1081:
1295:
2410:
1057:
867:
891:
1045:
1033:
916:
1069:
829:
904:
879:
1093:
482:
2416:
554:
759:
2078:
570:
582:
1316:
1263:
1190:
35:
940:
890:
547:
living and sometimes to ask for special favours or assistance. Rituals of ancestor worship most commonly consist of offerings to the deceased to provide for their welfare in the afterlife which is envisioned to be similar to the earthly life. The burning of spirit money enables the ancestor to purchase luxuries and necessities needed for a comfortable afterlife.
763:
767:
765:
762:
760:
766:
764:
1628:
Vellingiri B, Suriyanarayanan A, Selvaraj P, Abraham KS, Pasha MY, Winster H, Gopalakrishnan AV, G S, Reddy JK, Ayyadurai N, Kumar N, Giridharan B, P S, Rao KR, Nachimuthu SK, Narayanasamy A, Mahalaxmi I, Venkatesan D (August 2022). "Role of heavy metals (copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), iron
596:
outside the main gate to burn joss paper. Folding the paper is an essential part of the burning ceremony as it distinguishes joss paper from actual money; and, it provides good luck for those who fold it. Burning actual money would be untenable for most people, and is also considered unlucky in Asian
1165:
on the front and the "headquarters" of the Hell Bank on the back. Another common feature is the signatures of both the Yanluo Wang and the Judges of
Underworld, both of whom apparently also serve as the Hell bank's governor and deputy governor (as featured on the back). Yet another feature is a Hell
538:
Spirit money is most often used for venerating those departed but has also been known to be used for other purposes such as a gift from a groom's family to the bride's ancestors. Spirit money has been said to have been given for the purpose of enabling their deceased family members to have all they
852:
Different types of spirit money are given to distinct categories of spirits. The three main types of spirit money are cash (also known as copper), silver and gold. Cash monies are given to newly deceased spirits and spirits of the unknown. Golden Joss papers (jin) are mostly offered to the
Deities
546:
Venerating the ancestors is based on the belief that the spirits of the dead continue to dwell in the natural world and have the power to influence the fortune and fate of the living. The goal of ancestor worship is to ensure the ancestor's continued well-being and positive disposition towards the
1114:
Much like the traditional gold and silver paper, Hell Bank Notes are a modernized version of joss paper and serve as the official currency for the afterlife. Living relatives offer them to dead ancestors by burning (or placing them in coffins in the case of funerals) the bank notes as a bribe to
915:
866:
896:
Jiujin (九金, lit. "nine gold"): large paper squares with a golden metallic rectangle and printed with angled shapes and characters, popular in
Southern Taiwan, used to be offered to Deities's spiritual soldiers, more common offer in ancestral worship and earth guardians
642:
A simplified modern
Chinese offering is made by drawing a circle with chalk on the sidewalk or the pavement between residential buildings and burning the paper offering within the circle. This is quite common in all Chinese cities and villages today.
903:
761:
848:
is also commonly used. Traditional joss is cut into individual squares or rectangles. Depending on the region, Joss paper may be decorated with seals, stamps, pieces of contrasting paper, engraved designs or other motifs.
857:. Silver Joss paper (yin) is given to ancestral spirits as well as other spirits. These distinctions between the three categories of spirit money must be followed precisely to avoid confusing or insulting the spirits.
1080:
878:
675:
of various sizes may be burned. Different regions of the world have different preferences for the type of Joss paper that is used. For instance, Hell Bank Notes are commonly found in regions where
1942:
2666:
921:
Jingyi (經衣, lit. "threads and clothes"): A type of joss paper with images of items needed by the dead as "daily necessity", such as clothes, shoes, cups, and scissors, printed on the surface.
1026:, such as paper cars, houses, and pills, Dou Yupei, the PRC deputy minister for civil affairs, announced that the ministry intended to ban at least the more extreme forms of joss paper.
597:
cultures. The Joss paper may be folded into specific shapes which are meant to bring on good luck and people tend to burn lavish amounts to ensure that the offering is well received.
872:
Dabai
Shoujin (大百壽金, lit. "longevity gold"): large paper squares with a golden metallic rectangle imprinted with Fu, Lu & Shou (Three Stars), can be offered to heavenly Deities.
553:
1056:
1068:
1984:
1092:
639:
and set out offering tables on the sidewalk for both gods and ghosts. This coincides with an ancient calendar system divided into twenty-four fifteen-day periods.
731:
695:. Joss paper burning is usually the last performed act in Chinese deity or ancestor worship ceremonies. The papers may also be folded and stacked into elaborate
1974:
1899:
775:
Metal contents analysis of ash samples shows that joss paper burning emits a lot of toxic components causing health risks. There is a significant amount of
1044:
1032:
647:
1768:
1149:
Hell Bank Notes are also known for their enormous denominations ranging from ten thousand to five million. The bills almost always are in the form of
1927:
2673:
1922:
1294:
2487:
2257:
909:
Xiaoyin (小銀, lit. "lesser silver"): small paper squares with a silver metallic rectangle, burned for close relatives, ancestors and spirits.
3226:
2568:
2041:
2000:
672:
569:
1850:
1672:
468:." In Taiwan alone, the annual revenue that temples received from burning joss paper was US$ 400 million (NT$ 13 billion) as of 2014.
2393:
581:
1698:
1995:
1979:
1436:
464:
items, are also burned or buried in various Asian funerals, "to ensure that the spirit of the deceased has sufficient means in the
1836:
660:
Spirit money is most commonly burned, but may also be offered by being held into the wind or placed into the deceased's coffin at
2789:
1119:
for a shorter stay or to escape punishment, or for the ancestors themselves to use in spending on lavish items in the afterlife.
1616:
1167:
1116:
2409:
2067:
1742:
884:
Yijin (刈金, lit. "cut gold"): large paper squares with a golden metallic rectangle, can be offered to any level of
Deities.
1990:
1726:
1957:
1952:
3256:
2579:
2574:
1905:
1298:
Joss paper ash. With wind and dispersion, the size of particulates decreases, while the number of particles increases.
2562:
2551:
2497:
2250:
1879:
A systematic literature review on the association between exposures to toxic elements and an autism spectrum disorder
983:
525:
503:
2013:
965:
496:
2944:
2659:
2378:
1888:
1130:, who told the Chinese that non-Christians and their ancestors would go to hell when they died as non-believer.
2034:
1928:
Guidelines on Air
Pollution Control for Paper Artifacts Burning at Funeral Parlours and Other Places of Worship
1826:
1137:
A translation of the word "hell" that matches the pre-existing
Chinese concept of "underworld realm," which in
950:
710:
rituals, the practice of offering joss paper to deities or ancestors is an essential part of the worship. Some
317:
221:
125:
50:
811:
among the elderly and slow child development. Burning of joss paper may also contribute to a condition called
539:
will need or want in the afterlife. It has also been noted that these offerings have been given as a bribe to
3251:
2464:
2454:
331:
235:
139:
64:
1923:
Guidelines on Air
Pollution Control for Joss Paper Burning at Chinese Temples, Crematoria and Similar Places
3063:
2799:
2784:
2733:
2545:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2243:
1422:
1019:). The designs on paper items vary from the very simple to very elaborate (with custom artwork and names).
1529:"Heavy metals emissions from joss paper burning rituals and the air quality around a specific incinerator"
1527:
Giang, Lam Van; Thanh, Tran; Hien, Truong Thanh; Tan, Lam Van; Thi Bich Phuong, Tran; Huu Loc, Ho (2021).
3231:
3221:
2557:
2330:
1906:
Special
Arrangement for Joss Paper Burners in Tsang Tsui Columbarium around the Chung Yeung Festival 2022
1947:
1844:
Gates, H. (1987, July). Money for the Gods. Modern China, 13(3), 259–277. Retrieved from JSTOR database.
687:, which use "gold paper". The Joss paper is folded in half, or bought pre-folded into the shape of gold
2639:
2534:
1859:
1847:
Hell bank notes - Library - Collection - Studio - Collectors Software. Retrieved October 23, 2008 from
3246:
2774:
2540:
2527:
2027:
1917:
1412:
833:
593:
449:
445:
2589:
2513:
2383:
2360:
2086:
1962:
1937:
715:
490:
807:. Another study found that burning gold and silver joss papers during festivals may contribute to
2718:
2623:
2520:
2506:
2194:
1328:
1275:
1201:
961:
828:
453:
3236:
2738:
2682:
1837:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070713050534/http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp?pid=720
808:
507:
3009:
2954:
2870:
2840:
2794:
2743:
1932:
1454:
1127:
457:
3042:
2618:
2610:
2189:
2181:
2161:
2136:
2109:
2099:
1848:
1676:
1638:
1417:
629:
1985:
13 per cent drop in number of complaints over joss paper burning during Hungry Ghost month
753:
8:
2939:
2913:
2701:
2146:
2094:
1868:
Thompson, L. (1989). Chinese Religion. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
1702:
1445:
1370:
1347:
Certain provinces in China have banned the burning of ghost paper out of concern for the
609:
392:
3180:
1883:
1642:
1550:
661:
625:
1865:
Seaman, G. (1982 Fall). Spirit Money: An Interpretation. Journal of Chinese Religions.
1819:
Adler, J. (2002). Chinese Religious Traditions. London: Laurence King Publishing, Ltd.
1650:
3241:
3068:
2860:
2845:
2769:
2479:
2315:
2310:
2166:
2151:
1654:
1599:
1569:
1554:
1441:
1390:
1005:
621:
461:
957:
747:
3190:
3004:
2999:
2949:
2865:
2835:
2764:
2728:
2706:
2415:
2320:
1646:
1589:
1581:
1540:
1407:
1402:
1380:
812:
711:
613:
362:
266:
170:
95:
3216:
3032:
2969:
2814:
2759:
2171:
2156:
1854:
1830:
1730:
1154:
1098:
A set of papier-mâché offerings with iPhone and accessories for a female deceased
617:
1746:
1545:
1528:
3099:
3094:
2923:
2903:
2880:
2819:
2275:
2114:
1474:
1234:
1008:
clothes, houses, cars, toiletries, electronics and servants (together known as
605:
601:
1723:
3210:
3155:
3027:
2875:
2804:
2388:
2210:
1884:
Estimation of cancer risk due to exposure to lead contamination in Joss paper
1348:
1246:
1242:
1142:
1016:
723:
2077:
1894:
1889:
Burning Incense for Worshipping in the Public Area of Public Housing Estates
1878:
844:
paper, which feels handmade with many variances and imperfections, although
3195:
3126:
2885:
2850:
2779:
2370:
2352:
2334:
2302:
2284:
2062:
1658:
1603:
1375:
1365:
1230:
1226:
1158:
854:
776:
730:
have discouraged offering of joss papers during ancestral worship in their
650:
are now fitted with a special cover which eliminates the spread of burning
410:
369:
273:
177:
102:
1980:
Parinda Sakdanaraseth The Future of Ritual, Joss paper culture in Thailand
667:
Depending on the type and status of the deity being worshiped, paper with
3145:
3116:
3104:
2986:
2959:
2918:
2651:
2292:
1501:
1479:
1162:
1001:
540:
1627:
1315:
1262:
1189:
1141:
cosmology had been considered one of the destinations on the journey of
3037:
2964:
2430:
2141:
2129:
2119:
2104:
1841:
Feuchtwang, S. (2001). Popular Religion in China. Surrey: Curzon Press.
1800:
1594:
1585:
1431:
1109:
997:
845:
668:
441:
2235:
1895:
Effects on cement after partial replacement with burned joss paper ash
1795:
1145:
of every soul of the dead regardless of his or her virtue during life.
1074:
A modern type of joss paper in the folded form and colour of gold bars
635:
Every fifteen days business owners in Taiwan burn spirit money in red
2981:
2908:
2713:
1975:
Vietnamese lose burning desire to please the deceased with joss paper
1238:
1131:
788:
780:
735:
719:
676:
465:
460:
also uses a similar type of joss paper. Joss paper, as well as other
287:
191:
1823:
968:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
34:
3185:
3150:
2991:
2855:
2440:
2342:
2224:
2019:
679:
populations dominate but are rarely seen or used in places such as
294:
198:
1991:
China's Wuhan marks sombre Tomb Sweeping festival amid coronavirus
1822:
Asian Joss Paper: Rubber Trouble. Retrieved October 23, 2008 from
3160:
3121:
3109:
3089:
2809:
2723:
1568:
Khezri, B.; Chan, Y. Y.; Tiong, L. Y. D.; Webster, R. D. (2015).
1150:
996:
More contemporary or westernized varieties of Joss paper include
804:
700:
692:
636:
1769:"For the (dead) Chinese man who has everything: cars and Viagra"
3133:
2974:
2607:
1938:
Upstairs Taoist shrine in Hung Hom convicted for smoke emission
1475:"Monks gone wild: Fast and furious nuns, monks peering at porn"
1450:
1426:
1179:
1138:
1009:
841:
792:
727:
707:
696:
691:
before being burned in an earthenware pot or a specially built
680:
3138:
2266:
1918:
Compliance Assistance, Joss Paper and Paper Artifacts Burning
1134:
as taught by certain Christian denomininations is a parallel.
688:
684:
560:
16:
Sheets of paper made into burnt offerings in Chinese culture
3084:
2696:
2001:
Modern paper offerings are breaking traditional stereotypes
1385:
800:
796:
784:
1570:"Annual air pollution caused by the Hungry Ghost Festival"
2606:
1796:"To Improve Air Quality, Harbin Bans Burning Ghost Money"
1252:
651:
575:
Joss paper of the silver variety being folded for burning
299:
203:
1911:
1835:
Burning of Joss Paper. Retrieved October 23, 2008 from
587:
Joss paper folded and ready to be burned as an offering
450:
veneration of the deceased family members and relatives
444:
or sheets of paper made into burnt offerings common in
1567:
543:
to hold their ancestors for a shorter period of time.
374:
278:
182:
107:
39:
Traditional joss paper (金紙) sold in stacks at a store
1963:
The EPA encourages temples to reduce incense-burning
1170:, with a disclaimer noting the bill is counterfeit.
600:
People burn joss paper during many occasions, e.g.,
2014:
Spread of burning ashes of joss paper after worship
654:. The cover allows enough oxygen in to ensure that
559:Woman burning joss papers in front of her house in
1526:
1494:
646:Due to environmental concerns, some contemporary
3208:
415:
397:
1629:(Fe) and lithium (Li)) induced neurotoxicity".
1502:"2023地基主怎麼拜？祭拜方位、準備供品、最佳時間一次看，命理師加碼「開運小祕訣」-風傳媒"
452:on holidays and special occasions). Worship of
1574:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
1103:
1050:A shop selling joss paper goods in Hong Kong 2
1038:A shop selling joss paper goods in Hong Kong 1
2667:
2251:
2035:
1621:
1157:, and usually feature an image of either the
840:Joss paper is traditionally made from coarse
336:
322:
240:
226:
144:
130:
69:
55:
1996:Can Taiwan's burning boats end the pandemic?
1122:The word "hell" may have been derived from:
2681:
2674:
2660:
2258:
2244:
2042:
2028:
1617:Doctors warn on toxic incense, joss papers
1472:
656:all of the offering are completely burned.
33:
2394:Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank
2016:, temple Goddess of Mercy, Penang Island.
1943:Changing Times for Joss Paper and Incense
1593:
1544:
1508:(in Traditional Chinese). 23 October 2023
984:Learn how and when to remove this message
526:Learn how and when to remove this message
1437:Papier-mache offering shops in Hong Kong
1293:
832:Joss made from gold foil, dating to the
827:
757:
489:This section includes a list of general
2790:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
2265:
1062:A man carrying bags of joss paper goods
1022:In 2006, in response to the burning of
779:in the dust fume and bottom ash, e.g.,
3209:
2655:
2239:
2023:
1953:Image of joss paper burning container
1473:Everington, Keoni (8 November 2016).
1168:United States one-hundred-dollar bill
1086:Joss paper goods on sale in Hong Kong
734:out of concern for the environmental
2049:
1912:Regulation / advice from governments
1309:
1256:
1183:
933:
563:after offering food to her ancestors
475:
1968:
1948:Joss burner cover, Singapore (2001)
1793:
13:
3227:Practices in Chinese folk religion
1872:
754:Particulates § Health effects
495:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3268:
2007:
1824:http://rubbertrouble.com/joss.php
1651:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134625
1220:
2945:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
2414:
2408:
2076:
1314:
1261:
1188:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
938:
914:
902:
889:
877:
865:
748:Wildfire § Airborne hazards
741:
580:
568:
552:
480:
2379:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
1787:
1761:
1735:
1166:Bank Note being a replica of a
929:
300:
216:Second alternative Chinese name
204:
1717:
1691:
1665:
1610:
1561:
1520:
1466:
823:
416:
375:
337:
323:
312:Third alternative Chinese name
279:
241:
227:
183:
145:
131:
108:
70:
56:
1:
2087:Numismatic charms and amulets
1460:
1305:
1173:
3064:Four Books and Five Classics
2800:Ancestor veneration in China
2785:Unity of Heaven and humanity
1862:. Retrieved October 24, 2008
1533:Materials Today: Proceedings
1423:Chinese lineage associations
7:
1546:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.686
1354:
964:the claims made and adding
10:
3273:
2640:List of Chinese inventions
1958:Image of joss paper burner
1794:Jie, Yan (16 March 2017).
1250:
1224:
1177:
1107:
751:
745:
3257:Chinese numismatic charms
3173:
3077:
3056:
3020:
2932:
2896:
2828:
2775:Confucian ritual religion
2752:
2689:
2636:
2588:
2496:
2478:
2439:
2423:
2406:
2369:
2351:
2329:
2301:
2283:
2274:
2219:
2203:
2190:Consumer voucher (Taiwan)
2180:
2085:
2074:
2055:
1413:Chinese ancestral worship
1024:"messy sacrificial items"
446:Chinese ancestral worship
427:
409:
391:
386:
368:
361:
356:
352:
344:
330:
316:
311:
293:
286:
272:
265:
260:
256:
248:
234:
220:
215:
197:
190:
176:
169:
164:
160:
152:
138:
124:
119:
101:
94:
89:
85:
77:
63:
49:
44:
32:
28:
23:
2384:Great Qing Treasure Note
2361:Great Ming Treasure Note
818:
716:Singapore Buddhist Lodge
592:Many temples have large
318:Traditional Chinese
222:Traditional Chinese
126:Traditional Chinese
120:Alternative Chinese name
51:Traditional Chinese
2719:Ritual and music system
2624:Triple Stimulus Voucher
2195:Triple Stimulus Voucher
1900:Housing dimensions - HK
1381:Recycling#Health impact
510:more precise citations.
332:Simplified Chinese
236:Simplified Chinese
140:Simplified Chinese
65:Simplified Chinese
2683:Religious Confucianism
2056:Alternative currencies
1299:
1198:This section is empty.
1128:Christian missionaries
1004:, cheques, as well as
837:
772:
726:affiliated temples in
471:
398:
3010:Temple of Agriculture
2955:Religious goods store
2841:Holy Confucian Church
2795:Chinese folk religion
2744:Worship of the living
1933:“Rest in Breeze” 2016
1853:15 March 2023 at the
1455:Religious goods store
1297:
1251:Further information:
831:
771:Burning of joss paper
770:
752:Further information:
732:ancestral tablet hall
458:Chinese folk religion
3252:Papermaking in China
3043:Confucian coin charm
2619:ROC consumer voucher
2162:Vault protector coin
2137:Lei Ting curse charm
2110:Confucian coin charm
1743:"拜神用的金銀元寶衣紙及其他的排列次序"
1418:Chinese burial money
630:Dragon Boat Festival
2940:Temple of Confucius
2702:Sacrifice to Heaven
2147:Marriage coin charm
2095:Buddhist coin charm
1679:on 26 November 2022
1643:2022Chmsp.30134625V
1446:Zhong Yuan Festival
1371:Manganese poisoning
809:Parkinson's disease
610:Mid-Autumn Festival
393:Vietnamese alphabet
3232:Chinese inventions
3222:Banknotes of China
2424:Privately produced
1829:2013-06-27 at the
1729:2012-03-13 at the
1705:on 8 December 2012
1586:10.1039/C5EM00312A
1327:. You can help by
1300:
1274:. You can help by
949:possibly contains
838:
773:
662:funeral ceremonies
648:Joss paper burners
626:Chongyang Festival
3204:
3203:
3134:Bluegreen Emperor
3069:Thirteen Classics
2861:Confucian Academy
2846:Xuanyuan teaching
2770:Mandate of Heaven
2646:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2480:New Taiwan dollar
2404:
2403:
2233:
2232:
2182:Stimulus packages
2167:Taoist coin charm
1442:Qingming Festival
1391:Toxic heavy metal
1345:
1344:
1292:
1291:
1218:
1217:
1126:The preaching of
1104:"Hell Bank Notes"
994:
993:
986:
951:original research
768:
714:temples, such as
622:Qingming Festival
536:
535:
528:
431:
430:
382:
381:
363:Standard Mandarin
307:
306:
267:Standard Mandarin
211:
210:
171:Standard Mandarin
156:netherworld paper
115:
114:
96:Standard Mandarin
3264:
3247:Fire in religion
3174:Tutelary deities
3005:Beijing Shejitan
3000:Temple of Heaven
2996:Beijing Temples
2950:Ancestral shrine
2866:Confucian Shinto
2836:Confucian church
2765:Chinese theology
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2611:stimulus coupons
2604:
2603:
2498:Hong Kong dollar
2418:
2412:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2080:
2050:Chinese exonumia
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2020:
1969:Different places
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1745:. Archived from
1739:
1733:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1701:. Archived from
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1675:. Archived from
1669:
1663:
1662:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1580:(9): 1578–1586.
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1470:
1408:Ancestral temple
1403:Ancestral tablet
1340:
1337:
1318:
1310:
1287:
1284:
1265:
1257:
1213:
1210:
1200:You can help by
1192:
1184:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
989:
982:
978:
975:
969:
966:inline citations
942:
941:
934:
918:
906:
893:
881:
869:
813:metal fume fever
769:
712:Chinese Buddhist
657:
584:
572:
556:
531:
524:
520:
517:
511:
506:this section by
497:inline citations
484:
483:
476:
436:, also known as
423:
422:
405:
378:
377:
354:
353:
348:shade/dark money
340:
339:
326:
325:
303:
302:
282:
281:
258:
257:
244:
243:
230:
229:
207:
206:
186:
185:
162:
161:
148:
147:
134:
133:
111:
110:
87:
86:
73:
72:
59:
58:
37:
21:
20:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3169:
3073:
3052:
3033:Tiangong censer
3016:
2928:
2892:
2824:
2815:Yan Huang Zisun
2760:Shendao shejiao
2748:
2685:
2680:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2628:
2602:
2584:
2492:
2474:
2435:
2419:
2413:
2400:
2365:
2347:
2325:
2297:
2270:
2264:
2234:
2229:
2215:
2199:
2176:
2172:Zhengde Tongbao
2157:Open-work charm
2081:
2072:
2051:
2048:
2010:
1971:
1914:
1875:
1873:Further reading
1855:Wayback Machine
1831:Wayback Machine
1816:
1806:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1775:. 22 March 2007
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1749:on 11 July 2011
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:Wayback Machine
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1566:
1562:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1357:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1325:needs expansion
1319:
1308:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1272:needs expansion
1266:
1255:
1249:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
990:
979:
973:
970:
955:
943:
939:
932:
927:
926:
925:
922:
919:
910:
907:
898:
894:
885:
882:
873:
870:
826:
821:
758:
756:
750:
744:
655:
618:Winter solstice
588:
585:
576:
573:
564:
557:
532:
521:
515:
512:
502:Please help to
501:
485:
481:
474:
420:
418:
402:
400:
387:Vietnamese name
345:Literal meaning
249:Literal meaning
153:Literal meaning
78:Literal meaning
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Landlord deity
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3100:Yellow Emperor
3095:Wufang Shangdi
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2924:Yamazaki Ansai
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Yellow Emperor
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2820:Soil and grain
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:Ghost marriage
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:Yuan dynasties
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2276:Imperial China
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2115:Feng shui coin
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:External links
2006:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1786:
1760:
1734:
1716:
1690:
1664:
1620:
1609:
1560:
1519:
1493:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1356:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1235:Lead poisoning
1222:
1221:Joss paper ash
1219:
1216:
1215:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1175:
1172:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1030:
998:paper currency
992:
991:
946:
944:
937:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
913:
911:
908:
901:
899:
895:
888:
886:
883:
876:
874:
871:
864:
861:
860:
859:
825:
822:
820:
817:
743:
740:
606:Ghost Festival
602:Lunar New Year
590:
589:
586:
579:
577:
574:
567:
565:
558:
551:
534:
533:
488:
486:
479:
473:
470:
438:incense papers
429:
428:
425:
424:
413:
407:
406:
395:
389:
388:
384:
383:
380:
379:
372:
366:
365:
359:
358:
357:Transcriptions
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
334:
328:
327:
320:
314:
313:
309:
308:
305:
304:
297:
291:
290:
288:Yue: Cantonese
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
263:
262:
261:Transcriptions
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
238:
232:
231:
224:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
208:
201:
195:
194:
192:Yue: Cantonese
188:
187:
180:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:Transcriptions
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
142:
136:
135:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
105:
99:
98:
92:
91:
90:Transcriptions
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
67:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
38:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3269:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Death customs
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Flame Emperor
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:Black Emperor
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:White Emperor
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Spirit tablet
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:Organizations
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Son of Heaven
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Hubu Guanpiao
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:Zhaona Xinbao
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1774:
1773:The Telegraph
1770:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1539:: 2751–2757.
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1349:air pollution
1339:
1330:
1326:
1323:This section
1321:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1270:This section
1268:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1247:Fugitive dust
1244:
1243:Chronic cough
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
988:
985:
977:
974:February 2022
967:
963:
959:
953:
952:
947:This section
945:
936:
935:
917:
912:
905:
900:
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
863:
862:
858:
856:
850:
847:
843:
835:
830:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
755:
749:
742:Health impact
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Fo Guang Shan
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
658:
653:
649:
644:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
583:
578:
571:
566:
562:
555:
550:
549:
548:
544:
542:
530:
527:
519:
509:
505:
499:
498:
492:
487:
478:
477:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:(such as the
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
414:
412:
408:
404:
399:tiền vàng mã
396:
394:
390:
385:
373:
371:
367:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
329:
321:
319:
315:
310:
298:
296:
292:
289:
285:
277:
275:
271:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
233:
225:
223:
219:
214:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
181:
179:
175:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
141:
137:
129:
127:
123:
118:
106:
104:
100:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
62:
54:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3196:Mountain God
3047:
2881:Suika Shinto
2851:Taigu school
2780:Filial piety
2707:Festival Huế
2648:
2597:
2567:
2550:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2371:Qing dynasty
2353:Ming dynasty
2303:Song dynasty
2285:Tang dynasty
2124:
2100:Burial money
2063:Bamboo tally
1807:23 September
1805:. Retrieved
1799:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1737:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:the original
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:the original
1667:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1612:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1478:
1468:
1396:
1395:
1376:Particulates
1366:Black carbon
1359:
1358:
1346:
1333:
1329:adding to it
1324:
1301:
1280:
1276:adding to it
1271:
1231:Heavy metals
1227:Particulates
1209:January 2024
1206:
1202:adding to it
1197:
1159:Jade Emperor
1148:
1121:
1113:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:in Mandarin
1006:papier-mâché
1002:credit cards
995:
980:
971:
948:
930:Contemporary
855:Jade Emperor
853:such as the
851:
839:
836:(266–420 AD)
777:heavy metals
774:
705:
666:
659:
645:
641:
634:
599:
591:
545:
537:
522:
513:
494:
462:papier-mâché
437:
433:
432:
401:tiền âm phủ
370:Hanyu Pinyin
274:Hanyu Pinyin
205:jam1 si1 zi2
178:Hanyu Pinyin
103:Hanyu Pinyin
45:Chinese name
18:
3146:Red Emperor
2987:Miao shrine
2960:Hero shrine
2919:Kang Youwei
2293:Flying cash
2269:paper money
2003:(Hong Kong)
1987:(Singapore)
1631:Chemosphere
1595:10356/82684
1512:25 December
1486:17 November
1480:Taiwan News
1351:it causes.
1163:Yanluo Wang
834:Jin dynasty
824:Traditional
541:Yanluo Wang
508:introducing
442:papercrafts
252:paper money
3211:Categories
3048:Joss paper
3038:Hell money
2965:Myo shrine
2638:See also:
2598:Joss paper
2488:5th series
2431:Zhuangpiao
2223:See also:
2152:Money tree
2142:Lock charm
2130:Hell money
2125:Joss paper
2120:Horse coin
2105:Coin-sword
1860:Joss Paper
1801:Sixth Tone
1699:"簡介：冥鏹及衣紙"
1637:: 134625.
1633:(review).
1461:References
1432:Hell money
1336:April 2024
1306:Regulation
1283:April 2024
1225:See also:
1178:See also:
1174:Production
1110:Hell money
958:improve it
846:rice paper
746:See also:
669:metal foil
516:March 2013
491:references
434:Joss paper
301:zi2 cin4*2
81:gold paper
24:Joss paper
2982:Ci shrine
2933:Buildings
2909:Confucius
2871:Taiseikyo
2714:Feng Shan
2608:Taiwanese
1673:"拜 神 教 室"
1555:226353498
1239:Manganism
1132:Purgatory
962:verifying
897:nowadays.
789:manganese
781:aluminium
736:pollution
720:Singapore
677:Cantonese
673:ink seals
466:afterlife
3242:Exonumia
3191:City God
3186:Tudigong
3151:Shennong
2992:Yin miao
2856:Shengdao
2753:Concepts
2734:Marriage
2590:Exonumia
2441:Renminbi
2343:Jiaochao
2225:Exonumia
1851:Archived
1827:Archived
1727:Archived
1659:35439490
1604:26220212
1506:Storm.mg
1355:See also
722:and all
671:or with
637:braziers
594:furnaces
295:Jyutping
199:Jyutping
184:yīnsīzhǐ
3161:Zhurong
3122:Zhuanxu
3110:Shaohao
3090:Shangdi
3078:Deities
3021:Objects
2970:Jongmyo
2886:Onmyōdō
2810:Tianxia
2724:Guan Li
2690:Rituals
2267:Chinese
1779:3 April
1753:5 April
1709:5 April
1683:5 April
1639:Bibcode
1151:dollars
1143:rebirth
956:Please
805:cadmium
701:lotuses
697:pagodas
693:chimney
632:, etc.
614:Dongzhi
504:improve
454:deities
411:Hán-Nôm
376:míng bì
280:zhǐqián
3217:Bamboo
3127:Xuanwu
2975:Munmyo
2897:People
2876:Shusei
2580:$ 1000
2443:series
2316:Guanzi
2311:Jiaozi
2204:Others
1902:(2011)
1891:(2003)
1657:
1602:
1553:
1451:Zhizha
1427:Kongsi
1397:Others
1360:Health
1245:, and
1180:zhizha
1139:Taoist
1117:Yanluo
1014:zhǐzhā
1010:Zhizha
842:bamboo
793:copper
728:Taiwan
708:Taoist
689:ingots
681:Taiwan
493:, but
440:, are
109:jīnzhǐ
3139:Fu Xi
3057:Books
2914:Xunzi
2729:Ji Li
2575:$ 500
2569:$ 150
2563:$ 100
2321:Huizi
2068:Token
1551:S2CID
1017:zh:紙紮
819:Types
685:Macau
652:ashes
561:Hanoi
417:錢鐄𦄀
403:đồ mã
3085:Tian
2697:Jesa
2558:$ 50
2552:$ 25
2546:$ 20
2541:$ 10
2333:and
1809:2023
1781:2024
1755:2010
1711:2010
1685:2010
1655:PMID
1600:PMID
1514:2023
1488:2016
1386:Soot
1155:yuan
803:and
801:zinc
797:lead
785:iron
419:錢陰府
2535:$ 5
2528:$ 1
2521:10¢
2470:5th
2465:4th
2460:3rd
2455:2nd
2450:1st
2331:Jin
1724:衣紙2
1647:doi
1635:301
1590:hdl
1582:doi
1541:doi
1331:.
1278:.
1253:Ash
1204:.
1161:or
1153:or
960:by
718:in
706:In
699:or
683:or
620:),
472:Use
456:in
421:圖𦄀
146:阴司纸
132:陰司紙
3213::
2514:5¢
2507:1¢
1798:.
1771:.
1653:.
1645:.
1598:.
1588:.
1578:17
1576:.
1572:.
1549:.
1537:38
1535:.
1531:.
1504:.
1477:.
1453:|
1444:|
1425:|
1241:,
1237:,
1233:,
1229:,
1000:,
815:.
799:,
795:,
791:,
787:,
783:,
738:.
703:.
664:.
628:,
624:,
612:,
608:,
604:,
338:冥币
324:冥幣
242:纸钱
228:紙錢
71:金纸
57:金紙
2675:e
2668:t
2661:v
2259:e
2252:t
2245:v
2043:e
2036:t
2029:v
1811:.
1783:.
1757:.
1713:.
1687:.
1661:.
1649::
1641::
1606:.
1592::
1584::
1557:.
1543::
1516:.
1490:.
1338:)
1334:(
1285:)
1281:(
1211:)
1207:(
987:)
981:(
976:)
972:(
954:.
616:(
529:)
523:(
518:)
514:(
500:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
