also arrived in Nova Scotia as the property of

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established the United States, many Loyalists who fled the Northern United States immigrated to the British province of Quebec, bringing an English majority population as well as many slaves, leading the province to ban the institution in 1793 (see

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The 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States "except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted". In 2018, Colorado became the first state to remove similar language in its state constitution by a

3314:" anti-slavery medallion of 1787. Clarkson described the medallion as "promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom". The 1792 Slave Trade Bill passed the House of Commons mangled and mutilated by the modifications and amendments of 3361: 2768:

The French governments initially refused to recognize Haïti. It forced the nation to pay a substantial amount of reparations (which it could ill afford) for losses during the revolution and did not recognize its government until 1825.

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Proponents of abolitionist constitutionalism believe the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments can be used today to extend the abolitionist logics to the various current barriers to injustices that are faced by marginalized peoples.

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During the early 19th century, slavery expanded rapidly in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, while at the same time the new republics of mainland Spanish America became committed to the gradual abolition of slavery. During the

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at Exeter Hall in London, on 12–23 June 1840. This was however an attempt made by NGOs, not by state and governments. In the late 19th century, the issue was addressed on an international level by states and governments. The

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can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged.

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In societies with large proportions of the population working in conditions of slavery or serfdom, stroke-of-the-pen laws declaring abolition can have thorough-going social, economic and political consequences. Issues of

3867:, slavery was legally established. While it was fading away in the cities as well as in the border states, it remained strong in plantation areas that grew cotton for export, or sugar, tobacco, or hemp. According to the 2347:

which stated that slavery was intolerable in France, although it is a misconception that there were 'no slaves in France'; thousands of African slaves were present in France during the 18th century. Born into slavery in

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American colonies had established slavery by positive laws. Somersett's case became a significant part of the common law of slavery in the English-speaking world and it helped launch the movement to abolish slavery.

2514:. The rebellion swept through the north of the colony, and with it came freedom to thousands of enslaved blacks, but also violence and death. In 1793, French Civil Commissioners in St. Domingue and abolitionists, 2324:, king of France, published a decree proclaiming that "France signifies freedom" and that any slave setting foot on French soil should be freed. This prompted subsequent governments to circumscribe slavery in the 5043: 3266:

was the lawyer who took on most of the cases of slaves suing their masters for personal illegal enslavement. He was the first lawyer to successfully establish a slave's freedom. In addition, Brigadier General

2797: 5511:, Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 322. There was typo in the original hardcover stating "31.2 percent"; this was corrected to 13.2% in the paperback edition and can be verified using 1830 census data. 3098:, when the fugitive slave James Somersett forced a decision by the courts. Somersett had escaped, and his master, Charles Steuart, had him captured and imprisoned on board a ship, intending to ship him to 4015:, abolishing slavery in Washington D. C. Meanwhile, the Union suddenly found itself dealing with a steady stream of escaped slaves from the South rushing to Union lines. In response, Congress passed the 5046:. This proclamation marked the bicentenary of the proclamation of the first modern slavery-free state, Haiti. Numerous exhibitions, events and research programmes became associated with the initiative. 4050:, which required free states to aid in returning escaped slaves to slave states, was repealed. The state of Maryland abolished slavery on 13 October 1864. Missouri abolished slavery on 11 January 1865. 4870:

As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. However, illegal forced labour involves millions of people in the 21st century, 43% for sexual exploitation and 32% for economic exploitation.

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established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the

5329: 1587: 7536:"Les Chemins de la Liberté : Réflexions à l'occasion du bicentenaire de l'abolition de l'esclavage / Routes to Freedom : Reflections on the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade" 3368:

was passed. It purchased the slaves from their masters and paved the way for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire by 1838, after which the first Anti-Slavery Society was wound up.

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In addition to English colonists importing slaves to the North American colonies, by the 18th century, traders began to import slaves from Africa, India and East Asia (where they were trading) to

4833: 4042:" (19 June 1865, in Texas), the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all its slaves. The owners were never compensated; nor were freed slaves compensated by former owners. 4388:

showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful tool in the abolitionist movement.

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Just like abolitionism more generally, abolitionist constitutionalism seeks to provide a vision which will lead to the abolition of many different neoliberal state institutions, such as the

4763:(ACE). The ACE conducted a major international investigation on slavery and slave trade, inspecting all the colonial empires and the territories under their control between 1934 and 1939. 3306:

became the group's most prominent researcher, gathering vast amounts of data on the trade. One aspect of abolitionism during this period was the effective use of images such as the famous

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Wilberforce was a leader of the abolitionism movement. He was an English politician who became a Member of Parliament. His involvement in the political realm lead to a change in ideology.

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from Pictou published the first anti-slavery literature in Canada and began purchasing slaves' freedom and chastising his colleagues in the Presbyterian church who owned slaves. In 1790

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of the mid-seventeenth century, sectarian radicals challenged slavery and other threats to personal freedom. Their ideas influenced many antislavery thinkers in the eighteenth century.

4744:(TSC), which was founded in 1924, conducted a global investigation and filed a report, and a convention was drawn up to hasten the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The 5042:

People in modern times have commemorated abolitionist movements and the abolition of slavery in different ways around the world. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 the

2925:, helped launch the British movement to abolish slavery. Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, many colonies and emerging nations continued to use 6199: 8245: 2420:

regulated the slave trade and institution in the colonies. It gave unparalleled rights to slaves. It included the right to marry, gather publicly or take Sundays off. Although the

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Because the temperance movement was closely tied to the abolitionist movement as well as to the African American church, African Americans were preeminent promoters of temperance.

4759:(CES) to review the result and enforcement of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which resulted in a new international investigation under the first permanent slavery committee, the 9823: 3124:. No legislation had ever been passed to establish slavery in England. The case received national attention, and five advocates supported the action on behalf of Somersett. 8950: 4123:

White and black opponents of slavery, who played a considerable role in the movement. This list includes some escaped slaves, who were traditionally called abolitionists.

3937:, who helped found the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society. Some abolitionists said that slavery was criminal and a sin; they also criticized slave owners of using black women as 8994: 2433:). They were on average exceptionally literate, with a significant number of them owning businesses, properties, and even slaves. Other free people of colour, such as 1713: 5057:

held a major international conference entitled, "Routes to Freedom: Reflections on the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade", from 14 to 16 March 2008.

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became an intermediate caste between whites and blacks, while in the British colonies mulattoes and blacks were considered equal and discriminated against equally.

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and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks were part of the abolitionist movement, which had laid important groundwork in building anti-slavery sentiment in the

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was a member of an abolitionist group of prominent free Africans living in Britain, and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s.

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Blackburn 1997: 136; Friede 1971: 165–166. Las Casas' change in his views on African slavery is expressed particularly in chapters 102 and 129, Book III of his

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was formally abolished by law in almost the entire world, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and some parts of Africa. Chattel slavery was still legal

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At about the same time, France started colonizing Africa and gained possession of much of West Africa by 1900. In 1905, the French abolished slavery in most of

8827: 5772: 5092: 5085: 4055: 4054:, which had been admitted to the Union in 1863 as a slave state, but on the condition of gradual emancipation, fully abolished slavery on 3 February 1865. The 3033: 2974: 2750:

sparked another wave of rebellion in Saint-Domingue. From 1802 Napoleon sent more than 20,000 troops to the island, two-thirds died, mostly from yellow fever.

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Human beings are born free, and no one has the right to enslave, humiliate, oppress or exploit them, and there can be no subjugation but to God the Most-High.

3159:, an enslaved African who had been purchased by his master John Wedderburn in Jamaica and brought to Scotland, left him. Married and with a child, he filed a 9911: 7931: 5114:

constitutional texts. Some argue that the narrative and scholarly literature around Reconstruction Amendments is not coherent regarding their original aims.

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the carceral system, is rooted in the transatlantic slave trade. Some constitutional abolitionists critique the claim that the Constitution was pro-slavery.

4530: 2777: 2309:, was only five years old. At some unknown date during her rule, she abolished the trade of slaves, although not slavery. Moreover, her (and contemporaneous 11541: 7439: 4860: 4826: 4153: 4072: 2076: 1462: 834: 571: 5960: 5110:

against slavery. Constitutional abolitionists are generally in favour of incremental changes that follow the principles of the Reconstructive Amendments.

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as part of a program to ensure sovereignty over its colonies. On March 16, 1792, Denmark became the first country to issue a decree to abolish their

8978: 4012: 3726: 8006: 3338:. Britain enforced the abolition of the trade because the act made trading slaves within British territories illegal. However, the act repealed the 3185:, and slaves could seek court protection to leave a master or avoid being forcibly removed from Scotland to be returned to slavery in the colonies. 8726: 6364: 3488: 3360:

In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement revived to campaign against the institution of slavery itself. In 1823 the first Anti-Slavery Society, the

531: 3379:, which attempted to outlaw slavery worldwide and also to pressure the government to help enforce the suppression of the slave trade by declaring 3342:

which attempted to improve conditions for slaves. The end of the slave trade did not end slavery as a whole. Slavery was still a common practice.

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Although outlawed in most countries, slavery is nonetheless practised secretly in many parts of the world. Enslavement still takes place in the

3640:(1797–1832) were instrumental in freeing slaves from their owners in Nova Scotia. They were held in high regard in the colony. By the end of the 3330:

on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire. Britain used its influence to coerce other countries to agree to

3228:. c. 28) was intended to end what the act referred to as "a state of slavery and bondage", but that was ineffective, necessitating the 1799 act. 7979: 3012:. The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. The United Kingdom (then including Ireland) and the United States outlawed the 11556: 8955: 8522: 5324: 4915:

estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally, including 5.5 million children, of which 55% are women and girls.

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from the start of 1803. However, Denmark would not abolish slavery in the Danish West Indies until 1848. Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) formally

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to work as personal servants. Men who migrated to the North American colonies often took their East Indian slaves or servants with them, as

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Modern-day abolitionists have emerged over the last several years, as awareness of slavery around the world has grown, with groups such as

4722: 4687: 3957:, seven Deep South states whose economy was based on cotton and the labour of enslaved people decided to secede and form a new nation. The 3748:

The 1836–1837 campaign to end free speech in Alton, Illinois culminated in the 7 November 1837 mob murder of abolitionist newspaper editor

1889: 1582: 1432: 8403: 5294: 4867:. Article 4 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. 8709: 8328: 5938: 5307: 2959: 913: 2222:(1934–1939), which conducted international investigations of the institution of slavery and created international treaties, such as the 7277:

Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press, pp. 323-324

4882: 4655:(1851–1853): one of the first black newspapers in Upper Canada aimed at fugitive and escaped slaves from the United States. Written by 4067:

Brazil and Cuba were the last countries in the Western world to abolish slavery, with Brazil being the last in 1888. While actors like

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annexed Asian countries, from the late 19th century onwards, archaic institutions including slavery were abolished in those countries.

1659: 411: 7371: 6586: 11496: 10335: 9093: 8393: 8135: 7509: 7483: 5302: 5106:, the wage system, and policing. This is tied to a belief that white supremacy is woven into the fabric of legal state institutions. 4544: 3753: 3692: 861: 7891: 5786: 3551:

in 1821, but without abolishing slavery completely. While Chile abolished slavery in 1823, Argentina did so with the signing of the

10770: 10316: 10090: 4943:(1792–1804), struggled to overcome racial or anti-revolutionary prejudice in the international financial and diplomatic scene, and 4760: 4730: 4717: 3970: 3950: 3899: 3372: 3262:, there were few significant initiatives in the American colonies that led to the abolitionist movement. Some Quakers were active. 2219: 2066: 1979: 1632: 1452: 625: 8160: 7402: 5383: 5073:

Radical abolitionist constitutionalism calls for the idea of dignity and the use of jurisprudence to address social inequalities.

10410: 8696: 8547: 7748: 7731: 7208: 6043: 5841: 3078:, court cases in the British Isles to challenge the legality of slavery, took place in Scotland in 1755 and 1769. The cases were 2906:

on humanitarian grounds, and arguing against it in Parliament. Soon after Oglethorpe's death in 1785, Sharp and More united with

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worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the

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The portrait is now at the National Gallery of Scotland. According to Thomas Akins, this portrait hung in the legislature of

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Plantation owners sometimes moved the Black people they claimed to own as far as possible out of reach of the Union army. By "

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fact French law did not admit until then. It resulted in a far higher percentage of Black people being free in 1830 (13.2% in

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Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326

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Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216

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Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press, pp. 100–121

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Women were also often on the forefront of the abolition movement. Authors such as Harriet Beecher Stowe (United States) and

3632:, in 1787, 1789 and again on 11 January 1808, the Nova Scotian legislature refused to legalize slavery. Two chief justices, 9871: 8871: 8612: 8557: 8539: 8334: 5808: 5463:

Chatman, Samuel L. (2000). "'There Are No Slaves in France': A Re-Examination of Slave Laws in Eighteenth Century France".

4494: 4421: 4328: 2963: 2656: 2616: 2480: 2313:') favorite charity was to buy and free slaves, especially children. Slavery started to dwindle and would be superseded by 1666: 1627: 1270: 4104:

and others used their connections to political movements to advocate for the abolition of slavery. Enslaved women such as

3224:. c. 56). Skilled workers, they were restricted to a place and could be sold with the works. A prior law enacted in 1775 ( 2375:, known as the "Black Mozart", was, by his social position, and by his political involvement, a figurehead of free blacks. 9679: 8757: 5183: 5179: 5088:

can convey an abolitionist vision of the freedom advocated for by black people in the public sphere beyond emancipation.

4900: 4620: 4263: 4223: 3540: 2588: 1955: 1947: 1939: 1931: 1708: 1345: 1005: 856: 652: 561: 9231: 8424: 8300:

Wyman-McCarthy, Matthew. "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview."

7457: 7421: 7046:

Premo, Bianca (2019). "Lo extrajudicial: Between Court and Community in the Spanish Empire". In Vermeesch, Griet (ed.).

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History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament

5353:

Henry Dundas achieved the first victory in the House of Commons for the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade in 1792.

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Currently, the Anti-trafficking Coordination Team Initiative (ACT Team Initiative), a coordinated effort between the

4434: 3684: 2635: 1550: 1427: 851: 620: 487: 8293:

Unangst, Matthew. "Manufacturing Crisis: Anti-slavery 'Humanitarianism' and Imperialism in East Africa, 1888–1890."

7401:

Gamio, Lazaro; Méheut, Constant; Porter, Catherine; Gebrekidan, Selam; McCann, Allison; Apuzzo, Matt (20 May 2022).

5857: 4645: 2595: 11431: 10792: 10359: 10130: 8942: 7460:. Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past and the Institute of Historical Research. 2007. Archived from 5281: 5206: 5182:

and corporations working to develop a policy agenda for abolishing slavery and human trafficking. Since 1997, the

4981: 4740:, which founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. The 4725:

addressed slavery on a semi-global level via the representatives of the colonial powers. It had concluded with the

4429: 3945: 3620:

decision in Scotland in 1778. This decision, in turn, influenced the colony of Nova Scotia. In 1788, abolitionist

3555:. Peru abolished slavery in 1854. Colombia abolished slavery in 1851. Slavery was abolished in Uruguay during the 3327: 2157: 1874: 1681: 891: 876: 822: 507: 497: 492: 321: 177: 7111: 4148: 4089: 4068: 2515: 1397: 11531: 11466: 10511: 10301: 9863: 8918: 8721: 8495: 8461:, a collection of more than 800 speeches by antebellum blacks and approximately 1,000 editorials from the period. 8209:

Jeffrey, Julie Roy. "Stranger, Buy... Lest Our Mission Fail: the Complex Culture of Women's Abolitionist Fairs".

5144:

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

5133: 4756: 4726: 4020: 3268: 2426: 2215: 2000: 1894: 1676: 1447: 253: 8763: 8357: 4642:, books published in the U.S. and elsewhere by former slaves or about former slaves, relating their experiences. 10722: 10343: 6604: 5972: 5187: 5178:

In the United States, The Action Group to End Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery is a coalition of NGOs,

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In 1783, an anti-slavery movement began among the British public to end slavery throughout the British Empire.

3049: 2573: 1963: 1146: 1134: 714: 526: 172: 5722:

Popkin, J. (2010) You are all Free. The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery, pp. 350–70, 384, 389.

5095:

was used by many abolitionist lawyers and activists throughout the North to advance the case against slavery.

2602: 10875: 10191: 10018: 9923: 9807: 9674: 9509: 9086: 8809: 8508: 8102: 6981: 6347:"Biography – Strange, Sir Thomas Andrew Lumisden – Volume VII (1836–1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" 5861: 5256: 5168: 5103: 4814: 4791: 4713: 4526: 4482: 4024: 3910: 3476: 3388: 3364:, was founded. Many of its members had previously campaigned against the slave trade. On 28 August 1833, the 2569: 1971: 1718: 1501: 362: 31: 3526: 3441:, he was reported to be the driving force behind the arrest, trial and execution of a wealthy white planter 11632: 11486: 11471: 11366: 10351: 10306: 9972: 9663: 9570: 9467: 9057: 8893: 8446: 6738: 6269: 4955:" for emancipation in 1825 and which (including secondary debts and interests) was not paid off until 1947. 4878: 4741: 4677:(1856–1857): a small run two-issue newspaper published by John James Linton, a sympathizing white Canadian. 4253: 4032: 3688: 3496:, which abolished native slavery for the first time in European colonial history. It ultimately led to the 2870: 2455:, many philosophers wrote pamphlets against slavery and its moral and economical justifications, including 2229:

After centuries of struggle, slavery was eventually declared illegal at the global level in 1948 under the

2211: 2153: 2054: 1723: 1567: 1437: 1098: 866: 846: 406: 374: 17: 9243: 93: 10892: 10403: 10375: 10276: 10122: 9478: 7323: 5164: 4822: 4465: 4358: 3217: 2584: 2331:

Some cases of African slaves freed by setting foot on French soil were recorded such as the example of a

2176: 2071: 1783: 1733: 1457: 1375: 502: 283: 103: 6372: 4625:(1847–51): an anti-slavery American newspaper published by the escaped slave, author, and abolitionist, 2704: 10763: 10486: 9887: 9668: 9113: 9018: 8881: 8742: 8637: 8387:, comprehensive list of abolitionists and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States 8112:'Women Were Among Our Primeval Abolitionists': Women and Organized Antislavery in Vermont, 1834–1848", 5946: 5160: 4818: 4411: 4047: 3990: 3730: 3649: 3384: 3353: 3250: 3021: 2430: 2372: 2237:. By this time, the Arab world was the only region in the world where chattel slavery was still legal. 2145: 1906: 1642: 1494: 1479: 1370: 566: 236: 38: 5508:

For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-hunts, and the End of Slavery

3973:

to suppress the rebellion, four more slave states seceded. Meanwhile, four slave states, known as the

3734: 3290:(1759–1833), politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade 11411: 11371: 10812: 10184: 9847: 9815: 9580: 8552: 8477: 7066:"'As a slave woman and as a mother': women and the abolition of slavery in Havana and Rio de Janeiro" 6624: 6609: 5968: 5260: 5077: 4501: 4453: 4188: 4028: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3655:

With slaves escaping to New York and New England, legislation for gradual emancipation was passed in

2754: 2692: 2527: 1738: 1637: 1168: 1156: 746: 719: 224: 9358: 8458: 7575: 6286: 4667:(March 1853–June 1857): a weekly newspaper published by free Black American ex-patriates in Canada, 3771: 3449: 2802: 11511: 11239: 11001: 10961: 10951: 10899: 9895: 9540: 9079: 5577: 5271: 4952: 4925: 3985: 3621: 3315: 3164: 2507: 1518: 1387: 940: 729: 214: 115: 9335: 7297: 6302: 4696: 4019:, which essentially declared escaped slaves from the South to be confiscated war property, called 3587: 394: 11289: 11197: 10496: 10491: 9765: 9689: 9611: 9494: 9146: 9026: 8098: 6303:"Biography – MacGregor James Drummond – Volume VI (1821–1835) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" 5417: 4948: 4783: 4745: 4604: 4584: 4308: 4208: 3918: 3383:

to be pirates. The world's oldest international human rights organization, it continues today as

3193: 2921:

in 1772, in which a fugitive slave was freed with the judgement that slavery did not exist under

2700: 2562: 2511: 2238: 2223: 2059: 2044: 1703: 1442: 1392: 1320: 1093: 871: 815: 798: 229: 65:. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful weapon in the abolitionist arsenal. 7871:

Public Law 106–386 – 28 October 2000, Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000

6916: 5506: 2444:

also forbade interracial marriages, but it was often ignored in French colonial society and the

2128:. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was actually a former French colony, 11461: 11451: 11040: 10971: 10956: 10437: 10396: 10149: 10066: 9555: 9383: 9266: 9249: 9170: 8607: 7965: 7951: 7868: 6722: 6714: 5942: 5522: 4841: 4571: 4458: 4442: 4238: 4101: 3930: 3906: 3864: 3765: 3637: 3525:(1810–1826), slavery was abolished in most of Latin America, though it continued until 1873 in 3029: 2982: 2934: 2854: 2810: 2743: 2672: 2668: 2652: 2476: 2461: 2353: 2325: 2109: 2029: 1921: 1776: 1745: 1250: 991: 903: 751: 475: 441: 436: 6890: 6453: 5998: 5579: 5552: 5433: 5065:

Abolitionist constitutionalism is a line of thinking which invokes the historical view of the

3311: 2531: 2487:) to work for the abolition of slavery. After the Revolution, on 4 April 1792, France granted 11627: 11571: 11546: 11476: 11159: 10887: 10660: 10618: 10588: 10098: 10034: 9647: 9621: 9519: 9283: 9218: 9140: 9002: 8854: 8667: 8662: 8627: 7805:"'When This Breaks Down, It's Black Gold': Race and Gender in Agricultural Health and Safety" 7686:

Fox, James (2021). "The Constitution of Black Abolitionism: Re-Framing the Second Founding".

6139: 6060:

Thomas Clarkson wrote of the medallion; promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom.

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of the United Nations was inaugurated, which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the

4092:(Brazil) used their novels to call into question the humanity of slavery. Women such as the 3362:

Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions

11566: 11321: 11234: 11212: 11135: 11131: 11060: 10976: 10921: 10916: 10739: 10583: 10472: 10296: 10286: 9948: 9839: 9732: 9534: 8986: 8782: 8602: 8531: 8028:"Movement grows to abolish US prison labor system that treats workers as 'less than human'" 7539: 7379: 6730: 6583: 5241: 5123: 5054: 5016: 4613: 4510: 4419:

ceased publication in October 1820 due to Embree's illness. It was sold in 1821 and became

4402: 4273: 4218: 3934: 3884: 3702: 3645: 3629: 3442: 3323: 3254:

A poster advertising a special chapel service to celebrate the Abolition of Slavery in 1838

3169: 3013: 2899: 2452: 2384: 2258: 1901: 1750: 1654: 1617: 1545: 1489: 1358: 1315: 1129: 1059: 734: 514: 416: 300: 207: 8325:, summaries, lesson plans, documents and illustrations for schools; focus on United States 7888: 7513: 7487: 5758: 4961:

in 1861 failed to allay rural and industrial unrest, which played a part in fomenting the

4692: 3729:, the first recognized organization for abolitionists in the United States. Following the 3204:

slavery of Scots persons in Scotland had existed from 1606 and continued until 1799, when

2886:(1772) was widely taken to have held that there was no basis in law for slavery in England 2609: 8: 11591: 11456: 11326: 11116: 11045: 10802: 10775: 10758: 10746: 10568: 10524: 10291: 9903: 9694: 9601: 9483: 9442: 9437: 9330: 8876: 8622: 6802: 6742: 6734: 6646:

The Alphabet as Resistance: Laws Against Reading, Writing and Religion in the Slave South

5827:

Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware

5008: 4929: 4799: 4771: 4363: 4338: 4318: 4303: 4193: 3895: 3742: 3664: 3566: 3557: 3438: 3322:

considers the unfinished abolition of the slave trade to be Pitt's greatest failure. The

3299: 3287: 3259: 3095: 2967: 2962:

in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by

2950: 2949:

territories in the West Indies, South America, and the Southern United States. After the

2907: 2903: 2773: 2762: 2290: 1238: 1218: 1103: 1088: 957: 928: 918: 808: 756: 724: 521: 379: 347: 342: 295: 152: 8413: 7837: 7804: 6211:

Viorel Achim (2010). "Romanian Abolitionists on the Future of the Emancipated Gypsies",

2818: 2792: 2519: 2367: 2257:

was the last country to officially abolish slavery, with a presidential decree in 1981.

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The United States achieved freedom for its slaves in 1865 with the ratification of the

4962: 4940: 4626: 4313: 4248: 4213: 4183: 4003: 3958: 3926: 3715: 3668: 3613: 3596: 3418: 3400: 3335: 3053: 3017: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2922: 2918: 2883: 2839: 2758: 2731: 2716: 2708: 2696: 2499: 2395: 2188: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2113: 2013: 2008: 1879: 1484: 1330: 1305: 1295: 1260: 1255: 1223: 1188: 1181: 1122: 1115: 972: 791: 786: 776: 546: 399: 357: 352: 305: 273: 263: 200: 9771: 9176: 8390: 7932:"Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated" 7756: 6047: 4844:

finally prohibited the owning of slaves in Saudi Arabia, followed by the abolition of

3858: Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment 3644:

and the arrival of the Black Refugees, there were few slaves left in Nova Scotia. The

3352:

was the key speaker at the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society's (today known as

421: 367: 11441: 11343: 11331: 11316: 11296: 11207: 11154: 11126: 11108: 10911: 10787: 10780: 10593: 10541: 10519: 10447: 10157: 9743: 9627: 9340: 9061: 8821: 8434: 8199: 8094: 8072: 8035: 7842: 7824: 7712: 7666: 7628: 7303: 7026: 6896: 6848: 6840: 6830: 6814: 6775: 6702: 6674: 6649: 6564: 6561:

New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America: Essays in Honor of Kenneth M. Stampp

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The white abolitionist movement in the North was led by social reformers, especially

3792: Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799) and New Jersey (starting 1804) 3722: 3582: 3497: 2978: 2955: 2946: 2648: 2339:

in 1571. He was arrested and his slaves were freed according to a declaration of the

2321: 2270: 2266: 2207: 1884: 1572: 1290: 1285: 1228: 1213: 1193: 1015: 1010: 945: 908: 741: 707: 536: 389: 278: 157: 11586: 7652: 7420:

Porter, Catherine; Méheut, Constant; Apuzzo, Matt; Gebrekidan, Selam (20 May 2022).

7235: 7183: 7004:

Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment

6019:

Forging an American Law of Slavery in Revolutionary South Carolina and Massachusetts

5746:

Though the Heavens May Fall: The Landmark Trial that Led to the End of Human Slavery

5201: 4513:, to be sold or gifted to participants in the anti-slavery bazaars organized by the 4093: 3052:

when he ruled that a slave became free as soon as he arrived in England. During the

2676: 11202: 11192: 11018: 10966: 10870: 10734: 10623: 10573: 10551: 10546: 10477: 9956: 9711: 9402: 9237: 8305: 8126:

Coupland, Sir Reginald. "The British Anti-Slavery Movement". London: F. Cass, 1964.

7854: 7832: 7816: 7658: 7618: 7077: 6822: 5617: 5472: 5396: 5247:. Other states have followed suit, but implementation has relied on court rulings. 4944: 4849: 4845: 4787: 4599: 4560: 4380: 4288: 4158: 4105: 3914: 3562: 3536: 3493: 3174: 2997: 2895: 2781: 2246: 2242: 2192: 2149: 1762: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1300: 1265: 1233: 1203: 1076: 1064: 1042: 1020: 967: 803: 771: 73: 8464: 8351: 7910:"Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery" 7820: 7728: 6225: 5578:

Martin H. Steinberg; Bernard G. Forget; Douglas R. Higgs; Ronald L. Nagel (2001).

4659:, an escaped slave who also published his own slave narrative. Published biweekly. 2821:

abolished slavery in the remaining colonies. The state bought the slaves from the

2747: 2723: 2156:

but it remained legal in southern states. By 1808, the United States outlawed the

11576: 11516: 11401: 11249: 11244: 11222: 11142: 11096: 10853: 10807: 10705: 10682: 10665: 10638: 10423: 10327: 10281: 10106: 10058: 10042: 10010: 9879: 9722: 9658: 9590: 9473: 9432: 9389: 9289: 9188: 9102: 8769: 8582: 8471: 8449:, Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's 8407: 8397: 8322: 8164: 7895: 7735: 7187: 7081: 6886: 6865: 6798: 6726: 6590: 6346: 6099: 6085: 6017: 5697: 5670: 5172: 4973: 4853: 4795: 4779: 4639: 4343: 4323: 4278: 4203: 4163: 3954: 3516:, c. 1822. Brazil in 1888 was the last nation in the Americas to abolish slavery. 3508: 3456: 3349: 3307: 3303: 3273: 3182: 3178: 3140: 2857:. 10 May was chosen as the day dedicated to recognition of the crime of slavery. 2832: 2503: 2250: 2200: 2034: 1926: 1916: 1911: 1671: 1562: 1557: 1310: 1280: 1275: 998: 962: 761: 679: 384: 130: 8223:

Kolchin, Peter. "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective",

7790:

A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Experience in America

7770: 7607:"Whence Comes Section One? The Abolitionist Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment" 6973: 5044:

International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition

2471: 2152:

was the first state in America to abolish slavery in 1777. By 1804, the rest of

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The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution

8184: 7130: 7065: 6966:

Peter Kolchin, "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective,"

6818: 6694: 6494:

Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit

4972:

on 6 December of that year but faced ongoing slavery-associated racial issues (

4806: 4668: 4438: 4385: 4348: 4298: 4228: 4198: 4173: 3966: 3672: 3609: 3513: 3483:

late change of heart, and became an advocate for the Africans in the colonies.

3453: 3091: 2942: 2938: 2495: 2434: 2349: 2274: 2230: 2049: 1864: 1859: 1849: 1755: 1649: 541: 182: 140: 7209:"Western News - Western rediscovers, revives long-lost abolitionist newspaper" 5194:

traffickers, making human trafficking a Federal crime with severe penalties."

5003: 3706:

inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.

2875: 2798:

Proclamation of the Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies, 27 April 1848

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Barbaric Traffic: Commerce and Antislavery in the 18th-century Atlantic World

8064: 8039: 7828: 7632: 7602: 6852: 6826: 6806: 6750: 6718: 6629: 5655: 5153: 4837: 4293: 4258: 4133: 4097: 4051: 3804: Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority 3625: 3414: 3380: 3376: 3319: 3263: 3120:, had to judge whether Somersett's abduction was lawful or not under English 3108: 3075: 3068: 2843: 2466: 2310: 2294: 2262: 2180: 2164: 2121: 1693: 1622: 1069: 1052: 827: 657: 647: 431: 81: 37:"Anti-slavery" and "Emancipationist" redirect here. For the British NGO, see 10388: 8239:

Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865

7461: 6526: 5609: 4712:

The first international attempt to address the abolition of slavery was the

3977:(Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky), chose to remain in the Union. 2746:

that abolished slavery in France and its colonies and the revolution led by

11596: 11396: 11301: 11147: 11121: 11030: 10712: 10700: 10648: 10608: 10467: 10462: 10226: 10218: 9560: 9514: 9488: 9427: 9307: 8815: 8775: 8647: 8007:"Colorado Votes To Abolish Slavery, 2 Years After Similar Amendment Failed" 7846: 7543: 7440:"France dismisses petition for it to pay $ 17 billion in Haiti reparations" 6869: 6754: 6257:

Abolition and Antislavery: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic

5581:

Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management

4991: 4810: 4775: 4576: 4540: 4406: 4368: 4268: 4178: 4168: 3876: 3757: 3660: 3656: 3570: 3213: 3160: 2930: 2926: 2911: 2712: 2306: 2125: 2039: 1698: 1535: 1511: 1141: 669: 642: 605: 583: 470: 187: 167: 145: 135: 125: 120: 110: 8346: 7662: 7623: 7606: 5330:

International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition

3531: 3283: 1802: 950: 11536: 11284: 11279: 11271: 11256: 11081: 10986: 10797: 10633: 10598: 10578: 10558: 10536: 10501: 9940: 9684: 9632: 9452: 9395: 9200: 9152: 8901: 8803: 8617: 8567: 8283:(Yale UP, 2016) 784 pp; Highly detailed coverage of the American movement 7952:"US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, Introduction" 7909: 7704: 6545: 6073:

The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem

5865: 5610:"Abolition and Republicanism over the Transatlantic Long Term, 1640–1800" 5020: 4874: 4580: 3994: 3641: 3604: 3434: 3205: 2456: 2405: 2391: 1984: 1540: 1528: 881: 684: 674: 632: 446: 8496:

Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice

5399:. Medieval Sourcebook. Translated by Jo Ann McNamara. Fordham University 4834:

United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

3780: Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the Revolutionary War 3173:(1778), Wedderburn said that Knight owed him "perpetual servitude". The 3032:

re-abolished it in 1848 and the U.S. abolished slavery in 1865 with the

11067: 11055: 11025: 10991: 10931: 10613: 10165: 10114: 10050: 9777: 9652: 9565: 9549: 9457: 9206: 8500: 8384: 8309: 6365:"Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia" 6165: 5484: 5435:

The French Atlantic Triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade

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he witnessed and opposed the poor treatment and virtual slavery of the

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procedure. The African slaves' legal status was unclear until 1772 and

2814: 2727: 2576: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2388: 2254: 2196: 1992: 1688: 985: 689: 556: 42: 8483: 8260: 7980:"5 states to decide on closing slavery loopholes in voter referendums" 6187: 5842:"First Indian-American Identified: Mary Fisher, Born 1680 in Maryland" 5825: 3697: 3492:, contributed to Spanish passage of colonial legislation known as the 2853:

law officially acknowledges slavery and the Atlantic slave trade as a

2163:

In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish the enslavement of the

11501: 11338: 11073: 11035: 10628: 10442: 8364:

Towards Liberty: Slavery, the Slave Trade, Abolition and Emancipation

8267:

Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World

5672:

You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery

5622: 4700: 4506: 3725:, a slaveholder for much of his life, became a leading member of the 3548: 3464: 3406: 3225: 3221: 3209: 3064: 2827: 2719:

and sent military governors and troops to the colonies to impose it.

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original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.

8246:

Free-Trade Ideology and Transatlantic Abolitionism: A Historiography

7023:

Patchwork Freedoms: Law, Slavery, and Race beyond Cuba's Plantations

5852: 5850: 5476: 4607:, who served as associate editor, and first published, as a serial, 3894:, operating in tandem with other social reform efforts, such as the 2842:. The French also attempted to abolish Tuareg slavery following the 2551: 615: 11491: 11187: 11008: 10836: 10751: 10690: 10653: 9932: 9616: 9574: 9071: 8255:

Reckord, Mary. "The Colonial Office and the Abolition of Slavery."

6005:. Vol. II. New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son. pp. 274–275. 5858:"Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case" 5032: 4556: 3998: 3891: 3828: Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 3544: 3410: 2986: 2523: 2336: 2332: 2172: 1523: 1081: 1025: 977: 637: 482: 337: 243: 8687: 8366:. Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives (UK) 6844: 6713:

These and other African American temperance activists – including

6182:

Mary Reckord, "The Colonial Office and the Abolition of Slavery."

4736:

During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the

3529:, 1886 in Cuba, and 1888 in Brazil (where it was abolished by the 3500:, the first European debate about the rights of colonized people. 11406: 11261: 11173: 10002: 8288:

The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870

6542:

A Heritage of Holiness: The Story of Allegheny Wesleyan Methodism

5847: 5420:

Forgetful of their Sex: Female Sanctity and Society, ca. 500–1100

4592: 4529:, the paper published continuously until the ratification of the 4481:(1836–38): an anti-slavery magazine for children produced by the 3890:

Abolitionism in the United States became a popular expression of

3460: 3103: 3099: 3045: 2850: 2445: 2344: 2314: 2098: 1506: 588: 268: 85: 50: 9888:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States

8341:

Elijah Parish Lovejoy: A Martyr on the Altar of American Liberty

8167:(2015). University Bielefeld – Center for InterAmerican Studies. 6393:

Barry Cahill, "Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia",

5259:, other movements to address perceived social ills, such as the 4591:, and distributed locally and across the mid-west, primarily to 3822: Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, 1 Jan 1863 2787: 11426: 9964: 6648:. Portland, Oregon: Independently Published. pp. 116–117. 5036: 3834: Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War 3775:

Abolition of slavery in the various states of the US over time:

3745:" for two more decades, although they could no longer be sold. 3648:

outlawed the slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 and the

3302:

led the cause of abolition through the parliamentary campaign.

3102:

to be resold into slavery. While in London, Somersett had been

3060: 2734:. The rebellion was repressed, and slavery was re-established. 2404:

in North America held slaves, particularly in the South around

2302: 2105: 1208: 1030: 610: 593: 455: 290: 258: 9824:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

7803:

Barnes, Kathrine Lynn; Bendixsen, Casper G. (2 January 2017).

6479:

Benjamin Franklin: Genius of Kites, Flights, and Voting Rights

5638:

Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution

3993:

black volunteer soldiers muster out to their first freedom at

3852: Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, 18 Dec 1865 3612:

Loyalists. In 1772, prior to the American Revolution, Britain

3430: 2265:

are illegal in almost all countries, as well as being against

2191:, ending slavery "except as a punishment for crime". In 1888, 11391: 11381: 11376: 10848: 10843: 8440: 6955:

The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents

4936: 4748:, which was founded upon the investigation of the TSC of the 4023:, so that they would not be returned to their masters in the 2535: 2277:

continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children.

2129: 2117: 465: 451: 426: 8951:

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park

7419: 5076:

Whereas the original U.S. Constitution was pro-slavery, the

4894:

Article 11, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 1990

4836:

was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including

4798:, and slaves were supplied to the Arabian Peninsula via the 4493:(1836–37): newspaper published in Ohio for and owned by the 3614:

determined that slavery could not exist in the British Isles

2541: 2494:

The slave revolt, in the largest Caribbean French colony of

11521: 7400: 6872:, eds., "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in 5815:, Vol. 3, No. 2, November 1983. Retrieved 24 February 2011. 4588: 2356:

became free when his father brought him to France in 1776.

332: 162: 8131:

The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823

7170:"Why Abolitionist Frederick Douglass Loved the Photograph" 7156:"How Sojourner Truth Used Photography to Help End Slavery" 6763: 6633:. 17 September 1835. p. 1 – via newspapers.com. 5209:

is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022

5060: 4603:(1847–60): a weekly newspaper which featured the works of 2846:. In the region of the Sahel, slavery has long persisted. 8011: 7936: 7025:. Cambridge: Cambrisge University Press. pp. 4, 29. 6559:

Abzug, Robert H.; Maizlish, Stephen E. (1 January 1986).

6448:

The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP

5520: 3667:

of 1793 was passed by the Assembly under the auspices of

3163:, on the grounds that he could not be held as a slave in 3020:. Britain abolished slavery throughout its empire by the 2667:(1792–1804), on 4 February 1794, under the leadership of 2285: 9800:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

7688:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

6892:

Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History

6102:. H.M. Stationery Office 1790. 1790. p. 391 to 738. 3846: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865 3840: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864 3816: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862 3810: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861 3733:, Northern states abolished slavery, beginning with the 3603:

Throughout the growth of slavery in the American South,

2534:

finally led to independence and the creation of present

11506: 8410:, 5 March 2007 (available for video and audio download) 8335:

Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery

6770:

Venturelli, Peter J.; Fleckenstein, Annette E. (2017).

5787:"Haiti was the first nation to permanently ban slavery" 2737: 8480:, Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in the United States 8459:

University of Detroit Mercy Black Abolitionist Archive

7422:"The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers" 6769: 4859:

In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the

3671:. It was the first legislation against slavery in the 3318:, it lay for years, in the House of Lords. Biographer 3127:

In his judgement of 22 June 1772, Mansfield declared:

2975:

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

2140:

movement began in the late 18th century, and the 1772

58:. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' 5925:

Peter P. Hinks, John R. McKivigan, R. Owen Williams,

4947:. One major cause of Haiti's enduring poverty is the 4543:

and Jotham Horton, this became the periodical of the

4531:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

3463:(Central America, today Mexico). As a settler in the 3334:

to end their slave trade and allow the Royal Navy to

3277:, to establish which slaves were free after the war. 3044:

The last known form of enforced servitude of adults (

2778:

Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade

2359: 8347:

Brycchan Carey's pages listing British abolitionists

7901: 7048:

The Uses of Justice in Global Perspective, 1600–1900

6509:

The Young people's encyclopedia of the United States

4932:

and citizenship can prove intractable. For example:

4861:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4827:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

3863:

In the 1850s in the fifteen states constituting the

3768:

in 1860 (which is reflected in the name of Church).

2981:

abolished slavery throughout its empire through the

2077:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

1463:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

7654:

Slavery and the Death Penalty: A Study in Abolition

6942:

Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery

6699:

Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895

6533: 6506: 5779: 5318: 5287:

London Society of West India Planters and Merchants

3980: 2187:in December 1865 after having just fought a bloody 41:. For pardoned convicts in colonial Australia, see 10368:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 8968:Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center 8331:, summaries and documents; focus on United States 8218:Unfree Labor; American Slavery and Russian Serfdom 6445: 6440: 5965:The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 5607: 5084:There are suggestions that a broad reading of the 5031:Commemorative statue of 121 years of abolition in 2687:Re-establishment of slavery in the colonies (1802) 2663:The convention, the first elected Assembly of the 1855:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf 8979:The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War 7295: 6876:, University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 106–111 6552: 6476: 6071:Elizabeth Mcgrath and Jean Michel Massing (eds), 6003:The Constitutional History of England (1760–1860) 5961:"Regarding colliers and salters (ref: 1605/6/39)" 5546: 5544: 4945:exchanged unequal prosperity for relative poverty 4752:, was a turning point in banning global slavery. 4013:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 3925:. Black activists included former slaves such as 3727:Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery 3437:was a noted abolitionist. Whilst Governor in the 11619: 8727:British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel 8404:"Slavery – The emancipation movement in Britain" 7116:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 6436: 6434: 5748:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 2005. 5675:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–375. 5608:Di Lorenzo, A; Donoghue, J; et al. (2016), 5603: 5601: 5584:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 725–726. 5268:, various organisations referred to by this name 4805:When the League of Nations was succeeded by the 4525:(1840–70): the official weekly newspaper of the 3489:A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies 2408:, where they established sugarcane plantations. 1578:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 10322:List of last surviving American enslaved people 8490:"Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade" 8144:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery 7802: 6885: 6758:sapping the strength of free black communities. 6539: 6144:. Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv. 3739:Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation act in 1780 2711:decided to re-establish slavery after becoming 9912:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 8956:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park 8864: 8352:Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition 7512:. anti-slaverysociety.addr.com. Archived from 7486:. anti-slaverysociety.addr.com. Archived from 6774:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 252. 6584:Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War 6408:"Nova Scotia Archives – African Nova Scotians" 5550: 5541: 5325:International Day for the Abolition of Slavery 4939:, which effectively achieved abolition due to 4473:above. Published in New York and later Boston. 3875:, could not be sent to Southern post offices. 3296:Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade 2498:in 1791, was the beginning of what became the 2104:The first country to fully outlaw slavery was 10418: 10404: 9087: 8516: 8123:(University of Illinois Press, 2014), 264 pp. 7302:. Oxford University Press. pp. 494–502. 6687: 6558: 6496:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 5. 6431: 6137: 5914:Housing, Race and Law: The British Experience 5699:The Haitian Revolution: A Documentary History 5640:. Harvard University Press. pp. 91–114. 5598: 5292: 4707: 4011:On 16 April 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed the 3387:. Thomas Clarkson was the key speaker at the 2788:Second abolition (1848) and subsequent events 2160:but did not ban slavery outright until 1865. 1818: 1784: 8938:National Underground Railroad Freedom Center 8441:National Underground Railroad Freedom Center 8391:History of the British abolitionist movement 8295:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8274:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 7755:. Anti-Slavery International. Archived from 6701:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 228. 5422:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 5313:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 5117: 4688:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 4375: 3949:said it challenged their autonomy. With the 3016:in 1807, after which Britain led efforts to 2776:for the suppression of the slave trade, the 2116:, chattel slavery has been abolished across 1583:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 8484:Largest Surviving Anti Slave Trade Petition 8400:by Right Honourable Lord Archer of Sandwell 7135:Enslaved: Peoples of Historical Slave Trade 6563:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 1. 6022:. University of Georgia Press. p. 35. 5929:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p. 643. 5308:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean 4994:Pacific Islander labour-force in 1901–1906. 4681: 3177:of Scotland ruled against him, saying that 3000:in 1804 and became the first nation in the 2335:slave merchant who tried to sell slaves in 2195:became the last country in the Americas to 1832: 10411: 10397: 9094: 9080: 8523: 8509: 8250:Journal of the History of Economic Thought 8119:Carey, Brycchan, and Geoffrey Plank, eds. 7907: 7889:US Department of Health and Human Services 7709:Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves 6662: 6643: 6291:. The Journal of Negro History. July 1920. 6236: 6215:, Vol. XIX, Supplement no. 4, 2010, p. 23. 4883:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 3071:have been documented in colonial records. 2530:. Victory over the French in the decisive 2226:, to eradicate the institution worldwide. 1825: 1811: 1791: 1777: 10336:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book 8420:"Black Canada and the Journey to Freedom" 8281:The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition 8196:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition 8136:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture 7925: 7923: 7836: 7657:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. 7622: 6693: 6491: 5927:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition 5621: 5450:The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution 5303:Representation of slavery in European art 5295:Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud 5289:, a lobby group representing slave owners 4457:(1831–65): a weekly newspaper founded by 4079: 3693:Contemporary slavery in the United States 3394: 2636:Learn how and when to remove this message 2542:First general abolition of slavery (1794) 2177:to emancipate the serfs in Russia in 1861 2154:the northern states had abolished slavery 10317:Treatment of slaves in the United States 10091:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 9405:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) 8822:Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children 8530: 8004: 7711:. University of California Press, 2007, 7351:"U.S. works to fight modern-day slavery" 7050:. New York: Routledge. pp. 183–197. 6979: 5947:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 5903:, Oxford University Press, 1943, p. 162. 5890:, The Lawbook Exchange, 2006, pp. 85–86. 5813:PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies 5200: 5026: 5002: 4761:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 4731:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 4723:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 4718:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 4691: 4379: 4112: 3984: 3770: 3696: 3586: 3507: 3429: 3373:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 3344: 3282: 3249: 3200:But at the same time, legally mandated, 3187: 3135: 3004:to permanently eliminate slavery in the 2902:case against slavery, banning it in the 2874: 2791: 2647: 2366: 2297:of Neustria and Burgundy by marriage to 2220:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 2067:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1980:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 1890:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 1588:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1453:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1433:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 49: 8194:Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. 7650: 7601: 7573: 7063: 6613:. p. 4 – via newspapers.com. 6602: 6540:Satterfield, Ray; Cope, Daniel (2018). 6138:Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007). 5959:Brown, K.M.; et al., eds. (2007). 5901:History of the English-Speaking Peoples 5888:The Wit and Wisdom of the Bench and Bar 5462: 5335: 5061:American abolitionist constitutionalism 4646:Anti-Slavery International publications 4502:The Liberty Bell, by Friends of Freedom 4056:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 3034:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 14: 11620: 10254:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro 10075:Queen: The Story of an American Family 9995:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 8797:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 7920: 7908:Belardelli, Giulia (2 December 2014). 7646: 7644: 7642: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7109: 6895:. Yale University Press. p. 154. 6668: 6511:. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press. 6452:. Princeton University Press. p. 6015: 5695: 5668: 5635: 4575:(1845–1861): a newspaper published in 3523:Spanish American wars for independence 3155:After reading about Somersett's Case, 2898:was among the first to articulate the 2286:Early abolition in metropolitan France 2108:in 1315, but it was later used in its 2101:and liberate slaves around the world. 10392: 10027:Roots: The Saga of an American Family 9856:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 9292:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) 9075: 8504: 8063: 7929: 7348: 7095:"A emancipação na tribuna sagrada'". 7059: 7057: 7045: 7020: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6797: 6255:Peter Hinks and John McKivigan, eds. 6112: 5958: 5939:Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 5266:Anti-Slavery Society (disambiguation) 5175:working to rid the world of slavery. 5138:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4865:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4768:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3941:and taking sexual advantage of them. 3929:and free blacks such as the brothers 3898:, and much more problematically, the 3479:on behalf of rights for the natives. 3459:priest, the first resident Bishop of 3413:, the government held slavery of the 2502:led by formerly enslaved people like 2235:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1870:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1806: 1475:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1152:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 9872:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 9367:(1783 England – 1821 United States) 9101: 8025: 7064:Cowling, Camillia (4 October 2011). 6917:"African Americans in The Civil War" 6671:A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist 6319:Bridglal Pachai & Henry Bishop. 5453:, Cambridge University Press, p. 54. 4774:, explicitly banned slavery. After 4422:The Genius of Universal Emancipation 4329:Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh 3535:, the "Golden Law"). Chile declared 3471:by the Spanish colonists, under the 3106:; three godparents issued a writ of 2772:France was a signatory to the first 2738:Abolition of slavery in Haiti (1804) 2657:Society of the Friends of the Blacks 2574:adding citations to reliable sources 2545: 2481:Society of the Friends of the Blacks 1667:Slave marriages in the United States 1271:Human trafficking in the Middle East 8211:American Nineteenth Century History 7966:"Constitution of the United States" 7930:Radde, Kaitlyn (17 November 2022). 7685: 7639: 7590: 7558: 6791: 6603:Dresser, Amos (26 September 1835). 5993: 5184:United States Department of Justice 4911:, addresses human trafficking. The 4873:In May 2004, the 22 members of the 4264:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil 3798: The Missouri Compromise, 1821 3786: The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 3541:United Provinces of the River Plate 3356:) first conference in London, 1840. 2730:against Napoleon's representative, 2398:. In addition, French colonists in 2383:colonies, the French relied on the 1006:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 10211:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom 10083:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons 9361:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) 9314:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino 8973:Underground Railroad Bicycle Route 8764:The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case 8705:List of Underground Railroad sites 8435:Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 8358:"The Abolition of the Slave Trade" 8086: 8005:Chappell, Bill (7 November 2018). 7771:"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law" 7233: 7128: 7054: 7009: 6811:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 6548:: Allegheny Press. pp. 32–33. 6202:UNESCO. Retrieved 11 October 2011. 6141:Encyclopedia of the middle passage 5773:"The Abolition of Slavery in 1848" 5521:Samantha Cook, Sarah Hull (2011). 5136:of the United Nations adopted the 4959:Russia's emancipation of its serfs 4918: 4729:. The 1890 Act was revised by the 4552:The Unconstitutionality of Slavery 4515:Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society 4437:newspaper published and edited by 4392: 4062: 3760:in 1843, and the formation of the 3512:Punishing slaves at Calabouço, in 3425: 2867:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom 2249:were abolished in 1962-1963, with 2120:since 1590, though other forms of 1660:last survivors of American slavery 25: 11649: 11602:Western European and Others Group 10312:Songs of the Underground Railroad 10272:Abolitionism in the United States 9780:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) 9411:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) 9011:Freedom: The Underground Railroad 8914:Songs of the Underground Railroad 8845:Abolitionism in the United States 8316: 8227:, (Feb. 2015) 81#1 pp. 7–40. 8206:; 846 pp; 300 articles by experts 8116:, 82 (Winter-Spring 2014), 13–44. 6874:Black Leaders of the 19th Century 6288:Slavery in the Maritime Provinces 5233:United States Department of State 5067:Constitution of the United States 4913:International Labour Organization 3961:broke out in April 1861 with the 3685:Abolitionism in the United States 3475:system. He advocated before King 3245: 2998:declared independence from France 2958:). In the U.S., Northern states, 2695:, French slave-owners joined the 2394:in their Caribbean colonies; the 2210:founded a number of commissions, 1907:African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.) 621:Field slaves in the United States 488:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 54:Photograph of a slave boy in the 10360:Slave Songs of the United States 9864:The Underground Railroad Records 9774:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) 8920:The Underground Railroad Records 8686: 8026:Rios, Edwin (24 December 2022). 8019: 7998: 7972: 7958: 7944: 7882: 7861: 7796: 7787: 7781: 7763: 7741: 7722: 7698: 7679: 7528: 7502: 7476: 7450: 7432: 7413: 7394: 5809:"African Slaves and English Law" 5319:Organisations and commemorations 5282:List of abolitionist forerunners 5226: no mention in constitution 4998: 4982:penal labor in the United States 4633: 4430:Genius of Universal Emancipation 3981:Civil War and final emancipation 3678: 3503: 2860: 2550: 1875:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 498:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 493:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 322:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 92: 9740:(19th century Indian Territory) 9714:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) 8722:Underground Railroad in Indiana 8105:, 2010; retrieved 14 June 2012. 7651:Malkani, Bharat (16 May 2018). 7510:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833 UK" 7364: 7349:McKee, Caroline (7 July 2015). 7342: 7316: 7296:David P. Forsythe, ed. (2009). 7289: 7280: 7271: 7262: 7253: 7227: 7201: 7176: 7162: 7148: 7122: 7103: 7099:. 1 January 1881. pp. 7–8. 7088: 7039: 6996: 6960: 6947: 6934: 6909: 6879: 6859: 6637: 6617: 6596: 6577: 6500: 6485: 6470: 6418: 6400: 6387: 6357: 6339: 6326: 6313: 6295: 6279: 6262: 6249: 6226:"Columbus 'sparked a genocide'" 6218: 6205: 6193: 6176: 6166:"William Loney RN – Background" 6158: 6131: 6118: 6106: 6100:"Journal of the House of Lords" 6092: 6078: 6065: 6036: 6009: 5987: 5952: 5932: 5919: 5906: 5893: 5880: 5834: 5818: 5801: 5765: 5751: 5738: 5725: 5716: 5689: 5662: 5629: 5571: 5438:, Duke University Press, p. 20. 5356: 5347: 5015:, commemorating the end of the 4863:, which was developed from the 4757:Committee of Experts on Slavery 4755:In 1932, the League formed the 4727:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 4547:and had a focus on abolitionism 3417:(often referred to as Gypsies) 2655:(1754–1793), who organized the 2561:needs additional citations for 2305:in 657 since the king, her son 2216:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1922:Eastern Naval Division (Brazil) 1895:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 1448:Committee of Experts on Slavery 999:East, Southeast, and South Asia 10344:Slave-Trading in the Old South 9398:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) 7131:"Stories / Adelina Charuteira" 6980:Foner, Eric; Garraty, John A. 6605:"Amos Dresser's Own Narrative" 6088:. Corbett. 1817. p. 1293. 5514: 5499: 5456: 5441: 5426: 5411: 5389: 5376: 5188:Coalition of Immokalee Workers 4881:, which incorporated the 1990 4522:National Anti-Slavery Standard 3634:Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange 3593:Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange 3553:Argentine Constitution of 1853 3039: 2882:(1705–1793), whose opinion in 2757:, in 1803 Napoleon decided to 2259:Today, child and adult slavery 1147:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 10019:The Confessions of Nat Turner 9984: 9977: 9808:The Narrative of Robert Adams 9222: 8406:, lecture by James Walvin at 8103:Institute of European History 7821:10.1080/1059924X.2016.1251368 7576:"Abolition Constitutionalism" 6970:, 81#1 (February 2015), 7–40. 5886:Frederick Charles Moncrieff, 5862:National Archives of Scotland 5257:Abolitionism (disambiguation) 5169:International Justice Mission 4815:Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge 4714:World Anti-Slavery Convention 4563:advocating the view that the 4527:American Anti-Slavery Society 4483:American Anti-Slavery Society 4384:Medical examination photo of 4149:Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda 4090:Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda 4069:Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda 3911:American Anti-Slavery Society 3754:Wesleyan Methodist Connection 3663:(1803). In Upper Canada, the 3652:outlawed slavery altogether. 3650:Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 3477:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3389:World Anti-Slavery Convention 3312:Am I Not A Man and a Brother? 3181:was not recognized under the 2437:, spoke out against slavery. 2206:During the 20th century, the 2146:Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 59: 32:Abolitionism (disambiguation) 10352:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon 10307:Slavery in the United States 9664:Greensbury Washington Offley 9058:Slavery in the United States 8894:Reverse Underground Railroad 8758:Kentucky raid in Cass County 8360:, The National Archives (UK) 8189:Slavery in Russia: 1450–1725 7299:Encyclopedia of human rights 7082:10.1080/03071022.2011.598728 6507:Shapiro, William E. (1993). 6270:Province House (Nova Scotia) 5465:The Journal of Negro History 5369: 5340: 4879:Arab Charter on Human Rights 4742:Temporary Slavery Commission 4445:, who would go on to create 4254:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 4033:United States Colored Troops 3735:1777 Constitution of Vermont 3689:Slavery in the United States 3561:, by both the government of 2871:Slavery in the British Isles 2809:On 27 April 1848, under the 2675:in France and its colonies. 2528:Expédition de Saint-Domingue 2212:Temporary Slavery Commission 2055:Temporary Slavery Commission 1438:Temporary Slavery Commission 1099:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 7: 10376:The Hemingses of Monticello 10277:African-American literature 8354:on blackhistory4schools.com 8259:14, no. 4 (1971): 723–734. 8225:Journal of Southern History 7729:"Does Slavery Still Exist?" 6982:"Emancipation Proclamation" 6968:Journal of Southern History 6944:(1979), pp. 30–36, 105–166. 6673:. Oxford University Press. 6426:Blacks in Canada: A History 6186:14, no. 4 (1971): 723–734. 5759:"Denmark Abolishes Slavery" 5250: 5186:has, through work with the 5165:American Anti-Slavery Group 4951:France forced on Haiti as " 4941:slave revolt and revolution 4901:U.S. Departments of Justice 4823:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 4539:(1843–present), founded by 3391:it held in London in 1840. 3294:After the formation of the 3218:Parliament of Great Britain 2960:beginning with Pennsylvania 2890: 2849:Passed on 10 May 2001, the 2175:between 1843 and 1855, and 2072:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 1902:West Africa Squadron (U.K.) 1458:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 503:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 11654: 10192:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 9298:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) 9114:Slave Narrative Collection 9055: 8860:African-American opponents 8743:Emeline and Samuel Hawkins 8272:Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. 8265:Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. 8057: 7954:. state.gov. 10 June 2008. 7751:How we work to end slavery 6644:Cunningham, Jerry (2023). 6321:Historic Black Nova Scotia 6200:Anti-Slavery International 5669:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2010). 5524:The Rough Guide to the USA 5205:Map of states where slave 5161:Anti-Slavery International 5121: 5053:The Faculty of Law at the 4819:Anti-Slavery International 4708:International abolitionism 4685: 4469:(1833–50): different from 4412:Manumission Intelligencier 4116: 4048:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 3883:, was publicly whipped in 3731:American Revolutionary War 3682: 3628:freed his slaves. Led by 3580: 3445:for the murder of a slave. 3398: 3385:Anti-Slavery International 3354:Anti-Slavery International 3022:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 2910:and others in forming the 2864: 2753:Seeing the failure of the 2699:en masse and, through the 2485:Société des Amis des Noirs 2373:Chevalier de Saint-Georges 2293:, herself a former slave, 1643:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1480:Anti-Slavery International 1245:North Africa and West Asia 39:Anti-Slavery International 36: 29: 11372:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 11352: 11270: 11107: 10942: 10813:Standard Average European 10681: 10510: 10430: 10264: 10237: 10202: 10185:To a Southern Slaveholder 10176: 10141: 9973:The Bondwoman's Narrative 9922: 9848:My Bondage and My Freedom 9832:The Life of Josiah Henson 9816:American Slavery as It Is 9791: 9758: 9418: 9374: 9349: 9323: 9276: 9259: 9244:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang 9133: 9122: 9109: 9053: 8930: 8837: 8810:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 8735: 8695: 8684: 8538: 8213:4, no. 1 (2003): 185–205. 8172:Slavery in the Arab World 7894:10 September 2008 at the 7611:Journal of Legal Analysis 7574:Roberts, Dorothy (2019). 7484:"Slave Trade Act 1807 UK" 7444:Christian Science Monitor 6739:Frances E. Watkins Harper 6492:Bernstein, Robin (2024). 5969:University of St. Andrews 5945:, 1841, London, Given by 5916:, Routledge, 2002, p. 39. 5397:"The Life of St. Eligius" 5384:Slavery's last stronghold 5293: 5261:Prison abolition movement 5132:On 10 December 1948, the 5118:Contemporary abolitionism 5104:prison industrial complex 5078:Reconstruction Amendments 4770:, adopted in 1948 by the 4545:Wesleyan Methodist Church 4376:Abolitionist publications 4029:Emancipation Proclamation 3971:Lincoln called for troops 3951:1860 presidential victory 3900:women's suffrage movement 3881:Lane Theological Seminary 3869:1860 United States Census 3712:The Struggle For Equality 3576: 3539:in 1811, followed by the 3405:In the principalities of 3192:The painting of the 1840 3118:Court of the King's Bench 3014:international slave trade 2994:transatlantic slave trade 2784:, declined to ratify it. 2755:Saint-Domingue expedition 2693:French Revolutionary Wars 2280: 2097:, is the movement to end 1840: 1739:Emancipation Proclamation 1411:Opposition and resistance 1169:Sex trafficking in Europe 1157:Blackbirding in Polynesia 720:Trans-Saharan slave trade 11638:African diaspora history 11512:Lancaster House Treaties 11002:Christian existentialism 10962:Ancient Roman philosophy 10952:Ancient Greek philosophy 10131:The Underground Railroad 9896:The Peculiar Institution 9541:Sarah Jane Woodson Early 9043:The Underground Railroad 8486:from Manchester, UK 1806 8437:, US Department of State 8323:The Abolitionist Seminar 8252:37 (June 2015): 291–304. 8069:William Pitt the Younger 7542:, Canada. Archived from 6953:Michael Vorenberg, ed., 6827:10.4135/9781412965811.n1 6593:, National Park Service. 6397:, 43 (1994), pp. 73–135. 5999:"Last Relics of Slavery" 5636:Dubois, Laurent (2004). 5272:Compensated emancipation 5019:; the stick figure is a 4953:compensated emancipation 4682:National abolition dates 4509:edited and published by 3622:James Drummond MacGregor 3149:exact legal implications 2835:), and then freed them. 2726:launched a rebellion in 2673:abolished slavery in law 2516:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax 2363:and Age of Enlightenment 1519:Compensated emancipation 730:Indian Ocean slave trade 11290:Equality before the law 10497:Romano-Germanic culture 10302:Films featuring slavery 9766:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua 9690:William Henry Singleton 9495:Ellen and William Craft 8944:Harriet Tubman Memorial 8478:"Abolitionist Movement" 8151:Encyclopedia of Slavery 8099:European History Online 7809:Journal of Agromedicine 7403:"Haiti's Lost Billions" 7236:"Voice of the Bondsman" 7021:Chira, Adriana (2022). 6477:Seymour Stanton Black. 6086:"Parliamentary History" 5899:Mowat, Robert Balmain, 5614:La Révolution Française 5551:Terry L. Jones (2007). 5432:Christopher L. Miller, 4949:Haiti Independence Debt 4746:1926 Slavery Convention 4605:John Greenleaf Whittier 4209:Ellen and William Craft 3919:John Greenleaf Whittier 3336:seize their slave ships 3194:Anti-Slavery Convention 3116:, Chief Justice of the 2512:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 2239:Slavery in Saudi Arabia 2224:1926 Slavery Convention 2134:Revolution of 1791–1804 2112:. Under the actions of 2060:1926 Slavery Convention 2045:Treaty of Jeddah (1927) 2030:Battle of Little Bereby 1834:Slave trade suppression 1443:1926 Slavery Convention 1199:Germany in World War II 816:North and South America 338:Contract of manumission 27:Movement to end slavery 11452:Eastern European Group 11041:Continental philosophy 10972:Judeo-Christian ethics 10957:Hellenistic philosophy 10438:Cradle of civilization 10150:Amos Fortune, Free Man 9384:Juan Francisco Manzano 9359:Marie-Joseph Angélique 9267:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 9250:Johann Georg Wolffgang 9232:Guðríður Símonardóttir 9171:James Leander Cathcart 8385:American Abolitionists 8304:16.10 (2018): e12480. 8244:Palen, Marc-William. " 8108:Blackwell, Marilyn S. 8093:Bader-Zaar, Birgitta, 6715:James W. C. Pennington 6016:Blanck, Emily (2014). 5943:Benjamin Robert Haydon 5702:. Hackett Publishing. 5696:Geggus, David (2014). 5242:legislatively referred 5228: 5146: 5039: 5024: 4978:civil-rights struggles 4897: 4842:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 4704: 4572:The Anti-Slavery Bugle 4459:William Lloyd Garrison 4443:William Lloyd Garrison 4441:. In 1829 it employed 4401:(1819–20): founded in 4389: 4239:William Lloyd Garrison 4102:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 4080:Women and Abolitionism 4008: 3931:Charles Henry Langston 3907:William Lloyd Garrison 3860: 3766:Benjamin Titus Roberts 3707: 3638:Sampson Salter Blowers 3600: 3517: 3450:Bartolomé de las Casas 3446: 3395:Moldavia and Wallachia 3357: 3291: 3255: 3197: 3144: 3134: 2983:Law of 4 February 1794 2977:was formed in London. 2887: 2855:crime against humanity 2806: 2780:(1841), but the king, 2765:to the United States. 2744:Law of 4 February 1794 2669:Maximilien Robespierre 2660: 2653:Jacques Pierre Brissot 2477:Jacques Pierre Brissot 2462:The Spirit of the Laws 2376: 2354:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 2009:Bombardment of Johanna 1917:Brazil Squadron (U.S.) 1912:Africa Squadron (U.S.) 924:British Virgin Islands 476:Circassian slave trade 442:Safavid imperial harem 437:Ottoman Imperial Harem 66: 11572:Three Seas Initiative 11547:Pacific Islands Forum 11412:British–Irish Council 11160:Greek Orthodox Church 10619:Industrial Revolution 10589:Scientific Revolution 10099:Walk Through Darkness 10035:Underground to Canada 9648:Jermain Wesley Loguen 9593:(1848/1854 VA – 1957) 9520:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 9336:Konstantin Mihailović 9284:Lovisa von Burghausen 9003:The Quest for Freedom 8668:Charles Turner Torrey 8663:Harriet Beecher Stowe 8628:Harriet Forten Purvis 8476:Raymond James Krohn, 8465:Abolitionist movement 8380:American Abolitionism 8329:American Abolitionism 8297:48.5 (2020): 805–825. 8163:6 August 2016 at the 8149:Finkelman, Paul, ed. 8121:Quakers and Abolition 7738:Anti-Slavery Society. 7663:10.4324/9781315609300 7112:"Woman Abolitionists" 7110:McCutcheon, Roberta. 6813:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 6669:Robins, R.G. (2004). 6625:"Amos Dresser's Case" 5554:The Louisiana Journey 5204: 5142: 5030: 5006: 4990:deported most of its 4887: 4840:. In November 1962, 4699:abolished slavery in 4697:José Gregorio Monagas 4695: 4675:Voice of the Bondsman 4652:Voice of the Fugitive 4609:Harriet Beecher Stowe 4505:(1839–58): an annual 4383: 4334:Harriet Beecher Stowe 4234:Henry Highland Garnet 4119:List of abolitionists 4113:Notable abolitionists 3988: 3963:firing on Fort Sumter 3923:Harriet Beecher Stowe 3879:, a white alumnus of 3774: 3762:Free Methodist Church 3750:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 3700: 3590: 3511: 3433: 3366:Slavery Abolition Act 3348: 3340:Amelioration Act 1798 3286: 3253: 3234:The Wealth of Nations 3191: 3139: 3129: 3080:Montgomery v. Sheddan 3010:1804 Haitian massacre 2878: 2795: 2715:. He promulgated the 2651: 2508:Toussaint L'Ouverture 2489:free people of colour 2387:for labour for their 2370: 2158:importation of slaves 2132:, as a result of the 2095:abolitionist movement 1163:Europe and North Asia 1123:Australia and Oceania 823:Pre-Columbian America 395:Slave raid of Suðuroy 327:Slavery in al-Andalus 249:Black Sea slave trade 178:21st-century jihadism 56:Sultanate of Zanzibar 53: 11567:Special Relationship 10977:Christian philosophy 10922:Western Christianity 10584:Age of Enlightenment 10458:Hellenistic Kingdoms 10297:Caribbean literature 10287:Atlantic slave trade 9840:Twelve Years a Slave 9733:Booker T. Washington 9535:Jordan Winston Early 8987:A Woman Called Moses 8855:opponents of slavery 8828:Thirteenth Amendment 8790:Joshua Glover rescue 8603:Laura Smith Haviland 8532:Underground Railroad 8470:7 April 2011 at the 8396:6 April 2007 at the 8241:(W. W. Norton, 2012) 8234:(W.W. Norton, 2021). 8129:Davis, David Brion, 7734:6 April 2007 at the 7540:University of Ottawa 6731:Samuel Ringgold Ward 6589:14 July 2007 at the 6213:Transylvanian Review 5868:on 27 September 2011 5336:References and notes 5140:. Article 4 states: 5124:Contemporary slavery 5093:Fourteenth Amendment 5086:Thirteenth Amendment 5055:University of Ottawa 5017:Atlantic slave trade 4511:Maria Weston Chapman 4495:Anti-Slavery Society 4403:Jonesboro, Tennessee 4274:Toussaint Louverture 4219:Sarah Mapps Douglass 3935:John Mercer Langston 3885:Nashville, Tennessee 3630:Richard John Uniacke 3618:Knight v. Wedderburn 3170:Knight v. Wedderburn 2979:Revolutionary France 2964:gradual emancipation 2570:improve this article 2453:Age of Enlightenment 2429:compared to 0.8% in 2385:Atlantic slave trade 2253:following in 1970. 2138:British abolitionist 1618:Indentured servitude 1546:Underground Railroad 1346:United Arab Emirates 735:Zanzibar slave trade 702:By country or region 515:Atlantic slave trade 417:Ma malakat aymanukum 301:Venetian slave trade 30:For other uses, see 11633:Political movements 11592:West Nordic Council 11457:Eastern Partnership 11046:Analytic philosophy 10747:Classical tradition 10569:Early modern period 10525:Classical antiquity 10520:European Bronze Age 10292:Captivity narrative 10123:The Book of Negroes 9904:The Slave Community 9768:(1845–1847, Brazil) 9695:James Lindsay Smith 9602:John Andrew Jackson 9537:(1814 – after 1894) 9491:(1845 KY – 1938 OH) 9484:William Wells Brown 9443:Jared Maurice Arter 9438:William J. Anderson 9331:Johann Schiltberger 8995:Roots of Resistance 8877:Fugitive slave laws 8623:William Cooper Nell 8447:The Liberator Files 8443:in Cincinnati, Ohio 8142:Drescher, Seymour. 8071:. HarperPerennial. 7914:The Huffington Post 7624:10.1093/jla/3.1.165 7464:on 26 December 2010 7458:"1807 Commemorated" 7372:"Human Trafficking" 7184:"The True Wesleyan" 6743:William Wells Brown 6735:Sarah Parker Remond 5995:May, Thomas Erskine 5840:Francis C. Assisi, 5733:The Oglethorpe Plan 5527:. Rough Guides UK. 5447:Malick W. Ghachem, 5418:Schulenburg, Jane. 5386:", CNN. March 2012. 5091:Section one of the 5009:Kunta Kinteh Island 4963:revolutions of 1917 4930:land-redistribution 4800:Red Sea slave trade 4772:UN General Assembly 4716:, organised by the 4567:prohibited slavery. 4364:William Wilberforce 4339:Henry David Thoreau 4199:Oren Burbank Cheney 4194:William Wells Brown 3896:temperance movement 3743:indentured servants 3665:Act Against Slavery 3567:government in exile 3452:was a 16th-century 3439:British West Indies 3300:William Wilberforce 3288:William Wilberforce 3260:American Revolution 2990:restored it in 1802 2968:Missouri compromise 2951:American Revolution 2908:William Wilberforce 2904:Province of Georgia 2774:multilateral treaty 2763:Louisiana Territory 2532:Battle of Vertières 2291:Balthild of Chelles 2273:for labour and for 1704:Slave Route Project 835:Americas indigenous 725:Red Sea slave trade 715:Contemporary Africa 578:Topics and practice 348:Crimean slave trade 343:Bukhara slave trade 296:Genoese slave trade 173:Contemporary Africa 153:Forced prostitution 11051:Post-structuralism 11014:Christian humanism 10644:Universal suffrage 10246:Unchained Memories 9751:(b. c. 1780 Congo) 9525:Frederick Douglass 9296:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw 9195:Maria ter Meetelen 8998:(1989 documentary) 8658:Calvin Ellis Stowe 8578:Frederick Douglass 8573:Richard Dillingham 8492:– schools resource 8370:The slavery debate 8310:10.1111/hic3.12480 8257:Historical Journal 7898:, TVPA Fact Sheet. 7580:Harvard Law Review 7426:The New York Times 7407:The New York Times 7376:polarisproject.org 7324:"Slavery in Islam" 7240:news.ourontario.ca 7172:. 4 December 2015. 7129:Acerbi, Patricia. 6747:Frederick Douglass 6442:James M. McPherson 6375:on 12 January 2015 6274:History of Halifax 6232:. 12 October 2003. 6184:Historical Journal 5277:History of slavery 5229: 5040: 5025: 4792:the Trucial States 4705: 4664:Provincial Freeman 4627:Frederick Douglass 4490:The Philanthropist 4478:The Slave's Friend 4390: 4314:William B. Preston 4309:José do Patrocínio 4214:Frederick Douglass 4184:James McCune Smith 4154:Adelina Charuteira 4073:Adelina Charuteira 4009: 3959:American Civil War 3927:Frederick Douglass 3861: 3716:James M. McPherson 3708: 3669:John Graves Simcoe 3601: 3597:Black Nova Scotian 3518: 3447: 3401:Slavery in Romania 3358: 3328:British Parliament 3326:was passed by the 3292: 3256: 3198: 3145: 3084:Spens v. Dalrymple 3074:Some of the first 3054:English Civil Wars 3026:exception of India 3024:(with the notable 3002:Western Hemisphere 2923:English common law 2888: 2840:French West Africa 2825:(white colonists; 2807: 2732:General Richepanse 2717:law of 20 May 1802 2709:Napoleon Bonaparte 2697:counter-revolution 2661: 2500:Haitian Revolution 2491:full citizenship. 2396:French West Indies 2377: 2114:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1880:Blockade of Africa 1485:Blockade of Africa 792:Somali slave trade 708:Sub-Saharan Africa 400:Turkish Abductions 358:Khivan slave trade 353:Khazar slave trade 306:Balkan slave trade 264:Prague slave trade 67: 11615: 11614: 11442:Council of Europe 11344:International law 11297:Constitutionalism 11155:Eastern Orthodoxy 10661:Post–Cold War era 10594:Age of Revolution 10448:Greco-Roman world 10386: 10385: 10158:I, Juan de Pareja 10142:Young adult books 9949:Uncle Tom's Cabin 9792:Non-fiction books 9787: 9786: 9744:Harriet E. Wilson 9628:Elizabeth Keckley 9474:Henry "Box" Brown 9392:(1860–1965, Cuba) 9386:(1797–1854, Cuba) 9341:George of Hungary 9316:(1792 – fl. 1828) 9069: 9068: 9062:Slavery in Canada 9046:(2021 miniseries) 9014:(2013 board game) 8990:(1978 miniseries) 8783:Uncle Tom's Cabin 8425:1807 Commemorated 8416:at Scholastic.com 8414:Escape to Freedom 8375:John Brown Museum 8078:978-0-00-714720-5 7986:. 20 October 2022 7759:on 19 March 2023. 7717:978-0-520-25470-1 7672:978-1-315-60930-0 7603:Barnett, Randy E. 7234:Linton, J. J. E. 6984:. History Channel 6940:Leon F. Litwack, 6902:978-0-300-10517-9 6815:SAGE Publications 6781:978-1-284-11087-6 6772:Drugs and Society 6708:978-0-19-516777-1 6680:978-0-19-988317-2 6570:978-0-8131-1571-9 6463:978-0-691-10039-5 6151:978-0-313-33480-1 5912:MacEwen, Martin, 5789:. Gaffield, Julia 5744:Wise, Steven M., 5709:978-1-62466-177-8 5682:978-0-521-51722-5 5647:978-0-674-03436-5 5591:978-0-521-63266-9 5564:978-1-4236-2380-9 5534:978-1-4053-8952-5 5245:ballot referendum 5128:Human trafficking 4905:Homeland Security 4766:Article 4 of the 4750:League of Nations 4738:League of Nations 4614:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4585:Columbiana County 4565:U.S. Constitution 4284:Harriet Martineau 4244:Elijah P. Lovejoy 4144:Prudence Crandall 4139:Lydia Maria Child 4129:John Quincy Adams 4017:Confiscation Acts 3723:Benjamin Franklin 3703:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3583:Slavery in Canada 3498:Valladolid debate 3231:In the 1776 book 3216:by an act of the 3167:. In the case of 3018:block slave ships 2956:Slavery in Canada 2813:(1848–1852), the 2646: 2645: 2638: 2620: 2326:overseas colonies 2271:human trafficking 2267:international law 2208:League of Nations 2124:were used during 2087: 2086: 1885:Kanunname of 1889 1801: 1800: 1751:Freedmen's Bureau 1573:Third Servile War 1568:International law 1135:Human trafficking 897:Human trafficking 572:Thirteen colonies 390:Sack of Baltimore 158:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 11645: 11487:EU Customs Union 11019:Secular humanism 10967:Christian ethics 10917:East–West Schism 10900:Physical culture 10624:Great Divergence 10574:Age of Discovery 10413: 10406: 10399: 10390: 10389: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9957:The Heroic Slave 9712:Pierre Toussaint 9707:(1793 VA – 1860) 9671:(1827 VA – 1900) 9403:Pierre Toussaint 9238:Antoine Qaurtier 9227: 9224: 9131: 9130: 9103:Slave narratives 9096: 9089: 9082: 9073: 9072: 9030:(2016 TV series) 8690: 8548:William Brinkley 8525: 8518: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8430:The Action Group 8279:Sinha, Manisha. 8216:Kolchin, Peter. 8156:Kemner, Jochen. 8111: 8082: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7905: 7899: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7840: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7777:. 9 August 2007. 7767: 7761: 7760: 7745: 7739: 7726: 7720: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7648: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7599: 7588: 7587: 7571: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7516:on 29 April 2008 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7378:. Archived from 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7215:. 21 August 2019 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7097:O Abolicionista 7092: 7086: 7085: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7018: 7007: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6883: 6877: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6821:. pp. 1–2. 6799:Smith, George H. 6795: 6789: 6788: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6600: 6594: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6451: 6438: 6429: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6414:. 20 April 2020. 6404: 6398: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6371:. Archived from 6361: 6355: 6354: 6351:www.biographi.ca 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6283: 6277: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6222: 6216: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6135: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6046:. Archived from 6040: 6034: 6033: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5971:. Archived from 5956: 5950: 5936: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5910: 5904: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5864:. Archived from 5854: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5822: 5816: 5807:V.C.D. Mtubani, 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5731:Wilson, Thomas, 5729: 5723: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5623:10.4000/lrf.1690 5605: 5596: 5595: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5518: 5512: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5430: 5424: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5363: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5299:, in Puerto Rico 5298: 5297: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5134:General Assembly 5050:British Empire. 4895: 4885:, which states: 4850:slavery in Dubai 4846:slavery in Yemen 4640:Slave narratives 4600:The National Era 4561:Lysander Spooner 4304:Daniel O'Connell 4289:John Stuart Mill 4159:Phillis Wheatley 4106:Phillis Wheatley 3946:Republican Party 3915:Wendell Phillips 3909:(founder of the 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3636:(1790–1796) and 3616:followed by the 3563:Fructuoso Rivera 3537:freedom of wombs 3494:New Laws of 1542 3469:Native Americans 3175:Court of Session 3096:Somersett's Case 3008:, following the 2896:James Oglethorpe 2819:Victor Schœlcher 2782:Louis Philippe I 2742:The news of the 2722:On 10 May 1802, 2701:Whitehall Accord 2641: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2578: 2554: 2546: 2520:Étienne Polverel 2247:slavery in Dubai 2243:slavery in Yemen 1927:Slave Trade Acts 1835: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1763:Emancipation Day 1596: 1563:Slave Trade Acts 254:Byzantine Empire 96: 69: 68: 64: 61: 21: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11577:UKUSA Agreement 11517:Lublin Triangle 11402:Baltic Assembly 11354: 11348: 11266: 11103: 10938: 10808:Eurolinguistics 10677: 10666:Information age 10639:Interwar period 10506: 10426: 10417: 10387: 10382: 10328:Book of Negroes 10282:Anti-Tom novels 10260: 10233: 10198: 10172: 10137: 10107:The Known World 9987: 9980: 9918: 9880:Up from Slavery 9783: 9772:Miguel de Buría 9754: 9723:Wallace Turnage 9659:Solomon Northup 9591:Fountain Hughes 9433:Jordan Anderson 9420: 9414: 9390:Esteban Montejo 9376: 9370: 9351: 9345: 9319: 9290:Olaudah Equiano 9272: 9255: 9225: 9189:Elizabeth Marsh 9177:Ólafur Egilsson 9165:Felice Caronni 9126: 9124: 9118: 9105: 9100: 9070: 9065: 9064: 9049: 8926: 8872:Fugitive slaves 8833: 8770:Christiana Riot 8731: 8691: 8682: 8583:Calvin Fairbank 8534: 8529: 8472:Wayback Machine 8408:Gresham College 8398:Wayback Machine 8319: 8314: 8302:History Compass 8185:Hellie, Richard 8177:Gould, Philip. 8165:Wayback Machine 8114:Vermont History 8109: 8089: 8087:Further reading 8079: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8024: 8020: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7928: 7921: 7906: 7902: 7896:Wayback Machine 7887: 7883: 7875: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7801: 7797: 7786: 7782: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7736:Wayback Machine 7727: 7723: 7703: 7699: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7649: 7640: 7600: 7591: 7572: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7418: 7414: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7382:on 21 July 2015 7370: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7188:Wesleyan Church 7182: 7181: 7177: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7127: 7123: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7062: 7055: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7019: 7010: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6978: 6974: 6965: 6961: 6952: 6948: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6887:James A. Morone 6884: 6880: 6866:Leon F. Litwack 6864: 6860: 6837: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6768: 6764: 6727:William Whipper 6723:William Watkins 6709: 6695:Finkelman, Paul 6692: 6688: 6681: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6642: 6638: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6601: 6597: 6591:Wayback Machine 6582: 6578: 6571: 6557: 6553: 6538: 6534: 6519: 6505: 6501: 6490: 6486: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6439: 6432: 6423: 6419: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6395:UNB Law Journal 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6181: 6177: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6128:, London, 1808. 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6075:, London, 2012. 6070: 6066: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6014: 6010: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5967:. St. Andrews: 5957: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5920: 5911: 5907: 5898: 5894: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5823: 5819: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5648: 5634: 5630: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5557:. Gibbs Smith. 5549: 5542: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5504: 5500: 5477:10.2307/2649071 5461: 5457: 5446: 5442: 5431: 5427: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5321: 5253: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5220: forbidden 5217: 5215: 5214: permitted 5211: 5173:Free the Slaves 5130: 5120: 5063: 5001: 4974:Jim Crow system 4921: 4919:After abolition 4896: 4893: 4854:slavery in Oman 4784:in Saudi Arabia 4780:chattel slavery 4710: 4690: 4684: 4636: 4471:The Emancipator 4466:The Emancipator 4417:The Emancipator 4399:The Emancipator 4395: 4378: 4373: 4344:Sojourner Truth 4324:Granville Sharp 4279:Solomon Northup 4204:Thomas Clarkson 4164:Angelina Grimke 4121: 4115: 4082: 4065: 4063:Cuba and Brazil 4004:Harper's Weekly 3983: 3955:Abraham Lincoln 3859: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3695: 3683:Main articles: 3681: 3646:Slave Trade Act 3585: 3579: 3506: 3428: 3426:In the Americas 3403: 3397: 3350:Thomas Clarkson 3324:Slave Trade Act 3308:Josiah Wedgwood 3304:Thomas Clarkson 3274:Book of Negroes 3248: 3196:at Exeter Hall. 3183:law of Scotland 3179:chattel slavery 3141:Olaudah Equiano 3112:. As a result, 3042: 3030:French colonies 2893: 2884:Somerset's Case 2873: 2865:Main articles: 2863: 2811:Second Republic 2790: 2748:Colonel Delgrès 2740: 2724:Colonel Delgrès 2689: 2642: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2579: 2577: 2567: 2555: 2544: 2504:Georges Biassou 2365: 2288: 2283: 2251:slavery in Oman 2218:(1932) and the 2201:Empire of Japan 2183:would pass the 2088: 2083: 2035:Hamerton Treaty 2001:Capture of the 1972:Capture of the 1966:Veloz Passagera 1964:Capture of the 1956:Capture of the 1948:Capture of the 1940:Capture of the 1932:Capture of the 1836: 1833: 1831: 1797: 1768: 1767: 1672:Slave narrative 1628:Fugitive slaves 1608: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1558:Slave rebellion 1413: 1403: 1402: 1361: 1351: 1350: 1173:United Kingdom 1109:Yankee princess 703: 695: 694: 422:Avret Pazarları 368:Avret Pazarları 237:Medieval Europe 203: 193: 192: 131:Forced marriage 106: 62: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11651: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11607:Westernization 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11587:Visegrád Group 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11527:Nordic Council 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11422:Bucharest Nine 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11387:Arctic Council 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11358: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11299: 11294: 11293: 11292: 11282: 11276: 11274: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11171: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11163: 11162: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11113: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11006: 11005: 11004: 10997:Existentialism 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10948: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10784: 10783: 10773: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10715: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10687: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10530:Late antiquity 10522: 10516: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10445: 10440: 10434: 10432: 10428: 10427: 10416: 10415: 10408: 10401: 10393: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10348: 10340: 10332: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10250: 10241: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10231: 10223: 10215: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10188: 10180: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10162: 10154: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10127: 10119: 10111: 10103: 10095: 10087: 10079: 10071: 10067:Middle Passage 10063: 10055: 10047: 10039: 10031: 10023: 10015: 10007: 9999: 9991: 9969: 9961: 9953: 9945: 9937: 9928: 9926: 9924:Fiction/novels 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9908: 9900: 9892: 9884: 9876: 9868: 9860: 9852: 9844: 9836: 9828: 9820: 9812: 9804: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9746: 9741: 9738:Wallace Willis 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9718:Harriet Tubman 9715: 9708: 9705:Austin Steward 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9675:William Parker 9672: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9645: 9643:J. Vance Lewis 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9607:Harriet Jacobs 9604: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9583: 9581:William Grimes 9578: 9573:(19th century 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9530:Kate Drumgoold 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9448:Solomon Bayley 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9419:North America: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9406: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9380: 9378: 9375:North America: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9365:John R. Jewitt 9362: 9355: 9353: 9350:North America: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9324:Ottoman Empire 9321: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9302:Jean Marteilhe 9299: 9293: 9287: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9263: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9185:(late 19th c.) 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9159:Isaac Brassard 9156: 9150: 9144: 9137: 9135: 9128: 9127:of enslavement 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9099: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9076: 9067: 9066: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9039: 9031: 9023: 9019:The North Star 9015: 9007: 8999: 8991: 8983: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8961:visitor center 8953: 8948: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8793: 8787: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8746: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8701: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8673:Harriet Tubman 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8643:Hetty Reckless 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8598:Frances Harper 8595: 8593:Thomas Garrett 8590: 8588:Isaac S. Flint 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8528: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8474: 8462: 8456: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8401: 8388: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8344: 8337: 8332: 8326: 8318: 8317:External links 8315: 8313: 8312: 8298: 8291: 8286:Thomas, Hugh. 8284: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8253: 8242: 8237:Oakes, James. 8235: 8230:Oakes, James. 8228: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8198:(2 vol. 2006) 8192: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8158:"Abolitionism" 8154: 8147: 8140: 8127: 8124: 8117: 8106: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8077: 8065:Hague, William 8059: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8018: 7997: 7971: 7957: 7943: 7919: 7900: 7881: 7860: 7795: 7792:. p. 146. 7780: 7762: 7740: 7721: 7697: 7678: 7671: 7638: 7617:(1): 165–263. 7589: 7557: 7546:on 11 May 2011 7527: 7501: 7490:on 13 May 2008 7475: 7449: 7431: 7412: 7393: 7363: 7341: 7315: 7309:978-0195334029 7308: 7288: 7279: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7226: 7200: 7175: 7161: 7147: 7121: 7102: 7087: 7076:(3): 294–311. 7070:Social History 7053: 7038: 7032:978-1108499545 7031: 7008: 6995: 6972: 6959: 6946: 6933: 6908: 6901: 6878: 6858: 6836:978-1412965804 6835: 6819:Cato Institute 6807:Hamowy, Ronald 6803:"Abolitionism" 6790: 6780: 6762: 6707: 6686: 6679: 6661: 6654: 6636: 6616: 6595: 6576: 6569: 6551: 6532: 6517: 6499: 6484: 6469: 6462: 6430: 6417: 6399: 6386: 6356: 6338: 6334:Black Refugees 6325: 6312: 6294: 6278: 6261: 6248: 6235: 6217: 6204: 6192: 6175: 6157: 6150: 6130: 6124:Clarkson, T., 6117: 6105: 6091: 6077: 6064: 6050:on 8 July 2009 6035: 6029:9780-820338644 6028: 6008: 5986: 5975:on 11 May 2011 5951: 5931: 5918: 5905: 5892: 5879: 5846: 5833: 5824:Paul Heinegg, 5817: 5800: 5778: 5764: 5750: 5737: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5688: 5681: 5661: 5646: 5628: 5597: 5590: 5570: 5563: 5540: 5533: 5513: 5505:Rodney Stark, 5498: 5471:(3): 144–153. 5455: 5440: 5425: 5410: 5388: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5355: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5252: 5249: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5119: 5116: 5062: 5059: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4970:13th Amendment 4966: 4956: 4920: 4917: 4891: 4807:United Nations 4709: 4706: 4686:Main article: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4669:Mary Ann Shadd 4660: 4648: 4643: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4618: 4596: 4568: 4548: 4534: 4518: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4439:Benjamin Lundy 4433:(1821–39): an 4426: 4394: 4391: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4349:Harriet Tubman 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4319:André Rebouças 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4299:Joaquim Nabuco 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4229:John Gregg Fee 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4174:Jeremy Bentham 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4114: 4111: 4094:Grimké Sisters 4081: 4078: 4071:in Brazil and 4064: 4061: 3989:United States 3982: 3979: 3967:South Carolina 3913:) and writers 3865:American South 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3737:, followed by 3680: 3677: 3673:British Empire 3610:White American 3595:– helped free 3591:Chief Justice 3581:Main article: 3578: 3575: 3514:Rio de Janeiro 3505: 3502: 3427: 3424: 3399:Main article: 3396: 3393: 3375:was formed by 3247: 3246:British Empire 3244: 3114:Lord Mansfield 3092:naturalization 3041: 3038: 2919:Somersett case 2892: 2889: 2880:Lord Mansfield 2862: 2859: 2789: 2786: 2739: 2736: 2688: 2685: 2665:First Republic 2644: 2643: 2585:"Abolitionism" 2558: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2496:Saint-Domingue 2435:Julien Raimond 2364: 2358: 2350:Saint Domingue 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2275:sexual bondage 2231:United Nations 2197:outlaw slavery 2185:13th Amendment 2142:Somersett case 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2052: 2050:Moresby Treaty 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1990: 1982: 1977: 1969: 1961: 1953: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1865:Firman of 1857 1862: 1860:Firman of 1854 1857: 1852: 1850:Firman of 1830 1847: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1807: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1650:List of slaves 1647: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1368: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1194:Dutch Republic 1191: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 989: 982: 981: 980: 975: 965: 960: 955: 954: 953: 943: 938: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 911: 906: 901: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 844: 843: 842: 832: 831: 830: 819: 818: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 795: 794: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 738: 737: 727: 722: 717: 711: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 666: 665: 661: 660: 655: 653:Child soldiers 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 629: 628: 618: 613: 608: 603: 602: 601: 596: 591: 580: 579: 575: 574: 569: 564: 562:Spanish Empire 559: 554: 549: 544: 542:Middle Passage 539: 534: 529: 524: 518: 517: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 479: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 404: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 372: 371: 370: 363:Ottoman Empire 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 324: 318: 317: 311: 310: 309: 308: 298: 293: 288: 287: 286: 281: 276: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 240: 239: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 210: 204: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 185: 183:Sexual slavery 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 149: 148: 143: 141:Child marriage 138: 128: 123: 118: 116:Child soldiers 113: 107: 102: 101: 98: 97: 89: 88: 78: 77: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11650: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11552:PROSUR/PROSUL 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11447:Craiova Group 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11362:ABCANZ Armies 11360: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11167:Protestantism 11165: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11087:Sovereigntism 11085: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10982:Scholasticism 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10941: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10672: 10671:War on terror 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10564:Modern period 10562: 10560: 10557: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10420:Western world 10414: 10409: 10407: 10402: 10400: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10238:Documentaries 10236: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10201: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10168: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9790: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759:South America 9757: 9750: 9749:Zamba Zembola 9747: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9728:Bethany Veney 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9700:Venture Smith 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9680:James Roberts 9678: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9638:Lunsford Lane 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9623: 9622:Paul Jennings 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9597:Omar ibn Said 9595: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9586:Josiah Henson 9584: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9571:William Green 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9546:Peter Fossett 9544: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9505:Lucinda Davis 9503: 9501: 9500:Hannah Crafts 9498: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9468:James Bradley 9466: 9464: 9463:Leonard Black 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421:United States 9417: 9410: 9409:Marcos Xiorro 9407: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9306: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9213:Thomas Pellow 9211: 9208: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9183:Petro Kilekwa 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9097: 9092: 9090: 9085: 9083: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8909:Slave catcher 8907: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8745:flight (1845) 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8679: 8678:Delia Webster 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8653:William Still 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8633:Robert Purvis 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613:Daniel Hughes 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Samuel Burris 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8519: 8514: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452:The Liberator 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8204:0-313-33142-1 8201: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8080: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7967: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7926: 7924: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7885: 7874: 7872: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7791: 7788:Epps, Henry. 7784: 7776: 7772: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7744: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7352: 7345: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7311: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7265: 7256: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7171: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7005: 6999: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6751:Arthur Tappan 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6719:Robert Purvis 6716: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6655:9798390042335 6651: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6611: 6610:The Liberator 6606: 6599: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6518:1-56294-514-9 6514: 6510: 6503: 6495: 6488: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6424:Robin Winks, 6421: 6413: 6412:novascotia.ca 6409: 6403: 6396: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6323:, 2006, p. 8. 6322: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6272:in 1847 (see 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6171: 6170:www.pdavis.nl 6167: 6161: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6068: 6061: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5889: 5883: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5788: 5782: 5774: 5768: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5574: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5517: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5398: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5154:bonded labour 5151: 5150:United States 5145: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 4999:Commemoration 4993: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4928:/redemption, 4927: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4890: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838:child slavery 4835: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4634:International 4628: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4537:True Wesleyan 4535: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4454:The Liberator 4451: 4448: 4447:The Liberator 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393:United States 4387: 4382: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294:Charles Miner 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4259:Johns Hopkins 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4249:Abbé Grégoire 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4134:Abigail Adams 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:Abigail Adams 4095: 4091: 4086: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4052:West Virginia 4049: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4035:were formed. 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3978: 3976: 3975:border states 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3873:The Liberator 3870: 3866: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679:United States 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626:John Burbidge 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3558:Guerra Grande 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3510: 3504:Latin America 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:slave traders 3378: 3377:Joseph Sturge 3374: 3371:In 1839, the 3369: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:William Hague 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3264:Benjamin Kent 3261: 3258:Prior to the 3252: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3165:Great Britain 3162: 3158: 3157:Joseph Knight 3153: 3150: 3147:Although the 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3109:habeas corpus 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:freedom suits 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2973:In 1787, the 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900:Enlightenment 2897: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2861:Great Britain 2858: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2844:Kaocen Revolt 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2677:Abbé Grégoire 2674: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2637: 2629: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: – 2586: 2582: 2581:Find sources: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2559:This section 2557: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467:Denis Diderot 2464: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2311:Saint Eligius 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:queen consort 2292: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:forced labour 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:(1924–1926), 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:United States 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:forced labour 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2023:Edward Barley 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1694:Slave catcher 1692: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1623:Forced labour 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468:Abolitionists 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070:comfort women 1068: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053:Chukri System 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 990: 987: 983: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 952: 949: 948: 947: 944: 942: 941:Latin America 939: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 898: 895: 893: 892:interregional 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 877:prison labour 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 848: 847:United States 845: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 829: 826: 825: 824: 821: 820: 817: 814: 813: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 793: 790: 789: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 663: 662: 659: 658:White slavery 656: 654: 651: 649: 648:Slave raiding 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 627: 624: 623: 622: 619: 617: 616:Corvée labour 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 585: 582: 581: 577: 576: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 516: 513: 512: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 432:Abbasid harem 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 376: 375:Barbary Coast 373: 369: 366: 365: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 316: 313: 312: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 197: 196: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 105: 100: 99: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82:Forced labour 80: 79: 75: 71: 70: 57: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 11628:Abolitionism 11597:Western Bloc 11397:AUSCANNZUKUS 11353:Contemporary 11302:Human rights 11148:Latin Church 11122:Christianity 11072: 11031:Conservatism 10876:contemporary 10713:Architecture 10649:World War II 10609:Emancipation 10604:Abolitionism 10603: 10492:Romanization 10487:Roman legacy 10468:Roman Empire 10374: 10366: 10358: 10350: 10342: 10334: 10326: 10252: 10244: 10225: 10219:The Octoroon 10217: 10209: 10190: 10164: 10156: 10148: 10129: 10121: 10113: 10105: 10097: 10089: 10081: 10073: 10065: 10057: 10049: 10041: 10033: 10025: 10017: 10009: 10001: 9993: 9971: 9963: 9955: 9947: 9939: 9931: 9910: 9902: 9894: 9886: 9878: 9870: 9862: 9854: 9846: 9838: 9830: 9822: 9814: 9806: 9798: 9612:Thomas James 9561:Moses Grandy 9556:David George 9515:Lucy Delaney 9489:Peter Bruner 9428:Sam Aleckson 9308:Roustam Raza 9219:Joseph Pitts 9141:Robert Adams 9125:by continent 9041: 9033: 9025: 9017: 9009: 9001: 8993: 8985: 8977: 8943: 8919: 8865:publications 8850:Abolitionism 8849: 8816:Tilly Escape 8795: 8781: 8776:Jerry Rescue 8749: 8648:Gerrit Smith 8608:David Hudson 8450: 8339: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8256: 8249: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8195: 8188: 8178: 8171: 8150: 8143: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8113: 8068: 8043:. Retrieved 8032:The Guardian 8031: 8021: 8010: 8000: 7988:. Retrieved 7984:PBS NewsHour 7983: 7974: 7960: 7946: 7935: 7913: 7903: 7884: 7870: 7863: 7815:(1): 56–65. 7812: 7808: 7798: 7789: 7783: 7774: 7765: 7757:the original 7750: 7743: 7724: 7708: 7705:Bales, Kevin 7700: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7653: 7614: 7610: 7583: 7579: 7548:. Retrieved 7544:the original 7530: 7518:. Retrieved 7514:the original 7504: 7492:. Retrieved 7488:the original 7478: 7466:. Retrieved 7462:the original 7452: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7415: 7406: 7396: 7384:. Retrieved 7380:the original 7375: 7366: 7354:. Retrieved 7344: 7332:. Retrieved 7327: 7318: 7298: 7291: 7282: 7273: 7264: 7255: 7243:. Retrieved 7239: 7229: 7217:. Retrieved 7213:Western News 7212: 7203: 7191:. Retrieved 7178: 7164: 7150: 7138:. Retrieved 7134: 7124: 7115: 7105: 7096: 7090: 7073: 7069: 7047: 7041: 7022: 7003: 6998: 6986:. Retrieved 6975: 6967: 6962: 6954: 6949: 6941: 6936: 6924:. Retrieved 6920: 6911: 6891: 6881: 6873: 6870:August Meier 6861: 6810: 6793: 6785: 6771: 6765: 6755:Gerrit Smith 6712: 6698: 6689: 6670: 6664: 6645: 6639: 6630:Evening Post 6628: 6619: 6608: 6598: 6579: 6560: 6554: 6541: 6535: 6508: 6502: 6493: 6487: 6478: 6472: 6447: 6425: 6420: 6411: 6402: 6394: 6389: 6377:. Retrieved 6373:the original 6369:courts.ns.ca 6368: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6333: 6332:John Grant. 6328: 6320: 6315: 6307:biographi.ca 6306: 6297: 6287: 6281: 6273: 6264: 6256: 6251: 6243: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6212: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6178: 6169: 6160: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6120: 6108: 6094: 6080: 6072: 6067: 6059: 6052:. Retrieved 6048:the original 6038: 6018: 6011: 6002: 5989: 5977:. Retrieved 5973:the original 5964: 5954: 5934: 5926: 5921: 5913: 5908: 5900: 5895: 5887: 5882: 5870:. Retrieved 5866:the original 5836: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5803: 5791:. 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