951:« Le Gouvernement du Québec a fait connaître sa proposition d’en arriver, avec le reste du Canada, à une nouvelle entente fondée sur le principe de l’égalité des peuples ; cette entente permettrait au Québec d'acquérir le pouvoir exclusif de faire ses lois, de percevoir ses impôts et d’établir ses relations extérieures, ce qui est la souveraineté, et, en même temps, de maintenir avec le Canada une association économique comportant l’utilisation de la même monnaie ; aucun changement de statut politique résultant de ces négociations ne sera réalisé sans l’accord de la population lors d’un autre référendum ; en conséquence, accordez-vous au Gouvernement du Québec le mandat de négocier l’entente proposée entre le Québec et le Canada ? »
511:"The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?"
27:
539:, provided detailed outlines of their files and the benefits they said sovereignty would provide them. The Liberals provided quick and taunting retorts regarding the referendum question that would normally be heard on the legislative floor, but which appeared to be flippant and insubstantial compared to the lengthy and detailed speeches of PQ members to television viewers. The Liberals seemed to lack preparation and Ryan, unaware of the television cameras, was caught yawning on a few occasions during Liberal interventions.
177:
1491:
146:
relations extérieures, ce qui est la souveraineté, et, en même temps, de maintenir avec le Canada une association économique comportant l'utilisation de la même monnaie; aucun changement de statut politique résultant de ces négociations ne sera réalisé sans l'accord de la population lors d'un autre référendum; en conséquence, accordez-vous au
Gouvernement du Québec le mandat de négocier l'entente proposée entre le Québec et le Canada?
92:
193:
410:, an opponent of sovereignty who instead urged Quebecers to seek empowerment at the federal level through reforms that provided for bilingualism and protection for individual rights. Trudeau, an effective campaigner whose party had dominated federal politics in Quebec for over 80 years, was considered such a formidable opponent that LĂ©vesque refused to implement a referendum while Trudeau remained in office.
597:
question too vague and the
Canadian government's authority too uncertain to do so. He also stated that the question was too vague to give LĂ©vesque and the PQ any mandate to declare independence, making any result from a "Yes" vote impossible; in contrast, he offered that a "No" vote would lead to constitutional change. His position was supported by Clark and national NDP leader
138:- and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?
780:
the emotional crowd scenes broadcast during Lévesque's speech. Trudeau addressed the country afterward with a more conciliatory tone, emphasizing the need for unity after the hurt feelings and strained friendships that had been caused by the referendum. The next morning, Chrétien was tasked with creating a provincial consensus.
647:, where the PQ had celebrated their victory in 1976. Trudeau attacked the "Yes" campaign for not asking a clear question, and stated that a "Yes" vote was a dead end, given that the rest of Canada was not bound by the question and that it was too vague to pursue independence if negotiations were refused.
779:
Claude Ryan's speech was later in the evening. After refusing to let Jean Chrétien use the microphone to address those gathered, he proceeded to demand an election be called and listed every riding that had voted for the "No" side. The speech was generally seen as callous and harsh, especially after
137:
The
Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad - in other words, sovereignty
896:
led the
Progressive Conservatives to victory nationally, having committed during the campaign to try to find a way to accommodate Quebec's objections to the constitution. LĂ©vesque pledged to take the risk of trying to work towards a deal with Mulroney. This led to a split in the PQ and subsequently
838:
After the referendum, Trudeau acted upon his promise by calling together the provincial premiers in a first ministers' conference. The meeting showed signs of deadlock, and LĂ©vesque surprised observers by uniting with the dissident premiers, who warmly received his decentralist views. Facing a lack
884:
Historical debate would centre on whether
Trudeau's advocacy and agreement on patriation were in accord with or in contravention of his commitments made in his speech at the Paul Sauvé Arena. Trudeau defended his actions by stating he had kept his promise to deliver a new constitution that resided
604:
The "Yes" campaign was, in the initial stages, low key. It focused on gaining broad acceptance of sovereignty-association through specialized "regroupments" that would be presented with special certificates at ceremonies led by LĂ©vesque and other cabinet ministers. The regroupments were seen as an
650:
Trudeau then stated that he would interpret a vote for the "No" as a mandate to renew federalism and change the constitution, putting his MPs' seats on the line if he were to fail to keep this promise. Addressing himself to
Canadians outside Quebec on behalf of his MPs, Trudeau challenged English
596:
On April 15, LĂ©vesque announced before the
National Assembly the referendum would occur on May 20, 1980. The same day, on the opening of the House of Commons, Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada would not negotiate sovereignty-association under any circumstances, as he considered the
394:
on a general platform of good government and the promise of holding a referendum on sovereignty-association during their first term. In government, the PQ implemented a number of popular reforms to longstanding issues in the province, while emphasizing its nationalist credentials with laws such as
861:
The
Supreme Court's decision prompted a final meeting among the first ministers. LĂ©vesque abandoned the Gang of Eight and opted to join Trudeau in advocating immediate patriation with the promise of a future referendum on the other matters. The other premiers, loath to be seen arguing against the
523:
The
Liberals presented their constitutional proposal, known as the "Beige Paper" on January 10, 1980, which advocated a decentralized Canadian federation. While generally viewed as detailed and competent, the report did not make much impact on the federal election, and was attacked by the PQ as
849:
With regards to
Trudeau's plans to unilaterally patriate and change the constitution, the newly re-elected LĂ©vesque, who had initially argued for the incorporation of a Quebec veto into the new constitution, agreed with eight other premiers (the Gang of Eight) to a proposal that would not allow
654:
After this Trudeau hit an emotional high note, invoking a remark by Lévesque days earlier that he was showing his "Elliott" side during the campaign. Trudeau detailed the story of his parents, who had both had many ancestors in Quebec, and remarked that his full name was both a Québécois and a
630:
would sacrifice Canada's oil and national gas price to drive in an ambassadors' Cadillac. Lalonde argued that old age pensions were directly threatened by a "Yes" vote. Though initially reluctant, Ryan started to accept and welcome the Canadian government's help, and continued to speak across
145:
Le Gouvernement du Québec a fait connaître sa proposition d'en arriver, avec le reste du Canada, à une nouvelle entente fondée sur le principe de l'égalité des peuples; cette entente permettrait au Québec d'acquérir le pouvoir exclusif de faire ses lois, de percevoir ses impôts et d'établir ses
768:". While calling the Canadian government's involvement in the campaign "scandalously immoral", he emphasized that the result must be accepted and that it was now the Canadian government's responsibility to provide the promised changes to the constitution. He ended asking the audience to sing "
527:
On February 18, 1980, the federal Liberals won a majority in the House of Commons, and Trudeau returned as Prime Minister. Trudeau announced Jean Chrétien, his most trusted lieutenant, as having responsibilities for the federal response to the referendum. Ryan was furious.
425:, whose platform had included a more accommodating approach to constitutional negotiations with the provinces. Clark's minority government made a point to not have the federal government be involved in the referendum, leaving the task of representing federalist voices to
889:. Quebec nationalists argue that this is an overly literal view of his words and that, in context to a Québécois audience, Trudeau had promised that Quebec would be given a status in accordance with a decentralized view of federalism, or his MPs would resign.
564:
schoolbooks, a general theme she had also used in the legislature. Payette then stated that Ryan wanted a Quebec full of "Yvettes" and that his wife, Madeline Ryan, was an Yvette. The personal attack prompted a furious editorial by prominent journalist
634:
The referendum prompted an unheard-of political mobilization, and the campaign was seen as a traumatic event in Quebec, as the hard choice between "Yes" and "No" shattered the nationalist consensus that had existed since the Quiet Revolution.
763:
After the lopsided defeat, a visibly emotional LĂ©vesque addressed his supporters, many of whom were shown on screen in tears at the result. LĂ©vesque began with, "My dear friends, if I understand you correctly, you're saying: 'until next
839:
of cooperation from the premiers, Trudeau then announced his intention to unilaterally patriate the constitution from the United Kingdom and have a charter of rights and constitutional amending formula approved by national referendum.
857:
ruled that any constitutional changes, including patriation of the constitution, could be made unilaterally under the letter of the law, but, by non-binding convention, "a substantial degree of provincial consent was required".
605:
attempt to show broad support for the movement and create conversations at the ground level, however, the attempt to create them in some heavily Federalist professions, such as lawyers, prompted a severe backlash.
862:
charter of rights that was included in Trudeau's proposed constitutional changes, formulated a compromise proposal with Jean Chrétien that was acceptable to the Canadian government. The compromise came during the
1447:
1941:
1429:
655:
Canadian name. Trudeau then began to list members of the Parti Québécois who had Irish or English last names. The riposte brought the crowd to an uproar, and Trudeau exited to chants of "Elliott."
535:
live viewing on March 4, 1980. The debate lasted two weeks, and the result was a smashing PQ success and a disaster for the provincial Liberals. The PQ Cabinet, coordinated by House Leader
1824:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1744:
658:
The speech, which prompted Morin to wonder if his mind was changed, was seen as the death knell of the "Yes" camp, despite LĂ©vesque's attempts to cast doubt over Trudeau's words.
608:
The "No" campaign, led by Ryan, was run as a traditional election campaign, with Ryan campaigning during the day and making speeches in local hockey arenas across rural Quebec.
2078:
1973:
572:
Payette apologized during the legislative debate, but the remark and editorial sparked a movement. On March 30, a group of 1,700 women, including Madeline Ryan, held the
481:
preferred a simple question on the entirety of the proposal. LĂ©vesque came to the view that, as sovereignty-association would by necessity require negotiations with the
853:
The federal government, still interested in proceeding unilaterally, sought an opinion on whether it was legally entitled to do so from the Supreme Court of Canada. The
615:, which tightly restricted all campaigning to the designated "Yes" and "No" committees with set budgets. Canadian government politicians made appearances coordinated by
877:
without support from LĂ©vesque or Quebec's National Assembly. The result was a shattering defeat for the PQ, especially after the Quebec government's loss in its
2154:
367:(PQ) with like-minded separatists. The PQ proposed "sovereignty-association", a proposal for Quebec to be a sovereign nation-state while requiring (hence the
1948:
432:
On June 21, 1979, LĂ©vesque announced the promised referendum would occur in the spring of 1980, and that the question would be announced before Christmas.
1457:
1262:
371:) an economic partnership with what remained of Canada. The PQ had intended to declare independence upon forming government, citing the principle of
2159:
2129:
842:
In the meantime, there was a provincial election in Quebec. Despite a brief post-referendum malaise, the PQ easily defeated Ryan's Liberals in the
531:
Television had recently been introduced to the Quebec National Assembly, and the legislative debate on the referendum question was scheduled for
295:
The province-wide referendum took place on May 20, and the proposal to pursue secession was defeated by a 59.56 percent to 40.44 percent margin.
909:, despite receiving unanimous consent among the provincial premiers, each failed in dramatic public fashion, reviving the sovereignty movement.
866:, which took place after LĂ©vesque had left for the evening. In Quebec, that night has sometimes been called the "Night of the Long Knives".
846:, campaigning both on their governing record and against Trudeau's intentions. Notably, the PQ did not promise to hold a second referendum.
2280:
2098:
1968:
1479:
611:
Controversially, the Canadian government became involved on its own accord in the referendum despite the provisions of the provincial
2073:
1895:
542:
Polls released after the debates showed the Yes and No side roughly even, with a majority amongst Francophone voters for the "Yes."
2340:
418:
886:
588:
on April 7 when 14,000 women denounced the minister's declarations about women and manifested their support for the "No" side.
569:, who sarcastically contrasted Payette's televised exploits with Mme Ryan's accomplishments in the private and public sector.
2060:
1316:
651:
Canada that change would have to occur and that the referendum could not be interpreted as an endorsement of the status quo.
901:, the Mulroney government began negotiations with Quebec to find a deal that would be acceptable to all provinces. The 1987
324:
since its foundation in 1867, has always been the sole majority French-speaking province. Long ruled by forces (such as the
2335:
2083:
1934:
2009:
1487:
317:
2139:
2124:
881:
case. The National Assembly of Quebec, compared to its position in 1976, actually lost power under LĂ©vesque and the PQ.
2360:
2119:
1885:
1426:
Québec-Canada: A New Deal. The Québec Government Proposal for a New Partnership Between Equals: Sovereignty-Association
446:
Québec-Canada: A New Deal. The Québec Government Proposal for a New Partnership Between Equals: Sovereignty-Association
2330:
2320:
1905:
1383:
1360:
1291:
982:
626:, mainly speculating on the economic uncertainty a "Yes" vote could bring. Chrétien argued that prominent PQ member
463:. Three days afterward, Trudeau announced his return as leader of the Liberals. Polls showed Clark losing handily.
451:
A dramatic change occurred in Ottawa on December 11, 1979, when a series of confused phone calls led the nationalist
328:) that focused on affirmation of the province's French and Catholic identity within Canada, the province underwent a
70:
48:
869:
As a result of the compromise between the premiers (other than LĂ©vesque) and the federal government, the government
41:
2350:
2020:
1495:
556:
to a committee in Montreal, which mocked what she viewed as the "No" side's complacency by using the conception of
2144:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1749:
459:(NDP) push, led the Clark government to unexpectedly lose a vote of confidence on a budget bill, precipitating a
302:, which was held in 1995, also rejected pursuing secession, albeit by a much smaller margin (50.58% to 49.42%).
2345:
1472:
1408:
1337:
524:
vague and insubstantial. Ryan, who disliked the federal Liberals, refused to endorse either Trudeau or Clark.
489:
and require ratification of its final decision. He also felt the safety of a second referendum would convince
460:
414:
396:
1436:
1259:
515:
LĂ©vesque, while noting its cumbersome nature, stated that it was transparent and could be easily understood.
452:
2149:
352:
factions, the latter calling for the separation of Quebec from Canada and its establishment as a sovereign
1727:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
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1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
843:
616:
383:
2103:
1957:
1917:
1503:
349:
311:
2190:
2325:
1465:
455:
Members of Parliament (MPs) to abstain from a budget vote, which, along with a concerted Liberal and
2218:
2275:
471:
The referendum question was a subject of much internal debate amongst the Parti Québécois caucus.
325:
35:
2355:
2287:
403:
387:
372:
2298:
2225:
2038:
2014:
2004:
1900:
929:
920:, which featured a more direct question. That referendum failed by a margin of less than 0.6%.
917:
874:
321:
299:
52:
850:
Quebec a veto, but would permit "opting out" of certain federal endeavours with compensation.
379:
to a referendum strategy to better allow such a declaration to be internationally recognized.
2246:
2176:
878:
627:
407:
376:
2088:
906:
854:
788:
Maximum amount authorized by referendum law: $ 2,122,257 ($ 0.50/voter x 4,244,514 voters)
482:
456:
364:
289:
577:
8:
2183:
2054:
2093:
644:
440:
On November 1, 1979, the Quebec government made public its constitutional proposal in a
2270:
1397:
360:
1989:
2239:
1404:
1379:
1356:
1350:
1333:
1312:
1305:
1287:
978:
902:
897:
LĂ©vesque's resignation from politics in 1985. After the PQ defeat by the Liberals of
345:
2134:
913:
912:
The PQ returned to office, led by hard-line separatist and former Finance Minister
643:
On May 14, six days before the vote, Trudeau made his final appearance at a packed
566:
561:
478:
329:
2068:
619:
2232:
1266:
898:
863:
391:
140:
1284:
The Battle of London: Trudeau, Thatcher, and the Fight for Canada's Constitution
1994:
893:
585:
552:
Less helpful to the "Yes" campaign was a speech by former television presenter
536:
333:
1926:
2314:
486:
337:
1373:
332:
in the early 1960s. The Quiet Revolution was characterized by the effective
2204:
771:
623:
598:
553:
353:
2027:
581:
490:
441:
426:
285:
2292:
2264:
1307:
Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume Two: 1968–2000
870:
532:
473:
273:
2197:
501:
422:
375:. This was changed in the party platform after internal lobbying by
500:
could have more than one sentence: the final compromise was to use
1258:, Québec: Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale du Québec, p. 15 (
2211:
2033:
496:
A significant debate arose as to whether a "question" under the
1490:
399:, which reinforced French as the province's official language.
368:
281:
277:
665:
344:). It also caused a realignment of provincial politics into
827:
Total committed and discharged expenditure: $ 2,047,834.00
807:
Total committed and discharged expenditure: $ 2,060,455.00
402:
The PQ's efforts were in philosophical conflict with the
1399:
The National Deal: The Fight for a Canadian Constitution
292:(PQ) government, which advocated secession from Canada.
1130:
1128:
1008:
1006:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1086:
1084:
1069:
2079:
Mouvement national des Québécoises et des Québécois
1059:
1057:
1396:
1330:PQ: René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois in Power
1304:
1188:
1140:
1125:
1113:
1018:
1003:
818:Amount received by political parties: $ 683,000.00
815:State subsidy ($ 0.25/voter) : $ 1,061,128.50
798:Amount received by political parties: $ 987,754.04
507:The question announced on December 20, 1979, was:
485:, the government of Quebec should be treated as a
1231:
1212:
1200:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1096:
1081:
2312:
1054:
1042:
1030:
991:
1956:
1448:Ă€ la prochaine fois: The 1980 Quebec Referendum
284:and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward
84:Quebec sovereignty-association referendum, 1980
16:Plebiscite on Quebec's independence from Canada
2155:Rassemblement démocratique pour l'indépendance
1428:, Québec: Éditeur officiel du Québec, 118 p. (
1256:Les référendums au Québec : bibliographie
1254:LĂ©vesque, Michel and Martin Pelletier (2005).
776:" for him, as he did not have any voice left.
638:
429:, the new leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.
1942:
1473:
417:, the Liberals were narrowly defeated by the
975:Québec and Canada; Past, Present, and Future
949:
795:State subsidy ($ 0.25/voter): $ 1,061,128.50
769:
2281:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
2160:Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale
2130:Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec
972:
1949:
1935:
1480:
1466:
1371:
584:. The movement grew until a rally at the
1441:Directeur général des élections du Québec
1395:Sheppard, Robert; Valpy, Michael (1982).
1394:
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
288:. The referendum was called by Quebec's
34:This article includes a list of general
885:entirely within Canada and an embedded
2313:
2074:Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté
977:. C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. p. 47.
758:
1930:
1461:
1454:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
1378:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
918:second sovereignty referendum of 1995
821:Contributions by voters: $ 305,118.05
545:
518:
1355:. Montreal: McClelland and Stewart.
1348:
1024:
1012:
801:Contributions by voters: $ 11,572.60
386:in a surprise rout of the governing
20:
2010:Act Respecting the Future of Quebec
1496:Elections and referendums in Quebec
1302:
1281:
1242:
1225:
1206:
1194:
1146:
1134:
1119:
997:
270:1980 Quebec independence referendum
13:
1327:
1282:Bastien, Frédéric Bastien (2013).
1182:
1170:
1158:
1107:
1090:
1075:
1063:
1048:
1036:
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2372:
2099:Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
1418:
873:the Canadian constitution in the
336:of society and the creation of a
2140:Partenaires pour la souveraineté
2125:Le front de libération populaire
2084:Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec
2061:Forum jeunesse du Bloc Québécois
2021:Reference Re Secession of Quebec
1489:
300:second referendum on sovereignty
191:
175:
90:
25:
2341:1980 in international relations
1372:Trudeau, Pierre Elliot (1993).
1275:
1248:
560:, a docile schoolgirl from pre-
966:
941:
359:A prominent sovereigntist was
280:on the place of Quebec within
1:
2120:Front de libération du Québec
1424:Government of Quebec (1979).
960:
916:, in 1994. Parizeau called a
305:
1403:. Scarborough: Fleet Books.
7:
2336:Quebec sovereignty movement
2104:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society
1958:Quebec sovereignty movement
1918:List of Quebec by-elections
923:
783:
639:Trudeau at Paul Sauvé Arena
591:
466:
312:Quebec sovereignty movement
10:
2377:
2150:Parti socialiste du Québec
2145:Parti république du Québec
973:Fitzmaurice, John (1985).
833:
824:Total fund: $ 2,049,246.55
804:Total fund: $ 2,060,455.11
661:
309:
2361:May 1980 events in Canada
2256:
2168:
2112:
2047:
1982:
1964:
1914:
1878:
1737:
1502:
1437:Référendum du 20 mai 1980
1311:. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
692:
681:
679:
677:
668:
477:such as Finance Minister
435:
419:Progressive Conservatives
251:Registered voters/turnout
169:
166:
157:
152:
135:
104:
88:
2331:Independence referendums
2321:1980 elections in Canada
2276:Republic of Lower Canada
1452:The CBC Digital Archives
1443:, updated March 20, 2006
935:
844:1981 provincial election
2351:Sovereignty referendums
2288:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
1349:Lévesque, René (1986).
1328:Fraser, Graham (1984).
373:parliamentary supremacy
363:, who helped found the
222:Invalid or blank votes
55:more precise citations.
2219:Le Journal de Montréal
2039:2012 Montreal shooting
2015:Quebec Contingency Act
1983:Events and legislation
1439:", in the site of the
1332:. Toronto: MacMillan.
1303:English, John (2009).
1265:June 26, 2008, at the
950:
930:1995 Quebec referendum
875:Constitution Act, 1982
770:
513:
322:Canadian Confederation
144:
112:May 20, 1980
2346:Referendums in Quebec
2247:Why I Am a Separatist
2113:Defunct organizations
879:Quebec Veto Reference
509:
415:1979 federal election
408:Pierre Elliot Trudeau
2299:Vive le Québec libre
2226:Le Journal de Québec
2048:Active organizations
1286:. Toronto: Dundurn.
907:Charlottetown Accord
483:Government of Canada
457:New Democratic Party
1738:Municipal elections
1078:, pp. 219–220.
759:Immediate aftermath
736:Participation rate
617:Minister of Justice
493:to back the "Yes."
85:
2271:Quebec nationalism
2177:L'Action nationale
747:Registered voters
574:brunch des Yvettes
547:Brunch des Yvettes
519:Legislative debate
83:
2308:
2307:
2169:Culture and media
1924:
1923:
1504:General elections
1318:978-0-676-97523-9
903:Meech Lake Accord
887:Charter of Rights
811:"Yes" Committee:
756:
755:
725:Rejected ballots
699:
698:
578:Château Frontenac
266:
265:
262:
261:
126:
125:
81:
80:
73:
2368:
2326:1980 referendums
2135:Option nationale
2094:Québec solidaire
1974:List of subjects
1951:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1414:
1402:
1389:
1366:
1343:
1322:
1310:
1297:
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772:Gens du Pays
762:
706:Total votes
693:
686:
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673:
670:
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653:
649:
642:
633:
628:Claude Morin
624:Marc Lalonde
612:
610:
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599:Ed Broadbent
595:
573:
571:
557:
554:Lise Payette
551:
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541:
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491:swing voters
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381:
377:Claude Morin
358:
354:nation state
341:
315:
297:
294:
269:
267:
243:
238:
233:
211:Valid votes
204:
199:
111:
67:
58:
39:
18:
2028:Clarity Act
1879:Referendums
947:In French:
709:% of votes
582:Quebec City
487:legal agent
474:Pur et durs
442:white paper
427:Claude Ryan
286:sovereignty
234:Total votes
53:introducing
2315:Categories
2265:Pur et dur
1916:See also:
1410:0770600190
1339:0771597932
961:References
750:4,367,584
739:3,738,854
717:3,673,842
533:prime time
502:semicolons
346:federalist
316:Quebec, a
306:Background
274:referendum
255:4,367,584
214:3,673,843
183:1,485,852
116:1980-05-20
36:references
2198:Le Devoir
892:In 1984,
871:patriated
684:1,485,851
671:2,187,991
444:entitled
423:Joe Clark
239:3,738,854
200:2,187,991
2293:Étapisme
1263:Archived
1025:Levesque
1013:Levesque
924:See also
784:Expenses
687:(40.44%)
674:(59.56%)
631:Quebec.
592:Campaign
467:Question
397:Bill 101
320:in the
318:province
61:May 2011
2212:Le Jour
2034:Bill 99
1969:History
1435:DGEQ. "
1375:Memoirs
1352:Memoirs
1243:Bastien
1226:Bastien
1207:Bastien
1195:English
1147:English
1135:English
1120:English
998:Bastien
834:Effects
742:85.61%
728:65,012
720:98.26%
662:Results
576:at the
421:led by
413:In the
244:100.00%
225:65,011
217:98.26%
186:40.44%
153:Results
114: (
49:improve
1450:", in
1430:online
1407:
1382:
1359:
1336:
1315:
1290:
1260:online
1183:Fraser
1171:Fraser
1159:Fraser
1108:Fraser
1091:Fraser
1076:Fraser
1064:Fraser
1049:Fraser
1037:Fraser
981:
731:1.74%
558:Yvette
436:Leadup
369:hyphen
282:Canada
278:Quebec
258:85.6%
228:1.74%
205:59.56%
167:Votes
163:Choice
141:French
38:, but
936:Notes
682:Yes:
1906:2004
1901:1995
1896:1992
1891:1980
1886:1919
1870:2021
1865:2017
1860:2013
1855:2009
1850:2006
1845:2005
1840:2003
1835:2002
1830:2001
1825:2000
1820:1999
1815:1998
1810:1997
1805:1994
1800:1993
1795:1990
1790:1989
1785:1987
1780:1986
1775:1985
1770:1983
1765:1982
1760:1978
1755:1974
1750:1970
1745:1966
1728:44th
1722:2022
1717:2018
1712:2014
1707:2012
1702:2008
1697:2007
1692:2003
1687:1998
1682:1994
1677:1989
1672:1985
1667:1981
1662:1976
1657:1973
1652:1970
1647:1966
1642:1962
1637:1960
1632:1956
1627:1952
1622:1948
1617:1944
1612:1939
1607:1936
1602:1935
1597:1931
1592:1927
1587:1923
1582:1919
1577:1916
1572:1912
1567:1908
1562:1904
1557:1900
1552:1897
1547:1892
1542:1890
1537:1886
1532:1881
1527:1878
1522:1875
1517:1871
1512:1867
1405:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1288:ISBN
979:ISBN
764:time
669:No:
622:and
348:and
268:The
180:Yes
580:in
390:of
276:in
196:No
2317::
1233:^
1214:^
1127:^
1098:^
1083:^
1056:^
1005:^
601:.
504:.
448:.
356:.
298:A
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1950:e
1943:t
1936:v
1481:e
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1432:)
1413:.
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1365:.
1342:.
1321:.
1296:.
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