20:
74:). During a ceremony of "Hầu Bóng" (lit. Serving the Holy Reflections), a priest or priestess would mimic the deities by dressing and acting like them. The priest is in full control of their body. A successful ceremony is one in which the priest feels the deities' essences but it does not mean the deities' spirits enter the priest's mortal body. As a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities, the "thanh đồng" in Đạo Mẫu is more of the equivalent of a priest rather than a medium or a shaman.
154:
146:
138:
medium may incarnate several gods during one session, changing his or her costume and adapting his or her movements to each. Musicians—singers and instrumentalists—accompany the practitioner, and shift from one musical style to the next depending on which god is being incarnated. When the dance is finished, the audience is allowed to approach the still-possessed medium to make offerings, petition the deity being incarnated in exchange for favours, or to have their fortune told. The medium offers sacred gifts in return, often in the form of
91:
28:
220:
212:
176:
377:
diseases through incantation, going into trances to make orders, telling fortune, resorting to sortilege, shaking divinatory wands, spreading prophesies, reciting incantation, exorcizing amulets to harm others for self-interest, burning votive papers in public places and other forms of superstition." The
Circular and Decree have been interpreted as forbidding the practice of len dong in formal public festivals. (
83:
137:
Assistants will help the medium don different costumes to match the particular gods they are incarnating; for example, if a practitioner is acting as a medium for a god who takes the form of a general, he or she may wear a general's robes, and perform a dance incorporating swords or other weapons. A
227:
During early
Communist rule, the practice of lên đồng (and Đạo Mẫu in general) were seen as forms of superstition and proscribed, although practitioners continued to perform rituals in secret. In 1987, after a period of prohibition, the Vietnamese government relaxed restrictions on the practice of
133:
and to the deities for permission to carry out the ritual, after which the medium seats him or herself (both men and women may act as mediums) in the middle of four assistants, whose job it is to facilitate the medium's incarnation of different deities and spirits. Specially trained musicians and
376:
on the same subject. Clause 4, Article 3, Chapter II of the
Circular states: "Cultural activities and services with superstitious contents are those with contents of unnaturally bewitching others to adversely affect their consciousness, including making offerings to expel evil spirits, treating
340:
Coca-Cola cans are used particularly for their colour, as noted in
Kendall (2003): "The medium pays special attention to the color of the votive offerings, so that each spirit receives offerings that are the same color as the realm with which she or he is associated." (p.261) Red is a colour
125:
cans—must be purchased. Mediums generally also purchase a number of different costumes to be worn during the ritual. Before the main ritual takes place, mediums undergo several days of purifying rituals, involving abstention from sexual intercourse and eating meat.
373:
113:. The date of lên đồng rituals are typically planned to coincide with a festival, anniversary, or the inauguration of a Mother house, although rituals may also be performed at more informal occasions. Rituals are generally held in temples,
247:, south of San Francisco, California), Italy, France and Australia. Lên đồng can also be seen as the Vietnamese version of East Asian spirit mediumship practiced in places such as Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong.
228:
lên đồng, and it gradually saw a recurrence in popularity; in 2001, it was the subject of an international conference, and a foreign delegation was allowed to attend a festival at Phủ Giày in
110:
95:
341:
associated with the "celestial sky palace", therefore the red cans are "appropriate offerings for spirits from the
Heavenly Realm". (p. 260–261)
232:. While practitioners are generally allowed to practice in private, government opposition to the practice still exists; in 2010, for instance, a
134:
singers will perform invocation songs to induce a trance in the medium, at which point he or she will be ready to incarnate different spirits.
641:
605:. Southeast Asia Program, G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects. Vol. 23. SEAP Publications.
657:
610:
554:
463:
427:
369:
354:
19:
121:—which may range from flowers, cakes and sweets to alcohol, cigarettes and jewelry—and, on certain occasions, even
187:
452:
Ngo Duc Thinh (2003). "Chapter 13: Len Dong: Spirits' Journeys". In Nguyen Van Huy; Laurel
Kendall (eds.).
343:
Ngo Duc Thinh (2003). "Chapter 13: Len Dong: Spirits' Journeys". In Nguyen Van Huy; Laurel
Kendall (eds.).
576:
379:
106:
311:
52:
229:
481:"Trance Mediumship Takes the Stage: Reenactment and Heritagization of the Sacred in Urban Hà Nội"
236:
was enacted to curb certain forms of lên đồng practice, specifically formal lên đồng festivals.
542:
372:, issued on December 16, 2009, sets forth regulations on "cultural activities" that expand on
51:: 𨖲童), votive dance, "to mount the medium", or "going into trance") is a ritual practiced in
239:
Lên đồng is performed throughout
Vietnam, and also in places with significant populations of
153:
145:
8:
316:
240:
233:
43:
295:
290:
102:
71:
606:
550:
459:
423:
350:
626:
272:
129:
The main ritual, which may last from two to seven hours, begins with petitions to
544:
453:
417:
344:
264:
513:
284:
271:
and 'a kind of dance, drumming and singing connected with wedding ceremony' in
244:
90:
48:
651:
268:
256:
27:
603:
Possessed by the spirits: mediumship in contemporary
Vietnamese communities
543:
Benedict J. Kerkvliet; Russell Hiang-Khng Heng; David Wee Hock Koh (2003).
260:
219:
211:
139:
480:
175:
306:
118:
56:
546:
Getting organized in
Vietnam: moving in and around the socialist state
122:
419:
Modernity and re-enchantment: religion in post-revolutionary Vietnam
625:
The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence
300:
149:
The costume of the goddess Cô bé Thượng ngàn in lên đồng ritual
130:
114:
600:
157:
The costume of the god Quan hoàng Mười in lên đồng ritual
82:
520:. Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU). 2007
518:
Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage
86:A đồng cốt doing the lên đồng ritual in the temple
627:http://tlmei.com/tm17web/1976a_austroasiatics.pdf
166:
649:
601:Karen Fjelstad; Thị Hiền Nguyễn, eds. (2006).
255:The word 'đồng' or 'toŋ' is believed to be an
451:
415:
342:
287:— the form of music used in lên đồng rituals
455:Vietnam: journeys of body, mind, and spirit
346:Vietnam: journeys of body, mind, and spirit
303:, a distinct transgender group in Thailand.
478:
538:
536:
534:
508:
506:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
549:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
422:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
243:, such as the United States (notably in
218:
210:
206:
152:
144:
89:
81:
31:Múa mồi (fire dance) in lên đồng ritual.
26:
18:
594:
322:
70:(which is the most prominent ritual of
650:
531:
503:
436:
409:
101:Lên đồng is commonly associated with
94:A thanh đồng is incarnating into god
62:There is a common confusion between
42:
170:
363:
334:
13:
569:
458:. University of California Press.
349:. University of California Press.
14:
669:
635:
223:Tán lộc - part of Lên đồng ritual
174:
619:
514:"Len Dong Dance (shaman dance)"
370:Circular No. 04/2009/TT-BVHTTDL
117:or similarly sacred locations.
59:for various kinds of spirits.
23:The lên đồng ritual in process.
472:
167:Early development and practice
1:
479:Hüwelmeier, Gurtrud (2018).
259:lexicon. It means shaman in
250:
55:, in which followers become
7:
278:
77:
10:
674:
161:
16:Vietnamese shamanic ritual
374:Decree No. 103/2009/ND-CP
267:, it means 'to dance' in
215:Lên đồng at Bảo Hà Temple
658:Vietnamese folk religion
312:Vietnamese folk religion
53:Vietnamese folk religion
416:Philip Taylor (2007).
224:
216:
158:
150:
98:
87:
32:
24:
222:
214:
207:Contemporary practice
156:
148:
93:
85:
30:
22:
581:Vietnam News Service
384:Vietnam News Service
323:Notes and references
317:Religion in Vietnam
241:Overseas Vietnamese
234:government circular
44:[lenɗə̂wŋm]
296:Hijra (South Asia)
225:
217:
186:. You can help by
159:
151:
107:Thánh Trần worship
99:
88:
33:
25:
577:"Culture Vulture"
380:"Culture Vulture"
230:Nam Định Province
204:
203:
665:
629:
623:
617:
616:
598:
592:
591:
589:
588:
573:
567:
566:
564:
563:
540:
529:
528:
526:
525:
510:
501:
500:
498:
496:
476:
470:
469:
449:
434:
433:
413:
396:
394:
392:
391:
367:
361:
360:
338:
199:
196:
178:
171:
46:
41:
673:
672:
668:
667:
666:
664:
663:
662:
648:
647:
638:
633:
632:
624:
620:
613:
599:
595:
586:
584:
575:
574:
570:
561:
559:
557:
541:
532:
523:
521:
512:
511:
504:
494:
492:
485:Asian Ethnology
477:
473:
466:
450:
437:
430:
414:
410:
400:
399:
389:
387:
378:
368:
364:
357:
339:
335:
325:
281:
265:Munda languages
253:
209:
200:
194:
191:
184:needs expansion
169:
164:
80:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
671:
661:
660:
646:
645:
637:
636:External links
634:
631:
630:
618:
611:
593:
568:
555:
530:
502:
471:
464:
435:
428:
407:
406:
405:
404:
398:
397:
362:
355:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
293:
288:
280:
277:
252:
249:
245:Silicon Valley
208:
205:
202:
201:
181:
179:
168:
165:
163:
160:
79:
76:
57:spirit mediums
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
670:
659:
656:
655:
653:
643:
640:
639:
628:
622:
614:
612:0-87727-141-0
608:
604:
597:
582:
578:
572:
558:
556:981-230-165-8
552:
548:
547:
539:
537:
535:
519:
515:
509:
507:
490:
486:
482:
475:
467:
465:0-520-23871-0
461:
457:
456:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
431:
429:981-230-438-X
425:
421:
420:
412:
408:
402:
401:
385:
381:
375:
371:
366:
358:
356:0-520-23871-0
352:
348:
347:
337:
333:
327:
326:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Austroasiatic
248:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
221:
213:
198:
189:
185:
182:This section
180:
177:
173:
172:
155:
147:
143:
141:
135:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:Nội Đạo Tràng
108:
104:
97:
96:Quan hoàng Bơ
92:
84:
75:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
37:
29:
21:
621:
602:
596:
585:. Retrieved
583:. 2010-09-30
580:
571:
560:. Retrieved
545:
522:. Retrieved
517:
493:. Retrieved
488:
484:
474:
454:
418:
411:
388:. Retrieved
386:. 2010-09-30
383:
365:
345:
336:
254:
238:
226:
192:
188:adding to it
183:
136:
128:
100:
67:
63:
61:
35:
34:
140:joss sticks
40:Vietnamese:
642:"Lên đồng"
587:2011-01-17
562:2011-01-17
524:2011-01-16
403:References
390:2011-01-17
307:Mediumship
119:Joss paper
68:"hầu bóng"
64:"lên đồng"
644:(English)
491:(1/2): 59
263:. In the
251:Etymology
195:July 2017
123:Coca-Cola
652:Category
495:14 April
285:Chầu văn
279:See also
78:Overview
36:Lên đồng
301:Kathoey
291:Đạo Mẫu
273:Santali
162:History
115:shrines
103:Đạo Mẫu
72:Đạo Mẫu
49:chữ Nôm
609:
553:
462:
426:
353:
131:Buddha
328:Notes
607:ISBN
551:ISBN
497:2021
460:ISBN
424:ISBN
351:ISBN
269:Sora
109:and
66:and
261:Mon
190:.
654::
579:.
533:^
516:.
505:^
489:77
487:.
483:.
438:^
382:.
275:.
142:.
105:,
47:,
615:.
590:.
565:.
527:.
499:.
468:.
432:.
395:)
393:.
359:.
197:)
193:(
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
