136:
2030:. Official government records counted 2.2 million registered members of Tây Ninh Cao Đài in 2005, but also estimated in 2007 that there were 3.2 million Caodaists including roughly a dozen other denominations. According to the official statistics, in 2014, the estimated number of Caodaists is 4.4 million, it was a dramatic increase of 1.2 million followers or an increase of 37.5%. Country Information and Guidance — Vietnam: Religious minority groups. December 2014. Quoting United Nations' "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief". It is more likely that "unofficial" Caodaists have decided that it is now acceptable to identify themselves as followers of the religion in the last seven years. Many outside sources give 4 to 6 million. Some estimates are as high as 8 million adherents in Vietnam. An additional 30,000 (numbers may vary) (primarily
1156:
2381:), but that the Baháʼí Community of Viet Nam had been awarded a "certificate of operation" from the Government's Committee for Religious Affairs. In 2007, the Committee for Religious Affairs was reported to have granted operation registration certificates to three new religions and a religious sect in addition to six existing religions. Every citizen is declared free to follow no, one, or more religions, practice religion without violating the law, be treated equally regardless of religious belief, and to be protected from being violated in their religious freedom, but is prohibited from using religion to violate the law.
2225:
government, with the
Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. Hindu temples were turned into tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013, several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Châu Giang village stormed into a Cham mosque, stole the electric generator and raped Cham girls. Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese
124:
2049:
1301:
2131:
113:
1471:
6343:
1316:
2458:
6353:
2444:
442:
1954:
1602:
4577:
2241:
destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind, plundering or building on top of Cham temples, building farms over them, banning Cham religious practices, and omitting references to the destroyed Cham capital of Song Luy in the 1832 invasion in history books and tourist guides. The situation of Chams compared to ethnic
Vietnamese is substandard, lacking water and electricity and living in houses made out of mud.
1331:
4565:
1622:
173:
1193:
1773:
the membership of an organized religious institution rather than individual belief or practice of a religion and may reflect the lack of need or practice of membership to a religious institution, as often found in folk religion and
Buddhism (see Overview, above). Ecclesiastical sources report there are about 7 million Catholics, representing 7.0% of the total population.
2599:"It is generally agreed that Dong Son drums were used for ceremonial purposes (e.g. Higham 1996: 133), and it could be argued that they were produced within a particular religious context, so we might talk about Dong Son religion, in the sense we talk about the Buddhist religion, as a cultural production but one which we know little about specifically."
1576:, is one of the most recently registered religions in Vietnam. It is based on the teachings of Ngô Lợi (1831–1890). Official government statistics report that Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa claimed over 70,000 registered followers and 476 religious leaders as of 2005, centred in 76 places of worship spread across 14 provinces, mainly in Southern Vietnam.
684:), a key virtue to maintain a harmonious society. Regardless of formal religious affiliation, it is very common to have an altar in the home and business where prayers are offered to their ancestors. These offerings and practices are done frequently during important traditional or religious celebrations (e.g.,
2388:
are not legally allowed to proselytize or perform religious activities. No other religions than the aforementioned eight are allowed. Preachers and religious associations are prohibited to use religion to propagate ideologies that are opposed to the government. Many
Vietnamese preachers who fled for
756:
of
Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism, added a further ethical and moral dimension to the indigenous Vietnamese religion. A recent research using folkloristic computations has provided evidence on the existence of "cultural additivity" by examining the interaction of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism
1772:
The
Catholic Church in Vietnam today consists of 27 dioceses organized in three ecclesiastical provinces of Hanoi, Hue and Saigon. A government census of 2019 reported that Catholicism surpassed Buddhism to become the largest religious denomination in Vietnam, although these findings are based upon
1131:
Government statistics of the religion in
Vietnam are counts of members of religious organization recognized by the government. Hence, this does not include people practicing folk religion, which is not recognized by government. Also, many people practice religion such as Buddhism without taking any
639:
Although according to a 1999 census most
Vietnamese list themselves as having no religious affiliation, religion, as defined by shared beliefs and practices, remains an integral part of Vietnamese life, dictating the social behaviours and spiritual practices of Vietnamese individuals in Vietnam and
1451:
or Dharma-Protectors. While Pure Land traditions, practices and concepts are found within
Mahayana cosmology, and form an important component of Buddhist traditions in Vietnam, Pure Land Buddhism was not independently recognized as a sect of Buddhism (as Pure Land schools have been recognized, for
2337:
community once claimed upwards of 200,000 followers, mainly concentrated in the South. The number of followers dwindled as a result of the banning of the practice of the Baháʼí Faith after the
Vietnam War. After years of negotiation, the Baháʼí Faith was registered nationally in 2007, once again
2240:
had brought attention to human rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as in the 2001 and 2004 uprisings, and lead to the issue of Cham autonomy being brought into the dispute, since the Vietnamese conquered the Hindu and Muslim Chams in an 1832 war and continuing to
1555:
Today, as an officially recognized religion, it claims approximately two million followers throughout Vietnam; in certain parts of the Mekong Delta, as many as 90 percent of the population of this region practice this tradition. Since many of the teachings of Huỳnh Phú Sổ related in some way to
1379:
Today, more than half of the Vietnamese population, consider themselves as adherents of Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada and Hòa Hảo Buddhism are also present in significant numbers. Buddhist practice in Vietnam differs from that of other Asian countries, and does not contain the same institutional
2356:
formally allows religious freedom, however, government restrictions remain on organized activities of many religious groups. The government maintains a prominent role overseeing officially recognized religions. Religious groups encounter the greatest restrictions when they are perceived by the
2224:
The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Both Hindu and Muslim Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese
1136:
from the 2019 census, also not categorizing folk religion, indicates that Catholicism is the largest (organized) religion in Vietnam, surpassing Buddhism. While some other surveys reported 45–50 millions Buddhist living in Vietnam, the government statistics counts for 6.8 millions. It is the
1839:, with internal estimates claiming two-thirds of all Protestants in Vietnam are members of ethnic minorities. By some estimates, the growth of Protestant believers in Vietnam has been as much as 600 percent over the past ten years. Some of the new converts belong to unregistered evangelical
2424:
of Vietnam (North) Nguyen Van Dai was arrested for accusations relating to his defense of religious freedom, including disseminating alleged "infractions" of religious liberty. However, during this period of time, it is unknown whether the causes of their protests were more due to personal
732:, generally agreed to have ceremonial and possibly religious value, depict the figures of birds, leading historians to believe birds were objects of worship for the early Vietnamese. Dragons were another frequently recurring figure in Vietnamese art, arising from the veneration of
672:(often assimilated), remain a strong influence on the beliefs and practices of the Vietnamese, even if the levels of formal membership in these religious communities may not reflect that influence. One of the most notable and universal spiritual practices common to Vietnamese is
2403:
Despite some substantial attempts by the Vietnamese government to improve its international image and ease restrictions on religious freedom, the cases of dissident religious leaders' persecution has not stopped in the recent years. The general secretary of the
2389:
America and other countries say that they were suppressed by the Communist government for no, unreasonable or ethnic reasons; however, preachers and religious associations who abide by the law working in Vietnam today are aided and honored by the government.
2572:"If properly buried and worshipped, the dead would be happy to remain in their realm and act as benevolent spirits for their progeny. But those who died alone and neglected, and to whom no worship was given, disturbed the dead and preyed on the living."
2002:
and Cao Hoài Sang, claimed to have received direct communications from God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new religion that would commence the Third Era of Religious Amnesty. Adherents engage in ethical practices such as
3077:
Cuong Tu Nguyen & A.W. Barber. "Vietnamese Buddhism in North America: Tradition and Acculturation". in Charles S. Prebish and Kenneth K. Tanaka (eds). The Faces of Buddhism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, pg
135:
692:
is very common; many believe that the traditions are important links to culture and history and are enjoyable, while others believe that failing to perform the proper rituals for one's ancestors will literally cause them to become
1247:. It is a ritual in which followers become spirit mediums for various deities. The Communist government used to suspend the practice of lên đồng due to its superstition, but in 1987, the government legalized this practice.
2400:. The Vatican has also considered negotiations with Vietnam about freedom for Vietnamese Catholics, and was able to reach a permanent agreement which would allow a permanent representative in the future to the country.
1760:
brothers in 1777. Becoming Nguyễn Ánh's loyal confidant, benefactor and military advisor during his time of need, he was able to gain a great deal of favor for the Church. During Nguyễn Ánh's subsequent rule as Emperor
3015:. page 163 "Toan Ánh lists more specific examples ... Both Cổ Nhuế village in Hà Đông (Hanoi), and Đông Vệ village of Vĩnh Tường prefecture, Vĩnh Yên (Vĩnh Phú) province, worship the spirit who handles excrement."
2739:, Vol. 4, 2003. p. 509: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheism while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."
2338:
receiving full recognition as a religious community. In 2009 it was reported that the Baháʼí community has about 7,000 followers and 73 assemblies; by 2022, there were an estimated 3,000 followers in the country.
6308:
3761:
India's interaction with Southeast Asia, Volume 1, Part 3 By Govind Chandra Pande, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India) p.231,252
1141:, however, does not reports official statistics on its adherents. The great gaps in statistics on the number of Buddhist adherents is due to disagreement on the very criteria of what constitute a Buddhist.
2163:
broadened in the wake of the 1471 collapse of the Champa Kingdom, but Islam would not become widespread among the Cham until the mid-17th century. In the mid-19th century, many Muslim Chams emigrated from
1853:
movements were officially recognized by Hanoi in October, 2007, which was seen as a notable improvement in the level of religious freedom enjoyed by Vietnamese Protestants. Similarly, in October 2009, the
1818:
Present estimates of the number of Protestants range from the official government figure of 500,000 to claims by churches of 1 million. Growth has been most pronounced among members of minority peoples
2119:
acts as a focal point for the community. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Balamon (Hindu Cham) numbers 32,000; out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 15 are Hindu.
2171:
Vietnamese Muslims remained relatively isolated from the mainstream of world Islam, and their isolation, combined with the lack of religious schools, caused the practice of Islam in Vietnam to become
1861:
The Assemblies of God were said to consist of around 40,000 followers in 2009, the Baptist Church around 18,400 followers with 500 ministers in 2007, and The Mennonite Church around 10,000 followers.
6318:
3514:
631:, representing less than 0.2% of the population. Folk religions (worship of ancestors, gods and goddesses), not included in government statistics, have experienced revival since the 1980s.
3210:
2311:) was reportedly 1,500; most of these Jews were said to have left with the French, leaving behind no organized Jewish communal structure. In 1971, about 12 French Jews still remained in
3972:
1937:(LDS Church) met with Vietnamese officials. The Government Committee for Religious Affairs officially recognized the church's representative committee. Congregations currently meet in
1765:, the Catholic faith was permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of his respect to his benefactors. By the time of the Emperor's accession in 1802, Vietnam had three Catholic
3951:
2259:
to visit Vietnam likely arrived following the French colonization of the country, in the latter half of the 19th century. There are a handful of references to Jewish settlement in
1907:
2300:
was implemented in French Indo-China (Vietnam), leading to increased restrictions and widespread discrimination against Jews. The anti-Jewish laws were repealed in January 1945.
5047:
5027:
2319:
incidents during the period covered by this report. The country's small Jewish population is composed almost entirely of expatriates and is based in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
3028:
5190:
5052:
3801:
3271:
Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
1548:
Hòa Hảo also stresses the practice of Buddhism by lay people in the home, rather than focusing primarily on temple worship and ordination. Aid to the poor is favored over
2396:, and expatriate Vietnamese who oppose the Communist government. However, due to recent improvements in religious liberty, the United States no longer considers Vietnam a
2357:
government as a challenge to its rule or to the authority of the Communist party. In 2007, Viet Nam News reported that Viet Nam has six religions recognised by the State (
2429:, or if the government was really suppressing religious freedom, which is unlikely due to the diversity and number of religious institutes allowed to operate in Vietnam.
2122:
As per the census of 2009, there are a total of 56,427 Cham Hindus in Vietnam. In 2022, there were an estimated 70,000 ethnic Cham living along the south-central coast.
2221:. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Bani (Muslim Cham) number close to 22,000. Out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 7 are Muslim.
4129:
3721:
2879:
Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Bui, Quang-Khiem; La, Viet-Phuong; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Nguyen, Viet-Ha T.; Ho, Manh-Toan; Nguyen, Hong-Kong T.; Ho, Manh-Tung (December 4, 2018).
2788:
2432:
In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom. In the same year it was ranked as the 25th most difficult place in the world to be a Christian.
1452:
example, in Japan) until 2007, with the official recognition of the Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhism Association as an independent and legal religious organization.
3860:
3648:
1577:
2958:
5042:
4171:
3148:
2175:. Although the Chams follow a localised adaptation of Islamic theology, they consider themselves Muslims. However, they pray only on Fridays and celebrate
2229:
settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government.
1556:
Vietnamese nationalism, adherence to Hòa Hảo outside of Vietnam has been minimal, with a largely quiescent group of followers presumed to exist among the
5032:
5017:
5012:
1211:, it is the worship of mother goddesses in Vietnam. There are distinct beliefs and practices in this religion including the worship of goddesses such as
4516:
Mai, Cuong T. (2021). "The Karma of Love: Buddhist Karmic Discourses in Confucian and Daoist Voices in Vietnamese Tales of the Marvelous and Uncanny".
1903:
come to Vũng Tàu from time to time to conduct the Orthodox divine service. There are also two recently organized parishes in Hanoi and Hochiminh City.
2603:
Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists
2353:
3886:
2924:
2601:
Bowdler, Sandra (2006). Bacus, Elisabeth A.; Glover, Ian; Pigott, Vincent C. (eds.). "The Hoabinhian: Early Evidence for SE Asian Trade Networks?".
4086:
3522:
2096:
Approximately 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area practice a devotional form of Hinduism. Most of the Cham Hindus belong to the
1934:
5271:
1280:), a syncretic Buddhist, Christian and local Vietnamese religion which at its peak had 4,000 followers, before it was banned. Its adherents ate
5253:
4848:
3256:. Conference 400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture,
1736:
5403:
3118:
4385:
2151:
ethnic minority, although there is also a Muslim population of mixed ethnic origins, also known as Cham, or Cham Muslims, in the southwest (
5125:
3830:
3571:
472:
4356:
2420:
continue to suffer from state control and restrictions. In March, 2007, a member of the main Hanoi congregation of the legally recognized
1925:
established their permanent presence in Saigon in 1957. As of 2019, Jehovah's Witnesses are a target of government oppression in Vietnam.
5118:
5037:
1883:, Vietnam, mainly among the Russian-speaking employees of the Russian-Vietnamese joint venture "Vietsovpetro". The parish is named after
1540:—destined to save mankind from suffering and to protect the Vietnamese nation. An important characteristic of Hòa Hảo is its emphasis on
3959:
5829:
5721:
3257:
1461:
1155:
2994:
1911:
4581:
5770:
5163:
5158:
4609:
2183:
is performed not physically but symbolically, with a religious leader making the gestures of circumcision with a wooden toy knife.
243:
4260:
3166:
6257:
4815:
3809:
3707:
1392:, and the indigenous Vietnamese religion, with the majority of Buddhist practitioners focusing on devotional rituals rather than
396:
2937:
Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2014). Cited in the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
5461:
4803:
4638:
2939:"Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief"
4041:
The Jewish Communities of the World: Demography, Political and Organizational Status, Religious Institutions, Education, Press
3543:
3041:
Cuong Tu Nguyen. Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study of the Thiền Uyển Tập Anh. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997, pg 9.
5195:
4808:
4711:
4325:
4317:
3750:
3488:
3435:
3409:
3387:
3338:
2315:, all in Saigon. In 2005, the U.S. State Department's "International Religious Freedom Report" noted "There were no reported
4133:
2975:
6232:
5982:
5883:
5792:
5153:
5148:
4853:
4569:
225:
4696:
4043:
Institute of Jewish Affairs in association with the World Jewish Congress, 1971, Original from the University of Michigan
2942:
1815:
of Vietnam (SECV), recognized in 2001, and the smaller Evangelical Church of Vietnam North (ECVN), recognized since 1963.
5266:
5261:
5248:
5022:
3228:
2633:
6277:
3777:
2855:
2792:
2575:
2116:
1858:
movement received official government permission to operate, which is the first step to becoming a legal organization.
1645:
in the 16th century, although these earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of
3864:
2938:
5935:
5639:
5388:
5344:
4781:
4701:
4622:
4395:
4374:
4048:
4027:
4006:
3309:
3284:
2548:
1800:
5216:
4706:
4691:
3999:
The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam
2303:
Prior to the French evacuation of Indochina in 1954, the Jewish population in Indochina (which encompassed Vietnam,
5646:
5090:
4544:
3861:"Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa"
1625:
465:
2881:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales"
1727:
were gradually taking the role of evangelisation in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were
1525:
5515:
5398:
5393:
4771:
1994:
literally means "highest tower", or figuratively, the highest place where God reigns. Cao Đài's first disciples,
1439:
and is said to be one of the most popular schools of Buddhism in Vietnam, in which practitioners commonly recite
3253:
Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17
3145:
2491:
2328:
1692:, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the
628:
501:
and other festivals. Folk religions were founded on endemic cultural beliefs that were historically affected by
5753:
5420:
5376:
4858:
4678:
4387:
Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese
2511:
2471:
2347:
2250:
1741:. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Catholicism successfully integrated into Vietnamese society and culture.
1720:
220:
6067:
5812:
5410:
5233:
4766:
4332:
2959:"Completed results of the 2019 Viet Nam population and housing census – General Statistics Office of Vietnam"
2397:
581:
2911:
6377:
6313:
5567:
5532:
5113:
4977:
4643:
4602:
4413:
Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2013). "Communist State and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective".
2536:
2027:
1870:
1384:
that exist in other traditional Buddhist settings. It has instead grown from a symbiotic relationship with
4686:
2698:
1481:
6272:
6177:
5895:
5498:
5454:
5334:
5211:
4972:
4913:
4749:
4658:
4653:
4648:
3925:
2405:
2159:(618–907), through contact with Arab traders. The number of followers began to increase as contacts with
458:
5579:
5562:
5539:
5361:
5168:
5140:
5004:
4868:
4793:
4776:
3984:
2722:
2531:
1716:
was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the late 19th century.
1632:
1360:
Buddhism first spread from India via sea to Vietnam around 100 AD. During the 15th and 16th centuries,
1138:
604:
589:
426:
55:
4444:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"
3122:
2210:
2155:) of the country. Islam is assumed to have come to Vietnam much after its arrival in China during the
745:
736:, a mythical dragon-king who is said to be the father of the Vietnamese people. The Golden Turtle God
6282:
5748:
5484:
5449:
5085:
5073:
4843:
4838:
4759:
4155:
2814:
2392:
The Vietnamese government has been criticized for its religious violations by the United States, the
2297:
688:), the starting of a new business, or even when a family member needs guidance or counsel. Belief in
673:
4294:
3467:
3370:
2201:
A 2005 census counted over 66,000 Muslims in Vietnam, up from 63,000 in 1999. Over 77% lived in the
572:
practiced (exclusively) folk religions (45.3%). A total of 16.4% of the population were Buddhists (
6227:
6192:
6147:
5999:
5975:
5666:
5536:
5479:
5366:
5356:
5339:
5228:
4798:
4668:
3567:
2649:"On how religions could accidentally incite lies and violence: folktales as a cultural transmitter"
2541:
2486:
1782:
1649:, who were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese, in the first decades of the 17th century did
1356:
as early as the second century AD through the North from China and via Southern routes from India.
1261:
1208:
1150:
669:
608:
490:
261:
187:
65:
35:
4101:
3952:"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines"
2191:
1999:
6117:
6112:
6007:
5888:
5711:
5681:
5599:
5557:
4982:
4967:
4825:
4595:
4347:
4261:"Vietnam respects, ensures right to belief, religious freedom | Society | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)"
3623:
2526:
2237:
2206:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1876:
1596:
1582:
1364:
became established as the state religion in Cambodia and also spread to Cambodians living in the
421:
303:
281:
1513:
6237:
6212:
6127:
6107:
6057:
6027:
6017:
5851:
5444:
5432:
5351:
5301:
4987:
3834:
1922:
1732:
494:
210:
5321:
4283:
4234:
4132:. Embassy of the Socialist republic of Vietnam in the United States of America. Archived from
2048:
123:
6323:
6202:
6197:
6077:
5871:
5861:
5836:
5780:
5572:
5097:
5080:
4962:
3454:
3357:
2925:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project – Research and data from Pew Research Center"
2476:
2026:. The monotheistic syncretic religion but still retains many Vietnamese folk beliefs such as
1609:
1389:
364:
317:
2762:
1995:
1178:
1991) have listed a resurgence in traditional belief in many local, village-level, spirits.
749:
6267:
6217:
6172:
6152:
6142:
6042:
5856:
5846:
5841:
5731:
5634:
5510:
5471:
5439:
5221:
5130:
5068:
4833:
4737:
4209:
4065:
3559:
3480:
3330:
2160:
1820:
1405:
1323:
194:
2826:
2334:
733:
8:
6297:
6157:
6137:
6022:
6012:
5968:
5866:
5802:
5738:
5671:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5552:
5527:
5415:
5238:
5182:
4950:
4925:
4908:
4903:
4891:
4886:
4788:
4366:
3596:
2501:
2496:
2202:
2090:
2043:
2031:
1961:
1701:
1682:
1557:
1393:
1343:
1300:
1269:
1216:
1133:
709:
698:
645:
620:
596:
595:
According to statistics from the Government Committee for Religious Affairs, as of 2018,
565:
271:
215:
45:
5706:
4184:
2168:, settling in the Mekong Delta and further bolstering the presence of Islam in Vietnam.
712:
report claimed that 24% of the population of Vietnam view religion as "very important".
6287:
6222:
6187:
6122:
6102:
6092:
6052:
6037:
6032:
5928:
5905:
5900:
5797:
5743:
5698:
5612:
5427:
5383:
5306:
5289:
4754:
4630:
4533:
4430:
3917:
3174:
2680:
2660:
2426:
2023:
2020:
1748:
played a role in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century by befriending
1745:
1536:
border). The founders of these traditions are regarded by Hòa Hảo followers as living
1429:
486:
236:
180:
163:
5311:
4358:
Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam
3693:
2082:) throughout Central Vietnam, many of which are still in use today; the now-abandoned
1655:
1256:
1204:
1187:
139:
6352:
6328:
6247:
6207:
6182:
6162:
6097:
6072:
6062:
6047:
5785:
5765:
5726:
5676:
5656:
5607:
5522:
5371:
5329:
4537:
4434:
4391:
4370:
4321:
4313:
4080:
4044:
4023:
4002:
3909:
3746:
3484:
3431:
3405:
3383:
3334:
3305:
3280:
3276:
2684:
2481:
2409:
2226:
2218:
2019:
with the minimum goal of rejoining God the Father in Heaven and the ultimate goal of
1884:
1855:
1796:
1713:
1689:
1573:
1369:
1308:
1289:
1244:
1224:
685:
657:
569:
369:
330:
325:
276:
143:
3921:
3743:
The Divine Eye and the Diaspora: Vietnamese Syncretism Becomes Transpacific Caodaism
1749:
1243:. Đạo Mẫu is commonly associated with spirit mediumship rituals—known in Vietnam as
6167:
6132:
6087:
6082:
5991:
5944:
5878:
5819:
5807:
5760:
5686:
5589:
5547:
4920:
4876:
4663:
4525:
4502:
4492:
4481:"Controlled Religious Plurality: Possibilities for Covenantal Pluralism in Vietnam"
4465:
4455:
4422:
4362:
3901:
2892:
2670:
2506:
2265:
2214:
2147:
Much like Hinduism, adherence to Islam in Vietnam is primarily associated with the
2142:
2112:
2008:
1942:
1753:
1674:
1646:
1605:
1265:
1220:
1168:
689:
624:
380:
359:
351:
341:
154:
4497:
4480:
1232:
765:
Varied sources indicate very different statistics of religious groups in Vietnam.
5775:
5651:
5584:
4898:
4881:
3152:
2463:
1724:
1665:
1653:
begin to establish its positions within the local populations in both domains of
1638:
753:
641:
522:
416:
2272:
As late as 1939, the estimated combined population of the Jewish communities of
2187:
2130:
2097:
1799:; over the years, he was followed by more than 100 missionaries, members of the
1529:
1212:
5949:
5716:
4994:
3672:
3397:
2449:
2421:
1812:
1372:
is mainly of the Mahayana school, although some ethnic minorities (such as the
1236:
446:
295:
116:
4460:
4443:
4426:
3905:
3236:
2897:
2880:
2675:
2648:
2630:
Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2018). Cited in the US
2521:
2384:
In fact, there are some limitations in religious practice in Vietnam. Foreign
2378:
1708:
1505:
612:
554:
75:
6371:
6346:
4721:
4716:
3913:
2366:
2312:
2016:
1880:
1836:
1418:
1410:
729:
585:
510:
4063:
2083:
2078:
Hinduism, brought by sea from India. The Cham people erected Hindu temples (
1414:
741:
4930:
4529:
2417:
2374:
2316:
2293:
2195:
2180:
2156:
2152:
2108:
2052:
1980:
1958:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1757:
1693:
1650:
1517:
1448:
1365:
1285:
1240:
1160:
694:
681:
661:
530:
502:
266:
112:
97:
3724:. Newsroom for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2016-06-03
3675:(in Russian). Educational Orthodox Society "Russia in colors" in Jerusalem
2912:
Full results of the 2009 Population and Housing Census of Vietnam, part #1
1524:, and Hòa Hảo a continuation of a 19th-century Buddhist ministry known as
1361:
6356:
4548:
4507:
4339:
4130:"Constitution Chapter Five: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Citizen"
3446:
3349:
2631:
2362:
2148:
2067:
2012:
1828:
1804:
1728:
1670:
1376:
in the southern Delta region of Vietnam) adhere to the Theravada school.
1335:
534:
3802:"Xuan Loc district inaugurates the biggest Minster for Muslim followers"
1987:
1965:
1685:
and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin.
1470:
1319:
3211:"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007"
2385:
2289:
2172:
1976:
1888:
1808:
1792:
1678:
1642:
1537:
1373:
1315:
1228:
653:
600:
577:
31:
4470:
2827:"Among Wealthy Nations, U.S. Stands Alone In Its Embrace of Religion"
2056:
1914:), though there is no information on its organized activities there.
1906:
Vietnam is also mentioned as territory under the jurisdiction of the
1850:
1700:
marks. This writing system continues to be used today, and is called
1697:
1413:
arrived in Vietnam as early as the 6th century CE, with the works of
128:
4310:
Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam
3445:
Cady, John F. (1964). "Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development".
3348:
Cady, John F. (1964). "Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development".
3251:
3195:
3013:
Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam
2995:"Thống kê số tín đồ Phật giáo: Nhà nước nói giảm, giáo hội hụt hẫng"
2111:, and otherwise of Cham or mixed Indian-Vietnamese descent) live in
1953:
5960:
4587:
3146:
White Paper on Religion and Policies regarding religion in Viet Nam
2665:
2516:
2457:
2412:
was arrested in 2004, and his house razed to the ground. Christian
2393:
2358:
2308:
2273:
2165:
2135:
2107:
who are recognised by the government. Another 4,000 Hindus (mostly
2104:
2075:
2063:
1983:
1972:
1762:
1706:(literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional
1533:
1509:
1436:
1433:
1357:
1349:
616:
573:
546:
514:
89:
85:
1928:
1601:
1440:
1330:
752:. Contact with Chinese civilization, and the introduction of the
4618:
4576:
3519:
Rev. John Trần Công Nghị, Religious Education Congress in Anaheim
3121:. AmericanBuddhist.net. Viet Nam News. 2007-12-27. Archived from
2285:
2176:
1899:. The representatives of the foreign relations department of the
1846:
1788:
1766:
1541:
1521:
1444:
1353:
1281:
737:
721:
542:
498:
4185:"Vietnam: Attack on Mennonites Highlights Religious Persecution"
1348:
Vietnam was conventionally considered to be a Buddhist country.
4564:
4174:(22-03-2007), Viet Nam News, Vietnam News Agency Hanoi, Vietnam
2750:
Goddess on the Rise: Pilgrimage and Popular Religion in Vietnam
2281:
2260:
2233:
2087:
2071:
2004:
1677:
and Diogo Carvalho established the first Catholic community in
1660:
1549:
1385:
1381:
665:
506:
93:
1637:
By far the most widespread Christian denomination in Vietnam,
740:
was said to appear to emperors in times of crisis, notably to
5824:
4020:
People and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of World Jewry
3515:"Catholic Church in Vietnam with 470 years of Evangelization"
2413:
2370:
2277:
2217:. Another 22% lived in the Mekong Delta region, primarily in
2100:
1938:
1528:("Strange Perfume from Precious Mountains", referring to the
1304:
1164:
725:
3887:"Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta"
3708:"Countries Where Jehovah's Witnesses' Activities Are Banned"
1811:
organizations recognized by the government are the Southern
1621:
4545:"A Really Great Article on (Premodern) Vietnamese Religion"
4064:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2007-09-14).
2976:"Số người theo Phật giáo còn 4,6 triệu, đứng thứ hai ở VN!"
2304:
2256:
2093:, is perhaps the most well-known of Cham temple complexes.
2194:. Its construction was partially funded by donations from
1520:
region of southern Vietnam. Adherents consider Sổ to be a
172:
3428:
The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874
3380:
The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874
1641:
first entered the country through Portuguese and Spanish
1192:
720:
The earliest forms of Vietnamese religious practice were
3649:"Assemblies of God receive permit covering 40 provinces"
1719:
Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the
4156:"Vietnam accused of crackdown ahead of UN rights probe"
4102:"Baha'i Vietnam community to strengthen national unity"
2186:
Vietnam's largest mosque was opened in January 2006 in
1807:
Protestant denomination. The two officially recognized
4335:. Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University.
3090:
2292:
numbered approximately 1,000 individuals. In 1940 the
1769:
with 320,000 members and over 120 Vietnamese priests.
4344:
Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Time to the Present
3850:
by Andrew Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese p.105
3624:"Hanoi officially recognises Baptists and Mennonites"
3304:. University of California Press. pp. 4, 18–21.
3044:
4235:"Encourage the Wife of Imprisoned Vietnamese Lawyer"
4172:
Nation’s Baha’i community gets religious recognition
2634:"Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam"
2439:
2034:) live in the United States, Europe, and Australia.
1292:
authorities forced this religion to go underground.
545:
is also home of two indigenous religions: syncretic
489:, instead participating in one or more practices of
4312:, edited by Philip Taylor, ISEAS, Singapore, 2007.
4099:
2849:
2847:
1843:, whose followers are said to total about 200,000.
4066:"International Religious Freedom Report – Vietnam"
3597:"Vietnam Protestants Call Conference 'Miraculous'"
3250:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019).
2856:"Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits"
2632:Office of International Religious Freedom (2018).
2576:"Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits"
1688:Seventeenth-century Jesuit missionaries including
1421:is the only native school of Buddhism in Vietnam.
1368:, replaced Mahayana. Buddhism as practiced by the
3745:. p. 239. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
3164:
2354:Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
1887:icon was opened in 2002 with the blessing of the
1417:. It flourished under the Lý and Trần dynasties.
6369:
3302:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation
3081:
3071:
2844:
1132:membership of specific government organization.
4485:The Review of Faith & International Affairs
3722:"Vietnam Grants Official Recognition to Church"
3111:
3087:Cuong Tu Nguyen & A.W. Barber 1998, pg 132.
2878:
2872:
1935:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1929:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1908:Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia
4167:
4165:
3900:(3). The Australian National University: 238.
3848:Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam)
3594:
2853:
2573:
1546:"Practicing Buddhism While Farming Your Land."
5976:
4603:
4124:
4122:
3279:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38.
3067:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35–36.
485:The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any
466:
4085:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3831:"Population and Housing Census Vietnam 1999"
3673:"Holy Week and Easter celebrated in Vietnam"
3646:
3572:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
3507:
2566:
4284:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
4258:
4162:
4059:
4057:
3863:. Chamtoday.com. 2013-09-14. Archived from
3642:
3640:
3590:
3588:
3564:International Religious Freedom Report 2005
2070:ethnic minority; the first religion of the
1735:(in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the
1681:in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese
599:account for 14.9% of the total population,
576:), 8.2% were Christian, and about 30% were
541:) which has become a significant presence.
497:, or praying to deities, especially during
5983:
5969:
4610:
4596:
4333:"What Are Vietnam's Indigenous Religions?"
4119:
3035:
2992:
2791:. Embassy of Vietnam (USA). Archived from
2755:
473:
459:
4506:
4496:
4469:
4459:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3270:
3202:
2953:
2951:
2896:
2674:
2664:
2333:Established in the 1950s, the Vietnamese
1912:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
1731:(in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans and
1126:
4295:Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08
4054:
3894:The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology
3841:
3637:
3585:
3249:
3141:
3139:
3119:"Pure Land Buddhism recognised by Gov't"
3065:Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice
2931:
2819:
2781:
2605:. National University of Singapore: 357.
2129:
2047:
1986:, officially established in the city of
1952:
1620:
1600:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1191:
1154:
744:, from whom he took the legendary sword
619:followers 1.2%. Other religions include
134:
122:
111:
4677:
4338:
3552:
3258:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
3096:
3050:
2600:
1544:farmers, exemplified by the old slogan
6370:
4478:
4441:
3884:
3764:
3694:"Thailand — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY"
3618:
3616:
3425:
3396:
3377:
3062:
3029:"Vietnam: Ethnic and religious groups"
2970:
2968:
2948:
2626:
2624:
2622:
1990:, southern Vietnam, in 1926. The term
1917:
1587:is a sect that is related to Cao Đài.
5964:
5196:National Defense and Security Council
4591:
4202:
3958:. National Geographic. Archived from
3806:Đồng Nai Radio and Television Station
3299:
3136:
3023:
3021:
2646:
1756:to have escaped the rebellion of the
5990:
4617:
4412:
4383:
4354:
3949:
3791:, 8th Edition 1991, 2005, pp. 47–48.
3474:
3444:
3347:
3324:
3273:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
3221:
3208:
2341:
2238:disputed area in the South China Sea
1864:
1465:
676:. It is considered an expression of
5023:Permanent Member of the Secretariat
4515:
4320:; Lexington Books, Maryland, 2008,
4022:Wayne State University Press, 1989
3613:
3173:. VietNamNet Bridge. Archived from
2965:
2619:
2263:sprinkled through the pages of the
1563:
1508:is a religious tradition, based on
1455:
757:throughout the history of Vietnam.
513:, as well as by various strands of
13:
4367:10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001
4100:Vietnam News Agency (2009-05-04).
3988:, American Jewish Committee, 1940.
3789:The Lonely Planet Guide to Vietnam
3018:
2986:
2735:Jan Dodd, Mark Lewis, Ron Emmons.
2103:, but a considerable minority are
2066:in Vietnam is associated with the
1200:practitioner performs in a temple.
14:
6389:
4557:
2833:. Pew Research Center. 2002-12-19
2549:Category:Vietnamese Confucianists
1801:Christian and Missionary Alliance
1144:
580:to any religion. Officially, the
6351:
6342:
6341:
5028:History of central officeholders
4575:
4563:
4415:Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
4068:. United States State Department
3885:Taylor, Philip (December 2006).
3544:Giáo trình lớp Hội nhập Văn hoá
3165:VietNamNet Bridge (2006-08-10).
2941:. Hanoi, Viet Nam 31 July 2014.
2723:"The Global Religious Landscape"
2456:
2442:
1787:Protestantism was introduced to
1776:
1752:, the most senior of the ruling
1723:and Spanish missionaries of the
1612:in traditional Vietnamese style.
1469:
1447:looking to gain protection from
1239:(Bà Triệu), and the cult of the
440:
171:
5830:Traditional musical instruments
4288:
4277:
4252:
4227:
4177:
4148:
4093:
4033:
4012:
4001:Indiana University Press, 2001
3991:
3977:
3943:
3878:
3853:
3823:
3794:
3782:
3755:
3735:
3714:
3700:
3686:
3665:
3536:
3498:
3419:
3318:
3293:
3264:
3243:
3188:
3158:
3102:
3056:
3005:
2917:
2905:
2725:. The Pew Forum. December 2012.
2593:
2408:and religious freedom advocate
2322:
1875:For Orthodox Christianity, the
1590:
1552:building or expensive rituals.
748:after it had been dropped into
6309:British Indian Ocean Territory
3741:Hoskins, Janet Alison (2015).
2807:
2742:
2729:
2715:
2699:"Roman Catholicism in Vietnam"
2691:
2640:
2472:Freedom of religion in Vietnam
2348:Freedom of religion in Vietnam
2251:History of the Jews in Vietnam
1616:
728:in nature. The decorations on
564:According to estimates by the
119:at Long Sơn Temple, Nha Trang.
1:
5048:Central Inspection Commission
4518:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4498:10.1080/15570274.2021.1954421
4302:
3595:Compass Direct (2002-09-20).
3209:Tran, Anh Q. (October 2018).
2854:Hue-Tam Ho Tai (2008-08-20).
2815:"Giáo lý Tam Phụ và Đạo Hiếu"
2769:. Central Intelligence Agency
2574:Hue-Tam Ho Tai (2008-08-20).
2398:Country of Particular Concern
1744:The French missionary priest
1626:St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi
1399:
1311:, a historic Buddhist temple.
760:
582:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
4448:The Journal of Asian Studies
4390:. Cornell University Press.
3950:Bray, Adam (June 16, 2014).
3808:. 2006-01-16. Archived from
3477:A History of South-east Asia
3327:A History of South-east Asia
3215:Jesuit Historiography Online
3108:Cuong Tu Nguyen 1997, p. 94.
2831:Pew Global Attitudes Project
2613:
2559:
2024:the cycle of birth and death
1933:On May 31, 2016, leaders of
1871:Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam
1424:
1207:is a branch of shamanism of
7:
5191:Central Military Commission
5053:Central Military Commission
4361:. Oxford University Press.
3647:Vietnam News (2009-10-20).
3404:. New York: Penguin Books.
3167:"News Highlights August 10"
2435:
2406:Mennonite Church in Vietnam
2037:
1948:
1572:, a Buddhist sect based in
1570:("Four Debts of Gratitude")
1295:
1174:Scholars such as Toan Ánh (
1167:. Place to worship the god
634:
10:
6394:
5159:Supreme People's Procuracy
4259:VietnamPlus (2021-12-13).
3546:Văn hoá Công Giáo Việt Nam
2737:The Rough Guide to Vietnam
2647:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2020).
2532:Catholic Church in Vietnam
2345:
2326:
2248:
2244:
2140:
2041:
1895:, which had been given in
1868:
1780:
1633:Catholic Church in Vietnam
1630:
1594:
1500:
1459:
1403:
1380:structures, hierarchy, or
1341:
1254:
1250:
1185:
1181:
1148:
1139:Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam
715:
6337:
6296:
6256:
5998:
5922:
5697:
5598:
5506:
5497:
5470:
5297:
5288:
5247:
5204:
5181:
5139:
5106:
5061:
5003:
4958:
4949:
4867:
4824:
4745:
4736:
4629:
4461:10.1017/S0021911818000505
4427:10.1017/S1876404512001133
3906:10.1080/14442210600965174
3778:US State Dept 2022 report
3626:. Asianews.it. 2007-10-03
2993:Thái Thanh (2021-02-18).
2898:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2
2676:10.1057/s41599-020-0442-3
2636:. US Department of State.
2298:Law on the status of Jews
1227:, legendary figures like
1084:
1048:
1012:
894:
854:
842:
833:
826:
819:
805:
803:Vietnamese folk religion
802:
770:
6058:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4442:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018).
4384:Dror, Olga, ed. (2002).
3956:National Geographic News
3568:U.S. Department of State
3504:Buttinger, pp. 241, 311.
3426:McLeod, Mark W. (1991).
3378:McLeod, Mark W. (1991).
2554:
2542:Protestantism in Vietnam
2487:Vietnamese folk religion
2269:in the 1860s and 1870s.
2125:
1783:Protestantism in Vietnam
1721:Foreign Missions Society
1264:(1909–1990) created the
1209:Vietnamese folk religion
1151:Vietnamese folk religion
670:Vietnamese folk religion
262:Vietnamese folk religion
6319:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4348:Oxford University Press
4331:Hoskins, Janet Alison.
3475:Hall, D. G. E. (1981).
3325:Hall, D. G. E. (1981).
3300:Keith, Charles (2012).
2885:Palgrave Communications
2789:"Beliefs and religions"
2653:Palgrave Communications
2527:Christianity in Vietnam
2492:Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam
2329:Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam
2009:veneration of ancestors
1901:Russian Orthodox Church
1897:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
1893:Russian Orthodox Church
1877:Russian Orthodox Church
1608:procession to venerate
1597:Christianity in Vietnam
304:Vietnamese martial arts
5640:Language and computers
5389:Science and Technology
5149:Supreme People's Court
5091:Deputy Prime Ministers
4882:Hong (Red) River Delta
4580:Quotations related to
4530:10.1525/vs.2021.16.3.1
4479:Roszko, Edyta (2021).
3521:. 2004. Archived from
3462:Cite journal requires
3365:Cite journal requires
3011:Philip Taylor (2007).
2813:Trần Quốc Anh (2015).
2748:Philip Taylor (2004).
2236:'s influence over the
2138:
2074:kingdom was a form of
2059:
1969:
1791:in 1911 by a Canadian
1733:Discalced Augustinians
1628:
1613:
1560:in the United States.
1478:This section is empty.
1339:
1327:
1312:
1201:
1171:
1127:Statistics controversy
702:
649:
147:
132:
120:
5872:Person Dignity Theory
4355:Tran, Anh Q. (2017).
2703:www.vietnamonline.com
2477:Vietnamese philosophy
2179:for only three days.
2133:
2051:
1975:is a relatively new,
1957:Monks praying in the
1956:
1624:
1604:
1532:range on the Vietnam-
1512:, founded in 1939 by
1432:is a broad branch of
1333:
1318:
1303:
1195:
1158:
843:Non-religion/atheism
730:Đông Sơn bronze drums
588:, as declared by its
568:in 2010, most of the
529:were later joined by
138:
126:
115:
6233:United Arab Emirates
5394:Traditional medicine
5272:Self-Defence Militia
4816:World Heritage Sites
4772:Environmental issues
4572:at Wikimedia Commons
3931:on 23 September 2015
3275:. Ithaca, New York:
3063:Harris, Ian (2008).
2537:Orthodoxy in Vietnam
2425:circumstances, like
2161:Sultanate of Malacca
2098:Nagavamshi Kshatriya
1462:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1390:Chinese spirituality
652:), referring to the
590:communist government
495:venerating ancestors
397:World Heritage Sites
131:in northern Vietnam.
6378:Religion in Vietnam
6260:limited recognition
5867:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5043:Central Secretariat
4582:Religion in Vietnam
4570:Religion in Vietnam
4214:US State Department
2502:Hinduism in Vietnam
2497:Buddhism in Vietnam
2211:Bình Thuận Province
2207:Ninh Thuận Province
2091:World Heritage Site
2044:Hinduism in Vietnam
1923:Jehovah's Witnesses
1918:Jehovah's Witnesses
1683:Alexandre de Rhodes
1558:Vietnamese diaspora
1344:Buddhism in Vietnam
1334:Vietnamese girl in
1176:Tín ngưỡng Việt Nam
1134:Official statistics
710:Pew Research Center
686:death anniversaries
674:ancestor veneration
566:Pew Research Center
553:and quasi-Buddhist
106: Others (0.2%)
22:Religion in Vietnam
5906:Vietnamese studies
5618:Overseas community
5411:Telecommunications
5164:Procurator-General
5119:Standing Committee
4809:Endangered species
4189:Human Rights Watch
4108:. Thanh Nien Daily
4018:Elazar, Daniel J.
3985:Statistics of Jews
3601:Christianity Today
3402:Vietnam: A history
3151:2007-02-24 at the
2512:Judaism in Vietnam
2422:Evangelical Church
2139:
2060:
1970:
1879:is represented in
1813:Evangelical Church
1746:Pigneau de Behaine
1629:
1614:
1516:, a native of the
1430:Pure Land Buddhism
1340:
1328:
1313:
1202:
1172:
690:ghosts and spirits
487:organized religion
447:Vietnam portal
164:Culture of Vietnam
148:
133:
121:
76:Hoahaoism Buddhism
6365:
6364:
6302:other territories
5992:Religion in Asia
5958:
5957:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5884:Traditional games
5568:Human trafficking
5493:
5492:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5177:
5176:
5114:National Assembly
5033:National Congress
5018:General Secretary
5013:Central Committee
4978:Foreign relations
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4914:Central Highlands
4732:
4731:
4697:Chinese dominated
4568:Media related to
4326:978-0-7391-2739-1
4318:978-981-230-438-4
3997:Dommen, Arthur J.
3837:on 10 March 2007.
3751:978-0-8248-5140-8
3490:978-0-333-24163-9
3437:978-0-275-93562-7
3411:978-0-670-84218-6
3389:978-0-275-93562-7
3340:978-0-333-24163-9
3277:SEAP Publications
3239:on March 3, 2016.
3233:www.newadvent.org
3171:VietNamNet Bridge
2999:Luật khoa Tạp chí
2482:Taoism in Vietnam
2410:Nguyen Hong Quang
2342:Religious freedom
2219:An Giang Province
2192:Đồng Nai Province
2032:ethnic Vietnamese
2028:ancestral worship
1885:Our Lady of Kazan
1865:Eastern Orthodoxy
1856:Assemblies of God
1797:Robert A. Jaffray
1714:Girolamo Maiorica
1690:Francisco de Pina
1574:An Giang Province
1568:Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
1498:
1497:
1370:ethnic Vietnamese
1309:One Pillar Pagoda
1307:'s reconstructed
1278:Hòa đồng Tôn giáo
1124:
1123:
658:Mahayana Buddhism
570:Vietnamese people
559:Phật giáo Hòa Hảo
483:
482:
331:Vietnamese poetry
326:Vietnamese comics
6385:
6355:
6345:
6344:
6314:Christmas Island
6000:Sovereign states
5985:
5978:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5938:
5931:
5596:
5595:
5504:
5503:
5335:Renewable energy
5325:
5317:
5295:
5294:
5202:
5201:
5001:
5000:
4973:Fatherland Front
4956:
4955:
4822:
4821:
4743:
4742:
4675:
4674:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4567:
4541:
4512:
4510:
4500:
4475:
4473:
4463:
4438:
4407:Journal articles
4401:
4380:
4351:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4239:Persecution blog
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4210:"Vietnam report"
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4145:(See Article 70)
4144:
4142:
4141:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4016:
4010:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3924:. Archived from
3891:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3833:. Archived from
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3775:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3556:
3550:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3471:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3441:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3393:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3344:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3235:. Archived from
3225:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2982:. December 2019.
2972:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2628:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2570:
2507:Islam in Vietnam
2466:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2266:Jewish Chronicle
2232:The evidence of
2215:Ho Chi Minh City
2143:Islam in Vietnam
2117:Mariamman Temple
2113:Ho Chi Minh City
1998:, Cao Quỳnh Cư,
1943:Ho Chi Minh City
1675:Francesco Buzomi
1586:
1564:Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
1526:Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1493:
1490:
1480:You can help by
1473:
1466:
1456:Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1406:Vietnamese Thiền
1338:offering incense
1290:Reunited Vietnam
1266:Coconut Religion
1235:(Hai Bà Trưng),
1085:Other religions
768:
767:
613:Hoahao Buddhists
475:
468:
461:
445:
444:
443:
175:
166:
150:
149:
146:shamanic ritual.
105:
83:
73:
63:
53:
43:
29:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6333:
6301:
6292:
6273:Northern Cyprus
6259:
6252:
5994:
5989:
5959:
5954:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5910:
5693:
5594:
5580:Public holidays
5563:Sex trafficking
5489:
5466:
5362:Five-Year Plans
5323:
5315:
5276:
5251:
5249:Public Security
5243:
5200:
5173:
5169:Military Courts
5135:
5102:
5057:
5005:Communist Party
4999:
4937:
4863:
4859:Electoral units
4820:
4777:Protected areas
4728:
4707:French colonial
4673:
4625:
4616:
4560:
4404:
4398:
4377:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4109:
4098:
4094:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4039:Cohen, Roberta
4038:
4034:
4017:
4013:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3978:
3965:
3963:
3962:on May 10, 2019
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3398:Karnow, Stanley
3395:
3390:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3269:
3265:
3248:
3244:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3177:on May 15, 2008
3163:
3159:
3153:Wayback Machine
3144:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3006:
2991:
2987:
2980:Giác Ngộ Online
2974:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2645:
2641:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2464:Religion portal
2462:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2350:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2253:
2247:
2145:
2128:
2046:
2040:
1951:
1931:
1920:
1873:
1867:
1785:
1779:
1738:Propaganda Fide
1725:Dominican Order
1673:). Two priests
1635:
1619:
1599:
1593:
1580:
1566:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1464:
1458:
1427:
1408:
1402:
1346:
1324:Bút Tháp Temple
1320:Amitabha Buddha
1298:
1259:
1253:
1190:
1184:
1153:
1147:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
984:
983:
969:
968:
962:
961:
955:
954:
945:
944:
930:
929:
923:
922:
916:
915:
909:
908:
902:
901:
890:
889:
883:
882:
876:
875:
869:
868:
862:
861:
850:
849:
838:
837:
831:
830:
824:
823:
817:
816:
810:
809:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
763:
754:triple religion
718:
656:combination of
642:triple religion
637:
523:three teachings
479:
441:
439:
432:
431:
427:National anthem
412:
411:
402:
401:
392:
391:
375:
374:
355:
354:
336:
335:
321:
320:
309:
308:
299:
298:
287:
286:
257:
256:
231:
230:
206:
205:
162:
110:
109:
108:
107:
103:
101:
81:
79:
71:
69:
61:
59:
51:
49:
41:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6349:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:Folk religions
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5604:
5602:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5542:hybrid variant
5530:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5485:Rail transport
5482:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:Power stations
5342:
5337:
5327:
5319:
5316:("Renovation")
5309:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5208:
5206:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5086:Prime Minister
5083:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5074:Vice President
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:District-level
4846:
4841:
4839:Municipalities
4836:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4782:National parks
4774:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:Climate change
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4672:
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4666:
4661:
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4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4573:
4559:
4558:External links
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4513:
4476:
4454:(3): 741–771.
4439:
4421:(2): 229–252.
4409:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4352:
4336:
4329:
4306:
4304:
4301:
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3990:
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3763:
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3713:
3699:
3685:
3664:
3636:
3612:
3584:
3551:
3535:
3506:
3497:
3489:
3464:|journal=
3436:
3418:
3410:
3388:
3367:|journal=
3339:
3317:
3310:
3292:
3285:
3263:
3242:
3220:
3201:
3196:"Việt-studies"
3187:
3157:
3135:
3110:
3101:
3099:, p. 107.
3089:
3080:
3070:
3055:
3043:
3034:
3017:
3004:
2985:
2964:
2947:
2930:
2916:
2904:
2871:
2843:
2818:
2806:
2795:on 21 May 2010
2780:
2767:World Factbook
2754:
2741:
2728:
2714:
2690:
2639:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2592:
2564:
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2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2453:
2450:Vietnam portal
2437:
2434:
2418:house churches
2346:Main article:
2343:
2340:
2327:Main article:
2324:
2321:
2249:Main article:
2246:
2243:
2205:, with 34% in
2141:Main article:
2127:
2124:
2042:Main article:
2039:
2036:
1950:
1947:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1869:Main article:
1866:
1863:
1841:house churches
1823:) such as the
1781:Main article:
1778:
1775:
1631:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1595:Main article:
1592:
1589:
1565:
1562:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1476:
1474:
1460:Main article:
1457:
1454:
1426:
1423:
1404:Main article:
1401:
1398:
1342:Main article:
1297:
1294:
1288:. In 1975 the
1255:Main article:
1252:
1249:
1186:Main article:
1183:
1180:
1159:Sóc Temple in
1149:Main article:
1146:
1145:Folk religions
1143:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
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1063:
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1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:
995:
991:
990:
988:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:Protestantism
975:
971:
970:
966:
965:
963:
959:
958:
956:
952:
951:
949:
946:
942:
941:
939:
936:
932:
931:
927:
926:
924:
920:
919:
917:
913:
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903:
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851:
847:
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840:
839:
835:
834:
832:
828:
827:
825:
821:
820:
818:
814:
813:
811:
807:
806:
804:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
762:
759:
750:Hoàn Kiếm Lake
717:
714:
636:
633:
491:folk religions
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
419:
413:
409:
408:
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404:
403:
400:
399:
393:
389:
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387:
384:
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377:
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367:
362:
356:
350:
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344:
338:
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334:
333:
328:
322:
316:
315:
314:
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294:
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289:
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285:
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279:
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207:
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202:
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198:
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191:
190:
184:
183:
177:
176:
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159:
158:
117:Gautama Buddha
102:
88:(syncretizing
80:
70:
60:
50:
40:
26:
19:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6390:
6379:
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6315:
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6310:
6307:
6306:
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6299:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:South Ossetia
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6246:
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6224:
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6119:
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5993:
5986:
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5921:
5907:
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5897:
5894:
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5877:
5873:
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5868:
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5809:
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5799:
5796:
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5791:
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5784:
5783:
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5779:
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5774:
5772:
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5702:
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5696:
5688:
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5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Ethnic groups
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
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5609:
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5597:
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5569:
5566:
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5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Air transport
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:Manufacturing
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Foreign trade
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Nuclear power
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Chief Justice
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:South Central
4907:
4905:
4904:North Central
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Commune-level
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4723:
4722:South Vietnam
4720:
4718:
4717:North Vietnam
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4508:11250/2772336
4504:
4499:
4494:
4491:(3): 89–103.
4490:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4397:9780877277323
4393:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4376:9780190677602
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4280:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4158:. 8 May 2009.
4157:
4151:
4136:on 2005-07-29
4135:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4049:0-233-96144-5
4046:
4042:
4036:
4029:
4028:0-8143-1843-6
4025:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4007:0-253-33854-9
4004:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3867:on 2014-02-22
3866:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3812:on 2007-09-27
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3723:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3674:
3668:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3525:on 2010-06-14
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3456:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3311:9780520272477
3307:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3286:9780877277828
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3125:on 2010-06-20
3124:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3084:
3074:
3066:
3059:
3053:, p. 92.
3052:
3047:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
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2875:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2828:
2822:
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2810:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2686:
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2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2604:
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2569:
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2550:
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2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
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2459:
2454:
2451:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:Protestantism
2364:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:South Vietnam
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2296:Vichy-France
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:Adherence to
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:vegetarianism
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
2000:Phạm Công Tắc
1997:
1996:Ngô Văn Chiêu
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1777:Protestantism
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
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1710:
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1535:
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1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1492:
1489:February 2013
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:, chants and
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Chan Buddhism
1407:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
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1337:
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1283:
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1275:
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1267:
1263:
1258:
1248:
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1242:
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1234:
1233:Trưng Sisters
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1051:
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1032:
1025:
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1015:
1011:
1003:
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986:
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973:
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964:
957:
950:
947:
940:
937:
934:
933:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
895:Christianity
893:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
853:
845:
841:
812:
801:
796:% Population
795:
791:% Population
790:
786:% Population
785:
781:% Population
780:
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775:
769:
766:
758:
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751:
747:
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739:
735:
734:Lạc Long Quân
731:
727:
723:
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711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:hungry ghosts
691:
687:
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675:
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651:
647:
643:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
586:atheist state
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:ancient China
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
454:
453:
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437:
436:
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420:
418:
415:
414:
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395:
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385:
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363:
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358:
357:
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347:
346:
343:
340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
313:
312:
305:
302:
301:
297:
291:
290:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
255:
249:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
234:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
200:
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196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
174:
170:
169:
165:
161:
160:
156:
152:
151:
145:
141:
137:
130:
125:
118:
114:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
67:
66:Protestantism
57:
47:
37:
36:folk religion
33:
25:
23:
16:
6298:Dependencies
6242:
6228:Turkmenistan
6193:Saudi Arabia
5889:Martial arts
5712:Architecture
5682:Christianity
5661:
5600:Demographics
5558:Prostitution
5516:Universities
5462:Water supply
5312:
5222:Border Guard
5217:Ground Force
5205:Armed forces
4983:Human rights
4968:Constitution
4931:Mekong Delta
4584:at Wikiquote
4547:. Review by
4521:
4517:
4488:
4484:
4451:
4447:
4418:
4414:
4386:
4357:
4343:
4340:Kiernan, Ben
4309:
4290:
4279:
4268:. Retrieved
4264:
4254:
4243:. Retrieved
4241:. 2007-04-25
4238:
4229:
4218:. Retrieved
4216:. 2006-09-22
4213:
4204:
4193:. Retrieved
4191:. 2004-10-22
4188:
4179:
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4134:the original
4110:. Retrieved
4105:
4095:
4070:. Retrieved
4040:
4035:
4019:
4014:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3979:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:the original
3955:
3945:
3933:. Retrieved
3926:the original
3897:
3893:
3880:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:the original
3855:
3847:
3843:
3835:the original
3825:
3814:. Retrieved
3810:the original
3805:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3757:
3742:
3737:
3726:. Retrieved
3716:
3702:
3688:
3677:. Retrieved
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3653:Vietnam News
3652:
3628:. Retrieved
3604:. Retrieved
3600:
3576:. Retrieved
3574:. 2005-06-30
3563:
3554:
3545:
3538:
3527:. Retrieved
3523:the original
3518:
3509:
3500:
3476:
3455:cite journal
3427:
3421:
3401:
3379:
3358:cite journal
3326:
3320:
3301:
3295:
3272:
3266:
3252:
3245:
3237:the original
3232:
3229:"Indo-China"
3223:
3214:
3204:
3190:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:the original
3170:
3160:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3113:
3104:
3097:Kiernan 2019
3092:
3083:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3051:Kiernan 2019
3046:
3037:
3012:
3007:
2998:
2988:
2979:
2933:
2919:
2907:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2860:Asia Society
2859:
2835:. Retrieved
2830:
2821:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2702:
2693:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2602:
2595:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:Asia Society
2579:
2568:
2431:
2402:
2391:
2386:missionaries
2383:
2351:
2332:
2323:Baháʼí Faith
2317:anti-Semitic
2302:
2294:anti-Semitic
2271:
2264:
2254:
2231:
2223:
2213:, and 9% in
2200:
2196:Saudi Arabia
2185:
2181:Circumcision
2170:
2157:Tang dynasty
2153:Mekong Delta
2146:
2134:A mosque in
2121:
2115:, where the
2095:
2079:
2061:
2053:Hindu temple
2021:freedom from
1991:
1981:monotheistic
1971:
1932:
1921:
1905:
1874:
1860:
1845:
1817:
1786:
1771:
1754:Nguyễn lords
1743:
1737:
1718:
1707:
1703:chữ Quốc ngữ
1702:
1694:Latin script
1687:
1664:
1654:
1651:Christianity
1643:missionaries
1636:
1591:Christianity
1569:
1567:
1554:
1545:
1518:Mekong Delta
1514:Huỳnh Phú Sổ
1504:
1486:
1482:adding to it
1477:
1449:bodhisattvas
1428:
1419:Trúc Lâm Zen
1409:
1378:
1366:Mekong Delta
1347:
1286:coconut milk
1277:
1273:
1260:
1241:Four Palaces
1213:Thiên Y A Na
1203:
1197:
1175:
1173:
1130:
938:Catholicism
764:
719:
707:
682:filial piety
677:
662:Confucianism
640:abroad. The
638:
629:Baháʼí Faith
594:
578:unaffiliated
563:
558:
551:Đạo Cao Đài)
550:
538:
531:Christianity
526:
518:
503:Confucianism
484:
422:Coat of arms
282:Christianity
267:Confucianism
253:
98:Confucianism
21:
20:
15:
6357:Asia portal
6258:States with
6178:Philippines
6118:South Korea
6113:North Korea
6008:Afghanistan
5852:Nationalism
5803:News Agency
5754:Ingredients
5445:Expressways
5433:Visa policy
5399:Measurement
5352:Foreign aid
5302:Agriculture
5239:Coast Guard
5107:Legislative
4702:Monarchical
4687:Prehistoric
4549:Liam Kelley
4524:(3): 1–76.
4265:VietnamPlus
3966:3 September
3935:3 September
3447:McGraw Hill
3430:. Praeger.
3382:. Praeger.
3350:McGraw Hill
2582:. p. 1
2414:Montagnards
2363:Catholicism
2013:nonviolence
1821:Montagnards
1805:Evangelical
1729:Franciscans
1712:, in which
1696:with added
1671:Cochinchina
1639:Catholicism
1617:Catholicism
1581: [
1578:Minh Sư Đạo
1262:Ông Đạo Dừa
1221:Bà Chúa Kho
1169:Thánh Gióng
746:Thuận Thiên
609:Protestants
607:7.4% &
535:Catholicism
56:Catholicism
6238:Uzbekistan
6213:Tajikistan
6128:Kyrgyzstan
6108:Kazakhstan
6028:Bangladesh
6018:Azerbaijan
5862:Trotskyism
5837:Philosophy
5813:Newspapers
5798:Television
5793:Mass media
5781:Literature
5573:Corruption
5421:Censorship
5404:Inventions
5377:Automotive
5324:(currency)
5081:Government
4963:Censorship
4767:Ecoregions
4471:1993/34017
4303:References
4270:2021-12-18
4245:2006-04-27
4220:2006-05-12
4195:2006-05-12
4140:2007-09-27
4112:2010-11-12
4106:Thanh Nien
4072:2008-02-23
3871:2014-06-17
3816:2007-03-29
3728:2016-06-08
3679:2010-05-19
3658:2012-07-28
3630:2010-05-19
3606:2006-07-21
3578:2010-05-19
3529:2007-05-17
3181:2009-02-08
3129:2010-05-19
2943:Vietnamese
2865:2010-05-15
2837:2010-06-22
2708:2023-05-13
2666:1909.13686
2586:2010-06-11
2416:and their
2290:Indo-China
2288:in French
2255:The first
1977:syncretist
1968:, Vietnam.
1889:Holy Synod
1809:Protestant
1793:missionary
1750:Nguyễn Ánh
1666:Đàng Trong
1656:Đàng Ngoài
1610:Saint Mary
1415:Vinītaruci
1400:Thiền tông
1394:meditation
1374:Khmer Krom
1322:statue at
1284:and drank
1270:Vietnamese
1237:Lady Triệu
1217:Bà Chúa Xứ
1013:Hoahaoism
761:Statistics
699:Vietnamese
646:Vietnamese
615:1.5%, and
601:Christians
493:, such as
365:Television
318:Literature
204:Traditions
32:Irreligion
6324:Hong Kong
6278:Palestine
6203:Sri Lanka
6198:Singapore
6078:Indonesia
5857:Socialism
5847:Communism
5842:Anarchism
5771:Festivals
5732:Animation
5635:Phonology
5511:Education
5472:Transport
5440:Transport
5372:Standards
5234:Air Force
5141:Judiciary
5131:Elections
5098:Ministers
5069:President
5062:Executive
5038:Politburo
4926:Southeast
4892:Northwest
4887:Northeast
4834:Provinces
4826:Divisions
4738:Geography
4644:Dynasties
4538:239664431
4435:154978637
3914:1444-2213
3560:"Vietnam"
3495:, p. 431.
3481:Macmillan
3472:, p. 284.
3375:, p. 282.
3345:, p. 423.
3331:Macmillan
2763:"Vietnam"
2685:203593592
2659:(1): 82.
2614:Citations
2560:Footnotes
2209:, 24% in
2203:Southeast
2173:syncretic
2057:Nha Trang
1851:Mennonite
1698:diacritic
1606:Palanquin
1425:Pure Land
1362:Theravāda
1225:Liễu Hạnh
1049:Caodaism
855:Buddhism
771:Religious
722:animistic
678:hiếu thảo
654:syncretic
605:Catholics
597:Buddhists
555:Hoahaoism
539:Công giáo
521:). These
519:Phật giáo
390:Monuments
244:Festivals
195:Languages
6372:Category
6347:Category
6268:Abkhazia
6218:Thailand
6173:Pakistan
6153:Mongolia
6148:Maldives
6143:Malaysia
6043:Cambodia
5945:Category
5739:Clothing
5672:Buddhism
5662:Religion
5630:Alphabet
5625:Language
5553:Gambling
5533:COVID-19
5528:HIV/AIDS
5455:Airports
5450:Railways
5416:Internet
5267:Security
5183:Military
5126:Chairman
4951:Politics
4921:Southern
4877:Northern
4804:Molluscs
4789:Wildlife
4712:Republic
4679:Timeline
4659:Monarchs
4654:Military
4649:Economic
4639:Capitals
4623:articles
4342:(2019).
4081:cite web
4030:Page 472
3922:43522886
3416:, p. 75.
3400:(1997).
3217:. Brill.
3149:Archived
2517:Caodaism
2436:See also
2359:Buddhism
2309:Cambodia
2274:Haiphong
2188:Xuân Lộc
2166:Cambodia
2136:An Giang
2105:Brahmins
2076:Shaivite
2064:Hinduism
2038:Hinduism
1988:Tây Ninh
1984:religion
1973:Caodaism
1966:Tây Ninh
1962:Holy See
1949:Caodaism
1881:Vũng Tàu
1767:dioceses
1763:Gia Long
1534:Cambodia
1530:Thất Sơn
1510:Buddhism
1437:Buddhism
1434:Mahayana
1358:Mahayana
1352:came to
1350:Buddhism
1296:Buddhism
1245:lên đồng
1198:lên đồng
650:tam giáo
635:Overview
621:Hinduism
617:Caodaism
574:Mahayana
547:Caodaism
527:tam giáo
515:Buddhism
272:Buddhism
254:Religion
221:Marriage
216:Clothing
155:a series
153:Part of
144:Lên đồng
100:) (1.2%)
90:Buddhism
86:Caodaism
46:Buddhism
6243:Vietnam
6158:Myanmar
6138:Lebanon
6068:Georgia
6023:Bahrain
6013:Armenia
5929:Outline
5901:Theater
5896:Symbols
5744:Cuisine
5699:Culture
5613:Eunuchs
5499:Society
5428:Tourism
5384:Poverty
5313:Doi Moi
5307:Banking
5290:Economy
5254:Militia
4899:Central
4869:Regions
4794:Mammals
4755:Climate
4750:Borders
4692:Ancient
4631:History
4619:Vietnam
4051:Page 74
4009:Page 69
3973:Alt URL
3442:, p. 9.
3394:, p. 7.
2522:Hòa Hảo
2427:poverty
2394:Vatican
2379:Hòa Hảo
2375:Cao Đài
2286:Tourane
2245:Judaism
2177:Ramadan
1992:Cao Đài
1959:Cao Đài
1891:of the
1847:Baptist
1789:Da Nang
1758:Tây Sơn
1709:chữ Nôm
1647:Jesuits
1542:peasant
1538:Buddhas
1522:prophet
1506:Hòa Hảo
1501:Hòa Hảo
1445:dharani
1382:sanghas
1354:Vietnam
1282:coconut
1274:Đạo Dừa
1257:Đạo Dừa
1251:Đạo Dừa
1205:Đạo Mẫu
1188:Đạo Mẫu
1182:Đạo Mẫu
1161:Sóc Sơn
738:Kim Quy
726:totemic
716:History
708:A 2002
611:1.1%),
543:Vietnam
410:Symbols
237:Cuisine
211:Kinship
181:History
140:Đạo Mẫu
58:(14.3%)
38:(73.7%)
24:(2018)
6288:Taiwan
6223:Turkey
6188:Russia
6123:Kuwait
6103:Jordan
6093:Israel
6053:Cyprus
6038:Brunei
6033:Bhutan
5950:Portal
5879:Sports
5786:Poetry
5766:Emblem
5749:Dishes
5727:Cinema
5722:Awards
5707:Anthem
5677:Taoism
5657:Racism
5608:People
5523:Health
5330:Energy
5262:Police
4844:Cities
4621:
4536:
4433:
4394:
4373:
4324:
4316:
4047:
4026:
4005:
3920:
3912:
3749:
3487:
3434:
3408:
3386:
3337:
3308:
3283:
2799:17 May
2773:17 May
2683:
2377:, and
2335:Baháʼí
2282:Saigon
2261:Saigon
2234:Champa
2088:UNESCO
2084:Mỹ Sơn
2080:Bimong
2072:Champa
2015:, and
2005:prayer
1837:Bahnar
1835:, and
1795:named
1679:Hội An
1663:) and
1661:Tonkin
1550:pagoda
1441:sutras
1386:Taoism
1336:Áo dài
1231:, the
881:14.91%
836:86.32%
829:73.52%
773:group
742:Lê Lợi
703:ma đói
668:, and
666:Taoism
664:, and
627:, and
603:8.5% (
584:is an
507:Taoism
370:Cinema
277:Taoism
188:People
157:on the
104:
96:, and
94:Taoism
84:
82:
78:(1.5%)
74:
72:
68:(1.1%)
64:
62:
54:
52:
44:
42:
30:
28:
6329:Macau
6248:Yemen
6208:Syria
6183:Qatar
6163:Nepal
6098:Japan
6073:India
6063:Egypt
6048:China
5936:Index
5825:V-pop
5820:Music
5808:Voice
5761:Dance
5687:Islam
5590:Women
5548:Crime
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