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parts I will be putting this concept into inverted commas as an example of discursive practice). Significantly, while in the
Western debate the more precise term 'Stalinism' is used – in 2008, on the 70th anniversary of the Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, the European Parliament established 23 August as the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism – hardly anyone in Poland is paying attention to niceties: 'communism' or the left, is perceived as totalitarian here. A homogenizing sequence of associations (the left is communism, communism is totalitarianism, ergo the left is totalitarian) and the ahistorical character of the concepts used (no matter if we talk about the USSR in the 1930s under Stalin, Maoist China from the period of the Cultural Revolution, or Poland under Gierek, 'communism' is murderous all the same) not only serves the denigration of the Polish People's Republic, expelling this period from Polish history, but also – or perhaps primarily – the deprecation of Marxism, leftist programs, and any hopes and beliefs in Marxism and leftist activity as a remedy for capitalist exploitation, social inequality, fascist violence on a racist and anti-Semitic basis, as well as homophobic and misogynist violence. The totalitarian paradigm not only equates fascism and socialism (in Poland and the countries of the former Eastern bloc stubbornly called 'communism' and pressed into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, which should additionally emphasize its foreignness), but in fact recognizes the latter as worse, more sinister (the
21984:: "Throughout much of the twentieth century, state socialism presented an existential challenge to the worst excesses of the free market. The threat posed by Marxist ideologies forced Western governments to expand social safety nets to protect workers from the unpredictable but inevitable booms and busts of the capitalist economy. After the Berlin Wall fell, many celebrated the triumph of the West, cosigning socialist ideas to the dustbin of history. But for all its faults, state socialism provided an important foil for capitalism. It was in response to a global discourse of social and economic rights – a discourse that appealed not only to the progressive populations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America but also to many men and women in Western Europe and North America – that politicians agreed to improve working conditions for wage laborers as well as create social programs for children, the poor, the elderly, the sick, and the disabled, mitigating exploitation and the growth of income inequality. Although there were important antecedents in the 1980s, once state socialism collapsed, capitalism shook off the constraints of market regulation and income redistribution. Without the looming threat of a rival superpower, the last thirty years of global neoliberalism have witnessed a rapid shriveling of social programs that protect citizens from cyclical instability and financial crises and reduce the vast inequality of economic outcomes between those at the top and bottom of the income distribution."
21894:'Marxism–Leninism' was the formal name of the official state ideology adopted by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), its satellite states in Eastern Europe, the Asian communist regimes, and various 'scientific socialist' regimes in the Third World during the Cold War. As such, the term is simultaneously misleading and revealing. It is misleading, since neither Marx nor Lenin ever sanctioned the creation of an eponymous 'ism'; indeed, the term Marxism–Leninism was formulated only in the period of Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death. It is revealing, because the Stalinist institutionalization of Marxism–Leninism in the 1930s did contain three identifiable, dogmatic principles that became the explicit model for all later Soviet-type regimes: dialectical materialism as the only true proletarian basis for philosophy, the leading role of the communist party as the central principle of Marxist politics, and state-led planned industrialization and agricultural collectivization as the foundation of socialist economics. The global influence of these three doctrinal and institutional innovations makes the term Marxist–Leninist a convenient label for a distinct sort of ideological order – one which, at the height of its power and influence, dominated one-third of the world's population."
21878:, pp. 95–151: "But, the transformation – either into joint-stock companies and trusts, or into State-ownership – does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. In the joint-stock companies and trusts, this is obvious. And the modern State, again, is only the organization that bourgeois society takes on in order to support the external conditions of the capitalist mode of production against the encroachments as well of the workers as of individual capitalists. The modern state, no matter what its form, is essentially a capitalist machine – the state of the capitalists, the ideal personification of the total national capital. The more it proceeds to the taking over of productive forces, the more does it actually become the national capitalist, the more citizens does it exploit. The workers remain wage-workers – proletarians. The capitalist relation is not done away with. It is, rather, brought to a head. But, brought to a head, it topples over. State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution."
8184:. Some authors posit that there is a Communist death toll, whose death estimates vary widely, depending on the definitions of the deaths that are included in them, ranging from lows of 10–20 million to highs over 100 million. The higher estimates have been criticized by several scholars as ideologically motivated and inflated; they are also criticized for being inaccurate due to incomplete data, inflated by counting any excess death, making an unwarranted link to communism, and the grouping and body-counting itself. Higher estimates account for actions that Communist governments committed against civilians, including executions, human-made famines, and deaths that occurred during, or resulted from, imprisonment, and forced deportations and labor. Higher estimates are criticized for being based on sparse and incomplete data when significant errors are inevitable, and for being skewed to higher possible values. Others have argued that, while certain estimates may not be accurate, "quibbling about numbers is unseemly. What matters is that many, many people were killed by communist regimes." Historian Mark Bradley wrote that while the exact numbers have been in dispute, the
8402:, positive aspects of communist countries included support for social mobility and equality, the elimination of illiteracy, urbanization, more accessible healthcare and housing, regional mobility with public transportation, the elimination of semi-feudal hierarchies, more women entering the labor market, and free access to higher education. Negative aspects of communist countries, on the other hand according to Bozóki included the suppression of freedom, the loss of trust in civil society; a culture of fear and corruption; reduced international travel; dependency on the party and state; Central Europe becoming a satellite of the Soviet Union; the creation of closed societies, leading to xenophobia, racism, prejudice, cynicism and pessimism; women only being emancipated in the workforce; the oppression of national identity; and relativist ethical societal standards.
21972:: "Communist ideas have acquired a new meaning since 1918. They became equivalent to the ideas of Marxism–Leninism, that is, the interpretation of Marxism by Lenin and his successors. Endorsing the final objective, namely, the creation of a community owning means of production and providing each of its participants with consumption 'according to their needs', they put forward the recognition of the class struggle as a dominating principle of a social development. In addition, workers (i.e., the proletariat) were to carry out the mission of reconstruction of the society. Conducting a socialist revolution headed by the avant-garde of the proletariat, that is, the party, was hailed to be a historical necessity. Moreover, the introduction of the proletariat dictatorship was advocated and hostile classes were to be liquidated."
19227:, pp. 35, 79: "While Jerry Hough suggested Stalin's terror claimed tens of thousands of victims, R.J. Rummel puts the death toll of Soviet communist terror between 1917 and 1987 at 61,911,000. In both cases, these figures are based on an ideological preunderstanding and speculative and sweeping calculations. On the other hand, the considerably lower figures in terms of numbers of Gulag prisoners presented by Russian researchers during the glasnost period have been relatively widely accepted. ... It could, quite rightly, be claimed that the opinions that Rummel presents here (they are hardly an example of a serious and empirically-based writing of history) do not deserve to be mentioned in a research review, but they are still perhaps worth bringing up on the basis of the interest in him in the blogosphere."
15195:. The time had come, Lenin argued, for the destruction of the foundations of the bourgeois state, and its replacement with an ultra-democratic 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat' based on the model of democracy followed by the communards of Paris in 1871. Much of the work was theoretical, designed, by means of quotations from Marx and Engels, to win battles within the international Social Democratic movement against Lenin's arch-enemy Kautsky. However, Lenin was not operating only in the realm of theory. He took encouragement from the rise of a whole range of institutions that seemed to embody class-based, direct democracy, and in particular the soviets and the factory committees, which demanded the right to 'supervise' ('kontrolirovat') (although not to take the place of) factory management.
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21906:: "As communist Parties emerged around the world, encouraged both by the success of the Soviet Party in establishing Russia's independence from foreign domination and by clandestine monetary subsidies from the Soviet comrades, they became identifiable by their adherence to a common political ideology known as Marxism–Leninism. Of course from the very beginning Marxism–Leninism existed in many variants. The conditions were themselves an effort to enforce a minimal degree of uniformity on diverse conceptions of communist identity. Adherence to the ideas of 'Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Trotsky' characterized the Trotskyists who soon broke off in a 'Fourth International'."
7238:. According to Engels, state property by itself is private property of capitalist nature, unless the proletariat has control of political power, in which case it forms public property. Whether the proletariat was actually in control of the Marxist–Leninist states is a matter of debate between Marxism–Leninism and other communist tendencies. To these tendencies, Marxism–Leninism is neither Marxism nor Leninism nor the union of both but rather an artificial term created to justify Stalin's ideological distortion, forced into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Comintern. In the Soviet Union, this struggle against Marxism–Leninism was represented by
3263:
9799:... communism (noun) ... 2. The economic and political system instituted in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Also, the economic and political system of several Soviet allies, such as China and Cuba. (Writers often capitalize Communism when they use the word in this sense.) These Communist economic systems often did not achieve the ideals of communist theory. For example, although many forms of property were owned by the government in the USSR and China, neither the work nor the products were shared in a manner that would be considered equitable by many communist or Marxist theorists.
21934:'Marxism–Leninism–Maoism' became the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and of the splinter parties that broke off from national communist parties after the Chinese definitively split with the Soviets in 1963. Italian communists continued to be influenced by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci, whose independent conception of the reasons why the working class in industrial countries remained politically quiescent bore far more democratic implications than Lenin's own explanation of worker passivity. Until Stalin's death, the Soviet Party referred to its own ideology as 'Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism'."
7157:
8110:, communism is "commonly confused with the political and economic system that developed in the Soviet Union" after the revolution. Morris also wrote that Soviet-style communism "did not 'work'" due to "an over-centralised, oppressive, bureaucratic and rigid economic and political system." Historian Andrzej Paczkowski summarized communism as "an ideology that seemed clearly the opposite, that was based on the secular desire of humanity to achieve equality and social justice, and that promised a great leap forward into freedom." In contrast, Austrian-American economist
73:
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the Soviet heritage, organize their parties through
Leninist democratic centralism and still see the world through the Cold-War prism of 'imperialism,' although even these parties often appeal to nationalism and populism. 'Reform' communists, on the other hand, are more divergent and eclectic. They have discarded aspects of the Soviet model (for example, Leninism and democratic centralism), and have at least paid lip service to elements of the post-1968 'new left' agenda (a (feminism, environmentalism, grass-roots democracy, and so on)."
9620:, pp. 44–45: "By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. ... At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. ... The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 ..., the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution."
16029:"You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour."
3459:
21503:, and did not make a connection between all Communist states or communism as an ideology. Rosefielde wrote that "the conditions for the Red Holocaust were rooted in Stalin's, Kim's, Mao's, Ho's and Pol Pot's siege-mobilized terror-command economic systems, not in Marx's utopian vision or other pragmatic communist transition mechanisms. Terror-command was chosen among other reasons because of legitimate fears about the long-term viability of terror-free command, and the ideological risks of market communism."
2343:
1594:
13326:'Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship,' Gregory writes. 'This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system – poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. – but also focuses on the basic principal agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.'
22082:... we do not live in a world directly constructed by Stalin's purges or mass starvation under Pol Pot. Those states are gone. Even Mao's Great Leap Forward was quickly abandoned and rejected by the Chinese Communist Party, though the party is still very much around. We do, however, live in a world built partly by US-backed Cold War violence. ... Washington's anticommunist crusade, with Indonesia as the apex of its murderous violence against civilians, deeply shaped the world we live in now ... .
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2907:. While the war ended in a military stalemate, it gave Mao the opportunity to identify and purge elements in China that seemed supportive of capitalism. At first, there was close cooperation with Stalin, who sent in technical experts to aid the industrialization process along the line of the Soviet model of the 1930s. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with Moscow soured – Mao thought Stalin's successors had betrayed the Communist ideal. Mao charged that Soviet leader
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the 2000s, and by 2010 "some economies were five times as big as they were in 1991." Life expectancy has grown since 1991 in some of the countries, but fallen in others; likewise, some held free and fair elections, while others remained authoritarian. By 2019, the majority of people in most
Eastern European countries approved of the shift to multiparty democracy and a market economy, with approval being highest among residents of Poland and residents in the territory of what was once
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were built in remote locations, due to the lack of technical experts, managers, transportation, or needed facilities. Industrialization failed, and the main result was a sharp unexpected decline in agricultural output, which led to mass famine and millions of deaths. The years of the Great Leap
Forward in fact saw economic regression, with 1958 through 1961 being the only years between 1953 and 1983 in which China's economy saw negative growth. Political economist
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20502:(Poland), Košice (Slovakia), and Miskolc (Hungary), as were various mechanical engineering and chemical combines and other industrial sites. As a result of communist modernization, living standards in Eastern Europe rose. Planned economies, moreover, meant that wages, salaries, and the prices of consumer goods were fixed. Although the communists were not able to cancel out all regional differences, they succeeded in creating largely egalitarian societies.
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styles of paternalism and repression yet was also quite modern. At the top, personal loyalty to Stalin counted for everything. Stalin also created powerful committees, elevated younger specialists, and began major institutional innovations. In the teeth of persecution, Stalin's deputies cultivated informal norms and mutual understandings which provided the foundations for collective rule after his death.
8416:, on the political left, there are "those with some sympathy for socialist ideals and the popular opinion of hundreds of millions of Russian and east European citizens nostalgic for their state socialist pasts.", while on the political right, there are "the committed anti-totalitarians, both east and west, insisting that all experiments with Marxism will always and inevitably end with the gulag." The "
1859:, "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society – positive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc. He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'Communism' are distinct historical stages is alien to his work and only entered the lexicon of Marxism after his death." According to the
3368:, and since then China has managed to bring down the poverty rate from 53% in the Mao era to just 8% in 2001. After losing Soviet subsidies and support, Vietnam and Cuba have attracted more foreign investment to their countries, with their economies becoming more market-oriented. North Korea, the last Communist country that still practices Soviet-style Communism, is both repressive and isolationist.
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21525:, stated that Communism killed more than Nazism and thus was worse; several scholars have criticized this view. After assessing twenty years of historical research in Eastern European archives, lower estimates by the "revisionist school" of historians have been vindicated, despite the popular press continuing to use higher estimates and containing serious errors. Historians such as
9209:"The far left in America consists principally of people who believe in some form of Marxism-Leninism, i.e., some form of Communism. A small minority of extreme leftists adhere to "pure" Marxism or collectivist anarchism. Most far leftists scorn reforms (except as a short-term tactic), and instead aim for the complete overthrow of the capitalist system including the U.S. government."
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21918:: "The proletariat seizes the public power, and by means of this transforms the socialized means of production, slipping from the hands of the bourgeoisie, into public property. By this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out."
8004:, the main theorist of anarcho-communism, stated that a revolutionary society should "transform itself immediately into a communist society", that it should go immediately into what Marx had regarded as the "more advanced, completed, phase of communism". In this way, it tries to avoid the reappearance of class divisions and the need for a state to be in control.
21757:, "hether all these cases, from Hungary to Afghanistan, have a single essence and thus deserve to be lumped together – just because they are labeled Marxist or communist – is a question the authors scarcely discuss." In particular, historians Jens Mecklenburg and Wolfgang Wippermann stated that a connection between the events in
8582:) than citizens of other countries. Those who are left-authoritarian in this sense more often tend to be older generations that lived under Communism. In contrast, younger post-Communist generations continue to be anti-democratic but are not as left-wing ideologically, which in the words of Pop-Eleches and Tucker "might help explain the growing popularity of
8306:. Many commentators on the political right point to the mass deaths under Communist states, claiming them as an indictment of communism. Opponents of this view argue that these killings were aberrations caused by specific authoritarian regimes, and not caused by communism itself, and point to mass deaths in wars and famines that they argue were caused by
7493:, or those who upheld Maoism, were not unified around a common understanding of Maoism, instead having their own particular interpretations of the political, philosophical, economical, and military works of Mao. Its adherents claim that as a unified, coherent higher stage of Marxism, it was not consolidated until the 1980s, first being formalized by the
3898:, "the transformation ... into State-ownership does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. ... State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution." This has led Marxist groups and tendencies critical of the
21417:'s writings; the geographical scope is "the Big Three", and the authors state that killings were carried out as part of an unbalanced modernizing policy of rapid industrialization, asking "what marked the beginning of the unbalanced Russian modernisation process that was to have such terrible consequences?" Notable scholarly exceptions are historian
21393:, have questioned "the very category 'victims of Stalinism'" as "a matter of political judgement" because mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil" and were widespread throughout the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. There exists very little literature that compares excess deaths under "the Big Three" of Stalin's Soviet Union,
2511:, socialist parties totaled well over 70% of the vote. The Bolsheviks were clear winners in the urban centres, and took around two-thirds of the votes of soldiers on the Western Front, obtaining 23.3% of the vote; the Socialist Revolutionaries finished first on the strength of support from the country's rural peasantry, who were for the most part
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reforms in the late 1990s. The economies of
Eastern Bloc countries had previously experienced stagnation in the 1980s under Communism. A common expression throughout Eastern Europe after 1989 was "everything they told us about communism was a lie, but everything they told us about capitalism was true." The right-libertarian think tank
8291:'s Cambodia on the basis that Stalin influenced Mao, who influenced Pol Pot; in all cases, scholars say killings were carried out as part of a policy of an unbalanced modernization process of rapid industrialization. Daniel Goldhagen argues that 20th century communist regimes "have killed more people than any other regime type."
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posit that as economic elites in the West became more fearful of possible communist revolutions in their own societies, especially as the tyranny and violence associated with communist governments became more apparent, the more willing they were to compromise with the working class, and much less so once the threat waned.
1431:. With the exception of North Korea, all of these states have started allowing more economic competition while maintaining one-party rule. The decline of communism in the late 20th century has been attributed to the inherent inefficiencies of communist economies and the general trend of communist governments towards
10008:, p. 5: "Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism."
11873:, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.";
3662:, and so on) become contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces develop, which results in some form of social revolution arising in response to the mounting contradictions. This revolutionary change is the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new
20248:(2011)). Thus, anti-communism not only delegitimises the left, including communists, and depreciates the contribution of the left to the breakdown of fascism in 1945, but also contributes to the rehabilitation of the latter, as we can see in recent cases in Europe and other places. (Quote at pp. 178–179)
21862:
March (2009), p. 127: "The 'communists' are a broad group. Without Moscow's pressure, 'orthodox' communism does not exist beyond a commitment to
Marxism and the communist name and symbols. 'Conservative' communists define themselves as Marxist–Leninist, maintain a relatively uncritical stance towards
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work, are controversial; many reviewers of the book, including scholars, criticized such attempts of lumping all
Communist states and different sociological movements together as part of a Communist death toll totalling more than 94 million. Reviewers also distinguished the introduction from the book
11474:
The central idea of communism is economic equality. It is desired by communists that all ranks and differences in society should disappear, and one man be as good as another ... The distinctive idea of socialism is distributive justice. It goes back of the processes of modern life to the fact that he
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According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the
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under this new definition, which was followed by other
Communist leaders, many other communists maintain the original definition and state that Communist states never established socialism in this sense. Lenin described his policies as state capitalism but saw them as necessary for the development of
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believed in strict adherence to biblical principles, church discipline, and practised a form of communism. In their words, the
Hutterites "established in their communities a rigorous system of Ordnungen, which were codes of rules and regulations that governed all aspects of life and ensured a unified
21529:
stated it is taken for granted that Stalin killed more civilians than Hitler; for most scholars, excess mortality under Stalin was about 6 million, which rise to 9 million if foreseeable deaths arising from policies are taken into account. This estimate is less than those killed by Nazis, who killed
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or engage in scientific analysis; that was done by
Marxist communism, which has defined mainstream, modern communism, and has influenced all modern forms of communism. Such communisms, especially new religious or utopian forms of communism, may share the Marxist analysis, while favoring evolutionary
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are considered to be pejoratives that imply they are marginal. In regards to communism and communist parties and movements, some scholars narrow the far left to their left, while others include them by broadening it to be the left of mainstream socialist, social-democratic, and labourist parties. In
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First is the prevalence of a totalitarian paradigm, in which Nazism and Communism are equated as the most atrocious ideas and systems in human history (because communism, defined by Marx as a classless society with common means of production, has never been realised anywhere in the world, in further
11825:
Dallin, Alexander (Winter 2000). "The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. By Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek, and Jean-Louis Margolin. Trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999. xx,
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Finally, when all capital, all production, all exchange have been brought together in the hands of the nation, private property will disappear of its own accord, money will become superfluous, and production will so expand and man so change that society will be able to slough off whatever of its old
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but this was overshadowed by the huge apparatus which included the GPU and the party cadres who were at the disposal of Stalin. Stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the Soviet regime and Trotskyist attempts to remove Stalin from power resulted in Trotsky's exile from the Soviet Union in
2948:. The movement paralyzed China politically and weakened the country economically, culturally, and intellectually for years. Millions of people were accused, humiliated, stripped of power, and either imprisoned, killed, or most often, sent to work as farm laborers. Mao insisted that those he labelled
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Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance
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stating that "Courtois would have been far more effective if he had shown more restraint", and Paczkowski stating that it has had two positive effects, among them stirring a debate about the implementation of totalitarian ideologies and "an exhaustive balance sheet about one aspect of the worldwide
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Stalinist regimes aimed to catapult the predominantly agrarian societies into the modern age by swift industrialization. At the same time, they hoped to produce politically loyal working classes by mass employment in large state industries. Steelworks were built in Eisenhüttenstadt (GDR), Nowa Huta
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While the precise number of deaths is sensitive to the assumptions we make about baseline mortality, it is clear that somewhere in the vicinity of 100 million people died prematurely at the height of British colonialism. This is among the largest policy-induced mortality crises in human history. It
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argue that it is illegitimate to speak of a single Communist movement from Phnom Penh to Paris. Rather, the rampage of the Khmer Rouge is like the ethnic massacres of third-world Rwanda, or the 'rural' Communism of Asia is radically different from the 'urban' Communism of Europe; or Asian Communism
19121:
There is barely any other field of study that enjoys so little consensus on defining principles such as definition of genocide, typology, application of a comparative method, and timeframe. Considering that scholars have always put stress on prevention of genocide, comparative genocide studies have
16563:
The term Marxism–Leninism, invented by Stalin, was not used until after Lenin's death in 1924. It soon came to be used in Stalin's Soviet Union to refer to what he described as 'orthodox Marxism'. This increasingly came to mean what Stalin himself had to say about political and economic issues. ...
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The German Marxists extended the theory to groups and issues Marx had barely touched. Marxian analyses of the legal system, of the social role of women, of foreign trade, of international rivalries among capitalist nations, and the role of parliamentary democracy in the transition to socialism drew
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We should remember, however, that Mao also did wonderful things for China; apart from reuniting the country, he restored a sense of natural pride, greatly improved women's rights, basic healthcare and primary education, ended opium abuse, simplified Chinese characters, developed pinyin and promoted
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Marx and Engels never speculated on the detailed organization of a future socialist or communist society. The key task for them was building a movement to overthrow capitalism. If and when that movement was successful, it would be up to the members of the new society to decide democratically how it
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All communists without exception propose that the people as a whole, or some particular division of the people, as a village or commune, should own all the means of production – land, houses, factories, railroads, canals, etc.; that production should be carried on in common; and that
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have been reported against alleged communists, or their alleged supporters, which were committed by anti-communists and political organizations or governments opposed to communism. The communist movement has faced opposition since it was founded and the opposition to it has often been organized and
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had begun. Stalin himself believed that capitalism was a hollow shell and would crumble under increased non-military pressure exerted through proxies in countries like Italy. He greatly underestimated the economic strength of the West and instead of triumph saw the West build up alliances that were
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since at least 1974. Daniel Schwekendiek wrote that what made North Korean Marxism–Leninism distinct from that of China and the Soviet Union was that it incorporated national feelings and macro-historical elements in the socialist ideology, opting for its "own style of socialism". The major Korean
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wrote: "In order to tackle complex and often misunderstood political-literary relationships, I have adopted methods of capitalization in this book that may deviate from editorial norms practiced at certain journals and publishing houses. In particular, I capitalize 'Communist' and 'Communism' when
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So, what is the balance sheet of transition? Only three or at most five or six countries could be said to be on the road to becoming a part of the rich and (relatively) stable capitalist world. Many of the other countries are falling behind, and some are so far behind that they cannot aspire to go
20132:
This article invites the view that the Europeanization of an antitotalitarian 'collective memory' of communism reveals the emergence of a field of anticommunism. This transnational field is inextricably tied to the proliferation of state-sponsored and anticommunist memory institutes across Central
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In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population
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published an analysis of the former Soviet countries twenty years after the fall of the USSR. They found that "GDP fell as much as 50 percent in the 1990s in some republics... as capital flight, industrial collapse, hyperinflation and tax avoidance took their toll", but that there was a rebound in
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states of the former Eastern Bloc–Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia–showed healthy increases in life expectancy from the 1990s onward, compared to nearly thirty years of stagnation under Communism. Bulgaria and Romania followed this trend after the introduction of more serious economic
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We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease
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in some countries with strong democratic institutional structures (such as Britain, the US and the Netherlands), but suggested that in other countries in which workers can not "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force", stating that the working people had the
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in 1957–1961 with the goal of industrializing China overnight, using the peasant villages as the base rather than large cities. Private ownership of land ended and the peasants worked in large collective farms that were now ordered to start up heavy industry operations, such as steel mills. Plants
2863:
According to Gorlizki and Khlevniuk, Stalin's consistent and overriding goal after 1945 was to consolidate the nation's superpower status and in the face of his growing physical decrepitude, to maintain his own hold on total power. Stalin created a leadership system that reflected historic czarist
1535:
may be interpreted as "the state of being of or for the community"; this semantic constitution has led to numerous usages of the word in its evolution. Prior to becoming associated with its more modern conception of an economic and political organization, it was initially used to designate various
23440:
The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist
21797:
in the effort to remove social differences and inequalities between rural and urban areas. As there was not much industry in Cambodia at that time, Pol Pot's strategy to accomplish this was to increase agricultural production in order to obtain money for rapid industrialization. In analyzing the
14952:
Marxist political economists differ over their definitions of capitalism, socialism and communism. These differences are so fundamental, the arguments among differently persuaded Marxist political economists have sometimes been as intense as their oppositions to political economies that celebrate
12800:
had opposed the often mechanistic determinism of Russian Marxism with the belief that non-economic factors such as the human will act as the motor of history. The SRs believed that the creative work of ordinary people through unions and cooperatives and the local government organs of a democratic
11440:
The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist
8668:
in the United States and other Western societies. Gerstle argues that organized labor in the United States was strongest when the threat of communism reached its peak, and the decline of both organized labor and the welfare state coincided with the collapse of communism. Both Gerstle and Scheidel
7113:
and Leninism. Because different political trends trace the historical roots of revisionism to different eras and leaders, there is significant disagreement today as to what constitutes anti-revisionism. Modern groups which describe themselves as anti-revisionist fall into several categories. Some
21957:
Communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty – provided that the idea that begets the community be Liberty, Anarchy ... Communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even
8446:
despite some of the authors of the book distancing themselves from the estimates made by Stephen Courtois. Various museums and monuments have been constructed in remembrance of the victims of Communism, with support of the European Union and various governments in Canada, Eastern Europe, and the
3425:
communists. When they engage in elections, Leninist communists' main task is that of educating voters in what are deemed their true interests rather than in response to the expression of interest by voters themselves. When they have gained control of the state, Leninist communists' main task was
2818:
resulted in a massive recovery program involving the rebuilding of industrial plants, housing, and transportation as well as the demobilization and migration of millions of soldiers and civilians. In the midst of this turmoil during the winter of 1946–1947, the Soviet Union experienced the worst
21773:
for their manipulation and deliberate inflation which are presented to advocate the idea that communism was a greater evil than Nazism. David-Fox criticized the idea to connect the deaths with some "generic Communism" concept, defined down to the common denominator of party movements founded by
21712:
maintains a global database on mass killings, which is intended mostly for statistical analysis of mass killings in attempt to identify the best predictors for their onset and data is not necessarily the most accurate for a given country, since some sources are general genocide scholars and not
21356:
Scholars generally write about individual events, and make estimates of any deaths like any other historical event, favouring background context and country specificities over generalizations, ideology, and Communist grouping as done by other scholars; some events are categorized by a Communist
11725:
In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism–Leninism. ... he adjective democratic is added by democratic socialists to attempt to distinguish themselves from Communists who also call themselves socialists. All but communists, or more accurately, Marxist–Leninists,
8161:
in history occurred in communist regimes such as communist China and the Soviet Union because of their planned economies. Note: some famines in the Soviet Union occurred in multiple regions that had different political regimes (autocracy and colony) and are therefore classified as uncategorized
3797:
that rejects the various social categories and structures that constitute the mainstream discourse concerning the forms and modalities of resource allocation and income distribution in the economy. Communists, such as Marx and Engels, are described as prominent critics of political economy. The
3746:
out of existence. This was another key element behind the consolidation of capitalism as the new mode of production, the final expression of class and property relations that has led to a massive expansion of production. It is only in capitalism that private property in itself can be abolished.
23224:
Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always
2928:
argues: "Enormous amounts of investment produced only modest increases in production or none at all. ... In short, the Great Leap was a very expensive disaster." Put in charge of rescuing the economy, Deng adopted pragmatic policies that the idealistic Mao disliked. For a while, Mao was in the
14685:
In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social
9268:
Radical left is a term that refers collectively to people who hold left-wing political views that are considered extreme, such as supporting or working to establish communism, Marxism, Maoism, socialism, anarchism, or other forms of anticapitalism. The radical left is sometimes called the far
3649:
until World War I in 1914. Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify, codify, and systematize Marxist method and theory by clarifying the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of classical Marxism. The philosophy of orthodox Marxism includes the understanding that material development (advances in
2911:
was the leader of a "revisionist clique" which had turned against Marxism and Leninism and was now setting the stage for the restoration of capitalism. The two nations were at sword's point by 1960. Both began forging alliances with communist supporters around the globe, thereby splitting the
21457:
wrote that only Courtois made the comparison between communism and Nazism, while the other sections of the book "are, in effect, narrowly focused monographs, which do not pretend to offer overarching explanations", and stated that the book is not "about communism as an ideology or even about
3714:
had ownership of instruments used in production; however, because machinery was much more efficient, this property became worthless and the mass majority of workers could only survive by selling their labor to make use of someone else's machinery, and making someone else profit. Accordingly,
3400:
in particular. Common elements include being theoretical rather than ideological, identifying political parties not by ideology but by class and economic interest, and identifying with the proletariat. According to communists, the proletariat can avoid mass unemployment only if capitalism is
14686:
Democratic Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles ... .
7014:
after them, and is revealing because, being popularized after Lenin's death by Stalin, it contained those three doctrinal and institutionalized principles that became a model for later Soviet-type regimes; its global influence, having at its height covered at least one-third of the world's
2518:
Most of the Socialist Revolutionary Party's seats went to the right-wing faction. Citing outdated voter-rolls, which did not acknowledge the party split, and the assembly's conflicts with the Congress of Soviets, the Bolshevik–Left Socialist-Revolutionaries government moved to dissolve the
8551:
wrote in 2015 that following the end of the Cold War, many of those countries' economies declined to such an extent during the transition to capitalism that they have yet to return to the point they were prior to the collapse of communism. Several scholars state that the negative economic
8267:, alongside colonial, counter-guerrilla, and ethnic mass killing, as a subtype of dispossessive mass killing to distinguish it from coercive mass killing. Genocide scholars do not consider ideology, or regime-type, as an important factor that explains mass killings. Some authors, such as
2968:
groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of taking a
2408:
was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry, and a minority of industrial workers. Marx warned against attempts "to transform my historical sketch of the genesis of capitalism in Western Europe into a historico-philosophy theory of the
7326:
under the leadership of Stalin in which class relations had re-emerged in a new form. Trotsky's politics differed sharply from those of Stalin and Mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution – rather than socialism in one
2317: – a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Engels. In 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet
23441:
from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
11441:
from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
2403:
in which the Bolsheviks had a majority. The event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement, as Marx stated that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development; however, the
3612:
While it originates from the works of Marx and Engels, Marxism has developed into many different branches and schools of thought, with the result that there is now no single definitive Marxist theory. Different Marxian schools place a greater emphasis on certain aspects of
18211:
I see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and
21737:
operated a similar database, but it was not limited to Communist states, it is mainly for statistical analysis, and in a comparative analysis has been criticized by other scholars, over that of Harff, for his estimates and statistical methodology, which showed some
14919:
Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in
8571:. In addition, 61 percent said that standards of living were now higher than they had been under Communism, while only 31 percent said that they were worse, with the remaining 8 percent saying that they did not know or that standards of living had not changed.
21276:
referring to official parties of the Third International, but not when pertaining to other adherents of Bolshevism or revolutionary Marxism (which encompasses small-'c' communists such as Trotskyists, Bukharinists, council communists, and so forth)." In 1994,
21284:
wrote: "When capitalized, the International Communist Movement refers to the formal organizational structure of the pro-Soviet Communist Parties. In lower case, the international communist movement is a more generic term referring to the general movement for
7097:. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from Stalin, the anti-revisionists within the international communist movement remained dedicated to Stalin's ideological legacy and criticized the Soviet Union under Khrushchev and his successors as
3617:
while rejecting or modifying other aspects. Many schools of thought have sought to combine Marxian concepts and non-Marxian concepts, which has then led to contradictory conclusions. There is a movement toward the recognition that historical materialism and
19122:
been a failure. Paradoxically, nobody has attempted so far to assess the field of comparative genocide studies as a whole. This is one of the reasons why those who define themselves as genocide scholars have not been able to detect the situation of crisis.
9686:
need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
8420:" concept, has become accepted scholarship, as part of the double genocide theory, in Eastern Europe and among anti-communists in general; it is rejected by some Western European and other scholars, especially when it is used to equate Communism and
9302:
The far left is becoming the principal challenge to mainstream social democratic parties, in large part because its main parties are no longer extreme, but present themselves as defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly
8578:, citizens of post-Communist countries are less supportive of democracy and more supportive of government-provided social welfare. They also found that those who lived under Communist rule were more likely to be left-authoritarian (referencing the
8424:, which is seen by scholars as a long-discredited perspective. The narrative posits that famines and mass deaths by Communist states can be attributed to a single cause and that communism, as "the deadliest ideology in history", or in the words of
3820:
concepts, as well as societal and normative practices, rather than being the result of any self-evident or proclaimed economic laws. They also tend to consider the views which are commonplace within the field of economics as faulty, or simply as
6822:
Karl Marx criticized liberalism as not democratic enough and found the unequal social situation of the workers during the Industrial Revolution undermined the democratic agency of citizens. Marxists differ in their positions towards democracy.
6767:, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary
2288:
In the early 19th century, various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. Unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthropic basis. Notable among them were
15371:... Ruskin attempted a methodological/scientific critique of political economy. He fixed on ideas of 'natural laws', 'economic man' and the prevailing notion of 'value' to point out gaps and inconsistencies in the system of classical economics.
15078:
Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx's investigations. It is not the 'belief' in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a 'sacred' book. On the contrary, orthodoxy refers exclusively to
7809:
communism, the central argument of council communism is that democratic workers' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural forms of working-class organizations and governmental power. This view is opposed to both the
3815:
Critics of economy critique the given status of the economy itself, and do not aim to create theories regarding how to administer economies. Critics of economy commonly view what is most commonly referred to as the economy as being bundles of
3409:
as a means to defend the proletariat from capitalist pressure. Some communists are distinguished by other Marxists in seeing peasants and smallholders of property as possible allies in their goal of shortening the abolition of capitalism.
8390:
under Communist states as an indictment of communism as an ideology. Defenders of communism on the political left say that the deaths were caused by specific authoritarian regimes and not communism as an ideology, while also pointing to
14652:
Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political
2771:, the Leninist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base. They were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to
1956:
themselves did not describe themselves as communist or claim to have achieved communism; they referred to themselves as being a socialist state that is in the process of constructing communism. Terms used by Communist states include
21733:(politicide), but no comparative analysis or communist link is drawn, other than the events just happened to take place in some Communist states in Eastern Asia. The Harff database is the most frequently used by genocide scholars.
2122:'s early writings; Marx stated that "s Christ is the intermediary unto whom man unburdens all his divinity, all his religious bonds, so the state is the mediator unto which he transfers all his Godlessness, all his human liberty."
14762:
11475:
who does not work, lives on the labor of others. It aims to distribute economic goods according to the services rendered by the recipients ... Every communist is a socialist, and something more. Not every socialist is a communist.
8465:, Communism is "considered one of the two great totalitarian movements of the 20th century", the other being Nazism, but added that "there is an important difference in how the world has treated these two execrable phenomena.":
6858:
the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called "socialism".
19623:
As in other Communist development plans, this agricultural surplus, essentially rice, could be exported to pay for the import of machinery, first for agriculture and light industry, later for heavy industry (Chandler, 1992:
16564:
However, many Marxists (even members of the Communist Party itself) believed that Stalin's ideas and practices (such as socialism in one country and the purges) were almost total distortions of what Marx and Lenin had said.
15272:'There are no counterparts to Marx's economic concepts in either classical or utility theory.' I take this to mean that Marx breaks with economics, where economics is understood to be a generally applicable social science.
3889:
of property whereas socialization is control and management of property by society. Marxism considers the latter as its goal and considers nationalization a tactical issue, as state ownership is still in the realm of the
9649:
Under socialism, each individual would be expected to contribute according to capability, and rewards would be distributed in proportion to that contribution. Subsequently, under communism, the basis of reward would be
3670:
represents the methods of historical materialism and of dialectical materialism, and not the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism, without implying dogmatic adherence to the results of Marx's investigations.
21645:
Most genocide scholars do not lump Communist states together, and do not treat genocidical events as a separate subjects, or by regime-type, and compare them to genocidical events which happened under vastly different
20614:"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $ 4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute.
15301:[Engels was the first to critically engage the new political economy his 'Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy' came out in 1844 and became a starting point for Marx's own critique of political economy.]
11726:
believe that modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice, and democratic socialists wish to emphasise by their name that they disagree strongly with the Marxist–Leninist brand of socialism.
7488:
and Maoism stated that such had deviated from its original concept. Different policies were applied in Albania and China, which became more distanced from the Soviet Union. From the 1960s, groups who called themselves
21769:'s murderous anti-urbanism under the same category. Historian Michael David-Fox criticized the figures as well as the idea to combine loosely connected events under a single category of Communist death toll, blaming
20244:(1997) is of help here as it estimates the number of victims of 'communism' at around 100 million; however, it is critically commented on by researchers on the subject, including historian Enzo Traverso in the book
7327:
country – and support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles. Struggling against Stalin for power in the Soviet Union, Trotsky and his supporters organized into the
21694:
described it as "more racist and generically totalitarian than Marxist or specifically Communist", or do not discuss Communist states, other than passing mentions. Such work is mainly done in an attempt to prevent
3119:
In Western Europe, communist parties were part of several post-war governments, and even when the Cold War forced many of those countries to remove them from government, such as in Italy, they remained part of the
14372:
12691:
8064:
Many advocates of Christian communism state that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the apostles themselves, an argument that historians and others, including anthropologist Roman A. Montero, scholars like
6970:. There is no definite agreement between historians about whether Stalin actually followed the principles of Marx and Lenin. It also contains aspects which according to some are deviations from Marxism such as
2527:
of free elections. After the Bolshevik defeat, Lenin started referring to the assembly as a "deceptive form of bourgeois-democratic parliamentarianism." Some argued this was the beginning of the development of
8484:, and alleged economic underperformance when compared to developed free market systems are cited as examples of Communist states failing to build a successful state while relying entirely on what they view as
2488:
2433:
was more fully developed. The Bolsheviks' successful rise to power was based upon the slogans such as "Peace, Bread, and Land", which tapped into the massive public desire for an end to Russian involvement in
8428:
as "the deadliest fantasy in human history", represents the greatest threat to humanity. Proponents posit an alleged link between communism, left-wing politics, and socialism with genocide, mass killing, and
15299:
Engels var också först med att kritiskt bearbeta den nya nationalekonomin; hans 'Utkast till en kritik av nationalekonomin' kom ut 1844 och blev en utgångspunkt för Marx egen kritik av den politiska ekonomin
19448:
I contend mass killing occurs when powerful groups come to believe it is the best available means to accomplish certain radical goals, counter specific types of threats, or solve difficult military problem.
18179:
16347:
Socialism in one country, a slogan that aroused protests as not only it implied a major deviation from Marxist internationalism, but was also strictly speaking incompatible with the basic tenets of Marxism.
21433:
alongside other regime-types. Rummel's estimates are on the high-end of the spectrum, have been criticized and scrutinized, and are rejected by most scholars. Courtois' attempts, as in the introduction to
7847:
Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas and practices espoused, particularly following the series of revolutions that brought
3240:. Previously, from August to December 1991, all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had seceded from the union. The week before the union's formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the
16545:
If one thing is certain it is that our party and the working class can only come to power under the form of a democratic republic. This is even the specific form for the dictatorship of the proletariat.
3812:. It is seen as merely one of many types of historically specific ways to distribute resources. They argue that it is a relatively new mode of resource distribution, which emerged along with modernity.
8480:
stated that despite wide-reaching government actions, Communist states failed to achieve long-term economic, social, and political success. The experience of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the
15688:
3326:
parties. Outside Communist states, reformed Communist parties have led or been part of left-leaning government or regional coalitions, including in the former Eastern Bloc. In Nepal, Communists (
1573:
to describe a social order based on egalitarianism and the common ownership of property. Restif would go on to use the term frequently in his writing and was the first to describe communism as a
7363:
8440:, propose a theory of equivalence between class and racial genocide. It is supported by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, with 100 million being the most common estimate used from
2118:
perspective. As an economic system, communism was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in sixteenth century central Europe." This link was highlighted in one of
1865:, "Exactly how communism differs from socialism has long been a matter of debate, but the distinction rests largely on the communists' adherence to the revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx."
19353:
is really only anticolonial nationalism. ... conflating sociologically diverse movements is merely a stratagem to obtain a higher body count against Communism, and thus against all the left.
10435:
2735:, which debated on the path of development to follow. The Left and Workers' oppositions were more critical of the state-capitalist development and the Workers' in particular was critical of
3338:, which abolished the monarchy in 2008 and turned the country into a federal liberal-democratic republic, and have democratically shared power with other communists, Marxist–Leninists, and
1282:, that in this system there are two major social classes, that the relationship between these two classes is exploitative, and that this situation can only ultimately be resolved through a
10289:
14770:
13481:
The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised.
3257:
14471:
10135:
8374:
and communism generally that concerns its principles and theory. Public memory of 20th-century Communist states has been described as a battleground between the communist-sympathetic or
2848:, which drove the Americans back to the prewar boundaries, but which escalated tensions. The United States decided to mobilize its economy for a long contest with the Soviets, built the
1411:
in 1991, several previously Communist governments repudiated or abolished Communist rule altogether. Afterwards, only a small number of nominally Communist governments remained, such as
21780:. Allegation of a communist or red Holocaust is not popular among scholars in Germany or internationally, and is considered a form of softcore antisemitism and Holocaust trivialization.
2515:, that issue being land reform, obtaining 37.6%, while the Ukrainian Socialist Bloc finished a distant third at 12.7%, and the Mensheviks obtained a disappointing fourth place at 3.0%.
1745:
in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" denoted themselves
1686:". Socialism has been described as a philosophy seeking distributive justice, and communism as a subset of socialism that prefers economic equality as its form of distributive justice.
18190:
This other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony.
24547:
23266:
21357:
state's particular era, such as Stalinist repression, rather than a connection to all Communist states, which came to cover one-third the world's population by 1985. Historians like
16684:
7993:
3843:
Marxian economics and its proponents view capitalism as economically unsustainable and incapable of improving the living standards of the population due to its need to compensate for
3802:, faulty historical assumptions, and the normative use of various descriptive narratives. They reject what they describe as mainstream economists' tendency to posit the economy as an
3606:
2415:
imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself", and stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule through the
147:
9853:
Courtois, Stéphane; et al. (Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Panné, Jean-Louis; Werth, Nicolas) (1999) . "Introduction". In Courtois, Stéphane (ed.).
23470:
23037:
22997:
8499:
report which concluded that the "health of people in the former Soviet countries deteriorated dramatically after the collapse of the Soviet Union." Post-Communist Russia during the
2940:
was an upheaval that targeted intellectuals and party leaders from 1966 through 1976. Mao's goal was to purify communism by removing pro-capitalists and traditionalists by imposing
7230:. According to Marxism, the dictatorship of the proletariat represents the rule of the majority (democracy) rather than of one party, to the extent that the co-founder of Marxism,
9422:
7215:
whereas Stalinism did not. In the last letters before his death, Lenin warned against the danger of Stalin's personality and urged the Soviet government to replace him. Until the
10212:
3426:
preventing other political parties from deceiving the proletariat, such as by running their own independent candidates. This vanguardist approach comes from their commitments to
17698:
8339:
8053:. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact dates when communistic ideas and practices in Christianity began, many Christian communists state that evidence from the
7472:
The synthesis of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism, which builds upon the two individual theories as the Chinese adaption of Marxism–Leninism, did not occur during the life of Mao. After
7118:. Others reject both Stalin and Mao, tracing their ideological roots back to Marx and Lenin. In addition, other groups uphold various less-well-known historical leaders such as
1270:
communism, as well as the political ideologies grouped around those. All of these different ideologies generally share the analysis that the current order of society stems from
14558:
of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law.
3763:
but not yet of the capitalist mode of production, and at the same time the only element which places into the realm of possibility moving on from this mode of production. This
18670:
4215:
4185:
20580:
Following the dissolution of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and then of the Soviet Union itself in late 1991, exploding poverty drove the surge in income inequality.
9779:
8536:, in addition to developing better institutions. The institute also stated that the process of privatization in Russia was "deeply flawed" due to Russia's reforms being "far
6757:
and later works that "the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy" and
22733:
21311:. In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that it removed all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, and also dropped all references to communism.
15634:
15238:
2062:. Plato, in particular, has been considered as a possible communist or socialist theorist, or as the first author to give communism a serious consideration. The 5th-century
22274:
8492:
stated that there was a general increase in the standard of living throughout Eastern Bloc countries as the result of modernization programs under Communist governments.
19839:
is larger than the combined number of deaths that occurred during all famines in the Soviet Union, Maoist China, North Korea, Pol Pot's Cambodia, and Mengistu's Ethiopia.
8524:
has stated that the analyses done of post-communist countries in the 1990s were "premature" and "that early and rapid reformers by far outperformed gradual reformers" on
3825:. Into the 21st century, there are multiple critiques of political economy; what they have in common is the critique of what critics of political economy tend to view as
3534:
attempt at the understanding of material history and society, whereby communism is the expression of a real movement, with parameters that are derived from actual life.
8644:
is viewed as dynamic and nuanced; the history of communism is not considered dynamic or nuanced, and there is a fixed historical narrative of communism that emphasizes
7074:
was used pejoratively to describe social-democratic parties, anti-Comintern and progressive socialist parties and dissenters within Comintern affiliates throughout the
20452:
18554:
2720:
19274:
Communism has a bloody record, but most regimes that have described themselves as communist or have been described as such by others have not engaged in mass killing.
18124:
3637:
Classical Marxism is the economic, philosophical, and sociological theories expounded by Marx and Engels as contrasted with later developments in Marxism, especially
20992:
20783:
17583:
18023:
7026:
During the Cold War, Marxism–Leninism was the ideology of the most clearly visible communist movement and is the most prominent ideology associated with communism.
6913:
as "the most advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of every country; that section which pushes forward all others." As the vanguard party, the
1474:, which remain controversial, polarized, and debated topics in academia, historiography, and politics when discussing communism and the legacy of Communist states.
21823:
18185:
16302:
14539:[Declaration of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in connection with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States].
14156:
China's growth in life expectancy at birth from 35–40 years in 1949 to 65.5 years in 1980 is among the most rapid sustained increases in documented global history.
11141:
8181:
4005:
1471:
2903:
fled to the island of Taiwan. In 1950–1953, China engaged in a large-scale, undeclared war with the United States, South Korea, and United Nations forces in the
21948:
21826:. South East Asian communism was deeply divided, as China supported the Khmer Rouge, while the Soviet Union and Vietnam opposed it. The United States supported
18067:
7226:
Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by other communist and Marxist tendencies, which state that Marxist–Leninist states did not establish socialism but rather
3413:
For Leninist communism, such goals, including short-term proletarian interests to improve their political and material conditions, can only be achieved through
20210:
15824:
3537:
According to Marxist theory, class conflict arises in capitalist societies due to contradictions between the material interests of the oppressed and exploited
19852:
10852:(Spring 1998). "Le Livre noir du communisme: Crimes, terreur, répression (The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, and Repression) by Stéphane Courtois".
2840:, expecting a short war. He was stunned when the Americans entered and defeated the North Koreans, putting them almost on the Soviet border. Stalin supported
23032:
22992:
21429:, which includes any direct and indirect deaths by government, and did not limit himself to Communist states, which were categorized within the framework of
15719:
3645:
is the body of Marxist thought that emerged after the death of Marx and which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the
3266:
22639:
20016:
Kaprāns, Mārtiņš (2 May 2015). "Hegemonic representations of the past and digital agency: Giving meaning to 'The Soviet Story' on social networking sites".
19365:
Hackmann, Jörg (March 2009). "From National Victims to Transnational Bystanders? The Changing Commemoration of World War II in Central and Eastern Europe".
18144:
15678:
15554:[The classical political economy as it was developed by John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, and David Ricardo, as a kind of 'collective mental lapse' ...]
13884:
1298:, a small minority that derives profit from employing the working class through private ownership of the means of production. According to this analysis, a
22003:
21834:, and research has shown that everything in Cambodia was seen as a legitimate target by the United States, whose verdict of its main leaders at that time (
17137:
15552:
Den klassiska nationalekonomin, som den utarbetats av John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith och David Ricardo, betraktade han som en sorts kollektivt hjärnsläpp ...
21449:
proper, which was better received and only presented a number of chapters on single-country studies, with no cross-cultural comparison, or discussion of
21081:
18669:(2011). "Chapter 5: 'Industrial repression' and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (eds.).
16439:
3027:
2086:, and striving to create an egalitarian society. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of
1302:
would put the working class in power, and in turn establish common ownership of property, the primary element in the transformation of society towards a
15620:
Marx arrives at conclusions and formulates new terms that run directly counter to those of Smith, Ricardo, and the other classical political economists.
3808:
societal category. Those who engage in critique of economy tend to reject the view that the economy and its categories is to be understood as something
2823:. Relations with the United States and Britain went from friendly to hostile, as they denounced Stalin's political controls over eastern Europe and his
22500:
1392:
During most of the 20th century, around one-third of the world's population lived under Communist governments. These governments were characterized by
21164:, other than the general consensus of being to the left of a standard political left, and because many of their positions are not extreme, or because
14708:
3128:. By the 1960s and 1970s, many Western communist parties had criticized many of the actions of communist states, distanced from them, and developed a
27839:
23170:
15607:
15406:'To criticize Political Economy' means to confront it with a new problematic and a new object: i.e., to question the very object of Political Economy
12946:
10169:
9977:
6888:, as the political prelude to the establishment of communism. The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the
15829:
23108:
20963:
19856:
15393:
10445:
5471:
3738:
According to the materialist conception of history, it is through the furtherance of its own material interests that the rising bourgeoisie within
21765:'s Cambodia are far from evident and that Pol Pot's study of Marxism in Paris is insufficient for connecting radical Soviet industrialism and the
21580:
According to their proponents, Marxist–Leninist ideologies have been adapted to the material conditions of their respective countries and include
17230:
16863:
2988:
Mao's government was responsible for vast numbers of deaths with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims through starvation, persecution,
22011:
17326:
14568:
13812:
8171:
6739:. There would be little, if any, need for a state, the goal of which was to enforce the alienation of labor; as such, the state would eventually
3735:
generated by the proletariat, who have no ownership of the means of production and therefore no option but to sell its labor to the bourgeoisie.
2520:
21806:, resulting in the dropping of more than half a million tonnes of bombs in the country during the civil-war period; this was mainly directed to
25993:
25510:
24781:
23341:
by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Margolin, Jonathan Murphy, Mark Kramer".
22786:
22007:
21458:
communism as a state-building phenomenon." More positive reviews found most of the criticism to be fair or warranted, with political scientist
17265:
15062:
13447:
12350:
8951:, p. 43: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption."
8476:, their bureaucracy, and the inherent inefficiencies in their economies have been linked to the decline of communism in the late 20th century.
4330:
3891:
3707:
3318:
in Germany, who work within the liberal-democratic process for a democratic road to socialism; other ruling Communist parties became closer to
2747:, the Leninist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base. They were made up only of elite
2430:
1271:
1178:, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need. A communist society would entail the absence of
391:
17106:
2819:
natural famine in the 20th century. There was no serious opposition to Stalin as the secret police continued to send possible suspects to the
19676:
13831:
7453:
in the 1970s, it was widely applied as the guiding political and military ideology of the Communist Party of China and as the theory guiding
7347:
6673:
3965:
3654:) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and of human social relations and that social systems and their relations (e.g.
3421:
that relies on theoretical analysis to identify proletarian interests rather than consulting the proletarians themselves, as is advocated by
1201:
Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more
20910:
18041:
11275:
24400:
21425:, who have attempted a connection between all Communist states. Rummel's analysis was done within the framework of his proposed concept of
20659:
16832:
11659:
8023:
nature at all. Most anarcho-communists view anarchist communism as a way of reconciling the opposition between the individual and society.
6668:
3960:
3751:
of the means of production, therefore abolishing the bourgeoisie, ultimately abolishing the proletariat itself and ushering the world into
1965:
21303:, which is portrayed as a development of Marxism–Leninism, the status of North Korea remains disputed. Marxism–Leninism was superseded by
10018:
21366:
14220:
Kushtetuta e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë: [miratuar nga Kuvendi Popullor më 28. 12. 1976]. SearchWorks (SULAIR)
11785:
David-Fox, Michael (Winter 2004). "On the Primacy of Ideology: Soviet Revisionists and Holocaust Deniers (In Response to Martin Malia)".
10940:
10095:
8395:
and deaths in wars that they argue were caused by capitalism and anti-communism as a counterpoint to the deaths under Communist states.
8129:
violent. Many of these anti-communist mass killing campaigns, primarily during the Cold War, were supported by the United States and its
7435:
6715:
24329:
20962:
Wike, Richard; Poushter, Jacob; Silver, Laura; Devlin, Kat; Fetterolf, Janell; Castillo, Alexandra; Huang, Christine (15 October 2019).
19905:
10958:... most of the 40-60,000,000 lives lost in the Second World War, for which arguably Hitler and not Stalin was principally responsible.
10495:(1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word".
2245:'s attitude towards these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the
26783:
26424:
21401:'s Cambodia, and that which does exist mainly enumerates the events rather than explain their ideological reasons. One such example is
21373:
or as a result of Stalinist repression, and discussed estimates about those specific events, as part of the excess mortality debate in
21307:
in the 1970s and was made official in 1992 and 2009, when constitutional references to Marxism–Leninism were dropped and replaced with
18708:
14168:
11895:
10243:
10192:
7794:, and the idea of a revolutionary party, since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party would necessarily produce a
6776:
right to revolt if they were denied political expression. In response to the question "What will be the course of this revolution?" in
4105:
3980:
2508:
19996:
19820:
17712:
15876:
15711:
12915:
12884:
11667:
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in which communists can only be cadres, i.e. members of the party who are full-time professional revolutionaries, as was conceived by
24791:
24725:
23727:. Historiographical essay that covers the scholarship of the three major schools: totalitarianism, revisionism, and post-revisionism.
22459:
21718:
21156:, for which there is general consensus among scholars on what it entails and its grouping (e.g. various academic handbooks studies),
20053:"Advocating for the Cause of the 'Victims of Communism' in the European Political Space: Memory Entrepreneurs in Interstitial Fields"
6078:
3355:
3089:
2658:
401:
333:
16648:
2996:
to a leading world power, with greatly advanced literacy, women's rights, basic healthcare, primary education, and life expectancy.
26968:
25237:
24542:
22358:
17387:
16894:
14190:
3067:
851:
142:
18202:
17318:
16928:
13075:
13048:
13017:
7758:
Council communism is a movement that originated from Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s, whose primary organization was the
7461:
should be the bulwark of the revolutionary energy which is led by the working class. Three common Maoist values are revolutionary
3771:'s model, is to be the most democratic state where the whole of the public authority is elected and recallable under the basis of
3284:
As of 2023, states controlled by Marxist–Leninist parties under a single-party system include the People's Republic of China, the
27576:
26878:
25185:
12053:
11307:(1983). "Quelques dates à propos des termes communiste et communisme" [Some dates on the terms communist and communism].
8138:
7413:
as originally advocated by Trotsky has constituted the programme of the Fourth International and the modern Trotskyist movement.
3376:
Communist political thought and theory are diverse but share several core elements. The dominant forms of communism are based on
3108:
and re-approached diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia in 1976. The Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, established the
799:
21175:
general, they agree that there are various subgroupings within far-left politics, such as the radical left and the extreme left.
8495:
Most experts agree there was a significant increase in mortality rates following the years 1989 and 1991, including a 2014
8461:, and by extension communism, and the former work in particular was important in the criminalization of communism. According to
6881:
26997:
24786:
8529:
7555:
4904:
4886:
4315:
3358:
has some supporters, but is reformist rather than revolutionary, aiming to lessen the inequalities of Russia's market economy.
1829:
396:
21413:, a review study summarizing what others have stated about it, mentioning some authors who saw the origins of the killings in
17508:
12380:
11033:"Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word"
10266:
7256:
6789:
Above all, it will establish a democratic constitution, and through this, the direct or indirect dominance of the proletariat.
26985:
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21997:
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13000:
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10283:
9910:
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9826:
9733:
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9593:
9359:
9328:
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8844:
8167:
7534:
trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties, claiming to develop a theory and practice of
5799:
5726:
4175:
3590:
2739:
and development from above, while the Right Opposition was more supporting of state-capitalist development and advocated the
2670:
1683:
1463:
981:
18558:
8207:. Among genocide scholars, there is no consensus on a common terminology, and the events have been variously referred to as
5276:
1952:
is used by Western historians, political scientists, and news media to refer to countries ruled by Communist parties, these
24771:
23967:
23343:
23235:
22568:
22125:
21018:
18130:
16736:
16390:
Haro, Lea (2011). "Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party".
11133:
10543:(2000). "The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and Its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest".
8579:
8525:
2206:, a work about More, whose ideas could be regarded as "the foregleam of Modern Socialism" according to Kautsky. During the
381:
24433:
Communist Crimes: Facts, research and articles on communist ideology and regimes. Estonian Institute of Historical Memory.
14218:
7114:
uphold the works of Stalin and Mao Zedong and some the works of Stalin while rejecting Mao and universally tend to oppose
1678:). This distinction can be observed in Marx's communism, where the distribution of products is based on the principle of "
27686:
27596:
24464:
22342:
21112:
18073:
18027:
7881:
6987:
6963:
4717:
4305:
4130:
4060:
4035:
3742:
captured power and abolished, of all relations of private property, only the feudal privilege, thereby taking the feudal
3289:
3212:, although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do it at all. On the previous day, Soviet president
2784:
1833:
1118:
27711:
25838:
21789:
The Cambodia case is particular because it is different from the emphasis Stalin's Soviet Union and Mao's China gave to
18350:
18327:
9418:"Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Still a World to Win?"
9012:
8899:
7130:
was a term used by Mao to criticize the Soviet Union post-Stalin. Mao stated that the Soviet Union had itself become an
2519:
Constituent Assembly in January 1918. The Draft Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was issued by the
25986:
25503:
23865:
23393:
23217:
22472:
22399:
22075:
21095:
21061:
20825:
20607:
20573:
20541:
20428:
20396:
18751:
18580:
18424:
18394:
17746:
17452:
16340:
15870:
14994:
14872:
14098:
14067:
14030:
13995:
13924:
13774:
12990:
11909:
10327:
10063:
9902:
8458:
7759:
7562:. Eurocommunists tended to have a larger attachment to liberty and democracy than their Marxist–Leninist counterparts.
3245:
3209:
3201:
2591:
in late 1917, as would be described during the 20th century by several academics, economists, and other scholars, or a
2568:
2399:, which was the first time any avowedly communist party reached that position. The revolution transferred power to the
1938:
20177:
18225:
15752:
Free will, non-predestination and non-determinism are emphasized in Marx's famous quote "Men make their own history".
15576:
15539:
13525:
Himmer, Robert (1994). "The Transition from War Communism to the New Economic Policy: An Analysis of Stalin's Views".
3702:
and that the change between modes of production has been triggered by class struggle. According to this analysis, the
25315:
23990:
23491:
23156:
23084:
23050:
23010:
22799:
22628:
22372:
22269:
21952:
21543:
rested on hope of success of the 1917–1923 wave of proletarian revolutions in Western Europe before resulting in the
20160:
19979:
19947:
19761:
19605:
19566:
19521:
19299:
18531:
18302:
18153:
18104:
15926:
15506:
15387:
15356:
14678:
14645:
14393:
14295:
14263:
13743:
13602:
13474:
13176:
12779:
12741:
12619:
12587:
12558:
12257:
12224:
11994:
11605:
11565:
11197:
10206:
10126:
9990:
9955:
9642:
9159:
8363:
8279:, consider the ideology of communism to be a significant causative factor in mass killings. Some connect killings in
4544:
4200:
4150:
3406:
3335:
2985:
grew to immense proportions. After Mao's death in 1976, the survivors were rehabilitated and many returned to power.
1770:
933:
24418:
19879:"Ideology, Memory and Religion in Post-Communist East Central Europe: A Comparative Study Focused on Post-Holocaust"
15977:
14533:
3296:. Communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in several other countries. With the
27656:
26106:
25336:
24766:
23756:
14534:"Deklaratsiya Soveta Respublik Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR v svyazi s sozdaniyem Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv"
12476:
11978:
9033:
8920:
7775:
6625:
6525:
5857:
5804:
4469:
4115:
3351:
3043:
2580:
2155:
956:
376:
21831:
20353:
3276:
2767:
current of council communism, remained important dissident communisms outside the Soviet Union. Following Lenin's
2715:
control by the Bolsheviks to maintain power and control in the Soviet regions, rather than any coherent political
26612:
26463:
24776:
24597:
23575:
23509:
23225:
labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
22664:
22088:
Bradley, Mark Philip (2017). "Human Rights and Communism". In Fürst, Juliane; Pons, Silvio; Selden, Mark (eds.).
21794:
21793:. The goal of Khmer Rouge's leaders goal was to introduce communism in an extremely short period of time through
21382:
21377:'s Soviet Union, without connecting them to communism as a whole. They have vigorously debated, including on the
20735:"Neoliberal Doctrine Meets the Eastern Bloc: Resistance, Appropriation and Purification in Post-Socialist Spaces"
19396:
17788:
17291:
15057:
14910:
13874:
13205:
12467:
7426:
7319:
7109:
is also used to describe these positions but is often not used by its supporters who opine that Stalin practiced
7043:
6808:
6768:
6708:
5311:
4861:
4559:
4437:
4140:
4040:
3995:
3756:
3297:
3179:
3047:
2400:
1408:
386:
199:
25109:
12973:
10121:
9541:
9477:
8552:
developments in post-Communist countries after the fall of Communism led to increased nationalist sentiment and
6815:
warn that the state must be abolished along with capitalism. Nonetheless, the desired end results, a stateless,
721:
27813:
27666:
26552:
25398:
24379:
24002:
23451:
22364:
21798:
Khmer Rouge regime, scholars place it within the historical context. The Khmer Rouge came to power through the
20937:
20846:
20460:
17936:
14860:
12286:
12278:
12216:
12019:
10986:
4357:
4255:
4235:
4145:
4070:
3698:
conception of history which holds that the key characteristic of economic systems through history has been the
2492:
2477:
had been widely discredited by its failure to withdraw from World War I, implement land reform, or convene the
2474:
2202:, who popularized Marxist communism in Western Europe more than any other thinker apart from Engels, published
1942:
1679:
1396:
by a communist party, the rejection of private property and capitalism, state control of economic activity and
1018:
21810:
but it gave the Khmer Rouge a justification to eliminate the pro-Vietnamese faction and other communists. The
18560:
The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law)
4459:
27914:
27909:
27904:
27853:
27726:
26948:
25979:
25496:
25408:
24537:
23316:
22817:
21585:
21560:
20301:
16502:
14900:
14438:
13802:
12058:
10979:"Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence"
8695:
8058:
7877:
7323:
7003:
6763:
6480:
6071:
5606:
4509:
4278:
4165:
3784:
3293:
3196:, the Soviet Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991. It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the
3109:
3059:
2925:
2500:
2451:
2274:
1902:
1558:
1350:
1028:
137:
22519:(2001). "The Left's Lost Universalism". In Melzer, Arthur M.; Weinberger, Jerry; Zinman, M. Richard (eds.).
22490:
21249:
to refer to the varied movements and political currents organized around the ideal of a classless society."
20090:"A History of Post-Communist Remembrance: From Memory Politics to the Emergence of a Field of Anticommunism"
19051:
Heder, Steve (July 1997). "Racism, Marxism, Labelling, and Genocide in Ben Kiernan's 'The Pol Pot Regime'".
14731:
8879:
officers, selected in one way or another, should distribute among the inhabitants the fruits of their labor.
2875:; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder.
27899:
27751:
27746:
27440:
26478:
26111:
25920:
25519:
25430:
25346:
25288:
25227:
24648:
24557:
24419:"The True Levellers Standard Advanced: Or, The State of Community Opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men"
23905:
22605:
22334:
22188:
Dulić, Tomislav (January 2004). "Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide".
22024:
21484:
21464:
18713:
17555:"Yanis Varoufakis thinks we need a radically new way of thinking about the economy, finance and capitalism"
17081:
14698:
14287:
14120:
13879:
12801:
state could bring about social transformation. ... They, along with free soviets, the cooperatives and the
12724:
11589:
11091:
8633:
8392:
8125:
8115:
7367:
7312:
6921:, which sanctioned political commitment to the successful overthrow of capitalism, and then to instituting
6772:
6540:
5281:
5161:
4335:
4250:
4095:
3848:
3582:
3541: – a class of wage laborers employed to produce goods and services – and the
3527:
3449:
3129:
2604:
2540:
communism assuming the dominant position for most of the 20th century, excluding rival socialist currents.
2478:
2332:
1792:, which had come to be considered an old-fashioned synonym for the former. It was not until 1917, with the
1303:
1050:
966:
904:
841:
255:
159:
31:
20274:. CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. New York:
15819:
15599:
13592:
10158:
9940:
Socialism: What Went Wrong? An Inquiry into the Theoretical and Historical Sources of the Socialist Crisis
3943:
27766:
27761:
27546:
25895:
25366:
25084:
24582:
23800:
22962:
22237:
21749:
21714:
21564:
21521:
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21378:
21251:
20599:
19853:"Holocaust Revisionism, Ultranationalism, and the Nazi/Soviet 'Double Genocide' Debate in Eastern Europe"
19713:
18564:
18420:
18358:
16623:
16539:
16506:
16016:
15127:
14536:Декларация Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР в связи с созданием Содружества Независимых Государств
11222:
11086:
8970:
8747:
8660:, suggest that the rise and fall of communism had a significant impact on the development and decline of
8442:
8081:
was an outspoken Christian communist, and in a 1995 interview he was quoted as saying: "Communism is the
8074:
7900:
7664:
7566:, general secretary of Italy's major Communist party, was widely considered the father of Eurocommunism.
6740:
6570:
6335:
5789:
5591:
5061:
4195:
4120:
4015:
3262:
3055:
3035:
2364:
1971:
1641:
1233:
1214:
986:
696:
184:
24356:
22063:
The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World
21389:, and the release of state archives put some of the heat out of the debate. Some historians, among them
20562:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
20417:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
20385:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
16467:
9060:
3124:
process. There were also many developments in libertarian Marxism, especially during the 1960s with the
27919:
27884:
26431:
26091:
24422:
24240:
24171:
24148:
24122:
24114:
24044:
23831:
23140:
22415:
22095:
21238:
21233:-ruling states and governments, which are considered to be proper nouns as a result. Following scholar
20817:
20593:
20565:
20486:
20420:
20388:
20064:
19597:
19474:
19394:
Heni, Clemens (Fall 2008). "Secondary Anti-Semitism: From Hard-Core to Soft-Core Denial of the Shoah".
18835:
17967:
17242:
16804:
15498:
15154:
15116:
14808:
13910:
13766:
13498:
13292:
12646:
12579:
12465:
Juretic, George (April–June 1974). "Digger no Millenarian: The Revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley".
12427:
12311:
12133:
12063:
11837:
11710:
11626:
10706:
9402:
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8600:
generally view 20th-century Communist states as unqualified failures. Political theorist and professor
8245:
8107:
7915:, who has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin", and considered himself to be a Leninist.
7798:. Council communists support a workers' democracy, produced through a federation of workers' councils.
7165:
7079:
6925:; and as the revolutionary national government, to realize the socio-economic transition by all means.
6807:
While Marxists propose replacing the bourgeois state with a proletarian semi-state through revolution (
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5561:
5536:
5461:
4824:
4622:
4065:
3623:
3453:
3217:
2140:
1251:
42:
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24364:
22615:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. Cham: Springer. pp. 111–129.
21686:
ideology bearing a stronger resemblance to "an almost forgotten phenomenon of national socialism", or
17170:(January–March 1971). "Leninism and Maoism: Some Populist Perspectives on Marxism-Leninism in China".
16237:
13248:
13246:
13244:
9224:
8965:
8810:
8612:. Dean argues that, when people think of capitalism, they do not consider what are its worst results (
8061:, established their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection.
7770:. The core principle of council communism is that the government and the economy should be managed by
6761:, being "one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat". As Marx wrote in his
2832:
designed to permanently stop or contain Soviet expansion. In early 1950, Stalin gave the go-ahead for
2258:
2152:
teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people.
1861:
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14973:
14914:
13608:
13203:
Franks, Benjamin (May 2012). "Between Anarchism and Marxism: The Beginnings and Ends of the Schism".
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waged by the party, the Shining Path were able to posit Maoism as the newest development of Marxism.
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and communism; it is consistent with, and helped to inform, early concepts of socialism in which the
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wave, arose in response to developments in Russia and are critical of self-declared constitutionally
2270:
1959:
1346:
1210:
1013:
436:
366:
17:
20299:
Kühne, Thomas (May 2012). "Great Men and Large Numbers: Undertheorising a History of Mass Killing".
17822:
15146:
14793:
14195:. Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June–2 July 1999. Archived from
13286:
13108:
Dando, William A. (June 1966). "A Map of the Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917".
9387:
9282:
9176:
8037:
Christian communism is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of
3116:. Communism was seen as a rival of and a threat to Western capitalism for most of the 20th century.
2555:, were critical of the Bolsheviks from the beginning due to Russia being seen as too backward for a
2446:. 50,000 workers had passed a resolution in favour of Bolshevik demand for transfer of power to the
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16799:(1992). "Trotsky's political economy of capitalism". In Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul (eds.).
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11901:
11134:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
11105:
10164:[First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean).
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8547:
The average post-Communist country had returned to 1989 levels of per-capita GDP by 2005. However,
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23412:
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19684:
16001:
15632:
Murray, Patrick (March 2020). "The Illusion of the Economic: Social Theory without Social Forms".
15236:
Murray, Patrick (March 2020). "The Illusion of the Economic: Social Theory without Social Forms".
13981:
13389:
11882:
11491:
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11405:
7138:. Hoxha agreed with Mao in this analysis, before later using the expression to also condemn Mao's
4479:
3569:, results in a period of short-term crises as the bourgeoisie struggle to manage the intensifying
3136:. This development was criticized by more orthodox supporters of the Soviet Union as amounting to
2587:
which either followed or were inspired by the Soviet Bolshevik model of development, establishing
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The Left Side of History: World War II and the Unfulfilled Promise of Communism in Eastern Europe
20525:
20215:
20152:
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19012:
Genocide: A Sociological Perspective; Contextual and Comparative Studies I: Ideological Genocides
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17851:
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16473:
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The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture
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Similarly, the proletariat would capture political power, abolish bourgeois property through the
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232:
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24025:
22640:"Average Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries – Progress Varies 25 Years after Communism"
21495:'s Vietnam. Rosefielde's main point is that Communism in general, although he focuses mostly on
19093:
Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2008). "Problems in Comparative Genocide Scholarship". In Stone, Dan (ed.).
17472:
14864:
12805:
could have formed the popular basis for a devolved and democratic rule across the Russian state.
12010:
Franklin, A. Mildred (9 January 1950). "Communism and Dictatorship in Ancient Greece and Rome".
10028:
7782:
at any moment. Council communists oppose the perceived authoritarian and undemocratic nature of
3042:. Marxist–Leninist governments modeled on the Soviet Union took power with Soviet assistance in
26943:
26923:
26773:
26443:
26071:
25940:
25642:
24373:
24268:
Changes And Continuities In Chinese Communism: Volume I: Ideology, Politics, and Foreign Policy
23593:
23567:
21319:, which eventually developed after losing its original Marxist–Leninist elements. According to
21201:
17963:
From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms
17667:
16615:
16157:
15994:
14192:
Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era
14174:[Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union] (in Russian). 1961. Archived from
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10319:
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9008:
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Libertarian Marxism is a broad range of economic and political philosophies that emphasize the
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6255:
6236:
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forbidden, obligatory labor duty, and military-style control, and has been described as simple
2572:
2149:
1667:
26810:
21721:(genocide and politicide), and some events which happened under Communist states, such as the
21670:. Several of them are limited to the geographical locations of "the Big Three", or mainly the
21406:
20938:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on | Russia"
18680:
18465:
17961:
17409:"The Retreat of Social Democracy ... Re-imposition of Work in Britain and the 'Social Europe'"
15951:
15191:
Lenin defended all four elements of Soviet democracy in his seminal theoretical work of 1917,
14084:
14016:
12246:
Jesus in History, Legend, Scripture, and Tradition: A World Encyclopedia: A World Encyclopedia
11681:
10084:
8124:
developed as soon as communism became a conscious political movement in the 19th century, and
7616:. Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the
7457:
around the world. A key difference between Maoism and other forms of Marxism–Leninism is that
7156:
6735:, enfranchising the entire population and freeing up humans to act without being bound by the
3220:) resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers, including control of the
1741:
was first published, socialism was respectable on the continent, while communism was not; the
1454:. Public memory of 20th-century Communist states has been described as a battleground between
27894:
27097:
27052:
26863:
26458:
25831:
25577:
25371:
25190:
24678:
24527:
24507:
24143:; Smith, Stephen A., eds. (2017). "World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941".
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23166:
21722:
21053:
21047:
20811:
19878:
18672:
State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)
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18638:
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18572:
18568:
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17528:
17032:
16900:
16199:
16044:
16030:
15782:
15285:
14569:"The End of the Soviet Union; Text of Declaration: 'Mutual Recognition' and 'an Equal Basis'"
13844:
13840:
13760:
13729:
13282:
13253:
Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy".
12210:
12172:
12123:
11915:
11741:
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was to be organized, in the concrete historical circumstances in which they found themselves.
8720:
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7985:
7888:
7830:
7767:
7719:
7641:
7535:
7531:
6991:
6490:
6470:
6445:
6440:
6420:
6382:
6357:
5031:
4876:
4452:
4260:
4180:
4125:
3703:
3499:
3427:
3331:
3304:, there was a split between those hardline Communists, sometimes referred to in the media as
3071:
2949:
2768:
2760:
2744:
2723:
in 1921, there were several factions in the Communist party, more prominently among them the
2653:
2640:
2533:
2512:
2310:
2262:
2001:
1897:
as the world's first nominally Communist state led to the term's widespread association with
1766:
1447:
1338:
1258:, among others. Communism encompasses a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include
1243:
1202:
991:
804:
284:
127:
107:
26913:
22411:"Convergence or Divergence? Life Expectancy Patterns in Post-communist Countries, 1959–2010"
20993:"Europe's communist regimes began to collapse 30 years ago, but still shape political views"
18634:
18496:
15856:
14625:
14175:
10235:
8077:, generally agree with. Christian communism enjoys some support in Russia. Russian musician
2214:
suggested that a monument be dedicated to More, alongside other important Western thinkers.
2172:
Communist thought has also been traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer
27606:
27486:
27255:
27062:
26903:
26830:
26522:
26483:
26468:
26002:
25788:
25594:
25567:
25320:
25310:
25247:
25242:
25139:
25119:
24740:
24730:
24712:
24517:
23241:
23103:
22295:
22026:
Kommunistische und demokratisch-sozialistische Strömungen während der englischen Revolution
21842:) has been harsh, and bombs were gradually dropped on increasingly densely populated areas.
21268:
20263:
17584:"Yanis Varoufakis: We leftists are not necessarily pro public sector – Marx was anti state"
15728:
15321:
15016:
14633:
14255:
13870:
13023:
12921:
11304:
9982:
9020:
8907:
8865:
8700:
8583:
8417:
8371:
8255:
8134:
7996:". Anarcho-communism differs from Marxism in that it rejects its view about the need for a
7869:
7815:
7593:
7379:
7292:
7172:
6934:
6836:
Some argue democratic decision-making consistent with Marxism should include voting on how
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5897:
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3627:
3519:
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3319:
3311:
2556:
2496:
2455:
2426:
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2294:
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2013:
1990:
1898:
1845:
1817:
1366:
1334:
1318:
1299:
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1148:
938:
928:
861:
856:
751:
731:
348:
338:
321:
117:
27077:
24355:
contains almost 20,000 articles, books, pamphlets, and journals on libertarian communism.
21770:
21516:
21418:
19463:
Straus, Scott (April 2007). "Review: Second-Generation Comparative Research on Genocide".
17408:
17268:[The French Communist Party and Eurocommunism: The greatest missed opportunity?].
17062:
14880:
animated debates ... Marxian theory (singular) gave way to Marxian theories (plural).
12067:
8437:
7378:
1929. While in exile, Trotsky continued his campaign against Stalin, founding in 1938 the
7179:
implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union, and later adapted by other states based on the
4741:
4245:
2811:, were accused, pleaded guilty of conspiracy against the Soviet Union, and were executed.
2634:
stated that the law of value would still apply to socialism and that the Soviet Union was
8:
27796:
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27092:
27032:
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25900:
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20739:
20533:
20204:
Mrozick, Agnieszka (2019). Kuligowski, Piotr; Moll, Łukasz; Szadkowski, Krystian (eds.).
19971:
19152:
Atsushi, Tago; Wayman, Frank W. (2010). "Explaining the onset of mass killing, 1949–87".
18666:
18471:
18402:
18328:"VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem"
17172:
15862:
15423:
15293:
15099:
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13987:
13945:
13255:
13164:
The Socialist Alternative to Bolshevik Russia: The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1921–39
12767:
The Socialist Alternative to Bolshevik Russia: The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1921–39
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6827:
controversy over Marx's legacy today turns largely on its ambiguous relation to democracy
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2740:
2499:
with the Bolsheviks from November 1917 to July 1918, while the right-wing faction of the
2282:
2110:
2009:
2005:
1840:
being used to refer to socialists who supported the politics and theories of Bolshevism,
1762:
1602:
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1404:
1358:
1255:
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20841:
20205:
18624:
17085:
14196:
13808:
China's economic policy and performance during the Cultural Revolution and its aftermath
13347:
8548:
7907:, whom they tend to see as being internationalist socialists only in limited instances.
6731:, a new democratic society will arise through the organised actions of an international
5411:
4392:
2532:
as an hierarchical party–elite that controls society, which resulted in a split between
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1354:
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21083:
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
20863:
20844:(2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism".
20764:
20681:
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14853:
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14573:
14142:
14116:"An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80"
14115:
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13689:
13544:
13527:
13441:
13355:
13321:
13230:
13143:
13135:
12666:
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12125:
Communism in History and Theory: From Utopian socialism to the fall of the Soviet Union
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23826:, eds. (2017). "Endgames? Late Communism in Global Perspective, 1968 to the Present".
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Wittfogel, Karl A. (July 1960). "The Marxist View of Russian Society and Revolution".
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Stalinism represents Stalin's style of governance as opposed to Marxism–Leninism, the
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is misleading because Marx and Lenin never sanctioned or supported the creation of an
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in the name, it had nothing to do with communism, with strict discipline for workers,
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From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
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of 1917, and then in portions of Eastern Europe, Asia, and a few other regions after
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22693:
22094:. Vol. 3: Endgames? Late Communism in Global Perspective, 1968 to the Present.
19731:
14506:
11973:
Bostaph, Samuel (1994). "Communism, Sparta, and Plato". In Reisman, David A. (ed.).
11641:
In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.
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10978:
10763:
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5336:
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by cutting employee's wages, social benefits, and pursuing military aggression. The
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and its offshoots are the most well-known of these and have been a driving force in
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approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to
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666:
641:
506:
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24000:
Morgan, W. John (December 2005). "Communism, Post-Communism, and Moral Education".
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Hiroaki, Kuromiya (2001). "Review Article: Communism and Terror. Reviewed Work(s):
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by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of
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15094:(1969). ""Principles of Communism". No. 4 – "How did the proletariat originate?"".
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From Darkness to Light: Class, Consciousness, and Salvation in Revolutionary Russia
12178:
12023:
11982:
11841:
11796:
11677:
11527:
11487:
11334:
11316:
11186:
The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War
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10995:
10949:
10859:
10849:
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10653:
10554:
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9004:
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8645:
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8597:
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8310:, capitalism, and anti-communism as a counterpoint to those killings. According to
8295:
8272:
8259:. These scholars state that most Communist states did not engage in mass killings;
8142:
8111:
8070:
8012:
7977:
7969:
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7857:
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and the Leninist communist ideologies, which respectively stress parliamentary and
7802:
7791:
7783:
7731:
7707:
7613:
7481:
7473:
7382:, a Trotskyist rival to the Comintern. In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in
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4787:
4736:
4731:
4698:
4597:
4554:
4499:
4442:
4045:
3927:
3903:
3895:
3878:
3829:, i.e. claims of the economy as a necessary and transhistorical societal category.
3748:
3642:
3602:
3586:
3507:
3467:
3397:
3285:
3205:
3159:
3137:
3105:
2982:
2808:
2800:
2772:
2752:
2748:
2728:
2600:
2588:
2544:
2443:
2230:
2187:
2135:
2094:
2083:
1953:
1934:
1754:
1732:
1451:
1432:
1386:
1240:, communist parties and movements have been described as radical left or far-left.
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571:
516:
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35:
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24216:
23401:
of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'withering away' of the State.
23245:
22251:
22232:
21271:
communism as applied by Communist states in the 20th century) only began in 1917.
20859:
20073:
20052:
19968:
The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-Communism in Eastern Europe
16060:"Karl Marx's sociological theory of democracy: Civil society and political rights"
14225:
Constitution of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania: . SearchWorks (SULAIR)
10194:
A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present
9582:
The Communist Manifesto: A Road Map to History's Most Important Political Document
8515:
as unemployment reached double digits by the early to mid 1990s. By contrast, the
8354:
have rejected the comparison of the two regimes and the equation of their crimes.
7727:
5751:
2281:, all of whom can be considered the progenitors of modern communism, according to
1750:
1697:
eventually accorded with the cultural attitude of adherents and opponents towards
1357:, all of whom can be considered the progenitors of modern communism, according to
27833:
27506:
27425:
27385:
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27305:
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26883:
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26527:
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25858:
25617:
24989:
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24919:
24914:
24844:
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24587:
24562:
24522:
24512:
24487:
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23875:
23447:
22823:
22620:
22482:
22454:
22145:
22139:
22089:
21944:
21839:
21753:, which popularized the topic, several scholars have questioned, in the words of
21589:
21430:
21358:
21230:
21148:
Communism is generally considered to be among the more radical ideologies of the
21117:
21043:
20752:
20595:
The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism
20557:
20517:
20476:
20412:
20380:
20146:
19906:"Latvia's 'Soviet Story'. Transitional Justice and the Politics of Commemoration"
19591:
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15978:
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/intro.htm
15431:
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14597:"Gorbachev, Last Soviet Leader, Resigns; U.S. Recognizes Republics' Independence"
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Exiles from a Future Time: The Forging of the Mid-Twentieth-Century Literary Left
9896:
9854:
9812:
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9439:
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9250:
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argues that this limits the scope of discussion around political alternatives to
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overtook the left communists as the main dissident communist current, while more
2724:
2687:
2662:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2459:
2356:
2298:
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2102:
1977:
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541:
531:
526:
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217:
189:
164:
122:
112:
87:
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23528:
22910:
21479:; nonetheless, Rosefielde's work mainly focused on "the Big Three" (Stalin era,
20480:
17911:"The Legacy of De Leonism, part III: De Leon's misconceptions on class struggle"
17554:
16924:
16115:
15918:
15495:
Time, labor, and social domination: a reinterpretation of Marx's critical theory
15171:
13496:
Peters, John E. (1998). "Book Reviews: The Life and Times of Soviet Socialism".
11986:
11977:. Recent Economic Thought Series. Vol. 37 (hardcover ed.). Dordrecht:
10755:
9814:
Roads to Dominion: Right-wing Movements and Political Power in the United States
8322:, equating mass deaths under Communist states with the Holocaust, is popular in
7442:
Maoism is the theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader
5391:
3577:. In periods of deep crisis, the resistance of the oppressed can culminate in a
1309:
Communism in its modern form grew out of the socialist movement in 18th-century
1290:, who make up the majority of the population within society and must sell their
27823:
27731:
27721:
27450:
27325:
27310:
27285:
27280:
27275:
27220:
27195:
27150:
27130:
26992:
26963:
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26893:
26873:
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26517:
26348:
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25746:
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25709:
25305:
25159:
25099:
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24954:
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23465:
23360:
23231:
23132:
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23023:
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22677:
22278:
22057:
22031:
Cromwell and Communism: Socialism and Democracy in the Great English Revolution
21803:
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21734:
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20444:
20108:
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18704:
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18120:
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Leaving the 20th century: the incomplete work of the Situationist International
17847:
17818:
16960:"Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up?"
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16796:
16195:
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14968:
14359:
14228:
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11554:
The Lost World of Socialists at Europe's Margins: Imagining Utopia, 1870s–1920s
11549:
11453:
11372:
11181:
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10854:
10730:
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9255:
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8613:
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8516:
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8405:
8379:
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8177:
8121:
8082:
7957:
7912:
7842:
7752:
7695:
7633:
7589:
7027:
7020:
6962:. It describes the specific political ideology which Stalin implemented in the
6943:
6897:
6885:
6877:
6728:
6620:
6510:
6280:
5986:
5814:
5716:
5651:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5546:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5466:
5446:
5386:
5381:
5366:
5351:
5341:
5261:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5141:
5116:
5106:
5101:
5076:
5066:
5041:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4921:
4602:
4534:
4489:
4265:
4110:
3851:
would succeed capitalism as humanity's new mode of production through workers'
3798:
critique rejects economists' use of what its advocates believe are unrealistic
3685:
3515:
3431:
2992:, and mass executions. Mao has also been praised for transforming China from a
2953:
2868:
2857:
2612:
2564:
2405:
2392:
2348:
2211:
2105:
shared their land and their other property. Sects deemed heretical such as the
2087:
2035:
1805:
1727:
1527:
is a suffix that indicates the abstraction into a state, condition, action, or
1467:
1459:
1393:
1267:
1191:
1144:
923:
771:
711:
681:
566:
561:
481:
476:
451:
92:
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20936:
Rice-Oxley, Mark; Sedghi, Ami; Ridley, Jenny; Magill, Sasha (17 August 2011).
20314:
19482:
17886:
17185:
16697:
16173:
14546:
14331:
13958:
13268:
11435:
10671:
10558:
8153:
7082:, which was largely controlled and funded by the Soviet leadership from 1928.
6892:(education and organisation) and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose
5241:
3561:. This class struggle that is commonly expressed as the revolt of a society's
2915:
Rejecting the Soviet model of rapid urbanization, Mao Zedong and his top aide
1631:
was settled by the 1860s, becoming predominant over alternative terms such as
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A Documentary History of Communism and the World: From Revolution to Collapse
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Worse than war: genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing assault on humanity
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American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists, and Others
22293:(2000). "Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics".
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From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries
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To present Karl Marx as the 'progenitor of modern genocide' is simply to lie.
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17388:"Trotsky, the Left Opposition and the Rise of Stalinism: Theory and Practice"
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Criticism of communism can be divided into two broad categories, namely that
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One of the first uses of the word in its modern sense is in a letter sent by
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Communism's Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes
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by Stephane Courtois; Reflections on a Ravaged Century by Robert Conquest".
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19516:. Ellen Frankel Paul. : Social Philosophy & Policy Center. p. 116.
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The Algebra of Revolution: The Dialectic and the Classical Marxist Tradition
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Communism's Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes
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2462:. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on
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Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as
2301:, whose followers organized other settlements in the United States, such as
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also continued to describe themselves as socialists dedicated to socialism.
1450:, several scholars posit that in practice the model functioned as a form of
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Gerr, Christopher J.; Raskina, Yulia; Tsyplakova, Daria (28 October 2017).
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Grant, Robert (November 1999). "Review: The Lost Literature of Socialism".
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Solidarity in Poland, 1980-1981 and the Perspective of Political Revolution
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Elmen, Paul (September 1954). "The Theological Basis of Digger Communism".
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7860:. Left communists assert positions which they regard as more authentically
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capitalism divided the world between two major classes, namely that of the
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shadows but returned to center stage and purged Deng and his allies in the
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The Passing of An Illusion: The Idea of Communism In the Twentieth Century
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Kuromiya, Hiroaki (January 2001). "Review Article: Communism and Terror".
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to refer to actually existing governments and movements and lowercase 'c'
21160:
have been difficult to characterize, particularly where they begin on the
20672:
18334:. Vol. II. The Apostles. New York: Carleton. p. 122 – via
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Anton Pannekoek and the Socialism of Workers' Self-Emancipation, 1873-1960
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14794:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?"
14385:
12692:"Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the 'Peripheries of Capitalism'"
11800:
11469:
9388:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?"
9283:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?"
9177:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?"
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is a position which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms and
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economic model. At the time, leaders of the Comintern, such as Stalin and
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In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, where a
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back to the point where they were when the Wall fell for several decades.
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On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World
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10436:"Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees"
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Many authors have written about excess deaths under Communist states and
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7734:, the latter of whom claims that Marx himself was a libertarian Marxist.
7702:. Moreover, libertarian Marxism has often had a strong influence on both
7647:
Aside from left communism, libertarian Marxism includes such currents as
7383:
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6982:), and was developed after the death of Lenin; its three principles were
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socialism, which left-wing critics say was never established, while some
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boycotted the soviets and denounced the October Revolution as an illegal
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Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
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24548:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"
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Radical Ambition: C. Wright Mills, the Left, and American Social Thought
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was shared not by self-professed Russian Marxists, who were mechanistic
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The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?
16713:
16679:
16503:"The Theory of 'Three Worlds': A Counterrevolutionary Chauvinist Theory"
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10679:
10391:
10367:
9704:. Vol. Eight. Mittal Publications. p. 4979. GGKEY:96Y16ZBCJ04.
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Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism
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7762:. It continues today as a theoretical and activist position within both
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contains materials on the topic of communism. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
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17441:
Libertarian communism: Marx Engels and the Political Economy of Freedom
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16352:
16252:
Lisichkin, G. (1989). "Мифы и реальность" [Myths and reality].
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15762:
15117:"Was not the abolition of private property possible at an earlier time?
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Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
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Left communists represent a range of political movements distinct from
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to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or
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to label states based on nationalization, such as the Soviet Union, as
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to be established based on any intelligent design; rather, it is a non-
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after the Soviet Union under Stalin, who first stated to have achieved
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no longer directs economic activity. Monetary relations in the form of
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While the emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's first nominally
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22593:
22233:"Anti-Communism and the Hundreds of Millions of Victims of Capitalism"
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The Bolshevik Party in Conflict: The Left Communist Opposition of 1918
17193:
16983:
16959:
16315:
ocialism in one country, a pragmatic deviation from classical Marxism.
16131:
16099:
13548:
12351:"Communism, virtue and the ideal commonwealth in Thomas More's Utopia"
12327:
11061:
10574:
10526:
10052:
A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values
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The Global Revolution: A History of International Communism 1917–1991
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20911:"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union"
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16332:
16145:
Meister, Robert. "Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx." (1991).
15348:
15024:
14937:
14892:
14541:
14022:
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Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present
13168:
12948:
After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists
12890:
12771:
12611:
11897:
Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917–1991
11189:
10907:
9537:
9473:
9431:
9354:] (in French) (paperback ed.). Paris: Larousse. p. 20.
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8103:
7953:
7908:
7903:, and from various other revolutionary socialist tendencies, such as
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7691:
7637:
7609:
7597:
7550:, Communists of this nature sought to undermine the influence of the
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due to its hopes of achieving peace with the United States. The term
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of property, whose rulers administered it through the application of
2119:
2043:
1878:
1812:
seizure of power against traditional Marxist criticism that Russia's
1809:
1773:, Marxists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working-class ideals by a
1623:
1035:
741:
686:
441:
242:
21440:, which have been described by some critical observers as a crudely
16144:
15759:
13346:(2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul;
13123:
12654:
12484:
12435:
12027:
11845:
11340:
Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics for the Twenty-First Century
10999:
10863:
9628:
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7219:
in 1953, the Soviet Communist party referred to its own ideology as
3258:
List of socialist parties with national parliamentary representation
2313:
advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the
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21264:
20964:"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism"
19429:
Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
19255:
Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
18740:
Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations
18291:
All Things in Common The Economic Practices of the Early Christians
17413:
16975:
16254:
15910:
15647:
15571:
15251:
14018:
Economic Policy Making In China (1949–2016): The Role of Economists
13540:
12319:
12249:
12129:
10656:(May 2009). "Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine".
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3502:. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers
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and communism. This intermediate stage was a concept introduced by
1698:
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1528:
1389:, within the international socialist movement by the early 1920s.
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1001:
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272:
23471:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
23038:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
22998:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
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luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day's work.
20782:
Havrylyshyn, Oleh; Meng, Xiaofan; Tupy, Marian L. (12 July 2016).
20522:
Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions
20133:
and Eastern Europe (CEE), ... anticommunist memory entrepreneurs.
10475:
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10471:
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10467:
10465:
10463:
10343:
10341:
10339:
8567:, and disapproval being the highest among residents of Russia and
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The failure of Communist governments to live up to the ideal of a
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was imminent but could be prevented by social democrats and other
3723:. These classes are directly antagonistic as the latter possesses
3607:
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
3014:
2583:, boasted of having called the Bolsheviks, and by extension those
2491:
in the October Revolution; after a few weeks of deliberation, the
2487:
control of the country. The Bolsheviks moved to hand power to the
2269:, communism emerged as a political doctrine under the auspices of
2225:
advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. In his 1895
1651:, which had previously been used as synonyms. Meanwhile, the term
1345:, communism emerged as a political doctrine under the auspices of
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27741:
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24432:
23262:"Post-Communist Health Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe"
23172:
The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd
22788:
Crimes Against Humanity under Communist Regimes – Research Review
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21762:
21687:
21633:
21480:
21403:
Crimes Against Humanity Under Communist Regimes – Research Review
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20733:
Hirt, Sonia; Sellar, Christian; Young, Craig (4 September 2013).
18351:"Conclusion: What If? Calvin and the Spirit of Revolution. Bible"
15532:"John Ruskin: En brittisk 1800-talsaristokrat för vår tid? - OBS"
12992:
Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction
10783:
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10777:
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10773:
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10023:
9623:
8574:
According to Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua Tucker in their book
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8288:
7994:
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need
7992:
with production and consumption based on the guiding principle, "
7861:
7748:
7585:
7458:
7291:, is a Marxist and Leninist tendency that supports the theory of
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6873:
4686:
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2523:, a committee dominated by Lenin, who had previously supported a
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2222:
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2059:
1749:. This latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of
1742:
1710:
1541:
1428:
1259:
267:
24322:
24039:, eds. (2017). "The Socialist Camp and World Power 1941–1960s".
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21802:(where unparalleled atrocities were executed on both sides) and
20258:
20256:
19821:"How British colonialism killed 100 million Indians in 40 years"
18174:
17779:
17777:
17513:(Lecture), Poetry Center of the New York YM-YWHA, archived from
15976:[The Class Struggles In France Introduction by Frederick Engels
14114:
Babiarz, Kimberly Singer; Eggleston, Karen; et al. (2015).
8330:, and their approaches of history have been incorporated in the
3092:
also became an independent Marxist–Leninist state following the
2791:, many old Bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the
26577:
26378:
26166:
26141:
26131:
26101:
26086:
25704:
24809:
24437:
23468:(2001). "Maoism". In Baltes, Paul B.; Smelser, Neil J. (eds.).
23033:"Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism"
22993:"Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism"
22958:"Political conditions and life expectancy in Europe, 1900–2008"
21660:
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21647:
21500:
20655:"Changing life expectancy in Romania after the transition]"
20272:
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18876:
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16537:. "A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891".
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14250:
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11826:
858 pp. Notes. Index. Photographs. Maps. $ 37.50, hard bound".
10460:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10336:
10122:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"
8652:, starvation, and violence. Ghodsee, along with the historians
8421:
8340:
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism
8158:
7601:
7538:
more relevant to their region. Especially prominent within the
7422:
6615:
4681:
3859:, communism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity.
3573:
experienced by the proletariat, albeit with varying degrees of
3510:. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and
3280:
Communist flag at night at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, year 2024
3221:
3152:
2989:
2941:
2195:
2191:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2047:
2042:
has been examined in this context, as well as thinkers such as
1926:
1922:
1828:
as descriptors of political ideologies arose in 1918 after the
1385:, communism became the dominant political tendency, along with
1310:
421:
25472:
24401:"The True Levellers Standard Advanced, the Diggers' Manifesto"
19762:"100 Years of Communism – and 100 Million Dead"
18967:
Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century
18709:"How 'Jakarta' Became the Codeword for US-Backed Mass Killing"
17768:
Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
17225:
17223:
17050:
14227:] (in Albanian). 8 Nëntori. 4 January 1977. Archived from
11532:
Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Communist Manifesto
10832:
10830:
10770:
10236:"The single most important fact for understanding North Korea"
7078:. The social fascism theory was advocated vociferously by the
6047:
4216:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
3401:
overthrown; in the short run, state-oriented communists favor
3392:, which remain partly influenced by Marxist theories, such as
3204:. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former
3018:
States that had communist governments in red, states that the
2113:. As summarized by historians Janzen Rod and Max Stanton, the
1089:
26607:
26096:
26031:
24348:
21609:
21370:
21299:
20253:
18255:"IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel."
18024:"Anarchism and Communism. Northeastern Anarchist No. 4. 1922"
17774:
17345:
17080:
16100:"Karl Marx on Democracy, Participation, Voting, and Equality"
15858:
Remaking the Chinese State: Strategies, Society, and Security
15320:. Vol. 1. transcribed by Conttren, V. (2022). New York:
14763:"Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China's Success"
11594:
The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction
10938:(2007). "Russian Terror/ism and Revisionist Historiography".
8649:
8408:
have been done on how the events are memorized. According to
8054:
7934:
7242:, which describes itself as a Marxist and Leninist tendency.
6974:. Marxism–Leninism was the official ideology of 20th-century
3826:
3799:
3148:
2841:
2820:
2055:
1496:
1412:
1187:
1135:
24442:
22762:
Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel, eds. (2014).
21652:
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
20935:
19292:
A 'Red Holocaust'? A Critique of the Black Book of Communism
18789:
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
18557:. In Blumenthal, David A.; McCormack, Timothy L. H. (eds.).
17570:
Yanis Varoufakis describes himself as a "libertarian Marxist
16586:
16584:
15567:"Marx? Which Marx? Marx's work and its history of reception"
10606:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10398:
9721:
Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith
9510:
3679:
2391:
in Russia set the conditions for the rise to state power of
1670:, whereas the former aimed to socialize both production and
26602:
26026:
22660:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, and Repression
20206:"Anti-Communism: It's High Time to Diagnose and Counteract"
18760:
18061:
18059:
17699:"Anarchism and Council Communism on the Russian Revolution"
17220:
16329:
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14839:
14837:
12302:
Surtz, Edward L. (June 1949). "Thomas More and Communism".
10827:
8386:. Critics of communism on the political right point to the
8215:; other terms used to define some of such killings include
4186:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
3522:
but does not model an ideal society based on the design of
2853:
2504:
1420:
1416:
22606:"The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide"
21213:. By the 20th century, communism has been associated with
19288:'Roter Holocaust'? Kritik des Schwarzbuchs des Kommunismus
19147:
19145:
18355:
Political Grace. The Revolutionary Theology of John Calvin
17266:"Le PCF et l'eurocommunisme: l'ultime rendez-vous manqué?"
14824:
14822:
14820:
14818:
13627:
Cold peace: Stalin and the Soviet ruling circle, 1945-1953
12975:
Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925
10858:. 110 (Special Edition: Frontiers of Knowledge): 166–169.
9198:
3482:
interpretation of historical development, better known as
3384:
but non-Marxist versions of communism also exist, such as
3248:, and declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.
3236:
for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary
3034:
Its leading role in World War II saw the emergence of the
2871:
Russians, Stalin is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a
2699:
was the first system adopted by the Bolsheviks during the
2425:(minority) opposed Lenin's Bolsheviks (majority) plan for
1937:, the idea to group together different countries, such as
26171:
26066:
24365:"Marx on the Russian Mir, and misconceptions by Marxists"
23386:
The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990
20991:
Pop-Eleches, Grigore; Tucker, Joshua (12 November 2019).
20237:– via Central and Eastern European Online Library.
19538:
19009:(1993). "Soviet and Communist Genocides and 'Democide'".
18626:
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16596:
16581:
16262:
16088:
Miliband, Ralph. Marxism and politics. Aakar Books, 2011.
14628:
Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis
14472:"One of the few places where a communist can still dream"
13783:
13706:
10597:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9486:. Marx/Engels Selected Works. Vol. 1. Translated by
8966:"Section 18: What will be the course of this revolution?"
8799:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8500:
8366:
that concerns with the practical aspects of 20th-century
7710:. Notable theorists of libertarian Marxism have included
3518:
exists. Marxism considers itself to be the embodiment of
2783:'s attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the
2168:
portrayed a society based on common ownership of property
23749:
23733:
Communism: From Marx's Manifesto to 20th-century Reality
22785:
Karlsson, Klas-Göran; Schoenhals, Michael, eds. (2008).
21824:
allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge
21822:, was stopped by Communist Vietnam, and there have been
21563:, one of the successors to the Narodniks, alongside the
20961:
20354:"In Modern Dictatorships, Communism's Legacy Lingers On"
19629:
18914:
18056:
16033:
delivered by Karl Marx on 8 September 1872, in Amsterdam
15313:
14834:
12608:
Russia in the Twentieth Century: The Quest for Stability
12054:"Mazdakism (The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Period)"
11399:
11397:
10159:"Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi"
9637:(7th ed.). South-Western College Pub. p. 118.
8787:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8182:
excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
8106:'s writings have inspired many movements, including the
8019:, believing that anarchist communism does not require a
7640:, libertarian Marxism is one of the main derivatives of
4006:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
3581:
which, if victorious, leads to the establishment of the
3162:
overthrew Cuba's previous government under the dictator
2595:. Before the Soviet path of development became known as
1909:
defines a "generic Communism" category as any Communist
1868:
1731:, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists.
1472:
excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
23544:
Adami, Stefano; Marrone, G., eds. (2006). "Communism".
23339:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
22335:"USSR strayed from communism, say Economics professors"
21656:
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
21499:, is less genocidal and that is a key distinction from
19593:
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
19318:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
19142:
18831:
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
18606:
18604:
18203:"MY PERSPECTIVES – Willful Disobedience Vol. 2, No. 12"
17711:(2). Lawrence & Wishart Ltd.: 22–47. Archived from
17473:"The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels"
16559:
History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976–89
14815:
14169:"Programma kommunisticheskoy partii sovetskogo Soyuza"
12512:. Mittal Publications. p. 4979. GGKEY:96Y16ZBCJ04.
12509:
Illustrated Encyclopaedia of World History Volume Eight
11245:"-ism Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary"
10969:
9856:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
8839:. Vol. 4. Chicago: World Book. 2008. p. 890.
8148:
7628:, emphasizing the Marxist belief in the ability of the
7030:
was a theory supported by the Comintern and affiliated
3877:
An important concept in Marxism is socialization, i.e.
3862:
3601:, i.e. a classless, stateless, humane society based on
3096:
in 1960, resulting from an ideological fallout between
3062:. A Marxist–Leninist government was also created under
2719:. The Soviet Union was established in 1922. Before the
2305:
in 1841. In its modern form, communism grew out of the
23752:"The Long-Term Effects of Communism in Eastern Europe"
19294:] (in German). Hamburg: Konkret Verlag Literatur.
19286:
Mecklenburg, Jens; Wippermann, Wolfgang, eds. (1998).
18395:"III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism"
17363:
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17341:
17339:
16276:[Socialism Today: Experience and New Theory].
15825:
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14107:
13762:
The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World
12399:
10878:
9660:
9658:
9606:
9462:
9003:
8890:
8133:
allies, including those who were formally part of the
6950:
Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology developed by
6872:
Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian
3694:
At the root of Marxism is historical materialism, the
2795:
or in Lenin's Soviet government afterwards, including
1561:
around 1785, in which d'Hupay describes himself as an
1523:
can be translated to "of or for the community", while
1407:, and suppression of opposition and dissent. With the
23934:
Under the Red Flag: A History of Communism in Britain
23750:
Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola; Schündeln, Matthias (2020).
23206:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
22911:"Trends in European Life Expectancy: a Salutary View"
22408:
22231:
Engel-Di Mauro, Salvatore; et al. (4 May 2021).
21340:, as well as a focus on autobiographical features of
21327:
in the Soviet Union and has been totally replaced by
20887:
Red hangover: legacies of twentieth-century communism
20629:
19285:
19132:
19130:
18181:
Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists
17658:
17656:
17654:
17365:. St. Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers.
16432:
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16272:(1996). "Sotsializm segodnya: opyt i novaya teoriya"
15189:– via Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
14249:
13983:
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13558:
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Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti
11788:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
11394:
8766:
7322:, Trotsky claimed that the Soviet Union had become a
3597:. As the productive forces continued to advance, the
3553:
and extracts its wealth through appropriation of the
2964:. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming
2237:(especially the Diggers) espoused clear communistic,
1800:
came to be used to refer to a distinct stage between
23880:
Marxism and the Making of China: A Doctrinal History
23854:
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23204:
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22819:
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22613:
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22491:"The merits of taking an anti-anti-communism stance"
22004:
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19088:
19086:
18601:
17208:
13019:
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12978:. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.
12917:
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution
11653:
11651:
11649:
8676:
7891:, whom they largely view as merely the left-wing of
7331:, the platform of which became known as Trotskyism.
6917:
viewed history through the theoretical framework of
3755:. In between capitalism and communism, there is the
1905:
model. In his essay "Judging Nazism and Communism",
22766:(2nd ed.). Lanham; Boulder; New York; London:
22481:
21315:has been described by Michael Seth as a version of
20781:
19997:"The Communist Legacy: Pros and Cons in Retrospect"
19803:
18778:
18555:"Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide"
17610:, pp. 313–314, Pannekoek, Antonie (1873–1960).
17336:
16865:
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16569:
16436:
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16368:
16291:Platkin, Richard (1981). "Comment on Wallerstein".
15780:
15381:
15379:
13390:"The Restoration of Capitalism in the Soviet Union"
10479:
9999:
9655:
8199:about whether some or all the events constituted a
8116:
communist officials would not have the price system
7956:and communism which advocates the abolition of the
7307:. It supported another communist revolution in the
2603:, communists made no major distinction between the
1446:led to communism's widespread association with the
1317:. Criticism of the idea of private property in the
23411:
22784:
20713:"The Effects of Communism on Romania's Population"
20148:The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945
19230:
19224:
19127:
18425:"3. Early Problems. 15. Early Christian Communism"
17651:
16550:
14852:
14171:Программа коммунистической партии советского Союза
13851:
13555:
12527:. 2006 – via Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
12381:"The Communisitic Inclinations of Sir Thomas More"
12174:Red Theology: On the Christian Communist Tradition
11495:
10787:
8398:According to Hungarian sociologist and politician
8057:suggests that the first Christians, including the
7588:. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as
3906:, a view that is also shared by several scholars.
3173:
3028:states with constitutional references to socialism
2627:would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism.
2326:
1246:have been developed throughout history, including
24165:
22761:
20990:
19883:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies
19851:Liedy, Amy Shannon; Ruble, Blair (7 March 2011).
19083:
17770:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 104–126.
17607:
17068:
16228:
15679:"Overreliance on the Pseudo-Science of Economics"
14990:"Classical Marxism and the question of reformism"
14054:Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2013).
12115:
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9978:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
9975:Darity, William A. Jr., ed. (2008). "Communism".
9238:... communism is a more radical leftist ideology.
7911:is a Leninist left-communist current named after
2956:. The two most prominent militants were Marshall
2148:communist ethos that aims for unity reflects the
1877:is widely used as a pejorative term as part of a
1567:("communist author"). In 1793, Restif first used
1550:, which proposed a particular type of communism.
27866:
24166:Pop-Eleches, Grigore; Tucker, Joshua A. (2017).
23109:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
21699:but has been described by scholars as a failure.
21664:Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue
20516:
20512:
20510:
20262:
20229:). Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań: 178–184
19938:(paper back ed.). New York City, New York:
18922:Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue
18385:
18113:
15376:
14113:
12161:
11666:; Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul (eds.).
11176:
11174:
11172:
9148:Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red
7569:
7386:on Stalin's orders. Trotskyist currents include
6903:Leninist revolutionary leadership is based upon
3778:
3145:communists have been frequently voted into power
2481:to draft a constitution, leaving the soviets in
1605:. This is an example of a hammer and sickle and
23817:
22995:. In Baltes, Paul B.; Smelser, Neil J. (eds.).
22794:. Stockholm, Sweden: Forum for Living History.
22012:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union
21774:intellectuals. A similar criticism was made by
21547:policy after their failure, Marx's view on the
21113:"One Recipe for a More Equal World: Mass Death"
20784:"25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries"
20732:
20652:
19755:
19753:
19458:
19456:
17823:"The Communist Left in the Third International"
16245:
14439:"E. H. Carr – A Personal Memoir"
14373:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
14082:
13813:Harvard Institute for International Development
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13489:
13463:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism
13338:
13336:
13334:
12945:Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (2014).
11763:(69). Center for the National Interest: 63–78.
11124:
11122:
11120:
11021:
10890:
10485:
9762:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism
8172:Crimes against humanity under communist regimes
2521:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
2074:for challenging the enormous privileges of the
1513:an act, practice, or process of doing something
1369:and its variants came into power, first in the
24425:'s Faculty of Business and Social Sciences at
24363:. Retrieved 18 August 2021. One example being
23928:
23107:. Vol. 25, no. 2. Washington, D.C.:
22644:Peterson Institute for International Economics
22008:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
21336:and the memory of the traumatic experience of
20915:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project
20810:Appel, Hilary; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2018).
20809:
20138:
19814:
17762:Shipway, Mark (1987). "Council Communism". In
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17086:"A Letter to Trotskyists Throughout the World"
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13731:The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market
13417:
13415:
13413:
13383:
13381:
13379:
13103:
13101:
12092:
12090:
12088:
11820:
11818:
11775:
11211:
11209:
9635:Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First
8804:Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) .
6954:. According to its proponents, it is based on
3192:, which led to the fall of most of the former
2643:state that it was established only during the
1627:. The modern definition and usage of the term
1228:-driven approach through the development of a
25987:
25504:
24458:
23979:Communists on Education and Culture 1848–1948
23418:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
23203:
21818:and by others, such as Manus Midlarsky, as a
21229:is capitalized by scholars when referring to
20507:
19151:
17319:"Libertarian Marxism's Relation to Anarchism"
17021:
16650:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
16385:
16383:
15712:"Introduction: Critique of Political Economy"
15209:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
14161:
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13832:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
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12573:
12243:
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11874:
11759:(Fall 2002). "Judging Nazism and Communism".
11498:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
11410:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
11169:
10798:
10796:
10735:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"
9784:Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest
9713:
9711:
9632:
9134:
9132:
8944:
8942:
8302:was dictated in otherwise forgotten works of
8118:necessary to guide their planned production.
7636:to mediate or aid its liberation. Along with
7207:(research and development), and nationalized
6709:
6072:
3966:The Condition of the Working Class in England
3364:were started in 1978 under the leadership of
2651:, and then became capitalist states ruled by
2249:of the 18th century through such thinkers as
1777:indifferent to the legitimate demands of the
1689:In 19th century Europe, the use of the terms
1321:of the 18th century through such thinkers as
1112:
26493:
23799:. Translated by Kan, D. (English ed.).
23543:
23244:Political Science Department, archived from
22385:
21255:also adopted such distinction, stating that
20660:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
19750:
19707:
19705:
19596:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge:
19453:
18546:
18502:[Egor Letov: Russian Breakthrough].
16620:A Documentary History of Communism in Russia
16222:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
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14732:"The (Re)Birth of the Nepal Communist Party"
14083:Galtung, Marte Kjær; Stenslie, Stig (2014).
13620:
13618:
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13331:
12726:A People's History of the Russian Revolution
12537:
12177:. Studies in Critical Research on Religion.
11117:
10941:Australian Journal of Politics & History
10700:
10313:
9633:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003).
9204:
8540:rapid" than those of Central Europe and the
7358:autonomy for artistic movements, voluntary
3961:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3100:, a Stalinist, and the Soviet government of
2703:as a result of the many challenges. Despite
2410:
1682:", in contrast to a socialist principle of "
1666:was that the latter aimed to only socialize
1568:
1562:
1490:
1477:
26429:
24109:
24031:
23695:
23293:. Vol. 4. Scott Fetzer Company. 2008.
23165:
22332:
21814:, which is described by many scholars as a
21297:While it refers to its leading ideology as
19641:
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16420:
16241:. Vol. 7 (15th ed.). p. 265.
16045:"The Death of the State in Marx and Engels"
16002:"Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme"
15854:
15386:Louis, Althusser; Balibar, Etienne (1979).
15318:Social Structure and Forms of Consciousness
14437:Deutscher, Tamara (January–February 1983).
14304:
13979:
13594:The Red Book on the Moscow Trial: Documents
13410:
13376:
13098:
12516:
12372:
12085:
11815:
11458:French and German socialism in modern times
11206:
10419:
10368:"The Legacy of Communism in Eastern Europe"
8862:French and German socialism in modern times
7918:
7436:Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought
3557:produced by the proletariat in the form of
2912:worldwide movement into two hostile camps.
1518:
1500:
1138:
25994:
25980:
25511:
25497:
24465:
24451:
24398:
24188:
23848:
23667:
23383:
23093:
22955:
22723:
22333:Fitzgibbons, Daniel J. (11 October 2002).
22281:. Moscow: Progress Publishers – via
21678:regime, was described by genocide scholar
21369:; they wrote about people who died in the
20637:
20351:
19900:
19898:
19896:
19850:
19212:
18494:
18226:"The Sources of Early Christian Communism"
16996:
16930:The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx
16896:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life
16892:
16680:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"
16380:
16097:
16042:
15754:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
15676:
15417:
15144:
14987:
14931:
14891:
14545:(in Russian). Vol. 52. Archived from
14531:
14469:
14315:
14008:
13875:"Who Killed More: Hitler, Stalin, or Mao?"
13446:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12944:
12574:Dowlah, Alex F.; Elliott, John E. (1997).
12209:Janzen, Rod; Stanton, Max (18 July 2010).
12066:. pp. 991–1024 (1019). Archived from
11866:
11027:
10896:
10884:
10836:
10810:
10793:
10539:
10491:
10415:
9717:
9708:
9701:Illustrated Encyclopaedia of World History
9532:
9468:
9129:
8939:
8803:
7608:. Libertarian Marxism is also critical of
6743:as its conditions of existence disappear.
6716:
6702:
6079:
6065:
4106:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
3981:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
2543:Other communists and Marxists, especially
2509:1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election
1588:
1361:. In the 20th century, several ostensibly
1119:
1105:
24438:Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940–1991.
24139:
23769:
23699:(2007). "Revisionism in Soviet History".
23279:
23130:
22536:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs.
22531:
22460:Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism
22436:
22250:
22019:
21943:
21690:, rather than communism, while historian
21511:
21509:
21332:elements are the emphasis on traditional
21293:
21291:
20840:
20680:
20117:
20107:
20072:
19702:
19635:
19561:. New York: Modern Library. p. 147.
19544:
19422:
19315:Malia, Martin (October 1999). "Preface".
19248:
18960:
17783:
17662:
17435:
17071:, p. 155, Fourth International (FI).
17056:
16734:
16602:
16590:
16251:
16224:(Third ed.). 1999. pp. 476–477.
15855:Zhao, Jianmin; Dickson, Bruce J. (2001).
15784:Political economy: a comparative approach
15709:
15342:
15135:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 81–97.
14958:
14757:
14730:Bhattarai, Kamal Dev (21 February 2018).
14729:
14470:Jaffe, Greg; Doshi, Vidhi (1 June 2018).
14436:
14278:
14141:
14014:
13683:
13615:
12972:Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976).
12971:
12886:Evgeny Pashukanis: A Critical Reappraisal
12634:
12405:
12348:
12048:
11784:
11303:
11269:
11267:
11265:
10616:
10085:"Political change and democracy in China"
8472:, their general trend towards increasing
8007:Some forms of anarcho-communism, such as
3680:Class conflict and historical materialism
3356:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
3070:; Tito's independent policies led to the
26001:
25518:
24288:
23598:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
23546:Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies
23406:
22885:
22844:
21530:more noncombatants than the Soviets did.
21352:
21350:
21135:
20885:Ghodsee, Kristen Rogheh (October 2017).
20653:Dolea, C.; Nolte, E.; McKee, M. (2002).
20556:
20411:
20379:
20227:Anti-Communisms: Discourses of Exclusion
20144:
20050:
19930:
19711:
19364:
19208:
18665:
18622:
17872:
17263:
16861:
16827:
16280:(in Russian). No. 1. pp. 2–22.
15600:"Toward a critique of political economy"
15311:
14076:
13943:(March 2007). "Mao: The Unknown Story".
13724:
13624:
13568:(2001). "Communism". In Dear, I. C. B.;
13073:
13053:. Oxford University Press. p. 224.
12722:
12244:Houlden, Leslie; Minard, Antone (2015).
12009:
11878:
11548:
11486:
11403:
11180:
10610:
10347:
9981:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). New York:
9852:
9343:
9013:"Administration in the communist system"
8152:
8114:argued that by abolishing free markets,
7933:
7747:
7514:
7430:
7255:
7155:
7034:during the early 1930s, which held that
6938:
3457:
3275:
3261:
3251:
3013:
2154:
2070:(modern-day Iran) has been described as
1921:allows grouping together such different
1592:
27577:Reflections on the Revolution in France
24370:
24245:Comrades!: A History of World Communism
24239:
24214:
23592:
23566:
23464:
22815:
22811:– via Forum för levande historia.
22726:"State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union"
22657:
22453:
22162:
22134:
22087:
22056:
21981:
21076:
21042:
20884:
20443:
20203:
20087:
20015:
19893:
19795:
19679:[Worthy answer: Soviet Story].
18869:
18766:
18734:
18703:
18610:
18524:
18419:
18288:
18249:
18223:
17927:
17817:
17761:
17214:
17166:
17104:
17027:
16795:
16761:
16677:
16614:
16290:
16268:
16206:. Vol. 6. p. 366 – via
15905:(2011). "Withering Away of the State".
15768:
15529:
15492:
15461:
15418:Fareld, Victoria; Kuch, Hannes (2020),
15283:
14623:
14416:
14182:
13869:
13801:
13281:
13252:
13046:
13015:
12988:
12913:
12686:
12602:
12464:
11972:
11682:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001
11128:
10848:
10806:
10652:
10634:. Vol. 9, no. 2. pp. 7–8
10411:
10119:
9810:
9664:
8000:phase prior to establishing communism.
7497:in 1982. Through the experience of the
7334:In particular, Trotsky advocated for a
7234:, described its "specific form" as the
6880:that proposes the establishment of the
6811:), which would eventually wither away,
3909:
1236:. As one of the main ideologies on the
14:
27867:
24119:A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism
23999:
23976:
23954:
23874:
23730:
23644:
23446:
23333:
23307:
23259:
23237:How Many did Communist Regimes Murder?
23230:
23126:– via Wilson Quarterly Archives.
23070:
23030:
22990:
22515:
22489:; Dresser, Sam, eds. (22 March 2018).
22289:
22259:
21969:
21927:
21915:
21903:
21887:
21875:
21871:
21869:
21713:experts on local history; it includes
21506:
21288:
21110:
20710:
20633:
20591:
19994:
19876:
19759:
19462:
19216:
18552:
18525:Greaves, Bettina Bien (1 March 1991).
18018:
17953:
17733:
17697:Memos, Christos (Autumn–Winter 2012).
17549:
17467:
16575:
16374:
16362:
16358:
16320:
16284:
16274:Социализм сегодня: опыт и новая теория
16258:(in Russian). Vol. 3. p. 59.
15901:
15631:
15597:
15564:
15235:
15090:
15047:
14855:Economics: Marxian versus Neoclassical
14828:
14699:"Nepal's election The Maoists triumph"
14424:
14420:
14408:
13939:
13686:Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War
13661:
13564:
13524:
13495:
13342:
13202:
12845:
12576:The Life and Times of Soviet Socialism
12349:Nandanwad, Nikita (13 December 2020).
12272:
11893:
11870:
11824:
11580:
11526:
11333:
11327:
11273:
11262:
11215:
11081:
11075:
10814:
10729:
10362:
10316:A Socioeconomic History of North Korea
10264:
10233:
10005:
9974:
9936:
9617:
9579:
9520:
9516:
9146:; Pinta, Saku; Prichard, Alex (eds.).
9058:
8960:
8948:
8900:"Distribution in the communist system"
8530:United Nations Human Development Index
8294:Some authors and politicians, such as
8026:
7556:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
7373:Trotsky had the support of many party
7203:, pro-active development of society's
4887:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3622:remain the fundamental aspects of all
3166:. The leader of the Cuban Revolution,
2659:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
2579:. Some left-wing parties, such as the
2265:in France. During the upheaval of the
2233:stated that several groups during the
1830:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1735:stated that in 1848, at the time when
1341:in France. During the upheaval of the
25975:
25492:
25362:Mass killings under communist regimes
24446:
24061:
23900:
23791:
23681:(reprint ed.). Signet Classics.
22637:
22600:
22558:
22356:
22187:
22112:
21998:Bibliography of works about communism
21719:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
21347:
20630:Gerr, Raskina & Tsyplakova (2017)
20625:
20298:
20175:
19962:
19674:
19647:
19556:
19314:
19236:
19220:
19204:
19136:
19050:
18463:
18325:
17959:
17696:
17581:
17385:
17264:Escalona, Fabien (29 December 2020).
17135:
16738:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
16646:
16622:(3rd ed.). Burlington, Vermont:
16497:
16429:
16393:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
16155:
16057:
15990:Marx, Engels and the vote (June 1983)
15950:Fischer, Ernst; Marek, Franz (1996).
15907:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
15610:from the original on 15 December 2020
15579:from the original on 12 February 2018
15473:
15206:
15061:. Translated by Livingstone, Rodney.
14791:
14711:from the original on 14 February 2009
14412:
14354:
13905:
13857:
13825:
13789:
13758:
13712:
13590:
13460:
13421:
13387:
13160:
13107:
13077:The Russian Revolution: A New History
12763:
12505:
12417:
12378:
12301:
12121:
12101:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp.
12099:Communism: The Great Misunderstanding
12096:
11975:Economic Thought and Political Theory
11940:
11934:
11755:
11707:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
11704:
11657:
11623:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
11620:
11371:
11276:"Does communism work? If so, why not"
10822:
10818:
10802:
10622:
10430:
10358:
10356:
10157:Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009).
10138:from the original on 24 February 2021
10101:from the original on 9 September 2017
9759:
9697:
9415:
9385:
9314:
9280:
9174:
9138:
9065:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
8168:Mass killings under communist regimes
7446:. Developed from the 1950s until the
7122:, who also broke with Mao during the
6946:statue in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
6844:
6771:". He allowed for the possibility of
5800:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
4176:Change the World Without Taking Power
3753:communism as a new mode of production
3591:To each according to his contribution
3310:, who remained committed to orthodox
3074:and expulsion of Yugoslavia from the
2671:1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union
1869:Associated usage and Communist states
1684:to each according to his contribution
1540:came to be primarily associated with
1464:mass killings under communist regimes
982:Mass killings under communist regimes
24265:
24215:Sabirov, Kharis Fatykhovich (1987).
24194:The Red Flag: A History of Communism
24083:
24069:(reprint ed.). Modern Library.
23618:
23344:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
23073:Socialism: A Very Short Introduction
22935:Communism: A Primary Source Analysis
22932:
22908:
22703:Communism: A Very Short Introduction
22569:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
22386:George, John; Wilcox, Laird (1996).
21016:
20929:
20641:
20475:
20151:(E-book ed.). Oxford, England:
19589:
19511:
19393:
19005:
18915:Andrieu, Claire; Gensburger, Sarah;
18827:
18348:
18119:
18094:
17529:"A libertarian Marxist tendency map"
16923:
16862:Beilharz, Peter (19 November 2019).
16389:
16326:
15832:from the original on 22 October 2012
15691:from the original on 9 February 2015
15284:Liedman, Sven-Eric (December 2020).
15015:
14664:
14252:Chambers Dictionary of World History
13887:from the original on 5 February 2018
13574:The Oxford Companion to World War II
12882:
12848:Communism: a very short introduction
12167:
10934:
10215:from the original on 6 February 2021
10190:
10156:
10049:
10043:
9894:
8580:right-wing authoritarian personality
8357:
8149:Excess mortality in Communist states
7923:
7737:
7134:power while maintaining a socialist
3863:Socialization versus nationalization
3832:
3437:
2186:, More portrayed a society based on
1816:were not sufficiently developed for
1784:By 1888, Marxists employed the term
1655:fell out of use during this period.
1621:has usually been distinguished from
1143:, 'common, universal') is a
148:"From each according to his ability,
27:Political and socioeconomic ideology
27687:The End of History and the Last Man
27597:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
23936:(illustrated, hardcover ed.).
22956:Mackenbach, Johan (December 2012).
22724:Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (2001).
22521:Politics at the Turn of the Century
22343:University of Massachusetts Amherst
22168:"The Soviet Union Versus Socialism"
22033:] (in German). J. H. W. Dietz.
21866:
21729:(genocide and politicide), and the
19804:Ghodsee, Sehon & Dresser (2018)
18518:
18495:Agranovsky, Dmitry (12 July 1995).
18273:Christianity was the expression of
18099:. London: Rebel Press. p. 88.
17846:
17503:
17105:Korolev, Jeff (27 September 2021).
16957:
16735:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
16462:
15565:Ramsay, Anders (21 December 2009).
15314:"The Critique of Political Economy"
14282:(1992). "The Hollywood Blacklist".
13899:
13597:. New York: New Park Publications.
13016:Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994).
12914:Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994).
12883:Head, Michael (12 September 2007).
12215:(illustrated ed.). Baltimore:
11452:
11087:"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?"
10372:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
10274:(5th ed.). Washington, D. C.:
9112:"Communism - Non-Marxian communism"
8859:
8346:in August 2008 and endorsed by the
8139:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
8015:and strongly influenced by radical
7899:, some of whom they consider to be
7526:and main proponent of Eurocommunism
7476:, Marxism–Leninism was kept in the
7346:, elected representation of Soviet
6988:leading role of the Communist party
6964:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
6928:
4131:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
4061:Theses on the Philosophy of History
3674:
3170:, ruled Cuba from 1959 until 2008.
2785:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2676:
2466:occurred largely without any human
1834:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
24145:The Cambridge History of Communism
24041:The Cambridge History of Communism
23828:The Cambridge History of Communism
23503:
23388:. Aldine Transaction. p. 21.
23137:The Cambridge History of Communism
23135:; Quinn-Smith, Stephen A. (eds.).
22091:The Cambridge History of Communism
20534:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001
20352:Puddington, Arch (23 March 2017).
20246:L'histoire comme champ de bataille
19712:Piereson, James (21 August 2018).
17316:
17000:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary
16533:
15814:
15677:Patterson, Orlando; Fosse, Ethan.
15598:Ruccio, David (10 December 2020).
15145:Priestland, David (January 2002).
14988:Gluckstein, Donny (26 June 2014).
14667:Historical Dictionary of Socialism
14188:
13288:The Political Economy of Stalinism
11658:Hudis, Peter (10 September 2018).
10353:
9903:University of North Carolina Press
8459:comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
7760:Communist Workers Party of Germany
7211:. Marxism–Leninism remained after
7191:, and one-party state, along with
3246:Commonwealth of Independent States
3210:Commonwealth of Independent States
3202:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
1995:
1844:, and later in the 1920s those of
1836:, which resulted in the adjective
1581:is credited with the first use of
1462:. Many authors have written about
1162:, whose goal is the creation of a
25:
27941:
25316:Criticism of communist party rule
24315:
23910:. Translated by Davidson, Scott.
22503:from the original on 1 April 2022
22270:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific
21200:but did not necessarily advocate
21111:Taylor, Matt (22 February 2017).
20711:Chavez, Lesly Allyn (June 2014).
20520:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021).
20176:Rauch, Jonathan (December 2003).
20051:Neumayer, Laure (November 2017).
19760:Satter, David (6 November 2017).
19514:Totalitarianism at the crossroads
18532:Foundation for Economic Education
18065:
17332:from the original on 25 May 2021.
16194:
15710:Ruda, Frank; Hamza, Agon (2016).
15542:from the original on 5 March 2020
15476:Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap
14934:Encyclopedia of Political Economy
14316:Kindersley, Richard, ed. (1981).
14286:(paperback ed.). Champaign:
14284:Encyclopedia of the American Left
13167:(1st hardback ed.). London:
12770:(1st hardback ed.). London:
12475:(2). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
10480:Ghodsee, Sehon & Dresser 2018
10295:from the original on 25 July 2021
10246:from the original on 6 March 2021
10127:Fordham International Law Journal
8364:criticism of Communist party rule
7836:
7042:because it stood in the way of a
4151:Time, Labor and Social Domination
3634:during most of the 20th century.
3526:, whereby communism is seen as a
3407:commanding heights of the economy
3336:1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
2198:. Marxist communist theoretician
2082:, criticizing the institution of
1848:. In spite of this common usage,
1771:liberty, equality, and fraternity
1674:(in the form of common access to
934:Criticism of communist party rule
27657:The Open Society and Its Enemies
25471:
25459:
25337:21st-century communist theorists
23757:Journal of Economic Perspectives
23715:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x
23337:(2002). "Review. Reviewed Work:
23267:Economics Research International
23260:Safaei, Jalil (31 August 2011).
22909:Leon, David A. (23 April 2013).
22853:(1). Thousand Oaks, California:
22764:Historical Dictionary of Marxism
22532:Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (2009).
22198:(1). Thousand Oaks, California:
21975:
21963:
21937:
21921:
21909:
21897:
21881:
21856:
21783:
21741:
21702:
21639:
21574:
21533:
21475:, which is controversial due to
21365:mainly wrote and focused on the
21104:
21070:
21036:
21010:
20984:
20955:
20903:
20878:
20834:
20803:
20775:
20726:
20704:
20646:
20619:
20585:
20550:
20469:
20437:
20405:
20383:(2017). "Chapter 7: Communism".
20373:
20345:
20292:
20197:
20169:
20145:Doumanis, Nicholas, ed. (2016).
20081:
20044:
20009:
19995:Bozóki, András (December 2008).
19988:
19956:
19870:
19844:
19808:
19789:
19668:
19583:
19550:
19505:
19416:
19387:
19381:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2009.00526.x
19358:
19348:... commentators in the liberal
19308:
19279:
19242:
19198:
19044:
18999:
18954:
18908:
18863:
18821:
18772:
18728:
18697:
18659:
18616:
18488:
18457:
18413:
18379:
18342:
18319:
18282:
18243:
18217:
18195:
18168:
18088:
18034:
18012:
17998:. Filiquarian Publishing. 2008.
17988:
17921:
17903:
17866:
17840:
17811:
17755:
17727:
17690:
17623:(2004). "On Council Communism".
17613:
17575:
17543:
17521:
17497:
17461:
17429:
17401:
17379:
17310:
17284:
17257:
17160:
17129:
17098:
17074:
16997:Volkogonov, Dmitri (June 2008).
16990:
16951:
16917:
16886:
16855:
16821:
16789:
16755:
16728:
16685:Studies in East European Thought
16671:
16640:
16608:
16556:
16527:
16511:. Tirana: Foreign Language Press
16491:
16456:
16188:
16149:
16138:
16091:
16082:
16051:
16036:
16023:
16015:Mary Gabriel (29 October 2011).
16008:
15983:
15970:
15943:
15895:
15879:from the original on 6 June 2013
15848:
15820:"IX. Barbarism and Civilization"
15808:
15746:
15703:
15670:
15625:
15591:
15558:
15530:Jönsson, Dan (7 February 2019).
15523:
15486:
15467:
15411:
15336:
15305:
15277:
15229:
15200:
15162:(1). Thousand Oaks, California:
15138:
15106:
15096:Marx & Engels Selected Works
15084:
15058:History and Class Consciousness'
15041:
15009:
14981:
14925:
14885:
14785:
14751:
14723:
14691:
14658:
14617:
14589:
14561:
14525:
14499:
14463:
14430:
14402:
14348:
14243:
14211:
14047:
13980:Evangelista, Matthew A. (2005).
13973:
13933:
13863:
13819:
13795:
13752:
13718:
13677:
13655:
13584:
13518:
13454:
13196:
13154:
13067:
13040:
13009:
12989:Service, Robert (24 June 1985).
12982:
12965:
12938:
12907:
12876:
12839:
12810:
12757:
12716:
12680:
12628:
12596:
12567:
12547:How the Soviet Union is Governed
12531:
12499:
12477:University of Pennsylvania Press
12458:
12411:
12342:
12295:
12266:
12237:
12202:
12042:
11669:The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx
10954:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2007.00439.x
10172:from the original on 17 May 2021
9347:Dictionnaire de l'extrême gauche
9034:Communist Party of Great Britain
8921:Communist Party of Great Britain
8679:
7612:positions such as those held by
7504:
7023:as a dynamic ideological order.
6685:
6046:
6034:
6022:
5858:21st-century communist theorists
4201:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
4116:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
4036:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
3942:
3915:This section is an excerpt from
3290:Lao People's Democratic Republic
2981:. During the same period, Mao's
2581:Socialist Party of Great Britain
2363:
2341:
1857:The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx
1769:, which in the long run ensured
1544:, most specifically embodied in
1088:
1077:
957:21st-century communist theorists
71:
26464:Family as a model for the state
24598:Dictatorship of the proletariat
24389:The Radical Pamphlet Collection
24371:Lindsay, Samuel McCune (1905).
24091:(English, hardcover ed.).
23576:University Press of New England
23474:. Vol. 20 (1st ed.).
23099:"The Storm over The Black Book"
23041:. Vol. 26 (2nd ed.).
23001:. Vol. 20 (1st ed.).
22976:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.022
22847:Journal of Contemporary History
22665:Journal of Contemporary History
22638:Hauck, Owen (2 February 2016).
21991:
21795:collectivization of agriculture
21725:(genocide and politicide), the
21383:dissolution of the Soviet Union
21220:
21178:
21142:
19877:Shafir, Michael (Summer 2016).
19677:"Cienīga atbilde: Soviet Story"
19397:Jewish Political Studies Review
18224:Montero, Roman (30 July 2019).
17608:Johnson, Walker & Gray 2014
17069:Johnson, Walker & Gray 2014
16647:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
15345:John Ruskin's political economy
13397:Revolutionary Democracy Journal
13206:Journal of Political Ideologies
12468:Journal of the History of Ideas
12212:The Hutterites in North America
12003:
11966:
11887:
11860:
11749:
11731:
11698:
11614:
11574:
11542:
11520:
11480:
11446:
11365:
11297:
11237:
11163:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
11155:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
10963:
10928:
10842:
10723:
10646:
10533:
10424:
10307:
10265:Worden, Robert L., ed. (2008).
10258:
10227:
10184:
10150:
10113:
10072:
10011:
9968:
9930:
9888:
9846:
9804:
9772:
9753:
9691:
9573:
9526:
9409:
9379:
9337:
9308:
9274:
9243:
9212:
9168:
8554:nostalgia for the Communist era
8350:in July 2009. Some scholars in
7320:dictatorship of the proletariat
7262:Man, Controller of the Universe
7044:dictatorship of the proletariat
6882:dictatorship of the proletariat
6809:dictatorship of the proletariat
6769:dictatorship of the proletariat
6669:Latin America and the Caribbean
4560:Theory of historical trajectory
4438:Dictatorship of the proletariat
4141:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
4041:History and Class Consciousness
3996:Critique of the Gotha Programme
3757:dictatorship of the proletariat
3706:ushered the world into the new
3350:), and others as part of their
3298:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3180:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3174:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3160:Cuban communist revolutionaries
2681:
2547:who favored the development of
2401:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
2327:Revolutionary wave of 1917–1923
2309:in 19th-century Europe. As the
1945:, has no adequate explanation.
1933:'s anti-urbanism. According to
1409:dissolution of the Soviet Union
200:Dictatorship of the proletariat
150:to each according to his needs"
27814:Separation of church and state
27712:Collectivism and individualism
27667:The Origins of Totalitarianism
24380:New International Encyclopedia
24343:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
24003:The Journal of Moral Education
23484:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01173-6
23075:(paperback ed.). Oxford:
22747:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360
22365:University of California Press
22118:The Rise and Fall of Communism
21259:exists since millennia, while
19225:Karlsson & Schoenhals 2008
19095:The Historiography of Genocide
18497:"Yegor Letov: Russkiy Proryv"
17937:University of California Press
17789:"Socialism and Labor Unionism"
17107:"On the Problem of Trotskyism"
16834:Marxism and Literary Criticism
16508:Imperialism and the Revolution
14861:Johns Hopkins University Press
14042:its use for teaching purposes.
13512:10.1080/00213624.1998.11506129
13074:McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017).
12395:– via Scholarly Commons.
12279:University of Pittsburgh Press
12217:Johns Hopkins University Press
12020:Johns Hopkins University Press
11596:(hardcover ed.). Oxford:
11556:(hardcover ed.). London:
11502:(revised ed.). New York:
11412:(revised ed.). New York:
11274:Morris, Emily (8 March 2021).
10987:The American Historical Review
10788:Karlsson & Schoenhals 2008
10234:Fisher, Max (6 January 2016).
9423:International Critical Thought
9416:March, Luke (September 2012).
9317:Radical Left Parties in Europe
9104:
9052:
8997:
8954:
8884:
8853:
8826:
8488:. Despite those shortcomings,
8342:, which was proclaimed by the
4358:Socially necessary labour time
4256:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
4146:The Sublime Object of Ideology
4071:A Critique of Soviet Economics
2569:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2493:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
2475:Russian Provisional Government
2442:, and popular support for the
2130:communist movement during the
1725:similar to the Roman Catholic
1680:to each according to his needs
13:
1:
27854:Category:Political philosophy
27727:Critique of political economy
24538:Critique of political economy
24472:
24349:Libertarian Communist Library
23852:; Six, Clemens, eds. (2020).
23317:Open Court Publishing Company
23035:. In Wright, James D. (ed.).
22611:. In Gleditsch, N. P. (ed.).
22277:. Vol. 3. Translated by
22252:10.1080/10455752.2021.1875603
22141:Classical Sociological Theory
21561:Socialist Revolutionary Party
21463:phenomenon of communism." A
21023:Marx & Philosophy Society
20860:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402
20449:The Great North Korean Famine
20302:Contemporary European History
20088:Dujisin, Zoltan (July 2020).
20074:10.1080/00905992.2017.1364230
19650:The Review of English Studies
17082:National Committee of the SWP
16626:. pp. 125–129, 158–159.
16543:. Vol. 27. p. 217.
16098:Springborg, Patricia (1984).
14624:Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008).
14532:Alimzhanov, Anuarbek (1991).
13629:. O. V. Khlevni︠u︡k. Oxford:
12732:(hardback ed.). London:
12059:The Cambridge History of Iran
11709:. Santa Barbara, California:
11660:"Marx's Concept of Socialism"
11625:. Santa Barbara, California:
10314:Schwekendiek, Daniel (2011).
9946:(hardback ed.). London:
9718:Billington, James H. (2011).
9061:"Withering Away of the State"
8755:
8447:United States. Works such as
8059:Apostles in the New Testament
7570:Libertarian Marxist communism
7318:Rather than representing the
7245:
7004:agricultural collectivization
6966:and in a global scale in the
6764:Critique of the Gotha Program
6481:Democracy and economic growth
4279:Critique of political economy
3892:capitalist mode of production
3785:Critique of political economy
3779:Critique of political economy
3710:. Before capitalism, certain
3708:capitalist mode of production
3589:of the means of production, "
3352:People's Multiparty Democracy
3294:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
2895:came to power in 1949 as the
2501:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2431:capitalist mode of production
2275:Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne
2221:religious group known as the
1903:Soviet-type economic planning
1885:, and mainly in reference to
1658:An early distinction between
1559:Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne
1351:Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne
138:Critique of political economy
27752:Institutional discrimination
27747:History of political thought
26479:Negative and positive rights
25431:Socialist mode of production
25347:Anti-communist mass killings
25289:Workers of the world, unite!
24558:Proletarian internationalism
24399:Winstanley, Gerrard (1649).
23907:From Communism to Capitalism
23647:Origins of Chinese Communism
23534:Resources in other libraries
22621:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12
22576:(1). Boston, Massachusetts:
21636:(anti-Stalinist Yugoslavia).
21604:(anti-revisionist Albania),
21485:Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia
21465:Soviet and communist studies
21321:North Korea: A Country Study
21241:wrote: "I use uppercase 'C'
21184:Earlier forms of communism (
20753:10.1080/09668136.2013.822711
20482:Europe Since 1989: A History
19800:Engel-Di Mauro et al. (2021)
19683:(in Latvian). Archived from
19675:Ijabs, Ivars (23 May 2008).
18714:The New York Review of Books
18176:Dielo Truda (Workers' Cause)
18126:Towards the creative Nothing
18069:What is Anarchist Communism?
17873:Kowalski, Ronald I. (1991).
17582:Lowry, Ben (11 March 2017).
17231:"On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism"
16741:. Verso Books. p. 293.
16406:10.1080/03017605.2011.621248
16076:10.1016/j.soscij.2010.07.002
15787:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57–59.
15781:Barry Stewart Clark (1998).
15432:10.5040/9781350082700.ch-001
14288:University of Illinois Press
14134:10.1080/00324728.2014.972432
13880:The New York Review of Books
13688:. Basingstoke and New York:
13219:10.1080/13569317.2012.676867
12277:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
11092:The New York Review of Books
10268:North Korea: A Country Study
9542:"Bourgeois and Proletarians"
9478:"Bourgeois and Proletarians"
9440:10.1080/21598282.2012.706777
8760:
8503:-backed economic reforms of
8393:anti-communist mass killings
8191:There is no consensus among
8126:anti-communist mass killings
8093:
7880:(March 1919) and during its
7596:and its derivatives such as
7313:proletarian internationalism
7145:
6674:Middle East and North Africa
6541:Peaceful transition of power
4316:Falling profit-rate tendency
4096:The Society of the Spectacle
3849:communist mode of production
3583:socialist mode of production
3450:List of communist ideologies
3244:, formally establishing the
3228:. That evening at 7:32, the
3130:democratic road to socialism
3022:believed at one point to be
2605:socialist mode of production
2479:Russian Constituent Assembly
1304:communist mode of production
1051:Socialist mode of production
967:Anti-communist mass killings
905:Workers of the world, unite!
160:Proletarian internationalism
7:
27762:Justification for the state
27547:Two Treatises of Government
25399:Marx's theory of alienation
24429:. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
24345:. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
23801:University of Chicago Press
23291:The World Book Encyclopedia
22963:Social Science and Medicine
22734:History of Economics Review
22238:Capitalism Nature Socialism
21750:The Black Book of Communism
21715:anticommunist mass killings
21522:The Black Book of Communism
21437:The Black Book of Communism
21379:Holodomor genocide question
21252:The Black Book of Communism
21017:Ehms, Jule (9 March 2014).
20971:'s Global Attitudes Project
20600:University of Chicago Press
19970:(E-book ed.). London:
19714:"Socialism as a hate crime"
18565:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
18467:Encyclopedia of Catholicism
18359:Westminster John Knox Press
18260:Foundations of Christianity
17854:. Marxists Internet Archive
16893:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011).
16624:University of Vermont Press
16540:Marx/Engels Collected Works
16116:10.1177/0090591784012004005
15919:10.4135/9781608712434.n1646
15635:Critical Historical Studies
15420:From Marx to Hegel and Back
15239:Critical Historical Studies
15172:10.1177/0269142002032001564
15147:"Soviet Democracy, 1917–91"
15128:Marx/Engels Collected Works
15053:"What is Orthodox Marxism?"
13667:The Cold War: A New History
11987:10.1007/978-94-011-1380-9_1
11875:Rosser & Barkley (2003)
11404:Williams, Raymond (1985) .
11223:Online Etymology Dictionary
11071:– via Soviet Studies.
11017:– via Soviet Studies.
10756:10.1080/0966813022000017177
9319:(E-book ed.). London:
9063:. In Kurian, George (ed.).
8992:economic habits may remain.
8971:The Principles of Communism
8748:Twentieth Century Communism
8672:
8457:legitimized debates on the
8449:The Black Book of Communism
8443:The Black Book of Communism
8088:
7901:internationalist socialists
7592:, emerged in opposition to
7409:combined with an authentic
7405:The economic platform of a
7354:against far-right parties,
7019:a convenient label for the
6571:Proportional representation
5790:Capitalism Nature Socialism
4306:Concrete and abstract labor
4196:Capital in the Anthropocene
4121:Social Justice and the City
4016:The Accumulation of Capital
3036:industrialized Soviet Union
2999:
2960:of the army and Mao's wife
2952:be removed through violent
2438:, the peasants' demand for
1234:withering away of the state
1019:Marx's theory of alienation
10:
27946:
26432:Bellum omnium contra omnes
24423:Kingston University London
24415:– via Roger Lovejoy.
24172:Princeton University Press
24149:Cambridge University Press
24123:Princeton University Press
24045:Cambridge University Press
23832:Cambridge University Press
23361:10.1162/002219502753364263
23178:(hardback, 2nd ed.).
23141:Cambridge University Press
22863:10.1177/002200940103600110
22700:
22678:10.1177/002200940103600110
22562:(Summer 1996). "Review of
22416:Social Indicators Research
22275:Marx/Engels Selected Works
22096:Cambridge University Press
22001:
21995:
21832:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
21830:, who seized power in the
21188:and some earlier forms of
20818:Cambridge University Press
20566:Princeton University Press
20487:Princeton University Press
20421:Princeton University Press
20389:Princeton University Press
20109:10.1007/s11186-020-09401-5
20065:Cambridge University Press
19936:The Actuality of Communism
19745:Engel-Di Mauro et al. 2021
19598:Cambridge University Press
19475:Cambridge University Press
19069:10.1177/0967828X9700500202
18836:Cambridge University Press
18506:(in Russian). No. 145
18499:Егор Летов: Русский Прорыв
18431:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
18289:Montero, Roman A. (2017).
18095:Gray, Christopher (1998).
17996:Anarchism for Know-It-Alls
17968:Greenwood Publishing Group
17960:Mayne, Alan James (1999).
17795:. Vol. 1, no. 18
17417:. Vol. 8. Autumn 1999
17037:Bulletin of the Opposition
17033:"The Transitional Program"
16805:Edinburgh University Press
16064:The Social Science Journal
16058:Niemi, William L. (2011).
15499:Cambridge University Press
15343:Henderson, Willie (2000).
15155:European History Quarterly
14901:"Idealism and Materialism"
14809:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
14380:. pp. 310–314 (312).
14319:In Search of Eurocommunism
14015:Bottelier, Pieter (2018).
13767:Princeton University Press
13499:Journal of Economic Issues
13428:(revised ed.). London
13293:Cambridge University Press
12951:. McFarland. p. 109.
12647:Cambridge University Press
12428:Cambridge University Press
12312:Cambridge University Press
12064:Cambridge University Press
12062:. Vol. 3. Cambridge:
12018:(6). Baltimore, Maryland:
11838:Cambridge University Press
10707:Cambridge University Press
10632:The London Review of Books
9403:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
9352:Dictionary of the far left
9298:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
9192:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
8741:American Communist History
8165:
8108:Russian Revolution of 1917
8030:
7927:
7840:
7778:elected at workplaces and
7741:
7573:
7508:
7420:
7324:degenerated workers' state
7249:
7221:Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism
7166:leader of the Soviet Union
7149:
7080:Communist Party of Germany
7046:, in addition to a shared
6932:
6848:
4066:Dialectic of Enlightenment
3914:
3866:
3836:
3782:
3759:; it is the defeat of the
3683:
3624:Marxist schools of thought
3454:Marxist schools of thought
3447:
3441:
3255:
3218:leader of the Soviet Union
3177:
3110:People's Republic of China
3104:, who enacted a period of
3003:
2685:
2330:
2204:Thomas More and His Utopia
2141:The Peasant War in Germany
2138:analyzed in his 1850 work
2109:preached an early form of
2038:. Since the 20th century,
1999:
1988:
1984:
1617:Since the 1840s, the term
1313:, in the aftermath of the
1286:. The two classes are the
1252:Marxist schools of thought
43:Communism (disambiguation)
40:
29:
27849:
27699:
27468:
27116:
26849:
26729:
26648:
26560:
26551:
26417:
26251:
26180:
26009:
25819:
25613:
25526:
25454:
25329:
25298:
25256:
25178:
24800:
24749:
24711:
24647:
24606:
24480:
24427:Marxists Internet Archive
24385:Retrieved 18 August 2021.
24335:Retrieved 18 August 2021.
23731:Forman, James D. (1972).
23529:Resources in your library
23458:Marxists Internet Archive
23031:Morgan, W. John (2015) .
22816:Kaufman, Cynthia (2003).
22429:10.1007/s11205-017-1764-4
22283:Marxists Internet Archive
22191:Journal of Peace Research
22183:– via Chomsky.info.
22050:Marxists Internet Archive
21849:
21338:Korea under Japanese rule
20889:. Duke University Press.
20592:Mattei, Clara E. (2022).
20315:10.1017/S0960777312000070
20276:Columbia University Press
19483:10.1017/S004388710002089X
19404:(3/4). Jerusalem: 73–92.
19155:Journal of Peace Research
18927:Columbia University Press
18881:Columbia University Press
18295:Wipf and Stock Publishers
18269:Marxists Internet Archive
18046:The Nestor Makhno Archive
17887:10.1007/978-1-349-10367-6
17805:Marxists Internet Archive
17684:Marxists Internet Archive
17186:10.1017/S0305741000010407
16521:Marxists Internet Archive
16485:Marxists Internet Archive
16208:Marxists Internet Archive
16174:10.1080/08935690009358994
15842:Marxists Internet Archive
15312:Mészáros, István (2010).
15207:Twiss, Thomas M. (2014).
15074:Marxists Internet Archive
14974:The Columbia Encyclopedia
14915:Marxists Internet Archive
14332:10.1007/978-1-349-16581-0
13959:10.1017/s030574100600107x
13759:Luthi, Lorenz M. (2010).
13684:McDermott, Kevin (2006).
13609:Marxists Internet Archive
13350:; Uvalić, Milica (eds.).
13269:10.1080/09668138508411571
13161:White, Elizabeth (2010).
12826:Marxists Internet Archive
12764:White, Elizabeth (2010).
11894:Nation, R. Craig (1992).
11705:Busky, Donald F. (2000).
11621:Busky, Donald F. (2000).
11590:Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge
11586:Evans, Robert John Weston
11345:University of Texas Press
11284:University College London
10672:10.1080/09668130902753325
10559:10.1080/09668130050143860
10191:Seth, Michael J. (2019).
9962:Marxists Internet Archive
9671:Stanford University Press
9665:Bockman, Johanna (2011).
9567:Marxists Internet Archive
9504:Marxists Internet Archive
9046:Marxists Internet Archive
8987:Marxists Internet Archive
8933:Marxists Internet Archive
8711:List of communist parties
8497:World Health Organization
8263:proposes the category of
8100:University College London
8009:insurrectionary anarchism
7416:
7283:Trotskyism, developed by
7085:Within Marxism–Leninism,
6884:, led by a revolutionary
4211:Literature and Revolution
4171:Late Victorian Holocausts
4101:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
4086:The Wretched of the Earth
3869:Socialization (economics)
3731:, earning profit via the
3371:
2573:proletarian revolutionary
2034:society first emerged in
1808:as a means to defend the
1585:in English, around 1840.
1478:Etymology and terminology
1211:revolutionary spontaneity
27637:The Revolt of the Masses
24583:Workers' self-management
24359:11 December 2005 at the
24294:The Reality of Communism
24249:Harvard University Press
23977:Morgan, W. John (2003).
23960:Maoism: A Global History
23932:; Murphy, Dylan (1999).
23071:Newman, Michael (2005).
22991:Morgan, W. John (2001).
22768:Rowman & Littlefield
22525:Rowman & Littlefield
22265:"Historical Materialism"
22208:10.1177/0022343304040051
21545:socialism in one country
21477:Holocaust trivialization
21421:and political scientist
21192:), shared support for a
20568:. pp. 51, 222–223.
20453:Institute of Peace Press
20178:"The Forgotten Millions"
20030:10.1177/1750698015587151
19434:Cornell University Press
19323:Harvard University Press
19260:Cornell University Press
19168:10.1177/0022343309342944
18972:Cornell University Press
18498:
18464:Flinn, Frank K. (2007).
18399:The Acts of the Apostles
18357:. Louisville, Kentucky:
17877:. Basingstoke, England:
17637:10.1163/1569206043505275
17510:Government In The Future
17136:Weber, Wolfgang (1989).
16273:
15727:(3): 5–7. Archived from
15493:Postone, Moishe (1995).
15297:(in Swedish) (28): 134.
14932:O'Hara, Phillip (2003).
14671:Rowman & Littlefield
14535:
14358:(2011). "Communism". In
14170:
14091:Rowman & Littlefield
13837:Harvard University Press
13625:Gorlizki, Yoram (2004).
13425:Class Struggles in China
13301:10.1017/CBO9780511615856
12995:. Springer. p. 98.
12551:Harvard University Press
12549:. Cambridge and London:
11902:Cornell University Press
11216:Harper, Douglas (2020).
10416:Howard & King (2001)
10199:Rowman & Littlefield
10160:
9861:Harvard University Press
9788:University of Washington
9580:Gasper, Phillip (2005).
9344:Cosseron, Serge (2007).
9205:George & Wilcox 1996
8314:and other historians, a
7919:Other types of communism
7801:In contrast to those of
7774:, which are composed of
7688:World Socialist Movement
7548:Communist Party of Spain
7305:socialism in one country
7181:ideological Soviet model
7058:society had entered the
6972:socialism in one country
6909:(1848), identifying the
6626:Wars between democracies
6606:Territorial peace theory
6451:Democratic confederalism
4161:The Origin of Capitalism
4031:The State and Revolution
3514:, no single, definitive
3462:A monument dedicated to
3362:Chinese economic reforms
3132:, which became known as
2878:
2867:For most Westerners and
2377:and a key figure in the
2333:Revolutions of 1917–1923
1820:. A distinction between
1611:flag of the Soviet Union
1215:workers' self-management
185:Workers' self-management
30:Not to be confused with
27617:The Communist Manifesto
26543:Tyranny of the majority
26454:Consent of the governed
25421:Revolutionary socialism
24629:Socialization (Marxism)
24330:Encyclopædia Britannica
24093:Oxford University Press
23678:The Communist Manifesto
23651:Oxford University Press
23594:Daniels, Robert Vincent
23568:Daniels, Robert Vincent
23422:Oxford University Press
23384:Wilczynski, J. (2008).
23077:Oxford University Press
22933:Link, Theodore (2004).
22919:Oxford University Press
22707:Oxford University Press
22701:Holmes, Leslie (2009).
21949:"Communism and Anarchy"
21317:Korean ultranationalism
21215:revolutionary socialism
21088:Oxford University Press
21019:"The Communist Horizon"
20526:Oxford University Press
20242:Black Book of Communism
20153:Oxford University Press
20102:(January 2021): 65–96.
19767:The Wall Street Journal
19557:Pipes, Richard (2001).
19107:10.1057/9780230297784_3
18782:; Parsons, William S.;
18623:Blakeley, Ruth (2009).
18332:Origins of Christianity
17239:Communist Party of Peru
16801:The Trotsky Reappraisal
16698:10.1023/A:1008651325136
16474:Foreign Languages Press
16361:, pp. 2332, 3355;
16238:Encyclopædia Britannica
16158:"Marxism and democracy"
16156:Wolff, Richard (2000).
15464:, pp. 44, 192–216.
15122:Principles of Communism
15098:. Vol. I. Moscow:
14995:International Socialism
14511:Encyclopædia Britannica
13736:Oxford University Press
13631:Oxford University Press
13578:Oxford University Press
13467:Oxford University Press
12852:Oxford University Press
12846:Holmes, Leslie (2009).
12822:Encyclopedia of Marxism
12723:Faulkner, Neil (2017).
12525:Encyclopædia Britannica
12359:University of Edinburgh
12097:Ermak, Gennady (2019).
11950:Random House Publishing
11674:Oxford University Press
11598:Oxford University Press
11504:Oxford University Press
11414:Oxford University Press
10350:, pp. 9–24, 36–44.
10320:McFarland & Company
9983:Macmillan Reference USA
9766:Oxford University Press
9760:Smith, Stephen (2014).
9547:The Communist Manifesto
9483:The Communist Manifesto
9225:Encyclopædia Britannica
9059:Kurian, George (2011).
9009:Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni
8896:Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni
8860:Ely, Richard T (1883).
8836:World Book Encyclopedia
8811:Encyclopædia Britannica
8726:Sociocultural evolution
8378:political left and the
8334:agenda, among them the
8224:crimes against humanity
8069:, and theologians like
7948:Anarcho-communism is a
7874:Communist International
7818:government by applying
7665:Johnson–Forest Tendency
7625:The Civil War in France
7544:Italian Communist Party
7524:Italian Communist Party
7522:, the secretary of the
7465:, being practical, and
7455:revolutionary movements
7451:Chinese economic reform
7427:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
7268:in Mexico City showing
7266:Palacio de Bellas Artes
6984:dialectical materialism
6919:dialectical materialism
6906:The Communist Manifesto
6890:political consciousness
6800:Principles of Communism
6779:Principles of Communism
6754:The Communist Manifesto
6611:Tyranny of the majority
6546:Political demonstration
6456:Democratic peace theory
6431:Deliberative referendum
4862:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
4505:Relations of production
4388:Base and superstructure
4241:Dialectical materialism
4206:The Revolution Betrayed
4026:Terrorism and Communism
4021:Philosophical Notebooks
3976:The Communist Manifesto
3873:Socialization (Marxism)
3855:. According to Marxian
3845:falling rates of profit
3632:international relations
3620:dialectical materialism
3567:relations of production
3474:Marxism is a method of
3271:Chinese Communist Party
3224:, to Russian president
3198:Soviet of the Republics
3024:moving toward socialism
2946:Chinese Communist Party
2893:Chinese Communist Party
2852:, and strengthened the
2320:The Communist Manifesto
2259:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly
2251:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
1893:. The emergence of the
1887:authoritarian socialism
1862:Encyclopædia Britannica
1738:The Communist Manifesto
1709:was believed to be the
1589:Communism and socialism
1547:The Communist Manifesto
1505:(which literally means
1495:, a combination of the
1331:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly
1323:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
1041:Revolutionary socialism
233:Socialization (Marxism)
26494:
26444:Clash of civilizations
26430:
24333:(11th ed.). 1911.
24270:(hardcover ed.).
24266:Shaw, Yu-ming (2019).
24170:(hardcover ed.).
24121:(hardcover ed.).
23478:. pp. 9191–9193.
23453:Letter to the New Left
23232:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph
23167:Rabinowitch, Alexander
22886:Lansford, Tom (2007).
22357:Geary, Daniel (2009).
22166:(Spring–Summer 1986).
21747:In their criticism of
21515:Some authors, such as
21263:(used in reference to
21202:revolutionary politics
19662:10.1093/res/50.200.557
19590:Mann, Michael (2005).
18828:Mann, Michael (2005).
18527:"Why Communism Failed"
18391:Plumptre, Edward Hayes
18387:Ellicott, Charles John
18326:Renan, Ernest (1869).
18042:"Constructive Section"
17852:"Dialogue with Stalin"
17766:; Crump, John (eds.).
17625:Historical Materialism
17621:van der Linden, Marcel
17241:. 1982. Archived from
17111:Peace, Land, and Bread
16678:Van Ree, Erik (1998).
16327:Erik, Cornell (2002).
16303:Synthesis Publications
15474:Mortensen. "Ekonomi".
13283:Gregory, Paul Roderick
11321:10.3406/mots.1983.1122
11142:History of the Present
11054:10.1080/09668139999056
11029:Wheatcroft, Stephen G.
10973:; Rittersporn, Gábor;
10628:"Starving the Ukraine"
10541:Wheatcroft, Stephen G.
10511:10.1080/09668139999056
10493:Wheatcroft, Stephen G.
10120:Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003).
9937:Silber, Irwin (1994).
9895:Wald, Alan M. (2012).
9811:Diamond, Sara (1995).
9726:Transaction Publishers
9190:: 126–143 – via
9036:. pp. 73–75, § 21
8923:. pp. 72–73, § 20
8320:double genocide theory
8316:historical revisionist
8265:Communist mass killing
8163:
7986:voluntary associations
7945:
7755:
7694:, as well as parts of
7680:Socialisme ou Barbarie
7540:French Communist Party
7527:
7439:
7280:
7217:death of Joseph Stalin
7168:
7164:, the longest-serving
7064:proletariat revolution
6947:
6860:
6835:
6805:
6436:Democratic backsliding
6426:Criticism of democracy
5805:Historical Materialism
4550:Proletarian revolution
4545:Primitive accumulation
4540:Historical determinism
3690:Historical materialism
3641:and Marxism–Leninism.
3579:proletarian revolution
3545: – the
3484:historical materialism
3471:
3281:
3273:
3267:18th National Congress
3216:(the eighth and final
3031:
2897:Nationalist government
2856:alliance that covered
2761:libertarian communisms
2599:, in reference to the
2473:By November 1917, the
2460:equal rights for women
2411:
2355:and the leader of the
2227:Cromwell and Communism
2169:
2150:Christian universalist
1929:industrialism and the
1873:In the United States,
1832:renamed itself as the
1614:
1569:
1563:
1519:
1501:
1491:
1170:order centered around
1139:
26459:Divine right of kings
25372:Intentional community
24508:Collective leadership
23645:Dirlik, Arif (1989).
23624:The Communist Horizon
23602:Yale University Press
23149:10.1017/9781316137024
22309:10.1353/nlh.2000.0045
21723:1959 Tibetan uprising
21674:, whose culprit, the
21136:Explanatory footnotes
21054:Duke University Press
20673:10.1136/jech.56.6.444
20264:Jaffrelot, Christophe
18553:Aarons, Mark (2007).
18349:Boer, Roland (2009).
18265:Russell & Russell
17741:. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
17674:. No. 27. Bremen
17296:Enciclopedia Treccani
16958:Cox, Michael (1992).
16901:Yale University Press
16047:. Socialist Register.
15953:How to Read Karl Marx
15903:Kurian, George Thomas
15330:10.17605/OSF.IO/65MXD
14977:(6th ed.). 2007.
14386:10.4135/9781412994163
14189:Nossal, Kim Richard.
13803:Perkins, Dwight Heald
13461:Smith, S. A. (2014).
13388:Bland, Bill (1995) .
13047:Bergman, Jay (2019).
13024:John Wiley & Sons
12922:John Wiley & Sons
12379:Papke, David (2016).
12273:Halfin, Igal (2000).
11801:10.1353/kri.2004.0007
11761:The National Interest
11745:(6th ed.). 2007.
11742:Columbia Encyclopedia
11558:Bloomsbury Publishing
11462:Harper & Brothers
11377:"Communism, the Word"
10703:Stalin: A New History
10050:Dunn, Dennis (2016).
9142:(2012). Berry, Dave;
9077:10.4135/9781608712434
8866:Harper & Brothers
8721:Post-scarcity economy
8642:history of capitalism
8338:in June 2008 and the
8197:scholars of Communism
8166:Further information:
8156:
7937:
7831:democratic centralism
7822:on the one hand, and
7768:libertarian socialism
7751:
7720:Cornelius Castoriadis
7642:libertarian socialism
7536:social transformation
7518:
7434:
7259:
7159:
7015:population, has made
6992:democratic centralism
6942:
6855:
6825:
6787:
6491:Electoral competition
6471:Democratic transition
6446:Democratic centralism
6441:Democratic capitalism
6041:Philosophy portal
5835:Science & Society
4453:Democratic centralism
4311:Factors of production
4181:Caliban and the Witch
4126:Women, Race and Class
3885:. Nationalization is
3704:Industrial Revolution
3605:, follows the maxim "
3500:social transformation
3478:analysis that uses a
3461:
3428:democratic centralism
3417:, an elitist form of
3346:), social democrats (
3332:Nepal Communist Party
3314:, and those, such as
3279:
3265:
3252:Post-Soviet communism
3232:was lowered from the
3184:With the fall of the
3178:Further information:
3094:Albanian–Soviet split
3017:
3004:Further information:
2944:orthodoxy within the
2769:democratic centralism
2763:, dating back to the
2745:democratic centralism
2686:Further information:
2551:as a prerequisite to
2534:anarchism and Marxism
2331:Further information:
2311:Industrial Revolution
2263:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2158:
2002:Pre-Marxist communism
2000:Further information:
1978:workers and peasants'
1767:democratic revolution
1601:is a common theme of
1596:
1448:Soviet economic model
1381:. As one of the many
1363:Communist governments
1339:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1244:Variants of communism
1203:libertarian socialist
992:Intentional community
108:Collective leadership
27915:Political ideologies
27905:Left-wing ideologies
27607:Democracy in America
26986:political philosophy
26969:political philosophy
26784:political philosophy
26613:political philosophy
26523:Separation of powers
26484:Night-watchman state
26469:Monopoly on violence
26003:Political philosophy
25520:Political ideologies
25478:Socialism portal
25466:Communism portal
25321:Criticism of Marxism
25311:Communist propaganda
24741:Fourth International
24731:Second International
24518:Communist revolution
24221:(English ed.).
24067:Communism: A History
23771:10.1257/jep.34.2.172
23420:(revised ed.).
23242:University of Hawaii
23104:The Wilson Quarterly
22339:The Campus Chronicle
22296:New Literary History
21761:'s Soviet Union and
21344:as a guerrilla hero.
21056:. p. xvi–xvii.
20602:. pp. 301–302.
20211:Praktyka Teoretyczna
20155:. pp. 377–378.
20057:Nationalities Papers
19972:Taylor & Francis
19559:Communism: a history
18744:Monthly Review Press
18667:McSherry, J. Patrice
18474:. pp. 173–174.
18148:Nightmares of Reason
17386:Marot, Eric (2006).
17084:(16 November 1953).
17059:, pp. 189, 194.
16657:. pp. 105–106.
16430:Hoppe, Bert (2011).
16294:Contemporary Marxism
16017:"Who was Karl Marx?"
15863:Taylor & Francis
15324:. pp. 317–331.
15322:Monthly Review Press
15193:State and Revolution
14792:March, Luke (2009).
14665:Lamb, Peter (2015).
14634:Wadsworth Publishing
14549:on 20 December 2015.
14364:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk
14086:49 Myths about China
14060:Simon & Schuster
13988:Taylor & Francis
13422:Bland, Bill (1997).
13348:Kołodko, Grzegorz W.
12736:. pp. 34, 177.
12122:Busky, D.F. (2002).
12012:The Classical Weekly
11946:Communism: A History
11600:. pp. 207–235.
10058:. pp. 126–131.
9863:. pp. ix–x, 2.
9386:March, Luke (2009).
9315:March, Luke (2012).
9281:March, Luke (2009).
9175:March, Luke (2009).
9067:. Washington, D.C.:
9021:The ABC of Communism
8908:The ABC of Communism
8701:Criticism of Marxism
8696:Communism by country
8584:right-wing populists
8507:experienced surging
8418:victims of Communism
8372:criticism of Marxism
8135:Non-Aligned Movement
7884:(July–August 1920).
7530:Eurocommunism was a
7438:monument in Shenyang
7380:Fourth International
7364:transitional program
7293:permanent revolution
7173:socioeconomic system
6466:Democratic socialism
6053:Socialism portal
6029:Communism portal
5898:History of communism
5893:Economic determinism
5878:Criticism of Marxism
5868:Creative destruction
4628:Marxism and religion
4348:Scientific socialism
4251:Philosophy of nature
4136:Imagined Communities
4001:Dialectics of Nature
3917:Democracy in Marxism
3910:Democracy in Marxism
3647:Second International
3520:scientific socialism
3498:perspective to view
3419:socialism from above
3320:democratic socialist
2743:. Following Lenin's
2557:socialist revolution
2497:coalition government
2427:socialist revolution
2295:New Harmony, Indiana
2271:François-Noël Babeuf
2247:Age of Enlightenment
2132:German Peasants' War
2014:Scientific socialism
1991:History of communism
1818:socialist revolution
1347:François-Noël Babeuf
1335:Henri de Saint-Simon
1319:Age of Enlightenment
1300:communist revolution
1294:to survive, and the
1095:Socialism portal
1084:Communism portal
939:Criticism of Marxism
929:Communist propaganda
349:Fourth International
339:Second International
118:Communist revolution
41:For other uses, see
27900:Economic ideologies
27797:Right-wing politics
27677:A Theory of Justice
27647:The Road to Serfdom
27567:The Social Contract
26274:Christian democracy
25638:Christian democracy
25426:Socialist economics
25342:Anti anti-communism
25271:Red flag (politics)
24736:Third International
24726:First International
24553:Market abolitionism
24498:Class consciousness
24393:Library of Congress
24290:Zinoviev, Alexandre
24223:Progress Publishers
23697:Fitzpatrick, Sheila
23281:10.1155/2012/137412
23095:Paczkowski, Andrzej
22564:Death by Government
21800:Cambodian Civil War
21731:Cultural Revolution
21650:. Examples include
21598:Ho Chi Minh Thought
21491:'s North Korea and
21407:Klas-Göran Karlsson
21387:Revolutions of 1989
21278:Communist Party USA
21190:religious communism
20997:The Washington Post
20969:Pew Research Center
20740:Europe-Asia Studies
19819:(2 December 2022).
19512:Gray, John (1990).
19424:Valentino, Benjamin
19250:Valentino, Benjamin
18962:Valentino, Benjamin
18769:, pp. 151–153.
18472:Infobase Publishing
18230:Church Life Journal
18076:on 21 December 2010
18022:(13 October 2002).
17715:on 29 November 2020
17668:"The New Blanquism"
17173:The China Quarterly
17117:on 11 February 2022
16438:] (in German).
16278:Журнал Альтернативы
16200:"To the Rural Poor"
16043:Hal Draper (1970).
15734:on 16 November 2021
15720:Crisis and Critique
15501:. pp. 130, 5.
15426:, p. 142,182,
15424:Bloomsbury Academic
15100:Progress Publishers
14906:The German Ideology
14553:Declaration № 142-Н
14477:The Washington Post
14178:on 11 October 2022.
14056:Mao: The Real Story
13946:The China Quarterly
13873:(5 February 2018).
13792:, pp. 316–332.
13715:, pp. 179–193.
13591:Sedov, Lev (1980).
11662:. In Hudis, Peter;
11085:(27 January 2011).
11041:Europe-Asia Studies
10936:Suny, Ronald Grigor
10743:Europe-Asia Studies
10659:Europe-Asia Studies
10626:(22 January 1987).
10546:Europe-Asia Studies
10498:Europe-Asia Studies
10276:Library of Congress
10161:북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기
9764:. Oxford, England:
9556:Progress Publishers
9492:Progress Publishers
9032:. London, England:
8919:. London, England:
8618:economic inequality
8509:economic inequality
8482:North Korean famine
8376:anti-anti-communist
8344:European Parliament
8102:wrote that because
8047:religious communism
8033:Christian communism
8027:Christian communism
7974:means of production
7941:, main theorist of
7764:libertarian Marxism
7576:Libertarian Marxism
7388:orthodox Trotskyism
7236:democratic republic
7197:means of production
7140:Three Worlds Theory
7124:Sino-Albanian split
6840:is to be organized.
6773:peaceful transition
6692:Politics portal
6486:Democracy promotion
6461:Democratic republic
5785:Capital & Class
4465:False consciousness
4413:Commodity fetishism
4403:Class consciousness
4321:Means of production
4156:The Age of Extremes
4076:The Long Revolution
4011:What Is to Be Done?
3971:The German Ideology
3729:means of production
3575:class consciousness
3571:alienation of labor
3551:means of production
3470:(right) in Shanghai
3394:libertarian Marxism
3390:Christian communism
3334:) were part of the
3190:Revolutions of 1989
2938:Cultural Revolution
2931:Cultural Revolution
2814:The devastation of
2765:libertarian Marxist
2741:New Economic Policy
2733:Workers' Opposition
2513:single issue voters
2452:universal education
2283:James H. Billington
2111:Christian communism
2010:Religious communism
2006:Primitive communism
1966:people's democratic
1960:national-democratic
1763:Revolutions of 1848
1603:communist symbolism
1579:John Goodwyn Barmby
1536:social situations.
1456:anti anti-communism
1405:freedom of religion
1359:James H. Billington
1256:religious communism
1248:anarchist communism
1176:means of production
1046:Socialist economics
962:Anti anti-communism
951:Related topics
887:Red flag (politics)
344:Third International
334:First International
155:Market abolitionism
98:Class consciousness
27809:Political violence
27804:Political theology
27787:Left-wing politics
27782:Political spectrum
25553:Political spectrum
25446:Worker cooperative
25404:National communism
25377:Left-wing politics
25282:The Internationale
24634:Economic democracy
24218:What Is Communism?
23983:Palgrave Macmillan
23884:Palgrave Macmillan
23858:Palgrave Macmillan
23850:Gerlach, Christian
23702:History and Theory
23111:. pp. 28–34.
22892:Marshall Cavendish
22566:by R. J. Rummel".
21812:Cambodian genocide
21727:Cambodian genocide
21672:Cambodian genocide
21608:(Czechoslovakia),
21565:Popular Socialists
21455:Andrzej Paczkowski
21411:Michael Schoenhals
21162:political spectrum
21154:far-right politics
20445:Natsios, Andrew S.
20095:Theory and Society
19681:Latvijas Vēstnesis
19101:. pp. 42–70.
19099:Palgrave Macmillan
18504:Sovetskaya Rossiya
18156:on 27 October 2010
17879:Palgrave MacMillan
17664:Pannekoek, Antonie
17517:on 16 January 2013
17478:Socialist Register
17445:Palgrave Macmillan
17437:Screpanti, Ernesto
17351:Pannekoek, Antonie
17325:. pp. 73–80.
17298:(in Italian). 2010
16964:The Russian Review
16872:. pp. 1–206.
16616:Daniels, Robert V.
16270:Butenko, Aleksandr
16162:Rethinking Marxism
15909:. Washington, DC:
15684:The New York Times
15215:. pp. 28–29.
14807:: 127 – via
14605:. 26 December 1991
14602:The New York Times
14577:. 22 December 1991
14574:The New York Times
14507:"Cuban Revolution"
14427:, pp. 627–648
14121:Population Studies
13690:Palgrave Macmillan
13663:Gaddis, John Lewis
13528:The Russian Review
13356:Palgrave Macmillan
13322:Hoover Institution
12893:. pp. 1–288.
12753:– via OAPEN.
12355:Retrospect Journal
11904:. pp. 85–86.
11464:. pp. 29–30.
11305:Grandjonc, Jacques
11249:www.britannica.com
10898:Rosefielde, Steven
10420:Fitzgibbons (2002)
10079:Frenkiel, Émilie;
10056:Palgrave-Macmillan
10031:on 29 January 2009
9985:. pp. 35–36.
9401:: 129 – via
9296:: 126 – via
9152:Palgrave Macmillan
8868:. pp. 35–36.
8814:(revised ed.)
8716:Outline of Marxism
8410:Kristen R. Ghodsee
8336:Prague Declaration
8326:countries and the
8261:Benjamin Valentino
8186:order of magnitude
8164:
8145:in South America.
8098:Emily Morris from
7982:horizontal network
7946:
7897:anarcho-communists
7868:than the views of
7796:party dictatorship
7756:
7582:anti-authoritarian
7528:
7440:
7411:worker's democracy
7350:, the tactic of a
7281:
7177:political ideology
7169:
7128:Social imperialism
7103:social imperialist
6948:
6845:Leninist communism
6759:universal suffrage
6631:Waves of democracy
6591:Right to candidacy
6561:Popular referendum
6551:Political equality
6421:Citizens' assembly
5999:Worker cooperative
5977:Left-wing populism
5903:Left-wing politics
5840:Socialist Register
5830:Rethinking Marxism
4623:Literary criticism
4326:Mode of production
4191:Capitalist Realism
4051:The Black Jacobins
3894:. In the words of
3773:universal suffrage
3700:mode of production
3650:technology in the
3595:production for use
3512:schools of thought
3472:
3282:
3274:
3122:liberal-democratic
3032:
2921:Great Leap Forward
2844:'s entry into the
2793:Russian Revolution
2567:, inspired by the
2525:multi-party system
2389:October Revolution
2379:October Revolution
2307:socialist movement
2208:October Revolution
2170:
1972:socialist-oriented
1794:October Revolution
1757:in Germany. While
1715:Protestant England
1615:
1575:form of government
1383:types of socialism
1375:Russian Revolution
1280:mode of production
1238:political spectrum
1232:, followed by the
1160:socialist movement
1066:Worker cooperative
1024:National communism
997:Left-wing politics
898:The Internationale
238:Economic democracy
27920:Political culture
27885:Anarcho-communism
27862:
27861:
27772:Philosophy of law
27717:Conflict theories
27557:The Spirit of Law
27464:
27463:
26513:Original position
25969:
25968:
25668:Constitutionalism
25531:The Establishment
25486:
25485:
25266:Hammer and sickle
24757:Communist Parties
24573:Stateless society
24568:Social revolution
24533:Communist society
24503:Classless society
24374:"Communism"
24324:"Communism"
24307:978-0-80523-901-0
24281:978-0-36716-385-3
24258:978-0-67404-699-3
24232:978-0-82853-346-1
24207:978-0-80214-512-3
24190:Priestland, David
24181:978-0-69117-558-4
24158:978-1-31613-702-4
24132:978-0-69113-585-4
24102:978-0-19965-762-9
24076:978-0-81296-864-4
24054:978-1-31645-985-0
23947:978-0-75091-485-7
23938:Sutton Publishing
23921:978-1-472-52431-7
23893:978-1-137-37949-8
23841:978-1-31650-159-7
23810:978-0-226-27341-9
23742:978-0-531-02571-0
23688:978-0-451-52710-3
23669:Engels, Friedrich
23660:978-0-19-505454-5
23637:978-1-84467-954-6
23611:978-0-30010-649-7
23585:978-0-87451-678-4
23559:978-1-57958-390-3
23510:Library resources
23448:Wright, C. Wright
23435:978-0-19-520469-8
23408:Williams, Raymond
23326:978-0-87548-449-5
23300:978-0-7166-0108-1
23248:on 27 August 2018
23234:(November 1993),
23189:978-0-7453-9999-7
22948:978-0-8239-4517-7
22901:978-0-7614-2628-8
22855:SAGE Publications
22833:978-0-89608-693-7
22777:978-1-4422-3798-8
22716:978-0-19-955154-5
22543:978-1-58648-769-0
22261:Engels, Friedrich
22200:SAGE Publications
22155:978-0-631-21348-2
22136:Calhoun, Craig J.
22105:978-1-108-50935-0
22021:Bernstein, Eduard
21955:on 28 July 2011.
21808:Communist Vietnam
21771:Stéphane Courtois
21708:Genocide scholar
21527:Timothy D. Snyder
21517:Stéphane Courtois
21469:Steven Rosefielde
21419:Stéphane Courtois
21194:classless society
21186:utopian socialism
21158:far-left politics
20917:. 5 December 2011
20896:978-0-8223-6934-9
20842:Milanović, Branko
20638:Mackenbach (2012)
20496:978-0-691-16737-4
20285:978-0-231-14283-0
19964:Taras, Raymond C.
19912:. 26 October 2009
19815:Sullivan, Dylan;
19443:978-0-801-47273-2
19332:978-0-674-07608-2
19269:978-0-801-47273-2
19116:978-0-230-29778-4
19061:SAGE Publications
19026:978-0-8039-8829-3
19017:SAGE Publications
18981:978-0-8014-6717-2
18936:978-0-231-80046-4
18890:978-0-231-14282-3
18845:978-0-521-53854-1
18803:978-0-415-94430-4
18780:Charny, Israel W.
18690:978-0-415-66457-8
18652:978-0-415-68617-4
18589:on 5 January 2016
18481:978-0-8160-7565-2
18446:978-0-310-25421-8
18368:978-0-664-23393-8
18209:on 16 July 2011.
18188:on 28 July 2011.
18005:978-1-59986-218-7
17977:978-0-275-96151-0
17946:978-0-520-04798-3
17896:978-1-349-10369-0
17764:Rubel, Maximilien
17704:Anarchist Studies
17551:Varoufakis, Yanis
17372:978-0-9791813-6-8
17355:Pankhurst, Sylvia
17153:978-0-929087-30-6
17031:(May–June 1938).
17014:978-0-00-729166-3
16944:978-1-931859-19-6
16910:978-0-300-13724-8
16879:978-1-000-70651-2
16848:978-1-134-94783-6
16814:978-0-7486-0317-6
16782:978-0-929087-48-1
16748:978-1-78168-721-5
16664:978-90-04-26953-8
16633:978-0-87451-616-6
16535:Engels, Friedrich
16449:978-3-486-71173-8
16440:Oldenbourg Verlag
16031:La Liberté Speech
15963:978-0-85345-973-6
15816:Engels, Friedrich
15794:978-0-275-96370-5
15441:978-1-3500-8267-0
15222:978-90-04-26953-8
15164:SAGE Publications
15113:Engels, Friedrich
15102:. pp. 81–97.
15092:Engels, Friedrich
15034:978-0-415-19877-6
14947:978-0-415-24187-8
14897:Engels, Friedrich
14759:Ravallion, Martin
14707:. 17 April 2008.
14632:(14th ed.).
14423:, pp. 3–26;
14378:SAGE Publications
14368:Morlino, Leonardo
14341:978-1-349-16581-0
13699:978-0-333-71122-4
13640:978-0-19-534735-7
13365:978-0-230-54697-4
13310:978-0-511-61585-6
13091:978-0-465-09497-4
13060:978-0-19-884270-5
13033:978-0-631-19525-2
13002:978-1-349-05591-3
12958:978-0-7864-5647-5
12931:978-0-631-19525-2
12900:978-1-135-30787-5
12861:978-0-19-157088-9
12712:– via Gale.
12690:(December 1984).
12604:Marples, David R.
12506:Hammerton, J. A.
12248:. Santa Barbara:
12188:978-90-04-39477-3
12143:978-0-275-97748-1
12108:978-1-7979-5738-8
11981:. pp. 1–36.
11959:978-0-8129-6864-4
11867:Wilczynski (2008)
11720:978-0-275-96886-1
11691:978-0-19-069554-5
11636:978-0-275-96886-1
11528:Engels, Friedrich
11513:978-0-1952-0469-8
11488:Williams, Raymond
11427:978-0-1952-0469-8
11382:. Commoning Times
11354:978-0-292-71564-6
11337:(February 2014).
11335:Hodges, Donald C.
10917:978-0-415-77757-5
10839:, pp. 32–33.
10811:Paczkowski (2001)
10716:978-1-139-44663-1
10654:Marples, David R.
10613:, pp. 24–25.
10432:Wolff, Richard D.
10285:978-0-8444-1188-0
9912:978-1-4696-0867-9
9870:978-0-674-07608-2
9828:978-0-8986-2864-7
9735:978-1-4128-1401-0
9698:Hammerton, J. A.
9680:978-0-8047-7566-3
9595:978-1-931859-25-7
9534:Engels, Friedrich
9494:. pp. 98–137
9470:Engels, Friedrich
9361:978-2-035-82620-6
9330:978-1-136-57897-7
9154:. pp. 1–34.
9086:978-1-933116-44-0
9005:Bukharin, Nikolai
8962:Engels, Friedrich
8892:Bukharin, Nikolai
8846:978-0-7166-0108-1
8534:political freedom
8470:communist society
8438:Stéphane Courtois
8436:Some authors, as
8358:Memory and legacy
8283:'s Soviet Union,
8193:genocide scholars
7990:workers' councils
7943:anarcho-communism
7930:Anarcho-communism
7924:Anarcho-communism
7889:Marxist–Leninists
7772:workers' councils
7744:Council communism
7738:Council communism
7716:Raya Dunayevskaya
7712:Antonie Pannekoek
7708:social anarchists
7657:council communism
7564:Enrico Berlinguer
7520:Enrico Berlinguer
7348:socialist parties
7340:economic planning
7287:in opposition to
7209:natural resources
7205:productive forces
7201:industrialization
7160:1942 portrait of
7095:Nikita Khrushchev
7093:of Soviet leader
7070:forces. The term
7052:Rajani Palme Dutt
7038:was a variant of
7032:Communist parties
7000:industrialization
6976:Communist parties
6865:To the Rural Poor
6726:
6725:
6581:Right to petition
6089:
6088:
5930:Political ecology
5908:Marxian economics
4847:Council communism
4815:
4814:
4742:Neue Marx-Lektüre
4704:Regulation school
4593:Cultural analysis
4485:Lumpenproletariat
4428:Cultural hegemony
4418:Communist society
4408:Classless society
4343:Productive forces
4081:Guerrilla Warfare
3954:Theoretical works
3839:Marxian economics
3833:Marxian economics
3791:political economy
3725:private ownership
3652:productive forces
3615:classical Marxism
3599:communist society
3563:productive forces
3438:Marxist communism
3386:anarcho-communism
3324:social-democratic
3302:Fall of Communism
3242:Alma-Ata Protocol
3214:Mikhail Gorbachev
3164:Fulgencio Batista
3114:Sino-Soviet split
3102:Nikita Khrushchev
3072:Tito–Stalin split
2909:Nikita Khrushchev
2885:Chinese Civil War
2779:of 1936–1938 was
2737:bureaucratization
2701:Russian Civil War
2641:Marxist–Leninists
2561:Council communism
2549:liberal democracy
2373:, founder of the
2351:, founder of the
2267:French Revolution
2235:English Civil War
2018:Utopian socialism
1850:Communist parties
1814:productive forces
1759:liberal democrats
1599:hammer and sickle
1564:auteur communiste
1509:) and the suffix
1485:derives from the
1343:French Revolution
1315:French Revolution
1284:social revolution
1186:, and ultimately
1164:communist society
1129:
1128:
882:Hammer and sickle
367:Communist Parties
175:Stateless society
170:Social revolution
133:Communist society
103:Classless society
16:(Redirected from
27937:
27925:Social anarchism
27910:Marxism–Leninism
27880:1770s neologisms
27777:Political ethics
27767:Machiavellianism
27707:Authoritarianism
27692:
27682:
27672:
27662:
27652:
27642:
27632:
27622:
27612:
27602:
27592:
27582:
27572:
27562:
27552:
27542:
27532:
27522:
27512:
27502:
27492:
27482:
26558:
26557:
26499:
26435:
26425:Balance of power
26399:Social democracy
26394:Social Darwinism
26369:Multiculturalism
26314:Environmentalism
26289:Communitarianism
25996:
25989:
25982:
25973:
25972:
25896:Internationalism
25827:Authoritarianism
25796:Social democracy
25690:Environmentalism
25653:Communitarianism
25513:
25506:
25499:
25490:
25489:
25476:
25475:
25464:
25463:
25462:
25367:Internationalism
25357:Communitarianism
24721:Communist League
24624:Common ownership
24593:World revolution
24543:Free association
24467:
24460:
24453:
24444:
24443:
24416:
24414:
24412:
24403:. Archived from
24384:
24376:
24334:
24326:
24311:
24285:
24262:
24236:
24211:
24185:
24162:
24136:
24106:
24080:
24058:
24019:
23996:
23973:
23969:978-184792-250-2
23951:
23925:
23897:
23871:
23845:
23818:Fürst, Juliane;
23814:
23783:
23773:
23746:
23726:
23692:
23664:
23641:
23615:
23589:
23563:
23548:(1st ed.).
23497:
23466:Wormack, Brantly
23461:
23443:
23415:
23403:
23380:
23330:
23304:
23285:
23283:
23256:
23255:
23253:
23227:
23200:
23198:
23196:
23177:
23162:
23127:
23125:
23123:
23090:
23067:
23061:
23059:
23027:
23021:
23019:
22987:
22952:
22939:Rosen Publishing
22929:
22927:
22925:
22905:
22882:
22841:
22812:
22810:
22808:
22793:
22781:
22758:
22730:
22720:
22697:
22654:
22652:
22650:
22634:
22610:
22597:
22555:
22528:
22527:. pp. 3–26.
22512:
22510:
22508:
22483:Ghodsee, Kristen
22478:
22467:. pp. 3–4.
22455:Ghodsee, Kristen
22450:
22440:
22405:
22392:Prometheus Books
22382:
22353:
22351:
22349:
22328:
22286:
22256:
22254:
22227:
22184:
22182:
22180:
22159:
22131:
22127:978-022407-879-5
22109:
22084:
22053:
22047:
22045:
21985:
21979:
21973:
21967:
21961:
21960:
21951:. Archived from
21945:Kropotkin, Peter
21941:
21935:
21933:
21930:, p. 2332:
21925:
21919:
21913:
21907:
21901:
21895:
21893:
21885:
21879:
21873:
21864:
21860:
21843:
21787:
21781:
21755:Alexander Dallin
21745:
21739:
21706:
21700:
21643:
21637:
21624:(Soviet Union),
21578:
21572:
21537:
21531:
21513:
21504:
21460:Stanley Hoffmann
21354:
21345:
21325:de-Stalinization
21295:
21286:
21269:Marxist–Leninist
21224:
21218:
21198:common ownership
21182:
21176:
21146:
21130:
21129:
21127:
21125:
21108:
21102:
21101:
21074:
21068:
21067:
21044:Ghodsee, Kristen
21040:
21034:
21033:
21031:
21029:
21014:
21008:
21007:
21005:
21003:
20988:
20982:
20981:
20979:
20977:
20959:
20953:
20952:
20950:
20948:
20933:
20927:
20926:
20924:
20922:
20907:
20901:
20900:
20882:
20876:
20875:
20838:
20832:
20831:
20807:
20801:
20800:
20798:
20796:
20779:
20773:
20772:
20747:(7): 1243–1254.
20730:
20724:
20723:
20721:
20719:
20708:
20702:
20701:
20699:
20697:
20684:
20650:
20644:
20623:
20617:
20616:
20589:
20583:
20582:
20558:Scheidel, Walter
20554:
20548:
20547:
20518:Ghodsee, Kristen
20514:
20505:
20504:
20473:
20467:
20466:
20441:
20435:
20434:
20413:Scheidel, Walter
20409:
20403:
20402:
20381:Scheidel, Walter
20377:
20371:
20370:
20368:
20366:
20349:
20343:
20342:
20296:
20290:
20289:
20268:Sémelin, Jacques
20260:
20251:
20250:
20236:
20234:
20219:
20201:
20195:
20194:
20192:
20190:
20173:
20167:
20166:
20142:
20136:
20135:
20121:
20111:
20085:
20079:
20078:
20076:
20048:
20042:
20041:
20013:
20007:
20006:
19992:
19986:
19985:
19960:
19954:
19953:
19928:
19922:
19921:
19919:
19917:
19902:
19891:
19890:
19874:
19868:
19867:
19865:
19863:
19848:
19842:
19841:
19835:
19833:
19812:
19806:
19793:
19787:
19786:
19784:
19782:
19757:
19748:
19742:
19729:
19728:
19726:
19724:
19709:
19700:
19699:
19694:
19692:
19672:
19666:
19665:
19656:(200): 557–559.
19645:
19639:
19633:
19627:
19626:
19616:
19614:
19587:
19581:
19580:
19554:
19548:
19542:
19536:
19535:
19509:
19503:
19502:
19473:(3). Cambridge:
19460:
19451:
19450:
19420:
19414:
19413:
19391:
19385:
19384:
19362:
19356:
19355:
19341:
19339:
19312:
19306:
19305:
19283:
19277:
19276:
19246:
19240:
19234:
19228:
19202:
19196:
19195:
19149:
19140:
19134:
19125:
19124:
19090:
19081:
19080:
19048:
19042:
19041:
19035:
19033:
19003:
18997:
18996:
18990:
18988:
18958:
18952:
18951:
18945:
18943:
18917:Sémelin, Jacques
18912:
18906:
18905:
18899:
18897:
18871:Sémelin, Jacques
18867:
18861:
18860:
18854:
18852:
18825:
18819:
18818:
18812:
18810:
18794:Psychology Press
18776:
18770:
18764:
18758:
18757:
18732:
18726:
18725:
18723:
18721:
18707:(18 May 2020a).
18701:
18695:
18694:
18663:
18657:
18656:
18620:
18614:
18608:
18599:
18598:
18596:
18594:
18585:. Archived from
18550:
18544:
18543:
18541:
18539:
18522:
18516:
18515:
18513:
18511:
18492:
18486:
18485:
18461:
18455:
18454:
18417:
18411:
18410:
18383:
18377:
18376:
18346:
18340:
18339:
18323:
18317:
18316:
18286:
18280:
18279:
18247:
18241:
18240:
18238:
18236:
18221:
18215:
18214:
18205:. Archived from
18199:
18193:
18192:
18184:. Archived from
18172:
18166:
18165:
18163:
18161:
18152:. Archived from
18141:
18135:
18134:
18133:on 28 July 2011.
18129:. Archived from
18117:
18111:
18110:
18092:
18086:
18085:
18083:
18081:
18072:. Archived from
18063:
18054:
18053:
18052:on 21 July 2011.
18048:. Archived from
18038:
18032:
18031:
18030:on 29 June 2011.
18026:. Archived from
18016:
18010:
18009:
17992:
17986:
17985:
17957:
17951:
17950:
17925:
17919:
17918:
17915:Internationalism
17907:
17901:
17900:
17870:
17864:
17863:
17861:
17859:
17844:
17838:
17837:
17835:
17833:
17827:www.marxists.org
17815:
17809:
17808:
17802:
17800:
17785:Pannekoek, Anton
17781:
17772:
17771:
17759:
17753:
17752:
17731:
17725:
17724:
17722:
17720:
17694:
17688:
17687:
17681:
17679:
17660:
17649:
17648:
17617:
17611:
17605:
17599:
17598:
17596:
17594:
17579:
17573:
17572:
17567:
17565:
17547:
17541:
17540:
17538:
17536:
17525:
17519:
17518:
17501:
17495:
17494:
17492:
17490:
17465:
17459:
17458:
17433:
17427:
17426:
17424:
17422:
17405:
17399:
17398:
17396:
17394:
17383:
17377:
17376:
17343:
17334:
17333:
17331:
17314:
17308:
17307:
17305:
17303:
17288:
17282:
17281:
17279:
17277:
17261:
17255:
17254:
17252:
17250:
17227:
17218:
17212:
17206:
17205:
17168:Meisner, Maurice
17164:
17158:
17157:
17133:
17127:
17126:
17124:
17122:
17113:. Archived from
17102:
17096:
17095:
17078:
17072:
17066:
17060:
17054:
17048:
17047:
17045:
17043:
17025:
17019:
17018:
16994:
16988:
16987:
16955:
16949:
16948:
16921:
16915:
16914:
16890:
16884:
16883:
16859:
16853:
16852:
16831:(7 March 2013).
16825:
16819:
16818:
16793:
16787:
16786:
16759:
16753:
16752:
16732:
16726:
16725:
16675:
16669:
16668:
16644:
16638:
16637:
16612:
16606:
16600:
16594:
16588:
16579:
16573:
16567:
16566:
16554:
16548:
16547:
16531:
16525:
16524:
16518:
16516:
16495:
16489:
16488:
16482:
16480:
16460:
16454:
16453:
16427:
16418:
16417:
16387:
16378:
16372:
16366:
16356:
16350:
16349:
16324:
16318:
16317:
16288:
16282:
16281:
16266:
16260:
16259:
16249:
16243:
16242:
16232:
16226:
16225:
16218:
16212:
16211:
16192:
16186:
16185:
16153:
16147:
16142:
16136:
16135:
16104:Political Theory
16095:
16089:
16086:
16080:
16079:
16055:
16049:
16048:
16040:
16034:
16027:
16021:
16020:
16012:
16006:
16005:
15998:
15992:
15987:
15981:
15974:
15968:
15967:
15947:
15941:
15940:
15913:. p. 1776.
15899:
15893:
15892:
15886:
15884:
15852:
15846:
15845:
15839:
15837:
15812:
15806:
15805:
15803:
15801:
15778:
15772:
15766:
15757:
15750:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15739:
15733:
15716:
15707:
15701:
15700:
15698:
15696:
15674:
15668:
15667:
15629:
15623:
15622:
15617:
15615:
15595:
15589:
15588:
15586:
15584:
15562:
15556:
15555:
15549:
15547:
15527:
15521:
15520:
15490:
15484:
15483:
15471:
15465:
15459:
15453:
15452:
15415:
15409:
15408:
15383:
15374:
15373:
15340:
15334:
15333:
15309:
15303:
15302:
15290:
15281:
15275:
15274:
15233:
15227:
15226:
15204:
15198:
15197:
15188:
15186:
15151:
15142:
15136:
15110:
15104:
15103:
15088:
15082:
15081:
15071:
15069:
15045:
15039:
15038:
15013:
15007:
15006:
15004:
15002:
14985:
14979:
14978:
14965:
14956:
14955:
14929:
14923:
14922:
14889:
14883:
14882:
14858:
14849:Resnick, Stephen
14841:
14832:
14826:
14813:
14812:
14798:
14789:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14778:
14769:. Archived from
14755:
14749:
14748:
14746:
14744:
14727:
14721:
14720:
14718:
14716:
14695:
14689:
14688:
14669:(3rd ed.).
14662:
14656:
14655:
14631:
14621:
14615:
14614:
14612:
14610:
14593:
14587:
14586:
14584:
14582:
14565:
14559:
14557:
14550:
14529:
14523:
14522:
14520:
14518:
14503:
14497:
14496:
14494:
14492:
14467:
14461:
14460:
14458:
14456:
14434:
14428:
14406:
14400:
14399:
14352:
14346:
14345:
14313:
14302:
14301:
14276:
14270:
14269:
14247:
14241:
14240:
14238:
14236:
14231:on 22 March 2012
14215:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14204:
14199:on 7 August 2012
14186:
14180:
14179:
14165:
14159:
14158:
14145:
14111:
14105:
14104:
14080:
14074:
14073:
14051:
14045:
14044:
14012:
14006:
14005:
13977:
13971:
13970:
13937:
13931:
13930:
13903:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13892:
13867:
13861:
13855:
13849:
13848:
13823:
13817:
13816:
13799:
13793:
13787:
13781:
13780:
13756:
13750:
13749:
13722:
13716:
13710:
13704:
13703:
13681:
13675:
13674:
13659:
13653:
13652:
13622:
13613:
13612:
13588:
13582:
13581:
13562:
13553:
13552:
13522:
13516:
13515:
13506:(4): 1203–1206.
13493:
13484:
13483:
13458:
13452:
13451:
13445:
13437:
13435:
13433:
13419:
13408:
13407:
13405:
13403:
13394:
13385:
13374:
13373:
13340:
13329:
13328:
13319:
13317:
13279:
13273:
13272:
13250:
13239:
13238:
13200:
13194:
13193:
13187:
13185:
13158:
13152:
13151:
13105:
13096:
13095:
13071:
13065:
13064:
13044:
13038:
13037:
13013:
13007:
13006:
12986:
12980:
12979:
12969:
12963:
12962:
12942:
12936:
12935:
12911:
12905:
12904:
12880:
12874:
12873:
12843:
12837:
12836:
12834:
12832:
12814:
12808:
12807:
12790:
12788:
12761:
12755:
12754:
12752:
12750:
12731:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12709:
12684:
12678:
12677:
12675:Quote at p. 493.
12645:(4). Cambridge:
12632:
12626:
12625:
12600:
12594:
12593:
12571:
12565:
12564:
12535:
12529:
12528:
12520:
12514:
12513:
12503:
12497:
12496:
12462:
12456:
12455:
12426:(3). Cambridge:
12415:
12409:
12403:
12397:
12396:
12394:
12392:
12376:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12365:
12346:
12340:
12339:
12310:(3). Cambridge:
12299:
12293:
12292:
12270:
12264:
12263:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12206:
12200:
12199:
12197:
12195:
12165:
12159:
12158:
12152:
12150:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12094:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12072:
12050:Yarshater, Ehsan
12046:
12040:
12039:
12007:
12001:
12000:
11970:
11964:
11963:
11952:. pp. 3–5.
11938:
11932:
11931:
11925:
11923:
11918:on 1 August 2019
11914:. Archived from
11891:
11885:
11864:
11858:
11857:
11822:
11813:
11812:
11782:
11773:
11772:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11735:
11729:
11728:
11713:. pp. 6–8.
11702:
11696:
11695:
11655:
11644:
11643:
11618:
11612:
11611:
11578:
11572:
11571:
11546:
11540:
11539:
11524:
11518:
11517:
11501:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11450:
11444:
11443:
11401:
11392:
11391:
11389:
11387:
11381:
11369:
11363:
11362:
11331:
11325:
11324:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11292:
11290:
11271:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11213:
11204:
11203:
11178:
11167:
11166:
11138:
11130:Ghodsee, Kristen
11126:
11115:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11079:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11037:
11025:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11014:
10994:(4): 1017–1049.
10983:
10977:(October 1993).
10967:
10961:
10960:
10932:
10926:
10925:
10894:
10888:
10882:
10876:
10875:
10850:Hoffman, Stanley
10846:
10840:
10834:
10825:
10800:
10791:
10785:
10768:
10767:
10739:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10709:. pp. 3–5.
10698:
10692:
10691:
10650:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10620:
10614:
10608:
10595:
10594:
10553:(6): 1143–1159.
10537:
10531:
10530:
10489:
10483:
10477:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10448:on 11 March 2018
10444:. Archived from
10434:(27 June 2015).
10428:
10422:
10409:
10396:
10395:
10360:
10351:
10345:
10334:
10333:
10311:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10294:
10273:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10154:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10134:(4): 1289–1305.
10117:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10100:
10092:Laviedesidees.fr
10089:
10083:(15 July 2009).
10076:
10070:
10069:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10027:. Archived from
10015:
10009:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9972:
9966:
9965:
9945:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9921:
9919:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9879:
9877:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9837:
9835:
9808:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9794:
9776:
9770:
9769:
9757:
9751:
9750:
9744:
9742:
9715:
9706:
9705:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9662:
9653:
9652:
9630:
9621:
9615:
9604:
9603:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9564:
9562:
9550:. Translated by
9530:
9524:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9501:
9499:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9413:
9407:
9406:
9392:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9368:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9323:. p. 1724.
9312:
9306:
9305:
9287:
9278:
9272:
9271:
9265:
9263:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9235:
9233:
9216:
9210:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9181:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9136:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9095:
9093:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9043:
9041:
9024:. Translated by
9017:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8984:
8982:
8974:. Translated by
8958:
8952:
8946:
8937:
8936:
8930:
8928:
8911:. Translated by
8904:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8801:
8706:Crypto-communism
8689:
8687:Communism portal
8684:
8683:
8682:
8646:authoritarianism
8626:Great Depression
8598:social democrats
8586:in the region."
8549:Branko Milanović
8517:Central European
8486:orthodox Marxism
8474:authoritarianism
8368:Communist states
8324:Eastern European
8296:George G. Watson
8273:Daniel Goldhagen
8209:excess mortality
8143:Operation Condor
8112:Ludwig von Mises
8071:Charles Ellicott
7978:direct democracy
7970:common ownership
7962:private property
7872:espoused by the
7870:Marxism–Leninism
7858:social democrats
7824:vanguard parties
7803:social democracy
7792:state capitalism
7784:central planning
7732:Yanis Varoufakis
7614:social democrats
7594:Marxism–Leninism
7484:tendencies like
7482:anti-revisionist
7480:, while certain
7474:de-Stalinization
7368:internationalism
7360:collectivisation
7301:two-stage theory
7299:rather than the
7297:world revolution
7274:Friedrich Engels
7232:Friedrich Engels
7228:state capitalism
7213:de-Stalinization
7193:public ownership
7185:central planning
7111:orthodox Marxism
7099:state capitalist
7087:anti-revisionism
7036:social democracy
7017:Marxist–Leninist
7008:Marxism–Leninism
6935:Marxism–Leninism
6929:Marxism–Leninism
6868:
6863:Vladimir Lenin,
6833:
6819:, are the same.
6817:communal society
6803:
6795:Friedrich Engels
6784:Friedrich Engels
6749:Friedrich Engels
6718:
6711:
6704:
6690:
6689:
6586:Right to protest
6536:Nomination rules
6091:
6090:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6051:
6050:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6004:Workers' council
5825:Race & Class
4732:Frankfurt School
4699:Neo-Gramscianism
4672:Marxism–Leninism
4654:
4653:
4598:Cultural Studies
4555:World revolution
4500:Private property
4046:Prison Notebooks
3946:
3923:
3922:
3904:state capitalist
3896:Friedrich Engels
3879:social ownership
3749:common ownership
3675:Marxist concepts
3668:orthodox Marxism
3664:economic systems
3643:Orthodox Marxism
3628:Marxism–Leninism
3603:common ownership
3587:social ownership
3528:state of affairs
3508:Friedrich Engels
3486:, to understand
3468:Friedrich Engels
3398:humanist Marxism
3312:Marxism–Leninism
3286:Republic of Cuba
3208:and created the
3206:Soviet republics
3138:social democracy
3106:de-Stalinization
2983:personality cult
2973:", most notably
2809:Nikolai Bukharin
2801:Grigory Zinoviev
2773:party discipline
2753:party discipline
2729:Right Opposition
2677:Communist states
2601:two-stage theory
2589:state capitalism
2585:Communist states
2577:socialist states
2545:social democrats
2414:
2367:
2345:
2279:Sylvain Maréchal
2241:ideals and that
2231:Eduard Bernstein
2188:common ownership
2136:Friedrich Engels
2103:religious orders
2101:communities and
2095:Christian Church
2093:In the medieval
2084:private property
2026:, the idea of a
1954:socialist states
1935:Alexander Dallin
1913:movement led by
1899:Marxism–Leninism
1891:Communist states
1846:Marxism–Leninism
1755:Wilhelm Weitling
1733:Friedrich Engels
1713:way of life. In
1609:design from the
1572:
1566:
1522:
1517:. Semantically,
1504:
1494:
1452:state capitalism
1433:authoritarianism
1387:social democracy
1367:Marxism–Leninism
1355:Sylvain Maréchal
1180:private property
1172:common ownership
1142:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
987:Internationalism
977:Communitarianism
329:Communist League
228:Common ownership
195:World revolution
143:Free association
75:
52:
51:
36:Communitarianism
21:
27945:
27944:
27940:
27939:
27938:
27936:
27935:
27934:
27890:Anti-capitalism
27865:
27864:
27863:
27858:
27845:
27834:Totalitarianism
27695:
27690:
27680:
27670:
27660:
27650:
27640:
27630:
27620:
27610:
27600:
27590:
27580:
27570:
27560:
27550:
27540:
27530:
27520:
27510:
27507:Treatise on Law
27500:
27490:
27480:
27460:
27118:
27112:
26851:
26845:
26731:
26725:
26644:
26547:
26533:State of nature
26528:Social contract
26508:Ordered liberty
26496:Noblesse oblige
26413:
26247:
26176:
26005:
26000:
25970:
25965:
25961:Totalitarianism
25815:
25618:Accelerationism
25609:
25522:
25517:
25487:
25482:
25470:
25460:
25458:
25450:
25325:
25294:
25252:
25174:
24796:
24745:
24707:
24643:
24614:Planned economy
24602:
24588:World communism
24563:Labour movement
24523:Communist state
24513:Communist party
24488:Anti-capitalism
24476:
24471:
24410:
24408:
24361:Wayback Machine
24321:
24318:
24308:
24282:
24259:
24241:Service, Robert
24233:
24208:
24182:
24159:
24147:. Vol. 1.
24133:
24117:, eds. (2010).
24115:Service, Robert
24103:
24077:
24055:
24043:. Vol. 2.
24033:Naimark, Norman
23993:
23970:
23962:. Bodley Head.
23948:
23930:Laybourn, Keith
23922:
23894:
23868:
23842:
23830:. Vol. 3.
23811:
23793:Furet, François
23743:
23689:
23661:
23638:
23612:
23586:
23560:
23540:
23539:
23538:
23518:
23517:
23513:
23506:
23504:Further reading
23501:
23500:
23494:
23436:
23396:
23327:
23301:
23288:
23251:
23249:
23220:
23194:
23192:
23190:
23175:
23159:
23139:. Vol. 1.
23121:
23119:
23087:
23057:
23055:
23053:
23017:
23015:
23013:
22949:
22923:
22921:
22902:
22834:
22824:South End Press
22806:
22804:
22802:
22791:
22778:
22728:
22717:
22648:
22646:
22631:
22608:
22544:
22506:
22504:
22475:
22402:
22390:. Amherst, NY:
22375:
22347:
22345:
22279:Aveling, Edward
22178:
22176:
22156:
22146:Wiley-Blackwell
22128:
22120:. Bodley Head.
22106:
22078:
22070:. p. 240.
22058:Bevins, Vincent
22043:
22041:
22014:
22000:
21994:
21989:
21988:
21980:
21976:
21968:
21964:
21942:
21938:
21931:
21926:
21922:
21914:
21910:
21902:
21898:
21891:
21886:
21882:
21874:
21867:
21861:
21857:
21852:
21847:
21846:
21840:Henry Kissinger
21788:
21784:
21746:
21742:
21707:
21703:
21682:as following a
21668:Final Solutions
21644:
21640:
21612:(North Korea),
21590:Gonzalo Thought
21579:
21575:
21538:
21534:
21514:
21507:
21431:totalitarianism
21359:Robert Conquest
21355:
21348:
21296:
21289:
21231:Communist party
21225:
21221:
21183:
21179:
21147:
21143:
21138:
21133:
21123:
21121:
21109:
21105:
21098:
21075:
21071:
21064:
21041:
21037:
21027:
21025:
21015:
21011:
21001:
20999:
20989:
20985:
20975:
20973:
20960:
20956:
20946:
20944:
20934:
20930:
20920:
20918:
20909:
20908:
20904:
20897:
20883:
20879:
20839:
20835:
20828:
20808:
20804:
20794:
20792:
20780:
20776:
20731:
20727:
20717:
20715:
20709:
20705:
20695:
20693:
20651:
20647:
20624:
20620:
20610:
20590:
20586:
20576:
20555:
20551:
20544:
20515:
20508:
20497:
20489:. p. 132.
20474:
20470:
20463:
20442:
20438:
20431:
20423:. p. 222.
20410:
20406:
20399:
20378:
20374:
20364:
20362:
20350:
20346:
20297:
20293:
20286:
20270:, eds. (2009).
20261:
20254:
20232:
20230:
20213:
20202:
20198:
20188:
20186:
20174:
20170:
20163:
20143:
20139:
20086:
20082:
20049:
20045:
20014:
20010:
19993:
19989:
19982:
19961:
19957:
19950:
19932:Bosteels, Bruno
19929:
19925:
19915:
19913:
19904:
19903:
19894:
19875:
19871:
19861:
19859:
19849:
19845:
19831:
19829:
19813:
19809:
19794:
19790:
19780:
19778:
19758:
19751:
19743:
19732:
19722:
19720:
19710:
19703:
19690:
19688:
19687:on 20 July 2011
19673:
19669:
19646:
19642:
19634:
19630:
19612:
19610:
19608:
19600:. p. 343.
19588:
19584:
19569:
19555:
19551:
19543:
19539:
19524:
19510:
19506:
19461:
19454:
19444:
19421:
19417:
19392:
19388:
19363:
19359:
19337:
19335:
19333:
19325:. p. xiv.
19313:
19309:
19302:
19284:
19280:
19270:
19247:
19243:
19235:
19231:
19213:Paczkowski 2001
19203:
19199:
19150:
19143:
19135:
19128:
19117:
19091:
19084:
19053:South East Asia
19049:
19045:
19031:
19029:
19027:
19004:
19000:
18986:
18984:
18982:
18959:
18955:
18941:
18939:
18937:
18913:
18909:
18895:
18893:
18891:
18868:
18864:
18850:
18848:
18846:
18826:
18822:
18808:
18806:
18804:
18777:
18773:
18765:
18761:
18754:
18733:
18729:
18719:
18717:
18705:Bevins, Vincent
18702:
18698:
18691:
18664:
18660:
18653:
18621:
18617:
18609:
18602:
18592:
18590:
18583:
18551:
18547:
18537:
18535:
18523:
18519:
18509:
18507:
18500:
18493:
18489:
18482:
18462:
18458:
18447:
18421:Guthrie, Donald
18418:
18414:
18384:
18380:
18369:
18361:. p. 120.
18347:
18343:
18324:
18320:
18305:
18287:
18283:
18248:
18244:
18234:
18232:
18222:
18218:
18201:
18200:
18196:
18173:
18169:
18159:
18157:
18143:
18142:
18138:
18121:Novatore, Renzo
18118:
18114:
18107:
18093:
18089:
18079:
18077:
18064:
18057:
18040:
18039:
18035:
18017:
18013:
18006:
17994:
17993:
17989:
17978:
17970:. p. 316.
17958:
17954:
17947:
17939:. p. 134.
17933:Italian Marxism
17926:
17922:
17909:
17908:
17904:
17897:
17871:
17867:
17857:
17855:
17848:Bordiga, Amadeo
17845:
17841:
17831:
17829:
17819:Bordiga, Amadeo
17816:
17812:
17798:
17796:
17782:
17775:
17760:
17756:
17749:
17732:
17728:
17718:
17716:
17695:
17691:
17677:
17675:
17661:
17652:
17618:
17614:
17606:
17602:
17592:
17590:
17588:The News Letter
17580:
17576:
17563:
17561:
17548:
17544:
17534:
17532:
17527:
17526:
17522:
17502:
17498:
17488:
17486:
17466:
17462:
17455:
17434:
17430:
17420:
17418:
17407:
17406:
17402:
17392:
17390:
17384:
17380:
17373:
17347:Gorter, Hermann
17344:
17337:
17329:
17317:Pierce, Wayne.
17315:
17311:
17301:
17299:
17292:"Eurocomunismo"
17290:
17289:
17285:
17275:
17273:
17262:
17258:
17248:
17246:
17245:on 28 July 2020
17229:
17228:
17221:
17213:
17209:
17165:
17161:
17154:
17134:
17130:
17120:
17118:
17103:
17099:
17079:
17075:
17067:
17063:
17055:
17051:
17041:
17039:
17026:
17022:
17015:
17007:. p. 284.
16995:
16991:
16956:
16952:
16945:
16937:. p. 191.
16935:Haymarket Books
16922:
16918:
16911:
16903:. p. 161.
16891:
16887:
16880:
16860:
16856:
16849:
16829:Eagleton, Terry
16826:
16822:
16815:
16807:. p. 227.
16797:Ticktin, Hillel
16794:
16790:
16783:
16775:. p. 218.
16760:
16756:
16749:
16733:
16729:
16676:
16672:
16665:
16645:
16641:
16634:
16613:
16609:
16601:
16597:
16589:
16582:
16574:
16570:
16555:
16551:
16532:
16528:
16514:
16512:
16496:
16492:
16478:
16476:
16461:
16457:
16450:
16428:
16421:
16388:
16381:
16373:
16369:
16357:
16353:
16343:
16335:. p. 169.
16325:
16321:
16289:
16285:
16275:
16267:
16263:
16250:
16246:
16234:
16233:
16229:
16220:
16219:
16215:
16204:Collected Works
16196:Lenin, Vladimir
16193:
16189:
16154:
16150:
16143:
16139:
16096:
16092:
16087:
16083:
16056:
16052:
16041:
16037:
16028:
16024:
16013:
16009:
16000:
15999:
15995:
15988:
15984:
15975:
15971:
15964:
15948:
15944:
15929:
15900:
15896:
15882:
15880:
15873:
15853:
15849:
15835:
15833:
15813:
15809:
15799:
15797:
15795:
15779:
15775:
15767:
15760:
15751:
15747:
15737:
15735:
15731:
15714:
15708:
15704:
15694:
15692:
15675:
15671:
15630:
15626:
15613:
15611:
15596:
15592:
15582:
15580:
15563:
15559:
15545:
15543:
15528:
15524:
15509:
15491:
15487:
15472:
15468:
15460:
15456:
15442:
15416:
15412:
15396:. p. 158.
15389:Reading Capital
15384:
15377:
15359:
15341:
15337:
15310:
15306:
15288:
15282:
15278:
15234:
15230:
15223:
15205:
15201:
15184:
15182:
15149:
15143:
15139:
15111:
15107:
15089:
15085:
15067:
15065:
15046:
15042:
15035:
15014:
15010:
15000:
14998:
14986:
14982:
14967:
14966:
14959:
14948:
14940:. p. 107.
14936:. Vol. 2.
14930:
14926:
14890:
14886:
14875:
14842:
14835:
14831:, p. 2332.
14827:
14816:
14796:
14790:
14786:
14776:
14774:
14773:on 1 March 2018
14756:
14752:
14742:
14740:
14728:
14724:
14714:
14712:
14697:
14696:
14692:
14681:
14673:. p. 415.
14663:
14659:
14648:
14622:
14618:
14608:
14606:
14595:
14594:
14590:
14580:
14578:
14567:
14566:
14562:
14555:
14537:
14530:
14526:
14516:
14514:
14505:
14504:
14500:
14490:
14488:
14468:
14464:
14454:
14452:
14444:New Left Review
14435:
14431:
14407:
14403:
14396:
14376:. Vol. 2.
14360:Badie, Bertrand
14353:
14349:
14342:
14324:Macmillan Press
14314:
14305:
14298:
14277:
14273:
14266:
14258:. p. 769.
14248:
14244:
14234:
14232:
14217:
14216:
14212:
14202:
14200:
14187:
14183:
14172:
14167:
14166:
14162:
14112:
14108:
14101:
14093:. p. 189.
14081:
14077:
14070:
14062:. p. 574.
14052:
14048:
14033:
14025:. p. 131.
14013:
14009:
13998:
13978:
13974:
13938:
13934:
13927:
13919:. p. 351.
13907:Fenby, Jonathan
13904:
13900:
13890:
13888:
13868:
13864:
13856:
13852:
13824:
13820:
13800:
13796:
13788:
13784:
13777:
13757:
13753:
13746:
13723:
13719:
13711:
13707:
13700:
13682:
13678:
13660:
13656:
13641:
13623:
13616:
13605:
13589:
13585:
13563:
13556:
13523:
13519:
13494:
13487:
13477:
13469:. p. 126.
13459:
13455:
13439:
13438:
13431:
13429:
13420:
13411:
13401:
13399:
13392:
13386:
13377:
13366:
13344:Ellman, Michael
13341:
13332:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13280:
13276:
13251:
13242:
13201:
13197:
13183:
13181:
13179:
13159:
13155:
13124:10.2307/2492782
13106:
13099:
13092:
13072:
13068:
13061:
13045:
13041:
13034:
13026:. p. 343.
13014:
13010:
13003:
12987:
12983:
12970:
12966:
12959:
12943:
12939:
12932:
12912:
12908:
12901:
12881:
12877:
12862:
12844:
12840:
12830:
12828:
12816:
12815:
12811:
12786:
12784:
12782:
12762:
12758:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12729:
12721:
12717:
12707:
12705:
12685:
12681:
12655:10.2307/2009334
12633:
12629:
12622:
12601:
12597:
12590:
12572:
12568:
12561:
12539:Hough, Jerry F.
12536:
12532:
12522:
12521:
12517:
12504:
12500:
12485:10.2307/2708927
12463:
12459:
12436:10.2307/3161310
12416:
12412:
12404:
12400:
12390:
12388:
12377:
12373:
12363:
12361:
12347:
12343:
12300:
12296:
12289:
12271:
12267:
12260:
12252:. p. 357.
12242:
12238:
12227:
12207:
12203:
12193:
12191:
12189:
12166:
12162:
12148:
12146:
12144:
12120:
12116:
12109:
12095:
12086:
12076:
12074:
12073:on 11 June 2008
12070:
12047:
12043:
12028:10.2307/4342653
12008:
12004:
11997:
11971:
11967:
11960:
11939:
11935:
11921:
11919:
11912:
11892:
11888:
11879:Williams (1983)
11865:
11861:
11846:10.2307/2697429
11823:
11816:
11783:
11776:
11754:
11750:
11737:
11736:
11732:
11721:
11703:
11699:
11692:
11656:
11647:
11637:
11619:
11615:
11608:
11579:
11575:
11568:
11550:Todorova, Maria
11547:
11543:
11525:
11521:
11514:
11485:
11481:
11454:Ely, Richard T.
11451:
11447:
11428:
11402:
11395:
11385:
11383:
11379:
11373:Nancy, Jean-Luc
11370:
11366:
11355:
11332:
11328:
11302:
11298:
11288:
11286:
11272:
11263:
11253:
11251:
11243:
11242:
11238:
11228:
11226:
11214:
11207:
11200:
11182:Neumayer, Laure
11179:
11170:
11136:
11127:
11118:
11097:
11095:
11083:Snyder, Timothy
11080:
11076:
11066:
11064:
11035:
11026:
11022:
11012:
11010:
11000:10.2307/2166597
10981:
10975:Zemskov, Viktor
10968:
10964:
10933:
10929:
10918:
10910:. p. xvi.
10895:
10891:
10885:Paczkowski 2001
10883:
10879:
10864:10.2307/1149284
10847:
10843:
10837:Paczkowski 2001
10835:
10828:
10801:
10794:
10786:
10771:
10737:
10731:Ellman, Michael
10728:
10724:
10717:
10699:
10695:
10651:
10647:
10637:
10635:
10621:
10617:
10609:
10598:
10538:
10534:
10490:
10486:
10478:
10461:
10451:
10449:
10429:
10425:
10410:
10399:
10364:Djilas, Milovan
10361:
10354:
10346:
10337:
10330:
10312:
10308:
10298:
10296:
10292:
10286:
10278:. p. 206.
10271:
10263:
10259:
10249:
10247:
10232:
10228:
10218:
10216:
10209:
10201:. p. 159.
10189:
10185:
10175:
10173:
10166:Radio Free Asia
10162:
10155:
10151:
10141:
10139:
10118:
10114:
10104:
10102:
10098:
10087:
10081:Shaoguang, Wang
10077:
10073:
10066:
10054:. Basingstoke:
10048:
10044:
10034:
10032:
10017:
10016:
10012:
10004:
10000:
9993:
9973:
9969:
9958:
9943:
9935:
9931:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9905:. p. xix.
9893:
9889:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9851:
9847:
9833:
9831:
9829:
9809:
9805:
9792:
9790:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9758:
9754:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9716:
9709:
9696:
9692:
9681:
9663:
9656:
9645:
9631:
9624:
9616:
9607:
9596:
9586:Haymarket Books
9578:
9574:
9560:
9558:
9531:
9527:
9515:
9511:
9497:
9495:
9467:
9463:
9414:
9410:
9390:
9384:
9380:
9366:
9364:
9362:
9342:
9338:
9331:
9313:
9309:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9261:
9259:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9231:
9229:
9228:. 15 April 2009
9218:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9199:
9179:
9173:
9169:
9162:
9137:
9130:
9120:
9118:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9098:SAGE Publishing
9091:
9089:
9087:
9057:
9053:
9039:
9037:
9015:
9002:
8998:
8980:
8978:
8959:
8955:
8947:
8940:
8926:
8924:
8902:
8889:
8885:
8858:
8854:
8847:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8817:
8815:
8802:
8767:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8730:
8685:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8662:labor movements
8658:Walter Scheidel
8630:Great Recession
8478:Walter Scheidel
8431:totalitarianism
8384:political right
8360:
8178:mortality rates
8174:
8151:
8096:
8091:
8035:
8029:
8002:Peter Kropotkin
7998:state socialism
7939:Peter Kropotkin
7932:
7926:
7921:
7882:second congress
7845:
7839:
7788:state socialism
7746:
7740:
7724:Maurice Brinton
7578:
7572:
7513:
7507:
7429:
7421:Main articles:
7419:
7407:planned economy
7344:democratization
7329:Left Opposition
7254:
7248:
7189:nationalization
7154:
7148:
7091:Khrushchev Thaw
7076:interwar period
6996:planned economy
6937:
6931:
6911:Communist party
6870:
6862:
6853:
6847:
6842:
6841:
6834:
6831:
6804:
6793:
6722:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6644:
6636:
6635:
6516:Majoritarianism
6476:Democratization
6411:
6403:
6402:
6137:
6127:
6096:Politics series
6085:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6009:
6008:
5982:Universal class
5873:Conflict theory
5853:
5845:
5844:
5820:New Left Review
5775:
5767:
5766:
4907:
4897:
4896:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4727:Budapest School
4651:
4650:Common variants
4643:
4642:
4573:
4565:
4564:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4423:Critical theory
4383:
4373:
4372:
4353:Surplus product
4281:
4271:
4270:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4091:Reading Capital
3956:
3920:
3912:
3887:state ownership
3883:nationalization
3875:
3867:Main articles:
3865:
3841:
3835:
3810:transhistorical
3795:social critique
3787:
3781:
3767:, based on the
3761:bourgeois state
3712:working classes
3692:
3684:Main articles:
3682:
3677:
3555:surplus product
3492:social conflict
3456:
3446:
3440:
3403:state ownership
3374:
3348:Nepali Congress
3260:
3254:
3182:
3176:
3064:Josip Broz Tito
3058:, Hungary, and
3026:in orange, and
3012:
3002:
2971:capitalist road
2881:
2836:'s invasion of
2827:. By 1947, the
2825:Berlin Blockade
2725:Left Opposition
2694:
2688:Communist state
2684:
2679:
2663:socialist state
2593:command economy
2421:. The moderate
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2357:Bolshevik party
2346:
2335:
2329:
2299:Charles Fourier
2297:, in 1825, and
2243:Oliver Cromwell
2020:
1998:
1996:Early communism
1993:
1987:
1950:Communist state
1948:While the term
1911:political party
1871:
1591:
1480:
1468:mortality rates
1444:Communist state
1402:restrictions on
1276:economic system
1230:socialist state
1226:communist party
1125:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
952:
944:
943:
919:
911:
910:
877:
867:
866:
795:
787:
786:
417:
407:
406:
362:
354:
353:
324:
314:
313:
258:
248:
247:
218:Planned economy
213:
205:
204:
190:World communism
165:Labour movement
149:
123:Communist state
113:Communist party
88:Anti-capitalism
83:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
27943:
27933:
27932:
27927:
27922:
27917:
27912:
27907:
27902:
27897:
27892:
27887:
27882:
27877:
27860:
27859:
27857:
27856:
27850:
27847:
27846:
27844:
27843:
27836:
27831:
27826:
27824:Social justice
27821:
27816:
27811:
27806:
27801:
27800:
27799:
27794:
27789:
27779:
27774:
27769:
27764:
27759:
27754:
27749:
27744:
27739:
27734:
27732:Egalitarianism
27729:
27724:
27722:Contractualism
27719:
27714:
27709:
27703:
27701:
27697:
27696:
27694:
27693:
27683:
27673:
27663:
27653:
27643:
27633:
27623:
27613:
27603:
27593:
27583:
27573:
27563:
27553:
27543:
27533:
27523:
27513:
27503:
27493:
27483:
27472:
27470:
27466:
27465:
27462:
27461:
27459:
27458:
27453:
27448:
27443:
27438:
27433:
27428:
27423:
27418:
27413:
27408:
27403:
27398:
27393:
27388:
27383:
27378:
27373:
27368:
27363:
27358:
27353:
27348:
27343:
27338:
27333:
27328:
27323:
27318:
27313:
27308:
27303:
27298:
27293:
27288:
27283:
27278:
27273:
27268:
27263:
27258:
27253:
27248:
27243:
27238:
27233:
27228:
27223:
27218:
27213:
27208:
27203:
27198:
27193:
27188:
27183:
27178:
27173:
27168:
27163:
27158:
27153:
27148:
27143:
27138:
27133:
27128:
27122:
27120:
27114:
27113:
27111:
27110:
27105:
27100:
27095:
27090:
27085:
27080:
27075:
27070:
27065:
27060:
27055:
27050:
27045:
27040:
27035:
27030:
27025:
27020:
27015:
27010:
27005:
27000:
26995:
26990:
26989:
26988:
26978:
26973:
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26518:Overton window
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26349:Libertarianism
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25747:Libertarianism
25744:
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25722:Fundamentalism
25719:
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25710:Third Position
25707:
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25331:
25330:Related topics
25327:
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25306:Anti-communism
25302:
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24505:
24500:
24495:
24493:Class conflict
24490:
24484:
24482:
24478:
24477:
24470:
24469:
24462:
24455:
24447:
24441:
24440:
24435:
24430:
24407:on 9 July 2011
24396:
24386:
24368:
24346:
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24317:
24316:External links
24314:
24313:
24312:
24306:
24298:Schocken Books
24286:
24280:
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24212:
24206:
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24081:
24075:
24063:Pipes, Richard
24059:
24053:
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23974:
23968:
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23926:
23920:
23898:
23892:
23872:
23867:978-3030549657
23866:
23846:
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23809:
23789:
23764:(2): 172–191.
23747:
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23395:978-0202362281
23394:
23381:
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23325:
23305:
23299:
23286:
23257:
23228:
23219:978-0262182348
23218:
23212:. p. 14.
23201:
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23091:
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23068:
23064:Science Direct
23051:
23028:
23024:Science Direct
23011:
22988:
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22741:(1): 110–126.
22721:
22715:
22698:
22672:(1): 191–201.
22655:
22635:
22629:
22602:Harff, Barbara
22598:
22586:10.2307/206491
22560:Harff, Barbara
22556:
22542:
22529:
22523:. Lanham, MD:
22513:
22479:
22474:978-1568588902
22473:
22451:
22423:(1): 309–332.
22406:
22401:978-1573920582
22400:
22383:
22373:
22354:
22330:
22303:(4): 627–648.
22287:
22257:
22228:
22185:
22173:Our Generation
22160:
22154:
22132:
22126:
22110:
22104:
22085:
22077:978-1541742406
22076:
22054:
22016:
22015:
21996:Main article:
21993:
21990:
21987:
21986:
21982:Ghodsee (2018)
21974:
21962:
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21908:
21896:
21880:
21865:
21854:
21853:
21851:
21848:
21845:
21844:
21804:Operation Menu
21791:heavy industry
21782:
21740:
21735:Rudolph Rummel
21717:, such as the
21701:
21638:
21626:Prachanda Path
21573:
21532:
21505:
21442:anti-communist
21423:Rudolph Rummel
21397:'s China, and
21391:Michael Ellman
21346:
21287:
21237:, sociologist
21219:
21177:
21150:political left
21140:
21139:
21137:
21134:
21132:
21131:
21103:
21097:978-0197519646
21096:
21090:. p. 12.
21069:
21063:978-0822358350
21062:
21035:
21009:
20983:
20954:
20928:
20902:
20895:
20877:
20854:(2): 135–138.
20833:
20827:978-1108435055
20826:
20820:. p. 36.
20802:
20789:Cato Institute
20774:
20725:
20703:
20667:(6): 444–449.
20645:
20618:
20609:978-0226818399
20608:
20584:
20575:978-0691165028
20574:
20549:
20543:978-0197549247
20542:
20528:. p. 78.
20506:
20495:
20468:
20461:
20436:
20430:978-0691165028
20429:
20404:
20398:978-0691165028
20397:
20372:
20344:
20309:(2): 133–143.
20291:
20284:
20278:. p. 37.
20252:
20196:
20168:
20161:
20137:
20080:
20043:
20024:(2): 156–172.
20018:Memory Studies
20008:
19987:
19980:
19955:
19948:
19923:
19892:
19869:
19843:
19807:
19796:Bevins (2020b)
19788:
19749:
19730:
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19667:
19640:
19636:Goldhagen 2009
19628:
19606:
19582:
19567:
19549:
19547:, p. 206.
19545:Goldhagen 2009
19537:
19522:
19504:
19466:World Politics
19452:
19442:
19436:. p. 66.
19415:
19386:
19375:(1): 167–181.
19368:Constellations
19357:
19331:
19307:
19300:
19278:
19268:
19262:. p. 91.
19241:
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18844:
18820:
18802:
18784:Totten, Samuel
18771:
18759:
18753:978-1583679067
18752:
18746:. p. 87.
18736:Prashad, Vijay
18727:
18696:
18689:
18658:
18651:
18615:
18600:
18582:978-9004156913
18581:
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18487:
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18378:
18367:
18341:
18318:
18303:
18281:
18275:class conflict
18242:
18216:
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18167:
18136:
18112:
18105:
18087:
18066:Price, Wayne.
18055:
18033:
18011:
18004:
17987:
17976:
17952:
17945:
17920:
17902:
17895:
17865:
17839:
17810:
17793:The New Review
17773:
17754:
17748:978-0792302742
17747:
17726:
17689:
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17600:
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17496:
17460:
17454:978-0230018969
17453:
17428:
17400:
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17371:
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17309:
17283:
17256:
17219:
17207:
17159:
17152:
17146:. p. ix.
17128:
17097:
17073:
17061:
17057:Patenaude 2017
17049:
17020:
17013:
16989:
16976:10.2307/131248
16950:
16943:
16916:
16909:
16885:
16878:
16854:
16847:
16841:. p. 20.
16820:
16813:
16788:
16781:
16754:
16747:
16727:
16670:
16663:
16639:
16632:
16607:
16605:, p. 193.
16603:Patenaude 2017
16595:
16593:, p. 199.
16591:Patenaude 2017
16580:
16568:
16561:. p. 16.
16549:
16526:
16490:
16455:
16448:
16419:
16400:(4): 563–582.
16379:
16367:
16351:
16342:978-0700716975
16341:
16319:
16283:
16261:
16244:
16227:
16213:
16187:
16168:(1): 112–122.
16148:
16137:
16110:(4): 537–556.
16090:
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15894:
15872:978-0415255837
15871:
15847:
15807:
15793:
15773:
15758:
15745:
15702:
15669:
15648:10.1086/708005
15624:
15590:
15557:
15536:Sveriges Radio
15534:(in Swedish).
15522:
15507:
15485:
15478:(in Swedish).
15466:
15454:
15440:
15410:
15394:Verso Editions
15375:
15357:
15335:
15304:
15276:
15252:10.1086/708005
15228:
15221:
15199:
15137:
15105:
15083:
15049:Lukács, György
15040:
15033:
15008:
14980:
14957:
14946:
14924:
14884:
14874:978-0801834806
14873:
14845:Wolff, Richard
14833:
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14722:
14690:
14679:
14657:
14646:
14616:
14588:
14560:
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14498:
14462:
14429:
14417:Kaufman (2003)
14401:
14394:
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14340:
14303:
14296:
14280:Georgakas, Dan
14271:
14264:
14242:
14210:
14181:
14160:
14106:
14100:978-1442236226
14099:
14075:
14069:978-1451654486
14068:
14046:
14032:978-1351393812
14031:
14007:
13997:978-0415339230
13996:
13990:. p. 96.
13972:
13941:Schram, Stuart
13932:
13926:978-0061661167
13925:
13898:
13862:
13850:
13827:Vogel, Ezra F.
13818:
13794:
13782:
13776:978-1400837625
13775:
13751:
13744:
13738:. p. 40.
13726:Gittings, John
13717:
13705:
13698:
13676:
13654:
13639:
13614:
13603:
13583:
13570:Foot, M. R. D.
13566:Davies, Norman
13554:
13541:10.2307/130963
13535:(4): 515–529.
13517:
13485:
13475:
13453:
13409:
13375:
13364:
13358:. p. 22.
13330:
13309:
13274:
13256:Soviet Studies
13240:
13213:(2): 202–227.
13195:
13177:
13153:
13118:(2): 314–319.
13097:
13090:
13066:
13059:
13039:
13032:
13008:
13001:
12981:
12964:
12957:
12937:
12930:
12924:. p. 21.
12906:
12899:
12875:
12860:
12854:. p. 18.
12850:. Oxford, UK:
12838:
12809:
12780:
12756:
12742:
12715:
12697:Monthly Review
12679:
12638:World Politics
12627:
12620:
12614:. p. 38.
12595:
12588:
12582:. p. 18.
12566:
12559:
12553:. p. 81.
12543:Fainsod, Merle
12530:
12515:
12498:
12457:
12420:Church History
12410:
12406:Bernstein 1895
12398:
12371:
12341:
12320:10.2307/459753
12294:
12287:
12281:. p. 46.
12265:
12258:
12236:
12225:
12219:. p. 17.
12201:
12187:
12181:. p. 12.
12160:
12142:
12136:. p. 33.
12114:
12107:
12084:
12041:
12002:
11995:
11965:
11958:
11942:Pipes, Richard
11933:
11911:978-0801480072
11910:
11886:
11877:, p. 14;
11869:, p. 21;
11859:
11814:
11774:
11748:
11730:
11719:
11697:
11690:
11645:
11635:
11613:
11606:
11582:Gildea, Robert
11573:
11566:
11541:
11538:. p. 202.
11519:
11512:
11479:
11445:
11426:
11393:
11364:
11353:
11326:
11315:(1): 143–148.
11296:
11280:Culture Online
11261:
11236:
11205:
11198:
11168:
11149:(2): 115–142.
11116:
11074:
11048:(2): 340–342.
11031:(March 1999).
11020:
10971:Getty, J. Arch
10962:
10927:
10916:
10889:
10877:
10855:Foreign Policy
10841:
10826:
10807:Hiroaki (2001)
10792:
10769:
10722:
10715:
10693:
10666:(3): 505–518.
10645:
10624:Getty, J. Arch
10615:
10596:
10532:
10505:(2): 315–345.
10484:
10459:
10423:
10412:Chomsky (1986)
10397:
10352:
10335:
10329:978-0786463442
10328:
10322:. p. 31.
10306:
10284:
10257:
10226:
10207:
10183:
10149:
10112:
10071:
10065:978-3319325668
10064:
10042:
10010:
9998:
9991:
9967:
9956:
9929:
9911:
9887:
9869:
9845:
9827:
9819:Guilford Press
9803:
9780:"IV. Glossary"
9771:
9752:
9734:
9728:. p. 71.
9707:
9690:
9679:
9673:. p. 20.
9654:
9643:
9622:
9605:
9594:
9588:. p. 23.
9572:
9525:
9509:
9461:
9408:
9378:
9360:
9336:
9329:
9307:
9273:
9256:Dictionary.com
9251:"Radical left"
9242:
9211:
9197:
9167:
9160:
9128:
9103:
9085:
9051:
8996:
8953:
8938:
8883:
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8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8744:
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8729:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8674:
8671:
8666:welfare states
8640:) because the
8622:hyperinflation
8614:climate change
8526:GDP per capita
8522:Cato Institute
8426:Jonathan Rauch
8406:Memory studies
8380:anti-communism
8359:
8356:
8352:Western Europe
8348:OSCE in Europe
8332:European Union
8298:, allege that
8287:'s China, and
8150:
8147:
8137:, such as the
8122:Anti-communism
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8083:Kingdom of God
8075:Donald Guthrie
8031:Main article:
8028:
8025:
7928:Main article:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7913:Amadeo Bordiga
7878:first congress
7843:Left communism
7841:Main article:
7838:
7837:Left communism
7835:
7833:on the other.
7820:social reforms
7753:Rosa Luxemburg
7742:Main article:
7739:
7736:
7696:Freudo-Marxism
7590:left communism
7574:Main article:
7571:
7568:
7509:Main article:
7506:
7503:
7418:
7415:
7366:and socialist
7342:, mass soviet
7250:Main article:
7247:
7244:
7199:, accelerated
7150:Main article:
7147:
7144:
7072:social fascist
7054:, stated that
7028:Social fascism
7021:Communist bloc
6944:Vladimir Lenin
6933:Main article:
6930:
6927:
6898:Russian Empire
6886:vanguard party
6878:Vladimir Lenin
6876:revolutionary
6854:
6849:Main article:
6846:
6843:
6832:Robert Meister
6829:
6791:
6729:Marxist theory
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6621:War referendum
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6511:Libertarianism
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:Related topics
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6313:
6311:Representative
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5987:Vulgar Marxism
5984:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5852:Related topics
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5815:Monthly Review
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Constellations
5792:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4825:Other variants
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4709:Third-worldist
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4661:
4660:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:Historiography
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4535:Class struggle
4531:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:Metabolic rift
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:Marxist ethics
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4111:Ways of Seeing
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3864:
3861:
3837:Main article:
3834:
3831:
3783:Main article:
3780:
3777:
3686:Class conflict
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3549:that owns the
3516:Marxist theory
3490:relations and
3442:Main article:
3439:
3436:
3432:Vladimir Lenin
3373:
3370:
3307:neo-Stalinists
3253:
3250:
3175:
3172:
3048:Czechoslovakia
3001:
2998:
2954:class struggle
2926:Dwight Perkins
2899:headed by the
2880:
2877:
2869:anti-communist
2858:Western Europe
2709:strike actions
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2613:exchange-value
2565:left communism
2412:arche générale
2406:Russian Empire
2393:Vladimir Lenin
2369:
2362:
2361:
2349:Vladimir Lenin
2347:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2293:, who founded
2212:Vladimir Lenin
2176:. In his 1516
2124:Thomas Müntzer
2088:religious text
2036:ancient Greece
1997:
1994:
1989:Main article:
1986:
1983:
1870:
1867:
1806:Vladimir Lenin
1761:looked to the
1753:in France and
1728:communion rite
1701:. In European
1633:associationism
1590:
1587:
1555:Victor d'Hupay
1479:
1476:
1460:anti-communism
1394:one-party rule
1184:social classes
1145:sociopolitical
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
924:Anti-communism
920:
918:Criticism
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
901:
894:
889:
884:
878:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
823:
822:
812:
807:
802:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
299:
294:
293:
292:
282:
281:
280:
275:
265:
259:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
93:Class conflict
90:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27942:
27931:
27928:
27926:
27923:
27921:
27918:
27916:
27913:
27911:
27908:
27906:
27903:
27901:
27898:
27896:
27893:
27891:
27888:
27886:
27883:
27881:
27878:
27876:
27873:
27872:
27870:
27855:
27852:
27851:
27848:
27842:
27841:
27837:
27835:
27832:
27830:
27827:
27825:
27822:
27820:
27817:
27815:
27812:
27810:
27807:
27805:
27802:
27798:
27795:
27793:
27790:
27788:
27785:
27784:
27783:
27780:
27778:
27775:
27773:
27770:
27768:
27765:
27763:
27760:
27758:
27757:Jurisprudence
27755:
27753:
27750:
27748:
27745:
27743:
27740:
27738:
27735:
27733:
27730:
27728:
27725:
27723:
27720:
27718:
27715:
27713:
27710:
27708:
27705:
27704:
27702:
27698:
27689:
27688:
27684:
27679:
27678:
27674:
27669:
27668:
27664:
27659:
27658:
27654:
27649:
27648:
27644:
27639:
27638:
27634:
27629:
27628:
27624:
27619:
27618:
27614:
27609:
27608:
27604:
27599:
27598:
27594:
27589:
27588:
27587:Rights of Man
27584:
27579:
27578:
27574:
27569:
27568:
27564:
27559:
27558:
27554:
27549:
27548:
27544:
27539:
27538:
27534:
27529:
27528:
27524:
27519:
27518:
27514:
27509:
27508:
27504:
27499:
27498:
27497:De re publica
27494:
27489:
27488:
27484:
27479:
27478:
27474:
27473:
27471:
27467:
27457:
27454:
27452:
27449:
27447:
27444:
27442:
27439:
27437:
27434:
27432:
27429:
27427:
27424:
27422:
27419:
27417:
27414:
27412:
27409:
27407:
27404:
27402:
27399:
27397:
27394:
27392:
27389:
27387:
27384:
27382:
27379:
27377:
27374:
27372:
27369:
27367:
27364:
27362:
27359:
27357:
27354:
27352:
27349:
27347:
27344:
27342:
27339:
27337:
27334:
27332:
27329:
27327:
27324:
27322:
27319:
27317:
27314:
27312:
27309:
27307:
27304:
27302:
27299:
27297:
27294:
27292:
27289:
27287:
27284:
27282:
27279:
27277:
27274:
27272:
27269:
27267:
27264:
27262:
27259:
27257:
27254:
27252:
27249:
27247:
27244:
27242:
27239:
27237:
27234:
27232:
27229:
27227:
27224:
27222:
27219:
27217:
27214:
27212:
27209:
27207:
27204:
27202:
27199:
27197:
27194:
27192:
27189:
27187:
27184:
27182:
27179:
27177:
27174:
27172:
27169:
27167:
27164:
27162:
27159:
27157:
27154:
27152:
27149:
27147:
27144:
27142:
27139:
27137:
27134:
27132:
27129:
27127:
27124:
27123:
27121:
27117:20th and 21st
27115:
27109:
27106:
27104:
27101:
27099:
27096:
27094:
27091:
27089:
27086:
27084:
27081:
27079:
27076:
27074:
27071:
27069:
27066:
27064:
27061:
27059:
27056:
27054:
27051:
27049:
27046:
27044:
27041:
27039:
27036:
27034:
27031:
27029:
27026:
27024:
27021:
27019:
27016:
27014:
27011:
27009:
27006:
27004:
27001:
26999:
26996:
26994:
26991:
26987:
26984:
26983:
26982:
26979:
26977:
26974:
26970:
26967:
26966:
26965:
26962:
26960:
26957:
26955:
26952:
26950:
26947:
26945:
26942:
26940:
26937:
26935:
26932:
26930:
26927:
26925:
26922:
26920:
26917:
26915:
26912:
26910:
26907:
26905:
26902:
26900:
26897:
26895:
26892:
26890:
26887:
26885:
26882:
26880:
26877:
26875:
26872:
26870:
26867:
26865:
26862:
26860:
26857:
26856:
26854:
26850:18th and 19th
26848:
26842:
26839:
26837:
26834:
26832:
26829:
26827:
26824:
26822:
26819:
26817:
26814:
26812:
26809:
26807:
26804:
26802:
26799:
26797:
26794:
26792:
26789:
26785:
26782:
26781:
26780:
26777:
26775:
26772:
26770:
26767:
26765:
26762:
26760:
26757:
26755:
26752:
26750:
26747:
26745:
26742:
26740:
26737:
26736:
26734:
26728:
26722:
26719:
26717:
26714:
26712:
26709:
26707:
26706:Nizam al-Mulk
26704:
26702:
26699:
26697:
26694:
26692:
26689:
26687:
26684:
26682:
26679:
26677:
26674:
26672:
26669:
26667:
26664:
26662:
26659:
26657:
26654:
26653:
26651:
26647:
26641:
26638:
26636:
26633:
26631:
26628:
26626:
26623:
26621:
26618:
26614:
26611:
26610:
26609:
26606:
26604:
26601:
26599:
26596:
26594:
26591:
26589:
26586:
26584:
26581:
26579:
26576:
26574:
26571:
26569:
26566:
26565:
26563:
26559:
26556:
26554:
26550:
26544:
26541:
26539:
26536:
26534:
26531:
26529:
26526:
26524:
26521:
26519:
26516:
26514:
26511:
26509:
26506:
26504:
26501:
26498:
26497:
26492:
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26416:
26410:
26407:
26405:
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26400:
26397:
26395:
26392:
26390:
26389:Republicanism
26387:
26385:
26382:
26380:
26377:
26375:
26372:
26370:
26367:
26365:
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25997:
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25959:
25957:
25954:
25952:
25949:
25947:
25944:
25942:
25939:
25937:
25934:
25932:
25931:Progressivism
25929:
25927:
25924:
25922:
25919:
25917:
25914:
25912:
25909:
25907:
25904:
25902:
25899:
25897:
25894:
25892:
25891:Individualism
25889:
25887:
25884:
25882:
25879:
25877:
25874:
25872:
25869:
25865:
25862:
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25857:
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25809:
25807:
25804:
25802:
25799:
25797:
25794:
25790:
25787:
25785:
25782:
25781:
25780:
25779:Republicanism
25777:
25775:
25772:
25768:
25765:
25764:
25763:
25760:
25758:
25755:
25753:
25750:
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25711:
25708:
25706:
25703:
25702:
25701:
25698:
25696:
25693:
25691:
25688:
25684:
25683:Social credit
25681:
25680:
25679:
25676:
25674:
25671:
25669:
25666:
25664:
25661:
25659:
25656:
25654:
25651:
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25636:
25634:
25631:
25629:
25626:
25624:
25621:
25619:
25616:
25615:
25612:
25606:
25605:Revolutionary
25603:
25601:
25598:
25596:
25593:
25589:
25586:
25584:
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25576:
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25509:
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25494:
25491:
25479:
25474:
25469:
25467:
25457:
25456:
25453:
25447:
25444:
25442:
25441:War communism
25439:
25437:
25434:
25432:
25429:
25427:
25424:
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25417:
25414:
25410:
25407:
25406:
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25397:
25395:
25392:
25388:
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25380:
25379:
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25192:
25189:
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25183:
25181:
25177:
25171:
25168:
25166:
25165:Moufawad-Paul
25163:
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24750:Organisations
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23998:
23994:
23992:0-333-48586-6
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23956:Lovell, Julia
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23902:Henry, Michel
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23876:Gregor, A. J.
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23309:Steele, David
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22114:Brown, Archie
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21928:Morgan (2001)
21924:
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21916:Engels (1970)
21912:
21905:
21904:Morgan (2001)
21900:
21889:
21888:Morgan (2015)
21884:
21877:
21876:Engels (1970)
21872:
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21855:
21841:
21837:
21836:Richard Nixon
21833:
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21759:Joseph Stalin
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21622:Khrushchevism
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21555:, but by the
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21473:Red Holocaust
21470:
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21456:
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21451:mass killings
21447:
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21375:Joseph Stalin
21372:
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21363:J. Arch Getty
21360:
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20898:
20892:
20888:
20881:
20874:
20869:
20865:
20861:
20857:
20853:
20849:
20848:
20843:
20837:
20829:
20823:
20819:
20815:
20814:
20806:
20791:
20790:
20785:
20778:
20770:
20766:
20762:
20758:
20754:
20750:
20746:
20742:
20741:
20736:
20729:
20714:
20707:
20692:
20688:
20683:
20678:
20674:
20670:
20666:
20662:
20661:
20656:
20649:
20643:
20639:
20635:
20634:Safaei (2011)
20631:
20627:
20622:
20615:
20611:
20605:
20601:
20597:
20596:
20588:
20581:
20577:
20571:
20567:
20563:
20559:
20553:
20545:
20539:
20535:
20531:
20527:
20523:
20519:
20513:
20511:
20503:
20498:
20492:
20488:
20484:
20483:
20478:
20477:Ther, Philipp
20472:
20464:
20458:
20454:
20450:
20446:
20440:
20432:
20426:
20422:
20418:
20414:
20408:
20400:
20394:
20390:
20386:
20382:
20376:
20361:
20360:
20359:Freedom House
20355:
20348:
20340:
20336:
20332:
20328:
20324:
20320:
20316:
20312:
20308:
20304:
20303:
20295:
20287:
20281:
20277:
20273:
20269:
20265:
20259:
20257:
20249:
20247:
20243:
20228:
20224:
20220:
20217:
20212:
20207:
20200:
20185:
20184:
20179:
20172:
20164:
20162:9780191017759
20158:
20154:
20150:
20149:
20141:
20134:
20129:
20125:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20105:
20101:
20097:
20096:
20091:
20084:
20075:
20070:
20066:
20062:
20058:
20054:
20047:
20039:
20035:
20031:
20027:
20023:
20019:
20012:
20004:
20003:
19998:
19991:
19983:
19981:9781317454786
19977:
19973:
19969:
19965:
19959:
19951:
19949:9781781687673
19945:
19941:
19937:
19933:
19927:
19911:
19907:
19901:
19899:
19897:
19889:(44): 52–110.
19888:
19884:
19880:
19873:
19858:
19857:Wilson Center
19854:
19847:
19840:
19828:
19827:
19822:
19818:
19817:Hickel, Jason
19811:
19805:
19801:
19797:
19792:
19777:
19773:
19769:
19768:
19763:
19756:
19754:
19746:
19741:
19739:
19737:
19735:
19719:
19718:New Criterion
19715:
19708:
19706:
19698:
19686:
19682:
19678:
19671:
19663:
19659:
19655:
19651:
19644:
19638:, p. 54.
19637:
19632:
19625:
19620:
19609:
19607:9780521538541
19603:
19599:
19595:
19594:
19586:
19578:
19574:
19570:
19568:0-679-64050-9
19564:
19560:
19553:
19546:
19541:
19533:
19529:
19525:
19523:0-88738-351-3
19519:
19515:
19508:
19500:
19496:
19492:
19488:
19484:
19480:
19476:
19472:
19468:
19467:
19459:
19457:
19449:
19445:
19439:
19435:
19431:
19430:
19425:
19419:
19411:
19407:
19403:
19399:
19398:
19390:
19382:
19378:
19374:
19370:
19369:
19361:
19354:
19351:
19345:
19334:
19328:
19324:
19320:
19319:
19311:
19303:
19301:3-89458-169-7
19297:
19293:
19289:
19282:
19275:
19271:
19265:
19261:
19257:
19256:
19251:
19245:
19238:
19233:
19226:
19222:
19218:
19214:
19210:
19209:Kuromiya 2001
19206:
19201:
19193:
19189:
19185:
19181:
19177:
19173:
19169:
19165:
19161:
19157:
19156:
19148:
19146:
19138:
19133:
19131:
19123:
19118:
19112:
19108:
19104:
19100:
19096:
19089:
19087:
19078:
19074:
19070:
19066:
19062:
19058:
19054:
19047:
19039:
19028:
19022:
19018:
19014:
19013:
19008:
19002:
18994:
18983:
18977:
18973:
18969:
18968:
18963:
18957:
18949:
18938:
18932:
18928:
18924:
18923:
18918:
18911:
18903:
18892:
18886:
18882:
18878:
18877:
18872:
18866:
18858:
18847:
18841:
18837:
18833:
18832:
18824:
18816:
18805:
18799:
18795:
18791:
18790:
18785:
18781:
18775:
18768:
18763:
18755:
18749:
18745:
18741:
18737:
18731:
18716:
18715:
18710:
18706:
18700:
18692:
18686:
18682:
18678:
18674:
18673:
18668:
18662:
18654:
18648:
18644:
18640:
18636:
18632:
18628:
18627:
18619:
18612:
18607:
18605:
18588:
18584:
18578:
18574:
18570:
18566:
18562:
18561:
18556:
18549:
18534:
18533:
18528:
18521:
18505:
18501:
18491:
18483:
18477:
18473:
18469:
18468:
18460:
18452:
18448:
18442:
18438:
18434:
18430:
18426:
18422:
18416:
18408:
18404:
18400:
18396:
18392:
18388:
18382:
18374:
18370:
18364:
18360:
18356:
18352:
18345:
18337:
18333:
18329:
18322:
18314:
18310:
18306:
18304:9781532607912
18300:
18297:. p. 5.
18296:
18292:
18285:
18278:
18277:in Antiquity.
18276:
18270:
18266:
18262:
18261:
18256:
18252:
18251:Kautsky, Karl
18246:
18231:
18227:
18220:
18213:
18208:
18204:
18198:
18191:
18187:
18183:
18182:
18177:
18171:
18155:
18151:
18150:
18147:
18140:
18132:
18128:
18127:
18122:
18116:
18108:
18106:9780946061150
18102:
18098:
18091:
18075:
18071:
18070:
18062:
18060:
18051:
18047:
18043:
18037:
18029:
18025:
18021:
18020:Fabbri, Luigi
18015:
18007:
18001:
17997:
17991:
17983:
17979:
17973:
17969:
17965:
17964:
17956:
17948:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17930:
17929:Piccone, Paul
17924:
17916:
17912:
17906:
17898:
17892:
17888:
17884:
17881:. p. 2.
17880:
17876:
17869:
17853:
17849:
17843:
17828:
17824:
17820:
17814:
17806:
17794:
17790:
17787:(July 1913).
17786:
17780:
17778:
17769:
17765:
17758:
17750:
17744:
17740:
17736:
17730:
17714:
17710:
17706:
17705:
17700:
17693:
17685:
17673:
17672:Der Kommunist
17669:
17665:
17659:
17657:
17655:
17646:
17642:
17638:
17634:
17630:
17626:
17622:
17616:
17609:
17604:
17589:
17585:
17578:
17571:
17560:
17556:
17552:
17546:
17530:
17524:
17516:
17512:
17511:
17506:
17505:Chomsky, Noam
17500:
17484:
17480:
17479:
17474:
17470:
17464:
17456:
17450:
17446:
17442:
17438:
17432:
17416:
17415:
17410:
17404:
17389:
17382:
17374:
17368:
17364:
17360:
17356:
17352:
17348:
17342:
17340:
17328:
17324:
17320:
17313:
17297:
17293:
17287:
17271:
17267:
17260:
17244:
17240:
17236:
17232:
17226:
17224:
17216:
17211:
17203:
17199:
17195:
17191:
17187:
17183:
17179:
17175:
17174:
17169:
17163:
17155:
17149:
17145:
17144:Mehring Books
17141:
17140:
17132:
17116:
17112:
17108:
17101:
17093:
17092:
17087:
17083:
17077:
17070:
17065:
17058:
17053:
17038:
17034:
17030:
17029:Trotsky, Leon
17024:
17016:
17010:
17006:
17005:HarperCollins
17002:
17001:
16993:
16985:
16981:
16977:
16973:
16970:(1): 84–102.
16969:
16965:
16961:
16954:
16946:
16940:
16936:
16932:
16931:
16926:
16925:Löwy, Michael
16920:
16912:
16906:
16902:
16899:. New Haven:
16898:
16897:
16889:
16881:
16875:
16871:
16867:
16866:
16858:
16850:
16844:
16840:
16836:
16835:
16830:
16824:
16816:
16810:
16806:
16802:
16798:
16792:
16784:
16778:
16774:
16773:Mehring Books
16770:
16769:
16764:
16763:Trotsky, Leon
16758:
16750:
16744:
16740:
16739:
16731:
16723:
16719:
16715:
16711:
16707:
16703:
16699:
16695:
16692:(2): 77–117.
16691:
16687:
16686:
16681:
16674:
16666:
16660:
16656:
16652:
16651:
16643:
16635:
16629:
16625:
16621:
16617:
16611:
16604:
16599:
16592:
16587:
16585:
16577:
16572:
16565:
16560:
16557:Todd, Allan.
16553:
16546:
16542:
16541:
16536:
16530:
16522:
16510:
16509:
16504:
16500:
16494:
16486:
16475:
16471:
16470:
16465:
16459:
16451:
16445:
16441:
16437:
16433:
16426:
16424:
16415:
16411:
16407:
16403:
16399:
16395:
16394:
16386:
16384:
16376:
16371:
16364:
16360:
16355:
16348:
16344:
16338:
16334:
16330:
16323:
16316:
16312:
16308:
16304:
16300:
16296:
16295:
16287:
16279:
16271:
16265:
16257:
16256:
16248:
16240:
16239:
16231:
16223:
16217:
16209:
16205:
16201:
16197:
16191:
16183:
16179:
16175:
16171:
16167:
16163:
16159:
16152:
16146:
16141:
16133:
16129:
16125:
16121:
16117:
16113:
16109:
16105:
16101:
16094:
16085:
16077:
16073:
16069:
16065:
16061:
16054:
16046:
16039:
16032:
16026:
16018:
16011:
16003:
15997:
15991:
15986:
15979:
15973:
15965:
15959:
15956:. NYU Press.
15955:
15954:
15946:
15938:
15934:
15930:
15928:9781933116440
15924:
15920:
15916:
15912:
15908:
15904:
15898:
15890:
15878:
15874:
15868:
15865:. p. 2.
15864:
15860:
15859:
15851:
15843:
15831:
15827:
15826:
15821:
15817:
15811:
15796:
15790:
15786:
15785:
15777:
15770:
15765:
15763:
15755:
15749:
15730:
15726:
15722:
15721:
15713:
15706:
15690:
15686:
15685:
15680:
15673:
15665:
15661:
15657:
15653:
15649:
15645:
15641:
15637:
15636:
15628:
15621:
15609:
15605:
15601:
15594:
15578:
15574:
15573:
15568:
15561:
15553:
15541:
15537:
15533:
15526:
15518:
15514:
15510:
15508:0-521-56540-5
15504:
15500:
15496:
15489:
15481:
15477:
15470:
15463:
15458:
15451:
15447:
15443:
15437:
15433:
15429:
15425:
15421:
15414:
15407:
15403:
15399:
15395:
15391:
15390:
15382:
15380:
15372:
15368:
15364:
15360:
15358:0-203-15946-2
15354:
15350:
15346:
15339:
15331:
15327:
15323:
15319:
15315:
15308:
15300:
15296:
15295:
15287:
15286:"Engelsismen"
15280:
15273:
15269:
15265:
15261:
15257:
15253:
15249:
15245:
15241:
15240:
15232:
15224:
15218:
15214:
15210:
15203:
15196:
15194:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15156:
15148:
15141:
15134:
15130:
15129:
15124:
15123:
15118:
15114:
15109:
15101:
15097:
15093:
15087:
15080:
15075:
15064:
15060:
15059:
15054:
15050:
15044:
15036:
15030:
15026:
15022:
15018:
15012:
14997:
14996:
14991:
14984:
14976:
14975:
14970:
14964:
14962:
14954:
14949:
14943:
14939:
14935:
14928:
14921:
14916:
14912:
14908:
14907:
14902:
14898:
14894:
14888:
14881:
14876:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14857:
14856:
14850:
14846:
14840:
14838:
14830:
14825:
14823:
14821:
14819:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14795:
14788:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14754:
14739:
14738:
14733:
14726:
14710:
14706:
14705:
14704:The Economist
14700:
14694:
14687:
14682:
14680:9781442258266
14676:
14672:
14668:
14661:
14654:
14649:
14647:9780495569398
14643:
14639:
14635:
14630:
14629:
14620:
14604:
14603:
14598:
14592:
14576:
14575:
14570:
14564:
14554:
14548:
14544:
14543:
14538:
14528:
14513:. 15 May 2023
14512:
14508:
14502:
14487:
14483:
14479:
14478:
14473:
14466:
14450:
14446:
14445:
14440:
14433:
14426:
14425:Farred (2000)
14422:
14421:Gitlin (2001)
14418:
14415:, p. 1;
14414:
14410:
14409:Wright (1960)
14405:
14397:
14395:9781412959636
14391:
14387:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14374:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14351:
14343:
14337:
14333:
14329:
14325:
14321:
14320:
14312:
14310:
14308:
14299:
14297:9780252062506
14293:
14289:
14285:
14281:
14275:
14267:
14265:9780550100948
14261:
14257:
14254:. Edinburgh:
14253:
14246:
14230:
14226:
14222:
14221:
14214:
14198:
14194:
14193:
14185:
14177:
14173:
14164:
14157:
14153:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14135:
14131:
14127:
14123:
14122:
14117:
14110:
14102:
14096:
14092:
14088:
14087:
14079:
14071:
14065:
14061:
14057:
14050:
14043:
14038:
14034:
14028:
14024:
14020:
14019:
14011:
14003:
13999:
13993:
13989:
13985:
13984:
13976:
13968:
13964:
13960:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13947:
13942:
13936:
13928:
13922:
13918:
13917:Penguin Group
13914:
13913:
13908:
13902:
13886:
13882:
13881:
13876:
13872:
13866:
13859:
13854:
13846:
13842:
13838:
13834:
13833:
13828:
13822:
13815:. p. 12.
13814:
13810:
13809:
13804:
13798:
13791:
13786:
13778:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13763:
13755:
13747:
13745:9780191622373
13741:
13737:
13733:
13732:
13727:
13721:
13714:
13709:
13701:
13695:
13692:. p. 1.
13691:
13687:
13680:
13672:
13671:Penguin Books
13668:
13664:
13658:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13621:
13619:
13610:
13606:
13604:0-86151-015-1
13600:
13596:
13595:
13587:
13579:
13575:
13571:
13567:
13561:
13559:
13550:
13546:
13542:
13538:
13534:
13530:
13529:
13521:
13513:
13509:
13505:
13501:
13500:
13492:
13490:
13482:
13478:
13476:9780191667527
13472:
13468:
13464:
13457:
13449:
13443:
13427:
13426:
13418:
13416:
13414:
13398:
13391:
13384:
13382:
13380:
13372:
13367:
13361:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13345:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13327:
13323:
13312:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13291:. Cambridge:
13290:
13289:
13284:
13278:
13270:
13266:
13263:(1): 118–30.
13262:
13258:
13257:
13249:
13247:
13245:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13216:
13212:
13208:
13207:
13199:
13191:
13180:
13178:9780415435840
13174:
13170:
13166:
13165:
13157:
13149:
13145:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13125:
13121:
13117:
13113:
13112:
13111:Slavic Review
13104:
13102:
13093:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13078:
13070:
13062:
13056:
13052:
13051:
13043:
13035:
13029:
13025:
13021:
13020:
13012:
13004:
12998:
12994:
12993:
12985:
12977:
12976:
12968:
12960:
12954:
12950:
12949:
12941:
12933:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12918:
12910:
12902:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12887:
12879:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12842:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12813:
12806:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12783:
12781:9780415435840
12777:
12773:
12769:
12768:
12760:
12745:
12743:9780745399041
12739:
12735:
12728:
12727:
12719:
12703:
12699:
12698:
12693:
12689:
12688:Edelman, Marc
12683:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12664:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12644:
12640:
12639:
12631:
12623:
12621:9781408228227
12617:
12613:
12609:
12605:
12599:
12591:
12589:9780275956295
12585:
12581:
12577:
12570:
12562:
12560:9780674410305
12556:
12552:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12534:
12526:
12523:"Communism".
12519:
12511:
12510:
12502:
12494:
12490:
12486:
12482:
12478:
12474:
12470:
12469:
12461:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12441:
12437:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12414:
12407:
12402:
12386:
12382:
12375:
12360:
12357:. Edinburgh:
12356:
12352:
12345:
12337:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12313:
12309:
12305:
12298:
12290:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12269:
12261:
12259:9781610698047
12255:
12251:
12247:
12240:
12232:
12228:
12226:9780801899256
12222:
12218:
12214:
12213:
12205:
12190:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12175:
12170:
12164:
12156:
12145:
12139:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12126:
12118:
12110:
12104:
12100:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12069:
12065:
12061:
12060:
12055:
12051:
12045:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12006:
11998:
11996:9780792394334
11992:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11969:
11961:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11937:
11929:
11917:
11913:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11898:
11890:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11872:
11871:Steele (1992)
11868:
11863:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11830:
11829:Slavic Review
11821:
11819:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11795:(1): 81–105.
11794:
11790:
11789:
11781:
11779:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11757:Malia, Martin
11752:
11744:
11743:
11738:"Communism".
11734:
11727:
11722:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11701:
11693:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11670:
11665:
11661:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11642:
11638:
11632:
11629:. p. 9.
11628:
11624:
11617:
11609:
11607:9780198208402
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11587:
11583:
11577:
11569:
11567:9781350150331
11563:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11545:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11523:
11515:
11509:
11505:
11500:
11499:
11493:
11489:
11483:
11476:
11471:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11449:
11442:
11437:
11433:
11429:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11400:
11398:
11378:
11374:
11368:
11360:
11356:
11350:
11347:. p. 7.
11346:
11342:
11341:
11336:
11330:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11311:(in French).
11310:
11306:
11300:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11270:
11268:
11266:
11250:
11246:
11240:
11225:
11224:
11219:
11212:
11210:
11201:
11199:9781351141741
11195:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11143:
11135:
11131:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11113:
11112:
11107:
11094:
11093:
11088:
11084:
11078:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11042:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10989:
10988:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10966:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10943:
10942:
10937:
10931:
10923:
10919:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10904:
10903:Red Holocaust
10899:
10893:
10886:
10881:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10845:
10838:
10833:
10831:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10815:Weiner (2002)
10812:
10808:
10804:
10799:
10797:
10789:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10744:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10718:
10712:
10708:
10705:. Cambridge:
10704:
10697:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10649:
10633:
10629:
10625:
10619:
10612:
10611:Lansford 2007
10607:
10605:
10603:
10601:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10547:
10542:
10536:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10499:
10494:
10488:
10481:
10476:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10447:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10433:
10427:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10408:
10406:
10404:
10402:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10357:
10349:
10348:Lansford 2007
10344:
10342:
10340:
10331:
10325:
10321:
10318:. Jefferson:
10317:
10310:
10291:
10287:
10281:
10277:
10270:
10269:
10261:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10230:
10214:
10210:
10208:9781538129050
10204:
10200:
10196:
10195:
10187:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10153:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10128:
10123:
10116:
10097:
10093:
10086:
10082:
10075:
10067:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10046:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10020:
10014:
10007:
10002:
9994:
9992:9780028661179
9988:
9984:
9980:
9979:
9971:
9963:
9959:
9957:9780745307169
9953:
9949:
9942:
9941:
9933:
9925:
9914:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9899:
9891:
9883:
9872:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9857:
9849:
9841:
9830:
9824:
9821:. p. 8.
9820:
9816:
9815:
9807:
9800:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9775:
9767:
9763:
9756:
9748:
9737:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9722:
9714:
9712:
9703:
9702:
9694:
9687:
9682:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9661:
9659:
9651:
9646:
9644:0-618-26181-8
9640:
9636:
9629:
9627:
9619:
9618:Steele (1992)
9614:
9612:
9610:
9602:
9597:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9576:
9568:
9557:
9553:
9552:Moore, Samuel
9549:
9548:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9522:
9518:
9513:
9505:
9493:
9489:
9488:Moore, Samuel
9485:
9484:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9430:(3). London:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9412:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9374:
9363:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9348:
9340:
9332:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9311:
9304:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9239:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9215:
9206:
9201:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9178:
9171:
9163:
9161:9781137284754
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9135:
9133:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9099:
9088:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9055:
9047:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9000:
8993:
8988:
8977:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8950:
8949:Steele (1992)
8945:
8943:
8934:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8887:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8856:
8848:
8842:
8838:
8837:
8833:"Communism".
8829:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8765:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8737:
8732:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8677:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8634:robber barons
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8610:neoliberalism
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8590:Conservatives
8587:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8570:
8566:
8561:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8543:
8542:Baltic states
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8505:Boris Yeltsin
8502:
8498:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8464:
8463:Freedom House
8460:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8432:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8401:
8400:András Bozóki
8396:
8394:
8389:
8388:excess deaths
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8328:Baltic states
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8281:Joseph Stalin
8278:
8277:Richard Pipes
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8232:
8231:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8173:
8169:
8160:
8157:The greatest
8155:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8051:social system
8049:as the ideal
8048:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8024:
8022:
8021:communitarian
8018:
8017:individualism
8014:
8010:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7931:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7852:to an end by
7851:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:participative
7825:
7821:
7817:
7816:institutional
7813:
7808:
7804:
7799:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7750:
7745:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7728:Daniel Guérin
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7653:communization
7650:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7630:working class
7627:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7604:, as well as
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7577:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7512:
7511:Eurocommunism
7505:Eurocommunism
7502:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7448:Deng Xiaoping
7445:
7437:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7375:intellectuals
7371:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7336:decentralised
7332:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7303:and Stalin's
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7163:
7162:Joseph Stalin
7158:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6952:Joseph Stalin
6945:
6941:
6936:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6907:
6901:
6900:(1721–1917).
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6839:
6838:surplus labor
6828:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6737:labour market
6734:
6733:working class
6730:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:Right to vote
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:Majority rule
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6388:Supermajority
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6286:Participatory
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Hybrid regime
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6070:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6032:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Revolutionary
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Authoritarian
5938:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:Moufawad-Paul
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Eurocommunism
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Austromarxism
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Communization
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4757:Praxis School
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4515:Working class
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Crisis theory
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3857:crisis theory
3854:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:pseudoscience
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3793:is a form of
3792:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:Paris Commune
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3733:surplus value
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3672:
3669:
3666:. As a term,
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:intellectuals
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3476:socioeconomic
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3366:Deng Xiaoping
3363:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:Boris Yeltsin
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:Eurocommunism
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3078:in 1948, and
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:prison labour
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:Deng Xiaoping
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2933:(1966–1976).
2932:
2927:
2922:
2919:launched the
2918:
2917:Deng Xiaoping
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2873:mass murderer
2870:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:hydrogen bomb
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:Moscow trials
2786:
2782:
2781:Joseph Stalin
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:authoritarian
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:War communism
2693:
2689:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2632:Joseph Stalin
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:and the wide
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:In 1917, the
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:noble classes
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Richard Pipes
2022:According to
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:umbrella term
1916:
1915:intellectuals
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:According to
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Étienne Cabet
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:-rooted word
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:authoritarian
1217:, and a more
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:communization
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:socioeconomic
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:philosophical
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:War communism
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
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361:Organisations
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58:
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19:
27895:Anti-fascism
27838:
27737:Elite theory
27685:
27675:
27665:
27655:
27645:
27635:
27625:
27615:
27605:
27595:
27585:
27575:
27565:
27555:
27545:
27535:
27525:
27515:
27505:
27495:
27485:
27475:
26774:Guicciardini
26730:Early modern
26553:Philosophers
26503:Open society
26439:Body politic
26309:Distributism
26299:Conservatism
26294:Confucianism
26283:
26213:Gerontocracy
26203:Dictatorship
26157:Sovereignty
26147:Ruling class
26037:Emancipation
26022:Citizenship
25839:Collectivism
25678:Distributism
25663:Conservatism
25658:Confucianism
25647:
25578:Centre-right
25352:Anti-fascism
25238:Soviet Union
24619:Gift economy
24578:Wage slavery
24473:
24409:. Retrieved
24405:the original
24378:
24342:
24328:
24293:
24267:
24244:
24217:
24193:
24167:
24144:
24141:Pons, Silvio
24118:
24111:Pons, Silvio
24088:
24085:Pons, Silvio
24066:
24040:
24037:Pons, Silvio
24007:
24001:
23978:
23959:
23933:
23906:
23879:
23853:
23827:
23824:Selden, Mark
23820:Pons, Silvio
23796:
23761:
23755:
23732:
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23706:
23700:
23676:
23646:
23623:
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23571:
23545:
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23452:
23439:
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23399:
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23342:
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23265:
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23246:the original
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22934:
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22850:
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22567:
22563:
22533:
22520:
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22025:
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21655:
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21641:
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21630:Shining Path
21620:(Cambodia),
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21535:
21520:
21472:
21453:; historian
21435:
21402:
21334:Confucianism
21328:
21320:
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21308:
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19765:
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19717:
19696:
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19649:
19643:
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19366:
19360:
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19347:
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19317:
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18774:
18767:Bradley 2017
18762:
18739:
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18718:. Retrieved
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18618:
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18548:
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18530:
18520:
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18503:
18490:
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18459:
18451:Google Books
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18429:The Apostles
18428:
18415:
18407:Google Books
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18381:
18373:Google Books
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18344:
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18331:
18321:
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18272:
18267:– via
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18207:the original
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18131:the original
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17463:
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17312:
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17286:
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17180:(45): 2–36.
17177:
17171:
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17091:The Militant
17089:
17076:
17064:
17052:
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17036:
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16888:
16864:
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16683:
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16598:
16571:
16562:
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16507:
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16493:
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16468:
16458:
16435:
16431:
16397:
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16354:
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16292:
16286:
16277:
16264:
16253:
16247:
16236:
16235:"Leninism".
16230:
16221:
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16203:
16190:
16165:
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16107:
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16063:
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16038:
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15457:
15419:
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14951:
14933:
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14918:
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14737:The Diplomat
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14666:
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14229:the original
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14219:
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14125:
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14109:
14085:
14078:
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14049:
14040:
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14010:
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13950:
13944:
13935:
13911:
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13878:
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13830:
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13730:
13720:
13708:
13685:
13679:
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13657:
13626:
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13503:
13497:
13480:
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13430:. Retrieved
13424:
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13396:
13369:
13351:
13325:
13320:– via
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13287:
13277:
13260:
13254:
13210:
13204:
13198:
13190:Google Books
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13163:
13156:
13115:
13109:
13076:
13069:
13049:
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13018:
13011:
12991:
12984:
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12967:
12947:
12940:
12916:
12909:
12885:
12878:
12847:
12841:
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12766:
12759:
12747:. Retrieved
12725:
12718:
12706:. Retrieved
12701:
12695:
12682:
12674:
12642:
12636:
12630:
12607:
12598:
12575:
12569:
12546:
12533:
12524:
12518:
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12423:
12419:
12413:
12401:
12389:. Retrieved
12384:
12374:
12362:. Retrieved
12354:
12344:
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12303:
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12239:
12231:Google Books
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12192:. Retrieved
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12117:
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12068:the original
12057:
12044:
12015:
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11974:
11968:
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11916:the original
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11827:
11792:
11786:
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11751:
11739:
11733:
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11544:
11531:
11522:
11497:
11482:
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11457:
11448:
11439:
11409:
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10957:
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10853:
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10823:Harff (2017)
10819:Dulić (2004)
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10741:
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10696:
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10103:. Retrieved
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10001:
9976:
9970:
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9932:
9924:Google Books
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9897:
9890:
9882:Google Books
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9874:. Retrieved
9855:
9848:
9840:Google Books
9838:– via
9832:. Retrieved
9813:
9806:
9798:
9791:. Retrieved
9783:
9774:
9768:. p. 3.
9761:
9755:
9747:Google Books
9745:– via
9739:. Retrieved
9720:
9700:
9693:
9684:
9666:
9648:
9634:
9599:
9581:
9575:
9565:– via
9559:. Retrieved
9545:
9528:
9512:
9502:– via
9496:. Retrieved
9481:
9464:
9427:
9421:
9411:
9398:
9394:
9381:
9373:Google Books
9371:– via
9365:. Retrieved
9351:
9346:
9339:
9316:
9310:
9301:
9293:
9289:
9276:
9267:
9260:. Retrieved
9254:
9245:
9237:
9230:. Retrieved
9223:
9214:
9207:, p. 95
9200:
9187:
9183:
9170:
9147:
9119:. Retrieved
9115:
9106:
9096:– via
9090:. Retrieved
9064:
9054:
9044:– via
9038:. Retrieved
9019:
8999:
8990:
8985:– via
8979:. Retrieved
8976:Sweezy, Paul
8969:
8956:
8931:– via
8925:. Retrieved
8906:
8886:
8877:
8864:. New York:
8861:
8855:
8834:
8828:
8816:. Retrieved
8809:
8746:
8739:
8654:Gary Gerstle
8638:unemployment
8588:
8575:
8573:
8565:East Germany
8559:The Guardian
8557:
8546:
8537:
8494:
8490:Philipp Ther
8485:
8467:
8452:
8448:
8441:
8435:
8404:
8397:
8361:
8318:view of the
8293:
8254:
8251:mass killing
8250:
8244:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8205:mass killing
8190:
8175:
8131:Western Bloc
8120:
8097:
8067:Ernest Renan
8063:
8039:Jesus Christ
8036:
8006:
7968:in favor of
7947:
7886:
7846:
7800:
7757:
7676:Situationism
7673:Luxemburgism
7646:
7623:
7617:
7579:
7552:Soviet Union
7529:
7499:people's war
7495:Shining Path
7490:
7478:Soviet Union
7471:
7441:
7404:
7372:
7352:united front
7333:
7317:
7309:Soviet Union
7285:Leon Trotsky
7282:
7270:Leon Trotsky
7264:, fresco at
7261:
7225:
7220:
7170:
7135:
7127:
7106:
7084:
7071:
7067:
7060:Third Period
7025:
7016:
7011:
7007:
6949:
6904:
6902:
6871:
6864:
6861:
6856:
6826:
6821:
6806:
6798:
6788:
6777:
6762:
6752:
6393:Totalitarian
6276:Non-partisan
6256:Majoritarian
6237:Jeffersonian
6177:Deliberative
6167:Cosmopolitan
6162:Conservative
6142:Anticipatory
6094:Part of the
5925:Municipalism
5882:
5737:Bhattacharya
4882:Situationist
4857:Instrumental
4510:State theory
4475:Immiseration
4470:Human nature
4460:Exploitation
4290:accumulation
3900:Soviet model
3876:
3842:
3818:metaphysical
3814:
3803:
3789:Critique of
3788:
3765:dictatorship
3764:
3744:ruling class
3737:
3693:
3667:
3636:
3611:
3565:against its
3547:ruling class
3536:
3488:social class
3473:
3412:
3375:
3360:
3305:
3283:
3238:Russian flag
3194:Eastern Bloc
3183:
3168:Fidel Castro
3157:
3143:Since 1957,
3142:
3118:
3085:deviationist
3083:
3082:was branded
3052:East Germany
3033:
3020:Soviet Union
3010:Eastern Bloc
2987:
2950:revisionists
2935:
2914:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2816:World War II
2813:
2805:Alexei Rykov
2704:
2695:
2692:Soviet Union
2682:Soviet Union
2666:
2661:as the only
2654:revisionists
2652:
2635:
2629:
2609:law of value
2596:
2542:
2517:
2482:
2472:
2416:
2386:
2371:Leon Trotsky
2353:Soviet Union
2318:
2287:
2255:Jean Meslier
2226:
2216:
2203:
2200:Karl Kautsky
2181:
2171:
2163:
2139:
2126:led a large
2092:
2071:
2066:movement in
2040:ancient Rome
2021:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1907:Martin Malia
1895:Soviet Union
1882:
1881:, much like
1874:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1837:
1825:
1821:
1797:
1789:
1788:in place of
1785:
1783:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1723:phonetically
1718:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1648:co-operative
1646:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1582:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1482:
1481:
1441:
1391:
1379:World War II
1371:Soviet Union
1327:Jean Meslier
1308:
1242:
1205:approach of
1200:
1196:nation state
1131:
1130:
972:Anti-fascism
852:Soviet Union
223:Gift economy
180:Wage slavery
64:
49:
47:
27611:(1835–1840)
27491:(c. 350 BC)
27481:(c. 375 BC)
27098:Tocqueville
27063:Saint-Simon
27028:Montesquieu
26879:Bolingbroke
26811:Machiavelli
26691:Ibn Khaldun
26656:Alpharabius
26649:Middle Ages
26474:Natural law
26449:Common good
26374:Nationalism
26334:Imperialism
26304:Corporatism
26279:Colonialism
26259:Agrarianism
26238:Technocracy
26218:Meritocracy
26198:Bureaucracy
26188:Aristocracy
25941:Regionalism
25886:Imperialism
25849:Culturalism
25844:Colonialism
25774:Nationalism
25695:Familialism
25673:Corporatism
25643:Communalism
25623:Agrarianism
25600:Reactionary
25568:Centre-left
25436:Trade union
25394:LGBT rights
25228:Philippines
24679:Pre-Marxist
24672:Libertarian
24339:"Communism"
24198:Grove Press
23786:PDF version
23628:Verso Books
23413:"Socialism"
23355:: 450–452.
23180:Pluto Press
22970:: 134–146.
22857:: 191–201.
22807:17 November
22580:: 117–119.
22245:(1): 1–17.
21767:Khmer Rouge
21692:Ben Kiernan
21676:Khmer Rouge
21618:Khmer Rouge
21616:(Hungary),
21600:(Vietnam),
21588:(Romania),
21493:Ho Chi Minh
21489:Kim Il Sung
21467:example is
21446:antisemitic
21342:Kim Il Sung
21285:communism."
20921:24 November
20642:Leon (2013)
20233:26 December
20214: [
20189:20 December
20119:1765/128856
19940:Verso Books
19862:14 November
19832:14 December
19477:: 476–501.
19217:Weiner 2002
19162:(1): 3–13.
19063:: 101–153.
19007:Fein, Helen
18633:. pp.
18567:. pp.
18146:Bob Black.
17469:Draper, Hal
17359:Rühle, Otto
17323:The Utopian
17272:(in French)
17235:MLM Library
17121:11 February
16576:Morgan 2001
16472:. Beijing:
16464:Mao, Zedong
16375:Morgan 2015
16363:Morgan 2015
16359:Morgan 2001
15883:26 December
15836:26 December
15166:: 111–130.
15001:19 December
14969:"Communism"
14953:capitalism.
14829:Morgan 2001
14743:29 November
14356:Lazar, Marc
14203:28 February
13839:. pp.
13432:16 February
13402:16 February
13082:Basic Books
12818:"Narodniks"
12734:Pluto Press
12649:: 487–508.
12479:: 263–280.
12430:: 207–218.
12314:: 549–564.
11922:19 December
11840:: 882–883.
11664:Vidal, Matt
11492:"Socialism"
11406:"Socialism"
11218:"Communist"
10948:(1): 5–19.
10750:(7): 1172.
10019:"Communism"
10006:Newman 2005
9948:Pluto Press
9521:Morgan 2015
9517:Newman 2005
9434:: 314–339.
9367:19 November
9144:Kinna, Ruth
9140:Kinna, Ruth
9026:Paul, Cedar
8913:Paul, Cedar
8806:"Communism"
8664:and social
8556:. In 2011,
8414:Scott Sehon
8308:colonialism
8213:mass deaths
8085:on Earth."
8079:Yegor Letov
8045:to support
7950:libertarian
7905:De Leonists
7866:proletarian
7850:World War I
7790:, labelled
7584:aspects of
7558:during the
7532:revisionist
7384:Mexico City
7132:imperialist
7120:Enver Hoxha
7062:in which a
7048:corporatist
6978:(including
6741:wither away
6501:Kleroterion
6383:Substantive
6358:Semi-direct
5888:Communalism
5287:Wallerstein
4877:Revisionist
4608:Film theory
4588:Criminology
4583:Archaeology
4495:Proletariat
4480:Imperialism
4393:Bourgeoisie
4368:Wage labour
4261:Reification
4056:On Practice
3721:bourgeoisie
3717:proletariat
3696:materialist
3543:bourgeoisie
3539:proletariat
3496:dialectical
3480:materialist
3466:(left) and
3423:libertarian
3415:vanguardism
3230:Soviet flag
3186:Warsaw Pact
3098:Enver Hoxha
2994:semi-colony
2838:South Korea
2834:North Korea
2797:Lev Kamenev
2777:Great Purge
2530:vanguardism
2440:land reform
2436:World War I
2429:before the
2315:proletariat
2291:Robert Owen
2239:agrarianist
2210:in Russia,
2174:Thomas More
2160:Thomas More
2107:Waldensians
2072:communistic
2052:Demosthenes
2032:egalitarian
1939:Afghanistan
1931:Khmer Rouge
1925:as radical
1779:proletariat
1775:bourgeoisie
1703:Christendom
1676:final goods
1672:consumption
1437:bureaucracy
1425:North Korea
1296:bourgeoisie
1292:labor power
1288:proletariat
1268:libertarian
1222:vanguardist
1158:within the
1056:Trade union
1014:LGBT rights
842:Philippines
285:Pre-Marxist
278:Libertarian
32:Communalism
27869:Categories
27819:Separatism
27627:On Liberty
27527:The Prince
27256:Huntington
26759:Campanella
26686:al-Ghazali
26635:Thucydides
26593:Lactantius
26538:Statolatry
26364:Monarchism
26344:Liberalism
26269:Capitalism
26252:Ideologies
26233:Plutocracy
26181:Government
26137:Revolution
26122:Propaganda
26072:Legitimacy
26047:Government
25956:Syncretism
25946:Separatism
25906:Militarism
25876:Federalism
25762:Monarchism
25742:Liberalism
25633:Capitalism
25583:Right-wing
25045:Berlinguer
24935:Khrushchev
24353:Libcom.org
23912:Bloomsbury
23673:Marx, Karl
23620:Dean, Jodi
23424:. p.
22202:: 85–102.
22144:. Oxford:
22002:See also:
21820:politicide
21684:xenophobic
21680:Helen Fein
21541:Bolsheviks
21539:While the
21483:, and the
21395:Mao Zedong
21381:, but the
21367:Stalin era
21235:Joel Kovel
21205:politics,
21086:. Oxford:
21028:29 October
20947:21 January
20462:1929223331
19826:Al Jazeera
19781:22 October
19723:22 October
19432:. Ithaca:
19258:. Ithaca:
19237:Dulić 2004
19221:Dulić 2004
19205:Harff 1996
19137:Harff 2017
19097:. London:
18679:. p.
18435:. p.
18401:. London:
18293:. Eugene:
18160:1 November
18080:19 January
17443:. London:
17276:9 February
17249:20 January
17042:5 November
15738:13 January
15695:13 January
15347:. London:
15017:Rees, John
14920:existence.
14909:. p.
14893:Marx, Karl
14863:. p.
14767:World Bank
14715:18 October
14636:. p.
13858:Brown 2009
13790:Brown 2009
13713:Brown 2009
13354:. London:
12288:0822957043
11881:, p.
11436:1035920683
11416:. p.
11111:Bloodlands
10906:. London:
10452:29 January
10105:13 January
9554:. Moscow:
9538:Marx, Karl
9490:. Moscow:
9474:Marx, Karl
9303:abandoned.
9150:. London:
9116:Britannica
9030:Paul, Eden
8917:Paul, Eden
8756:References
8606:capitalism
8454:Bloodlands
8312:Dovid Katz
8285:Mao Zedong
8256:repression
8240:politicide
8218:classicide
8180:, such as
8043:Christians
7966:capitalism
7952:theory of
7876:after its
7854:Bolsheviks
7780:recallable
7698:, and the
7684:Solidarity
7661:De Leonism
7649:autonomism
7619:Grundrisse
7606:Trotskyism
7467:dialectics
7444:Mao Zedong
7392:third camp
7260:Detail of
7252:Trotskyism
7246:Trotskyism
7240:Trotskyism
7183:, such as
7116:Trotskyism
7056:capitalist
6980:Trotskyist
6915:Bolsheviks
6894:capitalism
6813:anarchists
6751:stated in
6664:Historical
6576:Referendum
6531:Ochlocracy
6506:Liberalism
6496:Initiative
6373:Sociocracy
6301:Procedural
6271:Multiparty
6232:Jacksonian
6227:Industrial
6207:Grassroots
6192:Electronic
5945:Democratic
5810:Mediations
5422:Przeworski
5362:Poulantzas
5212:Sivanandan
5167:Bettelheim
5067:Horkheimer
5062:Mariátegui
5037:Pashukanis
4962:Liebknecht
4892:Wertkritik
4832:Analytical
4692:Trotskyism
4667:Autonomist
4658:Structural
4638:Philosophy
4578:Aesthetics
4363:Value-form
4331:Capitalist
4236:Alienation
4229:Philosophy
3986:Grundrisse
3853:revolution
3660:capitalism
3448:See also:
3344:CPN Maoist
3292:, and the
3256:See also:
3188:after the
3068:Yugoslavia
3040:superpower
2975:Liu Shaoqi
2962:Jiang Qing
2905:Korean War
2901:Kuomintang
2889:Mao Zedong
2883:After the
2846:Korean War
2757:Trotskyism
2731:, and the
2645:Stalin era
2625:wage labor
2468:casualties
2456:healthcare
2423:Mensheviks
2397:Bolsheviks
2303:Brook Farm
2128:Anabaptist
2115:Hutterites
1802:capitalism
1747:communists
1668:production
1637:Fourierism
1570:communisme
1492:communisme
1470:, such as
1398:mass media
1365:espousing
1272:capitalism
657:Berlinguer
547:Khrushchev
27930:Socialism
27875:Communism
27537:Leviathan
27517:Monarchia
27511:(c. 1274)
27346:Oakeshott
27291:Mansfield
27286:Luxemburg
27271:Kropotkin
27166:Bernstein
27119:centuries
27033:Nietzsche
26976:Jefferson
26904:Condorcet
26852:centuries
26831:Pufendorf
26696:Marsilius
26583:Confucius
26568:Aristotle
26561:Antiquity
26489:Noble lie
26409:Third Way
26404:Socialism
26329:Feudalism
26284:Communism
26264:Anarchism
26243:Theocracy
26228:Oligarchy
26208:Democracy
26193:Autocracy
26107:Pluralism
26092:Obedience
26057:Hierarchy
26017:Authority
25936:Reformism
25921:Pluralism
25881:Globalism
25871:Extremism
25806:Third Way
25801:Socialism
25784:Classical
25757:Masculism
25648:Communism
25628:Anarchism
25588:Far-right
25563:Left-wing
25416:Red Scare
25299:Criticism
25179:By region
25160:Hatherley
24990:Althusser
24925:Togliatti
24875:Kollontai
24870:Luxemburg
24855:Pannekoek
24850:Malatesta
24845:Kropotkin
24701:Christian
24696:Religious
24691:Primitive
24657:Anarchist
24639:Use value
24607:Economics
24474:Communism
24417:See also
24411:18 August
24292:(1984) .
24272:Routledge
24026:0305-7240
24016:1465-3877
23904:(2014) .
23780:219053421
23735:. Watts.
23675:(1998) .
23550:Routledge
23515:Communism
23377:142217169
23353:MIT Press
23289:"Ci–Cz".
23210:MIT Press
23195:15 August
23122:31 August
23058:25 August
23018:25 August
22888:Communism
22649:4 January
22578:MIT Press
22552:316035698
22507:12 August
22325:144650061
22263:(1970) .
22224:145120734
22060:(2020b).
21697:genocides
21628:(Nepal),
21594:Guevarism
21582:Castroism
21569:Trudoviks
21557:Narodniks
21497:Stalinism
21415:Karl Marx
21280:activist
21261:Communism
21257:communism
21247:communism
21243:Communism
21227:Communism
21211:reformism
21171:hard left
21152:. Unlike
21002:20 August
20868:153398717
20847:Challenge
20769:153995367
20761:0966-8136
20718:4 January
20696:4 January
20339:143701601
20323:0960-7773
20128:225580086
20038:142458412
19966:(2015) .
19776:0099-9660
19613:28 August
19499:144879341
19338:12 August
19192:145155872
19176:0022-3433
19032:13 August
18987:13 August
18942:13 August
18896:13 August
18851:13 August
18809:13 August
18720:15 August
18677:Routledge
18631:Routledge
18538:13 August
18510:15 August
18433:Zondervan
18423:(1992) .
18313:994706026
18253:(1953) .
18212:struggle.
17645:143169141
17535:1 October
17421:31 August
17393:31 August
17270:Mediapart
17202:154407265
16870:Routledge
16839:Routledge
16722:146375012
16706:0925-9392
16414:146848013
16333:Routledge
16182:0893-5696
16124:0090-5917
16070:: 39–51.
15937:221178956
15664:219746578
15656:2326-4462
15604:MR Online
15517:910250140
15450:213805975
15402:216233458
15349:Routledge
15268:219746578
15260:2326-4462
15185:19 August
15180:144067197
15051:(1967) .
15025:Routledge
14938:Routledge
14777:10 August
14542:Vedomosti
14491:10 August
14486:0190-8286
14455:13 August
14023:Routledge
13967:154814055
13442:cite book
13316:12 August
13235:145419232
13227:1356-9317
13184:18 August
13169:Routledge
13148:156132823
13132:0037-6779
12891:Routledge
12870:500808890
12831:18 August
12798:Narodniki
12787:18 August
12772:Routledge
12749:18 August
12671:155515389
12612:Routledge
12545:(1979) .
12452:161700029
12391:18 August
12385:Utopia500
12364:18 August
12336:163924226
12022:: 83–89.
11809:159716738
11530:(2002) .
11490:(1985) .
11289:13 August
11229:15 August
11190:Routledge
11104:See also
11098:17 August
11067:17 August
11013:17 August
10908:Routledge
10638:13 August
10591:205667754
10567:0966-8136
10519:0966-8136
10384:1046-1868
10176:10 August
10142:10 August
9918:13 August
9876:23 August
9834:23 August
9793:13 August
9741:18 August
9540:(1969) .
9476:(1969) .
9456:154948426
9448:2159-8312
9432:Routledge
9321:Routledge
9092:3 January
9040:18 August
9011:(1922) .
8981:18 August
8964:(2005) .
8927:18 August
8898:(1922) .
8761:Citations
8602:Jodi Dean
8304:Karl Marx
8269:John Gray
8246:holocaust
8188:is not.
8104:Karl Marx
8094:Reception
7954:anarchism
7909:Bordigism
7812:reformist
7776:delegates
7704:post-left
7692:workerism
7638:anarchism
7610:reformist
7598:Stalinism
7289:Stalinism
7278:Karl Marx
7152:Stalinism
7146:Stalinism
7107:Stalinism
6968:Comintern
6923:socialism
6745:Karl Marx
6601:Sortition
6556:Polyarchy
6416:Anarchism
6398:Workplace
6378:Sovereign
6368:Socialist
6348:Sectarian
6326:Christian
6316:Religious
6291:Pluralist
6246:Illiberal
6222:Inclusive
6197:Empowered
6172:Defensive
6157:Consensus
6103:Democracy
5992:Economism
5955:Reformist
5935:Socialism
5883:Communism
5863:Anarchism
5717:Coulthard
5642:McDonnell
5602:Screpanti
5512:Rowbotham
5377:Harnecker
5187:Althusser
5127:Deutscher
4967:Kollontai
4957:Luxemburg
4937:Plekhanov
4867:Nkrumaism
4778:Classical
4752:Political
4677:Guevarism
4633:Sociology
4613:Geography
4433:Democracy
4381:Sociology
4336:Socialist
4301:Commodity
3881:, versus
3740:feudalism
3656:feudalism
3585:based on
3504:Karl Marx
3464:Karl Marx
3158:In 1959,
3151:state of
3076:Cominform
3030:in yellow
2966:Red Guard
2787:. In the
2721:broad ban
2705:communism
2669:with the
2667:socialism
2636:socialist
2597:socialism
2553:socialism
2507:. In the
2495:formed a
2464:Petrograd
2418:Obshchina
2120:Karl Marx
2044:Aristotle
2028:classless
1883:socialism
1879:Red Scare
1875:communism
1838:Communist
1826:socialist
1822:communist
1810:Bolshevik
1798:socialism
1790:communism
1786:socialism
1719:communism
1707:communism
1695:socialism
1691:communism
1664:socialism
1660:communism
1653:communism
1642:mutualism
1629:socialism
1624:socialism
1619:communism
1583:communism
1538:Communism
1533:Communism
1483:Communism
1373:with the
1132:Communism
1036:Red Scare
794:By region
772:Hatherley
602:Althusser
537:Togliatti
487:Kollontai
482:Luxemburg
467:Pannekoek
462:Malatesta
457:Kropotkin
307:Christian
302:Religious
297:Primitive
263:Anarchist
243:Use value
212:Economics
65:Communism
18:Communist
27792:Centrism
27487:Politics
27477:Republic
27446:Voegelin
27426:Spengler
27411:Shariati
27386:Rothbard
27341:Nussbaum
27241:Habermas
27216:Fukuyama
27206:Foucault
27131:Ambedkar
27108:Voltaire
27078:de Staël
27053:Rousseau
26934:Franklin
26909:Constant
26869:Beccaria
26701:Muhammad
26681:Gelasius
26666:Averroes
26640:Xenophon
26620:Polybius
26573:Chanakya
26418:Concepts
26384:Populism
26354:Localism
26339:Islamism
26324:Feminism
26223:Monarchy
26127:Property
26117:Progress
26082:Monopoly
26052:Hegemony
25926:Populism
25916:Pacifism
25911:Nihilism
25901:Localism
25820:See also
25767:Royalism
25737:Islamism
25732:Hindutva
25717:Feminism
25573:Centrism
25558:Far-left
25548:Moderate
25543:Hardline
25387:New Left
25382:Old Left
25276:Red star
25191:Colombia
25110:Gordillo
25085:Holloway
25030:Guattari
25000:Pasolini
24985:Hobsbawm
24970:Beauvoir
24930:Benjamin
24905:Bukharin
24895:Thälmann
24667:Leninist
24649:Variants
24481:Concepts
24357:Archived
24243:(2010).
24192:(2009).
24087:(2014).
24065:(2003).
24028:(print).
23958:(2019).
23878:(2014).
23795:(2000).
23622:(2012).
23596:(2007).
23570:(1994).
23476:Elsevier
23450:(1960).
23410:(1983).
23311:(1992).
23274:: 1–10.
23169:(2004).
23117:40260182
23097:(2001).
23043:Elsevier
23003:Elsevier
22984:23337831
22924:12 March
22879:49573923
22755:42809979
22694:49573923
22604:(2017).
22501:Archived
22457:(2018).
22447:30464360
22317:20057628
22138:(2002).
22116:(2009).
22044:1 August
22039:36367345
22023:(1895).
21947:(1901).
21816:genocide
21777:Le Monde
21614:Kadarism
21606:Husakism
21602:Hoxhaism
21596:(Cuba),
21592:(Peru),
21586:Ceaușism
21584:(Cuba),
21567:and the
21559:and the
21487:), plus
21427:democide
21265:Leninist
21207:localism
21166:far-left
21080:(2022).
21046:(2015).
20691:12011202
20560:(2017).
20479:(2016).
20447:(2002).
20415:(2017).
20365:5 August
20331:41485456
19934:(2014).
19916:6 August
19577:47924025
19532:20996281
19491:40060166
19426:(2005).
19410:25834800
19350:Le Monde
19252:(2005).
19184:25654524
19077:23746851
18964:(2013).
18919:(2011).
18873:(2007).
18786:(2004).
18738:(2020).
18393:(1910).
18235:26 March
18178:(1926).
17931:(1983).
17821:(1926).
17737:(1989).
17666:(1920).
17593:14 April
17564:14 April
17489:25 April
17471:(1971).
17439:(2007).
17414:Aufheben
17361:(2007).
17327:Archived
16927:(2005).
16765:(1991).
16714:20099669
16618:(1993).
16515:1 August
16501:(1978).
16479:1 August
16466:(1964).
16311:23008565
16255:Novy Mir
15911:CQ Press
15877:Archived
15830:Archived
15689:Archived
15608:Archived
15577:Archived
15572:Eurozine
15540:Archived
15367:48139638
15294:Fronesis
15019:(1998).
14899:(1845).
14851:(1987).
14761:(2005).
14709:Archived
14653:parties.
14609:27 April
14581:30 March
14370:(eds.).
14256:Chambers
14152:25495509
13909:(2008).
13885:Archived
13829:(2011).
13805:(1984).
13728:(2006).
13665:(2006).
13649:57589785
13572:(eds.).
13285:(2004).
12708:1 August
12606:(2010).
12250:ABC-CLIO
12194:18 April
12171:(2019).
12149:18 April
12130:ABC-CLIO
12052:(1983).
11979:Springer
11944:(2001).
11769:42895560
11592:(eds.).
11552:(2020).
11456:(1883).
11375:(1992).
11184:(2018).
11132:(2014).
10900:(2010).
10764:43510161
10733:(2002).
10688:67783643
10680:27752256
10583:19326595
10441:Truthout
10392:45290119
10366:(1991).
10290:Archived
10244:Archived
10213:Archived
10170:Archived
10136:Archived
10096:Archived
9069:CQ Press
8673:See also
8594:liberals
8300:genocide
8235:genocide
8230:democide
8201:genocide
8162:regimes.
8089:Analysis
7980:; and a
7807:Leninist
7700:New Left
7669:Lettrism
7560:Cold War
7554:and its
7486:Hoxhaism
7463:populism
7459:peasants
7400:Pabloism
7396:Posadism
7356:cultural
7338:form of
6994:, and a
6990:through
6960:Leninism
6851:Leninism
6830:—
6792:—
6566:Populism
6321:Buddhist
6266:Monitory
6187:Economic
6152:Cellular
6147:Athenian
5918:Old Left
5913:New Left
5780:Antipode
5774:Journals
5677:Heinrich
5652:Roediger
5647:Douzinas
5637:Hennessy
5592:Holloway
5507:Hartsock
5497:Eagleton
5482:Federici
5457:Bannerji
5432:Therborn
5412:Rancière
5407:Easthope
5387:Anderson
5382:Altvater
5282:O'Connor
5277:Mészáros
5272:Guattari
5227:Thompson
5217:Miliband
5197:Williams
5182:Hobsbawm
5157:Emmanuel
5137:Beauvoir
5102:Lefebvre
5047:Benjamin
5012:Bukharin
4992:Zinoviev
4987:Grossman
4972:Bogdanov
4947:Connolly
4927:Lafargue
4872:Orthodox
4842:Centrist
4793:Leninism
4788:Feminist
4737:Humanist
4718:Hegelian
4246:Ideology
3928:a series
3926:Part of
3805:a priori
3719:and the
3639:Leninism
3532:idealist
3382:Leninism
3316:The Left
3300:and the
3126:New Left
3044:Bulgaria
3006:Cold War
3000:Cold War
2958:Lin Biao
2891:and the
2829:Cold War
2717:ideology
2621:interest
2538:Leninist
2484:de facto
2375:Red Army
2178:treatise
2162:, whose
2134:, which
2099:monastic
2078:and the
1981:states.
1901:and the
1842:Leninism
1743:Owenites
1721:was too
1699:religion
1607:red star
1529:doctrine
1520:communis
1502:communis
1264:Leninism
1190:and the
1156:ideology
1153:economic
1140:communis
1007:New Left
1002:Old Left
892:Red star
805:Colombia
722:Gordillo
697:Holloway
642:Guattari
612:Pasolini
597:Hobsbawm
582:Beauvoir
542:Benjamin
517:Bukharin
507:Thälmann
273:Leninist
256:Variants
82:Concepts
57:a series
55:Part of
27829:Statism
27742:Elitism
27700:Related
27501:(51 BC)
27431:Strauss
27406:Scruton
27401:Schmitt
27391:Russell
27311:Michels
27306:Maurras
27301:Marcuse
27261:Kautsky
27231:Gramsci
27226:Gentile
27196:Dworkin
27186:Du Bois
27181:Dmowski
27176:Chomsky
27171:Burnham
27156:Benoist
27126:Agamben
27093:Thoreau
27083:Stirner
27073:Spencer
27018:Mazzini
27008:Maistre
27003:Madison
26998:Le Play
26929:Fourier
26894:Carlyle
26874:Bentham
26864:Bastiat
26859:Bakunin
26836:Spinoza
26826:Müntzer
26796:Leibniz
26769:Grotius
26749:Bossuet
26716:Plethon
26661:Aquinas
26630:Sun Tzu
26598:Mencius
26588:Han Fei
26359:Marxism
26319:Fascism
26152:Society
26077:Liberty
26062:Justice
26042:Freedom
25951:Statism
25811:Zionism
25752:Marxism
25700:Fascism
25595:Radical
25409:Romania
25258:Symbols
25248:Vietnam
25243:Sumatra
25186:Britain
25155:Prashad
25135:Graeber
25115:Gilmore
25100:Sankara
25090:Hampton
25025:Guevara
24975:Nkrumah
24955:Padmore
24915:Gramsci
24885:Trotsky
24860:Du Bois
24820:Meslier
24713:History
24684:Utopian
24662:Marxism
24528:Commune
24391:at the
23723:4502285
23369:3656222
22915:OUPblog
22438:6223831
22216:4149657
22179:10 June
21828:Lon Nol
21763:Pol Pot
21688:fascism
21648:regimes
21634:Titoism
21481:Mao era
21399:Pol Pot
21124:27 June
20976:15 June
20682:1732171
19691:15 June
19624:120–8).
18593:28 June
18403:Cassell
17799:31 July
17678:31 July
16305:: 151.
15800:7 March
15756:(1852).
15482:(4): 9.
15079:method.
14517:15 June
14143:4331212
13891:18 July
13140:2492782
12663:2009334
12580:Praeger
12493:2708927
12444:3161310
12134:Praeger
12132:ebook.
12077:10 June
12036:4342653
11854:2697429
11711:Praeger
11627:Praeger
11536:Penguin
11386:11 July
11008:2166597
10872:1149284
10035:15 June
10024:Encarta
9561:1 March
9498:1 March
9262:16 July
8818:10 June
8569:Ukraine
8513:poverty
8382:of the
8289:Pol Pot
8159:famines
8041:compel
7972:of the
7895:, from
7893:capital
7862:Marxist
7786:and of
7586:Marxism
7491:Maoists
7195:of the
7068:fascist
7040:fascism
6956:Marxism
6896:in the
6874:Marxist
6786:wrote:
6331:Islamic
6306:Radical
6296:Popular
6242:Liberal
6123:Indices
6113:History
6017:Outline
5970:Utopian
5747:Srnicek
5732:Toscano
5727:Seymour
5682:Prashad
5632:Sankara
5627:Berardi
5612:Hampton
5587:Burawoy
5557:Panitch
5552:Haraway
5542:Cleaver
5527:Brenner
5492:Balibar
5447:Postone
5437:Losurdo
5367:Vattimo
5337:Gonzalo
5332:Jameson
5322:Parenti
5262:Liebman
5257:Guevara
5147:Nkrumah
5142:Sombart
5117:Padmore
5087:Kalecki
5082:Marcuse
5042:Bordiga
5027:Gramsci
4982:Trotsky
4942:Du Bois
4932:Kautsky
4808:Western
4687:Titoism
4572:Aspects
4528:History
4448:Radical
4286:Capital
3991:Capital
3936:Marxism
3727:of the
3593:", and
3444:Marxism
3405:of the
3378:Marxism
3340:Maoists
3328:CPN UML
3269:of the
3234:Kremlin
3200:of the
3147:in the
3090:Albania
3080:Titoism
3060:Romania
2649:Mao era
2448:soviets
2444:soviets
2223:Diggers
2219:Puritan
2180:titled
2146:Marxist
2097:, some
2060:Tacitus
1985:History
1943:Hungary
1923:regimes
1917:; this
1796:, that
1711:atheist
1542:Marxism
1429:Vietnam
1260:Marxism
1174:of the
1029:Romania
875:Symbols
862:Vietnam
857:Sumatra
800:Britain
767:Prashad
747:Graeber
727:Gilmore
712:Sankara
702:Hampton
637:Guevara
587:Nkrumah
567:Padmore
527:Gramsci
497:Trotsky
472:Du Bois
432:Meslier
322:History
290:Utopian
268:Marxism
128:Commune
27691:(1992)
27681:(1971)
27671:(1951)
27661:(1945)
27651:(1944)
27641:(1929)
27631:(1859)
27621:(1848)
27601:(1820)
27591:(1791)
27581:(1790)
27571:(1762)
27561:(1748)
27551:(1689)
27541:(1651)
27531:(1532)
27521:(1313)
27451:Walzer
27441:Taylor
27396:Sartre
27361:Popper
27356:Pareto
27351:Ortega
27336:Nozick
27326:Mouffe
27276:Laclau
27236:Guénon
27221:Gandhi
27161:Berlin
27151:Bauman
27146:Badiou
27136:Arendt
27103:Tucker
26993:Le Bon
26954:Herder
26944:Haller
26939:Godwin
26924:Fichte
26919:Engels
26914:Cortés
26884:Bonald
26841:Suárez
26816:Milton
26806:Luther
26779:Hobbes
26764:Filmer
26754:Calvin
26739:Boétie
26732:period
26711:Ockham
26578:Cicero
26379:Nazism
26167:Utopia
26142:Rights
26132:Regime
26102:People
26087:Nation
25789:Modern
25705:Nazism
25233:Poland
25206:Kerala
25196:France
25150:Fisher
25145:Kelley
25140:Lordon
25120:Marcos
25105:Öcalan
25070:Newton
25060:Badiou
25055:Guzmán
25035:Debord
25020:Berger
25015:Castro
25005:Mandel
24995:Freire
24960:Sartre
24900:Makhno
24890:Lukács
24880:Stalin
24840:Morris
24835:Engels
24825:Babeuf
24810:Mazdak
24802:People
24304:
24278:
24255:
24229:
24204:
24178:
24155:
24129:
24099:
24073:
24051:
24024:
24014:
23989:
23966:
23944:
23918:
23890:
23864:
23838:
23807:
23778:
23739:
23721:
23685:
23657:
23634:
23608:
23582:
23556:
23512:about
23490:
23432:
23392:
23375:
23367:
23323:
23297:
23216:
23186:
23155:
23115:
23083:
23049:
23009:
22982:
22945:
22898:
22877:
22871:261138
22869:
22830:
22798:
22774:
22753:
22713:
22692:
22686:261138
22684:
22627:
22594:206491
22592:
22550:
22540:
22471:
22445:
22435:
22398:
22371:
22323:
22315:
22222:
22214:
22152:
22124:
22102:
22074:
22037:
22010:, and
21850:Quotes
21738:flaws.
21666:, and
21501:Nazism
21385:, the
21094:
21060:
20893:
20866:
20824:
20795:7 July
20767:
20759:
20689:
20679:
20606:
20572:
20540:
20493:
20459:
20427:
20395:
20337:
20329:
20321:
20282:
20159:
20126:
20036:
19978:
19946:
19910:Satory
19774:
19604:
19575:
19565:
19530:
19520:
19497:
19489:
19440:
19408:
19329:
19298:
19266:
19190:
19182:
19174:
19113:
19075:
19023:
18978:
18933:
18887:
18842:
18800:
18750:
18687:
18649:
18579:
18478:
18443:
18365:
18311:
18301:
18103:
18002:
17974:
17943:
17893:
17858:15 May
17745:
17719:27 May
17643:
17451:
17369:
17200:
17194:651881
17192:
17150:
17011:
16984:131248
16982:
16941:
16907:
16876:
16845:
16811:
16779:
16745:
16720:
16712:
16704:
16661:
16630:
16446:
16412:
16339:
16309:
16180:
16132:191498
16130:
16122:
16019:. CNN.
15960:
15935:
15925:
15869:
15791:
15662:
15654:
15515:
15505:
15448:
15438:
15400:
15365:
15355:
15266:
15258:
15219:
15178:
15031:
14944:
14871:
14677:
14644:
14484:
14392:
14338:
14294:
14262:
14235:3 June
14150:
14140:
14097:
14066:
14029:
13994:
13965:
13923:
13773:
13742:
13696:
13647:
13637:
13601:
13549:130963
13547:
13473:
13362:
13307:
13233:
13225:
13175:
13146:
13138:
13130:
13088:
13057:
13030:
12999:
12955:
12928:
12897:
12868:
12858:
12778:
12740:
12704:: 1–55
12669:
12661:
12618:
12586:
12557:
12491:
12450:
12442:
12334:
12328:459753
12326:
12285:
12256:
12223:
12185:
12140:
12105:
12034:
11993:
11956:
11908:
11852:
11807:
11767:
11717:
11688:
11633:
11604:
11564:
11510:
11470:456632
11468:
11434:
11424:
11351:
11196:
11161:
11106:p. 384
11062:153614
11060:
11006:
10914:
10870:
10762:
10713:
10686:
10678:
10589:
10581:
10575:153593
10573:
10565:
10527:153614
10525:
10517:
10390:
10382:
10326:
10282:
10205:
10062:
9989:
9954:
9909:
9867:
9825:
9732:
9677:
9641:
9592:
9454:
9446:
9358:
9327:
9232:22 May
9220:"Left"
9158:
9121:13 May
9083:
8874:456632
8872:
8843:
8648:, the
8636:, and
8632:, the
8628:, the
8624:, the
8596:, and
8528:, the
8422:Nazism
8370:, and
8275:, and
8253:, and
8013:egoist
8011:, are
7964:, and
7730:, and
7690:, and
7686:, the
7663:, the
7602:Maoism
7546:, and
7423:Maoism
7417:Maoism
7398:, and
7276:, and
7136:façade
6986:, the
6867:(1903)
6659:Europe
6649:Africa
6643:Region
6616:Voting
6526:Motion
6363:Social
6341:Mormon
6336:Jewish
6251:Liquid
6212:Guided
6202:Ethnic
6182:Direct
6118:Theory
5965:Social
5950:Market
5752:Horvat
5707:Fisher
5702:Linera
5697:Lordon
5687:Kelley
5672:Marcos
5667:Ghandy
5657:Foster
5582:Fraser
5577:Wright
5567:Jessop
5562:Clarke
5547:Bishop
5537:Massey
5517:Mouffe
5467:Newton
5462:Spivak
5452:Rodney
5417:Berman
5372:Badiou
5352:Laclau
5347:Harvey
5342:Dussel
5302:Debord
5297:Tronti
5267:Heller
5252:Castro
5247:Berger
5232:Bauman
5222:Cabral
5207:Mandel
5202:Freire
5192:Hinton
5172:Draper
5152:Sweezy
5122:Sartre
5112:Adorno
5077:Brecht
5032:Galiev
5007:Korsch
5002:Lukács
4977:Stalin
4922:Morris
4917:Engels
4905:People
4682:Maoism
4603:Ethics
4443:Soviet
4166:Empire
3800:axioms
3559:profit
3494:and a
3372:Theory
3354:. The
3288:, the
3222:Cheget
3153:Kerala
3149:Indian
3056:Poland
2942:Maoist
2807:, and
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