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1993:
2045:"To the sravakas, he preached the doctrine which is associated with the four Noble Truths and leads to Dependent Origination. It aims at transcending birth, old age, disease, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress of mind and weariness; and it ends in nirvana. But, to the great being, the bodhisattva, he preached the doctrine, which is associated with the six perfections and which ends in the Knowledge of the Omniscient One after the attainment of the supreme and perfect bodhi."
4019:
51:
5218:
309:
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10778:
276:
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890:
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4006:(lust, anger and ignorance). Bodhisattvas can also transform themselves into whatever physical form is useful for helping sentient beings (a god, a bird, a male or female, even a Buddha). Because of this, bodhisattvas are seen as beings that one can pray to for aid and consolation from the sufferings of everyday life as well as for guidance in the path to enlightenment. Thus, the great translator
4658:
1160:
2896:), a vast sense of care aimed at ending the suffering of all sentient beings. This great compassion is the ethical foundation of the bodhisattva, and it is also an applied aspect of their bodhicitta. Great compassion must also be closely joined with the perfection of wisdom, which reveals that all the beings that the bodhisattva strives to save are ultimately empty of self (
1856:(1846–1923) explains that though it is easy to make vows for future Buddhahood by oneself, it is very difficult to maintain the necessary conduct and views during periods when the Dharma has disappeared from the world. One will easily fall back during such periods and this is why one is not truly a full bodhisattva until one receives recognition from a living Buddha.
1490:, meaning that he could no longer fall back from the path to Buddhahood. For Sarvāstivāda, the first two incalculable aeons is a period of time in which a bodhisattva may still fall away and regress from the path. At the end of the second incalculable aeon, they encounter a buddha and receive their prediction, at which point they are certain to achieve Buddhahood.
3284:). That a bodhisattva has the option to pursue such a lesser path, but instead chooses the long path towards Buddhahood is one of the five criteria for one to be considered a bodhisattva. The other four are: being human, being a man, making a vow to become a Buddha in the presence of a previous Buddha, and receiving a prophecy from that Buddha.
3148:. But other scholars point out that many other Mahayana sutras do not promote this ideal, and instead teach "easy" practices like memorizing, reciting, teaching and copying Mahayana sutras, as well as meditating on Buddhas and bodhisattvas (and reciting or chanting their names). Ulrich Pagel also notes that in numerous sutras found in the
3379:) from Buddhahood, which means one is close to Buddhahood and that one can no longer turn back or regress from that attainment. They are exemplary monks, with cognitive powers equal to arhats. They practice the four dhyanas, have a deep knowledge of perfect wisdom and teach it to others. In the Lokakshema's Chinese translation of the
2407:- which can mean a resolution, resolve, vow, prayer, wish, aspiration and determination. This more general idea of an earnest wish or solemn resolve which is closely connected with bodhicitta (and is the cause and result of bodhicitta) eventually developed into the idea that bodhisattvas take certain formulaic "
2777:) are the most significant and popular set of bodhisattva virtues and thus they serve as a central framework for bodhisattva practice. They are the most widely taught and commented upon virtues throughout the history of Mahayana Buddhist literature and feature prominently in major Sanskrit sources such as the
4843:
Sattva and satta commonly means "living being", "sentient being" or "person" and many modern scholars adopt an interpretation based on this etymology. Examples include: "a sentient or reasonable being, possessing bodhi" (H. Kern), "a bodhi-being, i.e. a being destined to attain fullest
Enlightenment"
2228:
writes "the subjects based on the deeds of
Bodhisattvas were not mentioned in sūtras." They also held that the bodhisattva path was superior to the śrāvaka vehicle and so the bodhisattva vehicle is the "great vehicle" (mahayana) due to its greater aspiration to save others, while the śrāvaka vehicle
3457:
Drewes notes that Mahāyāna sūtras mainly depict a bodhisattvas' first arising of bodhicitta as occurring in the presence of a Buddha. Furthermore, according to Drewes, most Mahāyāna sūtras "never encourage anyone to become a bodhisattva or present any ritual or other means of doing so." In a similar
2095:
Mahayana sutras also depict the bodhisattva as a being which, because they want to reach
Buddhahood for the sake of all beings, is more loving and compassionate than the sravaka (who only wishes to end their own suffering). Thus, another major difference between the bodhisattva and the arhat is that
1950:
not only in
Mahayana but also in Theravada. Rahula writes "the fact is that both the Theravada and the Mahayana unanimously accept the Bodhisattva ideal as the highest...Although the Theravada holds that anybody can be a Bodhisattva, it does not stipulate or insist that all must be Bodhisattva which
3508:
itself. The text states that encountering and accepting its teachings mean one is close to being given a prediction and that if one does not "shrink back, cower or despair" from the text, but "firmly believes it", one is either irreversible or is close to this stage. Many other
Mahayana sutras such
3086:
describe it as an arduous, difficult monastic path suited only for the few which is nevertheless the most glorious path one can take. Three kinds of bodhisattvas are mentioned: the forest, city, and monastery bodhisattvas—with forest dwelling being promoted a superior, even necessary path in sutras
1347:
sources, which mainly focus on stories of the past lives of the
Sakyamuni. Among the non-Mahayana Nikaya schools, the Jataka literature was likely the main genre that contained bodhisattva teachings. These stories had certainly become an important part of popular Buddhism by the time of the carving
2049:
According to Peter
Skilling, the Mahayana movement began when "at an uncertain point, let us say in the first century BCE, groups of monks, nuns, and lay-followers began to devote themselves exclusively to the Bodhisatva vehicle." These Mahayanists universalized the bodhisattvayana as a path which
3533:
According to Drewes, this claim that merely having faith in Mahāyāna sūtras meant that one was an advanced bodhisattva, was a departure from previous Nikaya views about bodhisattvas. It created new groups of
Buddhists who accepted each other's bodhisattva status. Some Mahayana texts are more open
1352:
railings (c. 125–100 BCE), which contain depictions of around thirty Jataka tales. Thus, it is possible that the bodhisattva ideal was popularized through the telling of
Jatakas. Jataka tales contain numerous stories which focus on the past life deeds of Sakyamuni when he was a bodhisattva. These
2050:
was open to everyone and which was taught for all beings to follow. This was in contrast to the Nikaya schools, which held that the bodhisattva path was only for a rare set of individuals. Indian
Mahayanists preserved and promoted a set of texts called Vaipulya ("Extensive") sutras (later called
1503:
explains that its discussion of the bodhisattva path is partly meant "to stop those who are in fact not bodhisattvas from giving rise to the self-conceit that they are." However, for Sarvāstivāda, one is not technically a bodhisattva until the end of the third incalculable aeon, after which one
4451:
of the Tang dynasty, was the only female ruler of China. She used the growing popularity of Esoteric Buddhism in China for her own needs. Though she was not the only ruler to have made such a claim, the political utility of her claims, coupled with sincerity make her a great example. She built
3317:
These three are not types of people, but rather types of motivation. According to Patrul Rinpoche, the third quality of intention is most noble though the mode by which Buddhahood occurs is the first; that is, it is only possible to teach others the path to enlightenment once one has attained
4929:. Various Indian commentators like Prajñakaramati interpret the term as a synonym for citta (mind, thought) or vyavasāya (decision, determination). Thus, the term bodhisattva could also mean: "one whose mind, intentions, thoughts or wishes are fixed on bodhi". In this sense, this meaning of
4170:
3462:, for instance, states that as many bodhisattvas as there grains of sand in the Ganges turn back from the pursuit of Buddhahood and that out of innumerable beings who give rise to bodhicitta and progress toward Buddhahood, only one or two will reach the point of becoming irreversible."
5260:
3236:
state in which one is neither limited to samsara nor nirvana. A being who has reached this kind of nirvana is not restricted from manifesting in the samsaric realms, and yet they remain fully detached from the defilements found in these realms (and thus they can help others).
5040:
4885:
is supported by some passages in the Early Buddhist Texts (such as at SN 23.2, parallel at SĀ 122). The etymology is also supported by the Pāli commentaries, Jain sources and other modern scholars like Tillman Vetter and Neumann. Another related possibility pointed out by
3529:
present textual approaches to determine one's status as an advanced bodhisattva. These mainly depend on a person's attitude towards listening to, believing, preaching, proclaiming, copying or memorizing and reciting the sutra as well as practicing the sutra's teachings.
1217:, the Buddha regularly uses the phrase "when I was an unawakened Bodhisatta" to describe his experiences before his attainment of awakening. The early texts which discuss the period before the Buddha's awakening mainly focus on his spiritual development. According to
2398:, for example, explains that the arising of bodhicitta is the first step in the bodhisattva's career. Thus, the arising of bodhicitta, the compassionate mind aimed at awakening for the sake of all beings, is a central defining element of the bodhisattva path.
2563:
collection which was widely cited by various sources. According to Ulrich Pagel, this text is "one of the longest works on the bodhisattva in Mahayana literature" and thus provides extensive information on the topic bodhisattva training, especially
3473:) or "not long set out in the vehicle" with scorn, describing them as "blind", "unintelligent", "lazy" and "weak". Early Mahayana works identify them with those who reject Mahayana or who abandon Mahayana, and they are seen as likely to become
2583:
is outlined in a passage which states "the path to enlightenment comprises benevolence towards all sentient beings, striving after the perfections and compliance with the means of conversion." This path begins with contemplating the failures of
4472:
2963:
Just as with non-Mahayana sources, Mahayana sutras generally depict the bodhisattva path as a long path that takes many lifetimes across many aeons. Some sutras state that a beginner bodhisattva could take anywhere from 3 to 22 countless eons
3198:. In the various Mahāyāna texts, two theories can be discerned. One view is the idea that a bodhisattva must postpone their awakening until full Buddhahood is attained (at which point one ceases to be reborn, which is the classical view of
5716:
Basham, A.L. (1981). The evolution of the concept of the bodhisattva. In: Leslie S Kawamura, The bodhisattva doctrine in Buddhism, Published for the Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion by Wilfrid Laurier University Press, p.
4844:(T. W. Rhys Davids and W. Stede), "A being seeking for bodhi" (M. Anesaki), "Erleuchtungswesen" (Enlightenment Being) (M. Winternitz), "Weisheitswesen" ("Wisdom Being") (M. Walleser). This etymology is also supported by the Mahayana
1851:
According to modern Theravada authors, meeting a Buddha is needed to truly make someone a bodhisattva because any other resolution to attain Buddhahood may easily be forgotten or abandoned during the aeons ahead. The Burmese monk
5119:
4209:(Jp: Kannon), a female form of Avalokiteshvara, is the most widely revered bodhisattva in East Asian Buddhism, generally depicted as a motherly figure. Guanyin is venerated in various other forms and manifestations, including
4130:
While the veneration of bodhisattvas is much more widespread and popular in the Mahayana Buddhist world, it is also found in Theravada Buddhist regions. Bodhisattvas which are venerated in Theravada lands include Natha Deviyo
1958:
Jeffrey Samuels echoes this perspective, noting that while in Mahayana Buddhism the bodhisattva path is held to be universal and for everyone, in Theravada it is "reserved for and appropriated by certain exceptional people."
3706:
Bodhisattvas who attain this ground strive to help sentient beings attain maturity, and do not become emotionally involved when such beings respond negatively, both of which are difficult to do. The emphasized perfection is
2123:, which are personifications of the basic virtues of wisdom and compassion respectively and are the two most important bodhisattvas in Mahayana. The development of bodhisattva devotion parallels the development of the Hindu
4897:
The Sanskrit term sattva may mean "strength, energy, vigour, power, courage" and therefore, bodhisattva could also mean "one whose energy and power is directed towards bodhi". This reading of sattva is found in Ksemendra's
2572:. Pagel also argues that this text was quite influential on later Mahayana writings which discuss the bodhisattva and thus was "of fundamental importance to the evolution of the bodhisattva doctrine." Other sutras in the
1252:(gods). These sources also discuss various miracles which accompanied the bodhisattva's conception and birth, most famously, his taking seven steps and proclaiming that this was his last life. The Chinese source (titled
3248:
may have taken some time to develop and is not obvious in some of the early Mahāyāna literature, therefore while earlier sutras may sometimes speak of "postponement", later texts saw no need to postpone the "superior"
2530:. Contemporary Mahāyāna Buddhism encourages everyone to give rise to bodhicitta and ceremonially take bodhisattva vows. With these vows and precepts, one makes the promise to work for the complete enlightenment of all
3896:. According to Lewis Lancaster, these "celestial" or "heavenly" bodhisattvas are seen as "either the manifestations of a Buddha or they are beings who possess the power of producing many bodies through great feats of
2425:
We having crossed (the stream of samsara), may we help living beings to cross! We being liberated, may we liberate others! We being comforted, may we comfort others! We being finally released, may we release others!
7186:
4705:, there are four mountains that are regarded as bodhimaṇḍas for bodhisattvas, with each site having major monasteries and being popular for pilgrimages by both monastics and laypeople. These four sacred places are:
4527:
1281:
present the "bodhisattva Maitreya" as an example figure (EĀ 20.6 and EĀ 42.6) and one sutra in this collection also discuss how the Buddha taught the bodhisattva path of the six perfections to Maitreya (EĀ 27.5).
2446:
Later Mahayana Buddhists also developed specific rituals and devotional acts for which helped to develop various preliminary qualities, such as faith, worship, prayer, and confession, that lead to the arising of
2553:) of the bodhisattvas, which includes all the duties, virtues and practices that bodhisattvas must accomplish to attain Buddhahood. An important early Mahayana source for the practice of the bodhisattva is the
5284:
1871:(1907–1995) both sought to receive a prediction from a Buddha in the future and believed meritorious actions done for the good of Buddhism would help in their endeavor to become bodhisattvas in the future.
2127:. Indeed, Dayal sees the development of Indian bodhisattva cults as a Buddhist reaction to the growth of bhakti centered religion in India which helped to popularize and reinvigorate Indian Buddhism.
5064:
3020:, where they can study the path directly with a Buddha. This could significantly shorten the length of the path, or at least make it more bearable. East Asian Pure Land Buddhist traditions, such as
1863:
and thus receive a prediction from him. Medieval Theravada literature and inscriptions report the aspirations of monks, kings and ministers to meet Maitreya for this purpose. Modern figures such as
7794:
2282:(fully self-awakened one). For the yogacarins then, only some beings (those who have the "bodhisattva lineage") can enter the bodhisattva path. In East Asian Buddhism, the view of the one vehicle (
5142:
2927:), which Dayal calls "the sine qua non of moral progress for a bodhisattva." Mindfulness is widely emphasized by Buddhist authors and Sanskrit sources and it appears four times in the list of 37
1455:, which they termed "Bodhisattva Piṭaka" or "Vaipulya (Extensive) Piṭaka". None of these have survived. Dar Hayal attributes the historical development of the bodhisattva ideal to "the growth of
5181:
1482:) in front of a past Buddha. During the first incalculable aeon he is said to have encountered and served 75,000 Buddhas, and 76,000 in the second, after which he received his first prediction (
1525:
presents various ideas regarding the school's conception of the bodhisattva ideal. According to this text, bodhisattva Gautama had already reached a level of dispassion at the time of Buddha
1353:
deeds generally express bodhisattva qualities and practices (such as compassion, the six perfections, and supernatural power) in dramatic ways, and include numerous acts of self-sacrifice.
3888:
Buddhists (especially Mahayanists) venerate several bodhisattvas (such as Maitreya, Manjushri and Avalokiteshvara) which are seen as highly spiritually advanced (having attained the tenth
3960:
is a similarly influential text (a revealed text, or terma) which focuses on Chenrezig (Avalokiteshvara, who is seen as the country's patron bodhisattva) and his miraculous activities in
3592:
means "earth" or "place" and figurately can mean "ground, plane, stage, level; state of consciousness". There are various lists of bhumis, the most common is a list of ten found in the
1221:, most of these passages focus on three main themes: "the bodhisattva's overcoming of unwholesome states of mind, his development of mental tranquillity, and the growth of his insight."
6294:
Silk, Jonathan; Hinüber, Oskar von; Eltschinger, Vincent; eds. (2016). "Lotus Sutra", in Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1: Literature and Languages. Leiden: Brill. p. 147
3353:), "one finds four key stages that are demarcated throughout this early textual material that constitute the most basic elements in the path of a bodhisattva". These main elements are:
3028:, hold the view that realizing Buddhahood through the long bodhisattva path of the perfections is no longer practical in the current age (which is understood as a degenerate age called
1139:
generally understands the bodhisattva path as being open to everyone, and Mahāyāna Buddhists encourage all individuals to become bodhisattvas. Spiritually advanced bodhisattvas such as
2115:
Mahayana bodhisattvas were not just abstract models for Buddhist practice, but also developed as distinct figures which were venerated by Indian Buddhists. These included figures like
1902:. Many other Sri Lankan kings from the 3rd until the 15th century were also described as bodhisattas and their royal duties were sometimes clearly associated with the practice of the
3458:
manner to the nikāya sources, Mahāyāna sūtras also see new bodhisattvas as likely to regress, while seeing irreversible bodhisattvas are quite rare. Thus, according to Drewes, "the
4183:
5248:
3402:), "the event when a Buddha predicts the time and place of a bodhisattva's subsequent awakening." The prediction is directly associated with the status of irreversibility. The
2856:(6:2) states that wisdom leads the other perfections as a man with eyes leads the blind. This perfect or transcendent wisdom has various qualities, such as being non-attached (
7880:
1364:, would become the future Buddha and that this had been predicted by the Buddha Sakyamuni was also an early doctrine related to the bodhisattva ideal. It first appears in the
1340:) of one's future Buddhahood was necessary to become a bodhisattva. According to Drewes, "all known models of the path to Buddhahood developed from this basic understanding."
1328:
offers five blue lotuses and spreads out his hair or entire body for Dīpankara to walk on, resolving to one day become a Buddha. Dīpankara then confirms that they will attain
4969:(菩薩), a phonetic transcription of the Sanskrit term. However, early Chinese translators sometimes used a meaning translation of the term bodhisattva, which they rendered as
7190:
3817:
schools recognize additional grounds (varying from 3 to 10 further stages), mostly 6 more grounds with variant descriptions. A bodhisattva above the 7th ground is called a
3144:
and Shantideva. Some scholars have used these texts to argue for "the forest hypothesis", the theory that the initial Bodhisattva ideal was associated with a strict forest
2164:, a skillful device invented by the Buddha to get beings of various abilities on the path. But ultimately, it will be revealed to them that there is only one vehicle, the
1267:. Yet another important element of the bodhisattva doctrine, the idea of a prediction of someone's future Buddhahood, is found in another Chinese early Buddhist text, the
3412:
2415:
2074:
1804:) for the presence of a living Buddha, since only a Buddha has the knowledge for making a reliable prediction. This is the generally accepted view maintained in orthodox
7982:
White, Kenneth R.; The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment: Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo;
4002:
even states that calling Avalokiteshvara to mind can help save someone from natural disasters, demons, and other calamities. It is also supposed to protect one from the
8009:
The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva: Dizang in Medieval China, by Zhiru (Kuroda Institute Studies in East Asian Buddhism series no. 21), University of Hawaii Press, 2007
8069:
3004:
or tantric Buddhism) lead to the idea that certain methods and practices could substantially shorten the path (and even lead to Buddhahood in a single lifetime). In
5028:
2367:
5344:
1171:
2947:
state that without mindfulness, a bodhisattva will be helpless and uncontrolled (like a mad elephant) and will not succeed in conquering the mental afflictions.
5521:
5012:
2063:
also claim that arhats that have reached nirvana have not truly finished their spiritual quest, for they still have not attained the superior goal of sambodhi (
1725:(5th-century CE), orthodox Theravāda held the standard Indian Buddhist view that there were three main spiritual paths within Buddhism: the way of the Buddhas (
5380:
5356:
5080:
1289:, the Bodhisatta (bodhisattva) is also described as someone who is still subject to birth, illness, death, sorrow, defilement, and delusion. According to the
2243:
that the two vehicles differ in numerous ways, such as intention, teaching, employment (i.e., means), support, and the time that it takes to reach the goal.
192:
1702:
depict the idea that there are multiple Buddhas and that there will be many future Buddhas, all of which must train as bodhisattas. Non-canonical Theravada
5166:
4332:
Sṛṣṭikartā Lokeśvara (Avalokiteshvara in the process of creation), in which the bodhisattva takes on the form of Sṛṣṭikartā (creator) and emanates all the
3950:
Literature which glorifies such bodhisattvas and recounts their various miracles remains very popular in Asia. One example of such a work of literature is
8917:
7127:
A Study of Mahayanasamgraha III: The Relation of Practical Theories and Philosophical Theories." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Calgary, pp. 38-40.
4340:
Over time, numerous historical Buddhist figures also came to be seen as bodhisattvas in their own right, deserving of devotion. For example, an extensive
1766:'s commentary notes that to become a bodhisattva one must make a valid resolution in front of a living Buddha. The Buddha then must provide a prediction (
1151:
are also widely venerated across the Mahāyāna Buddhist world and are believed to possess great magical power which they employ to help all living beings.
1131:, the bodhisattva is mainly seen as an exceptional and rare individual. Only a few select individuals are ultimately able to become bodhisattvas, such as
5368:
5272:
2526:
After these preliminaries have been accomplished, then the aspirant is seen as being ready to give rise to bodhicitta, often through the recitation of a
3931:
as a bodhisattva. The depiction of bodhisattva in Buddhist art around the world aspires to express the bodhisattva's qualities such as loving-kindness (
9832:
8307:
3212:, which mentions that bodhisattvas take the following vow: "I shall not enter into final nirvana before all beings have been liberated." Likewise, the
1952:
1275:
aspires to become a Buddha in the future and the Buddha then predicts that Maitreya will become a Buddha in the future. Other discourses found in the
1622:, C: 轉性行 zhuǎn xìng xíng) or “course of purity” (G: śukracaria), this is the stage at which one cannot fall back and is assured of future Buddhahood.
4280:
1297:, while all the Buddhist traditions agree that to attain Buddhahood, one must "make a deliberate resolution" and fulfill the spiritual perfections (
5229:
3428:), as in, destined to become a Buddha in the next life. Lamotte also mentions four similar stages of the bodhiattva career which are found in the
3406:
states: "all the bodhisattvas who have realized the irreversible stage have obtained their prediction to Buddhahood from the Buddhas in the past."
3345:
According to James B. Apple, if one studies the earliest textual materials which discuss the bodhisattva path (which includes the translations of
1285:'Bodhisatta' may also connote a being who is "bound for enlightenment", in other words, a person whose aim is to become fully enlightened. In the
9836:
5296:
2331:. This movement developed new ideas and texts which introduced new bodhisattvas and re-interpreted old ones in new forms, developed in elaborate
5096:
10060:
3538:
famously assures large numbers people that they will certainly achieve Buddhahood, with few requirements (other than hearing and accepting the
371:
2382:
According to David Drewes, "Mahayana sutras unanimously depict the path beginning with the first arising of the thought of becoming a Buddha (
1859:
Because of this, it was and remains a common practice in Theravada to attempt to establish the necessary conditions to meet the future Buddha
7430:
2318:
the central defining feature of a Mahāyāna bodhisattva is the universal aspiration to end suffering for all sentient beings, which is termed
7096:
The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom, Volume V (Traite de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse de Nagarjuna (Mahaprajnaparamitasastra), Tome V),
5564:
8277:
5332:
5154:
4481:
1921:
was also traditionally considered to be a reincarnation of Maitreya. Paul Williams writes that some modern Theravada meditation masters in
3232:
that allows a Buddha to remain engaged in the samsaric realms without being affected by them. This attainment was understood as a kind of
8107:
8385:
3919:, they are typically depicted as princes and princesses, with royal robes and jewellery (since they are the princes of the Dharma). In
2015:, "Bodhisattva Vehicle") is based principally upon the path of a bodhisattva. This path was seen as higher and nobler than becoming an
1256:) also states that while living as a monk under the Buddha Kāśyapa he "made his initial vow to Buddhahood practicing the holy life."
8120:
5320:
4162:
The recounting of Jataka tales, which discuss the bodhisattva deeds of Gautama before his awakening, also remains a popular practice.
2818:). These various sets of precepts are usually taken by bodhisattva aspirants (lay and ordained monastics) along with classic Buddhist
11058:
8142:
1955:(956–972 CE), who had the words inscribed "none but the bodhisattvas will become kings of a prosperous Lanka," among other examples.
4464:. She ruled by the title of "Holy Emperor", and claimed to be a Bodhisattva too. She became one of China's most influential rulers.
1301:
or pāramitās) as a bodhisattva, the actual bodhisattva path is not taught in the earliest strata of Buddhist texts such as the Pali
11043:
3998:) are also seen as compassionate savior figures, constantly working for the good of all beings. The Avalokiteshvara chapter of the
3489:
do is to help individuals determine if they have already received a prediction in a past life, or if they are close to this point.
1874:
Over time the term came to be applied to other figures besides Gautama Buddha in Theravada lands, possibly due to the influence of
1396:
By the time that the Buddhist tradition had developed into various competing sects, the idea of the bodhisattva vehicle (Sanskrit:
7581:"Review of Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600—1400. Asian Interactions and Comparisons"
10652:
10104:
3416:
divides the bodhisattva path into three main stages. The first stage is that of bodhisattvas who "first set out in the vehicle" (
1671:
6788:
5308:
4881:) means "clung, stuck or attached to, joined or connected with, addicted or devoted to, fond of, intent on". This etymology for
10815:
10307:
8287:
7138:
1505:
6015:': (Studies in Gāndhārī Manuscripts 3). Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, v.44, 2021, pp. 355-401.
4435:
4155:. The veneration of some of these figures may have been influenced by Mahayana Buddhism. These figures are also understood as
8021:
7967:
7922:
6680:
6642:
6617:
6494:
6080:
5904:
5574:
5547:
4084:("Vajra in hand"), the bodhisattva of protection, the protector of the Buddha (in East Asian sources, this figure appears as
3525:
3105:
is also highly critical of monks living in monasteries and in cities who are seen as not practicing meditation and morality.
2850:) is generally seen as the most important and primary of the perfections, without which all the others fall short. Thus, the
2289:
The term bodhisattva was also used in a broader sense by later authors. According to the eighth-century Mahāyāna philosopher
6830:
6706:
Gone Beyond: The Prajnaparamita Sutras The Ornament Of Clear Realization And Its Commentaries In The Tibetan Kagyu Tradition
4033:
In the Tibetan tradition, there are eight bodhisattvas known as the "Eight Great Bodhisattvas", or "Eight Close Sons" (Skt.
2795:. They are extolled and praised by these sources as "the great oceans of all the bright virtues and auspicious principles" (
2327:
The bodhisattva doctrine went through a significant transformation during the development of Buddhist tantra, also known as
8470:
8312:
6814:
4962:). Thus, this translation combines two possible etymologies of sattva explained above: as "mind" and as "courageous, hero".
1072:. Mahayana bodhisattvas are spiritually heroic persons that work to attain awakening and are driven by a great compassion (
8066:
7357:
2910:). Due to the bodhisattva's compassionate wish to save all beings, they develop innumerable skillful means or strategies (
2451:
These elements, which constitute a kind of preliminary preparation for bodhicitta, are found in the "seven part worship" (
1248:
while living in Tuṣita, while the Chinese source states that his lifespan, appearance, and glory was greater than all the
10647:
8060:
5217:
3568:
1887:
3692:
it is said to be like a radiating light that fully burns that which opposes enlightenment. The emphasized perfection is
3287:
Over time, a more varied analysis of bodhisattva careers developed focused on one's motivation. This can be seen in the
3101:
also promotes a solitary life of meditation in the forests, far away from the distractions of the householder life. The
2392:, typically aeons before one first receives a Buddha's prediction, and apply the term bodhisattva from this point." The
2246:
Over time, Mahayana Buddhists developed mature systematized doctrines about the bodhisattva. The authors of the various
10544:
10094:
8189:
5629:"The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition"
4694:
achieved Buddhahood. There are also sacred places of awakening for bodhisattvas located throughout the Buddhist world.
3578:
According to various Mahāyāna sources, on the way to becoming a Buddha, a bodhisattva proceeds through various stages (
1744:
An altar depicting Burmese Buddhist weizzas. In this esoteric tradition, weizzas consider themselves to be bodhisattvas
920:
366:
323:
4266:
feature female bodhisattvas as main characters and discuss their life, teachings and future Buddhahood. These include
4112:
3860:
Manifesting Sympathy: Not making differences, not treating yourself as different and not treating others as different.
3061:, held that anyone who practiced the path properly could reach awakening in this very lifetime. Buddhist schools like
1909:
Popular Buddhist figures have also been seen as bodhisattvas in Theravada Buddhist lands. Shanta Ratnayaka notes that
8390:
7995:
7939:
7900:
7631:
7566:
7515:
7482:
5704:
5598:
4196:
3160:
2290:
988:
10637:
8079:
8034:
6906:
3854:
Kind Speech: Feeling genuine affection for other sentient beings and offering words that are neither harsh nor rude.
3218:
states "I must lead all beings to Liberation. I will stay here till the end, even for the sake of one living soul."
3038:
to bring Buddhist practitioners to the pure land of Sukhavati, where they will better be able to practice the path.
1890:(r. 247–249), who was renowned for his compassion, took vows for the welfare of the citizens, and was regarded as a
1263:
This text discusses bodhisattva qualities in the context of six previous Buddhas who lived long ago, such as Buddha
10322:
10067:
6039:
4521:
2916:) with which to teach and guide different kinds of beings with all sorts of different inclinations and tendencies.
2596:. It then proceeds through all six perfections and finally discusses the four means of converting sentient beings (
2549:
After a being has entered the path by giving rise to bodhicitta, they must make effort in the practice or conduct (
2084:, which is also the earliest known Mahāyāna definition. This definition is given as the following: "Because he has
4606:
While bodhisattvas tend to be depicted as conventionally beautiful, there are instances of their manifestation as
10714:
10704:
8533:
4244:: "zhōngxìng"), which accounts for their ability to manifest in masculine and feminine forms of various degrees.
4191:, seated on a white dragon. Some Japanese sources associate this figure with the naga princess in the Lotus sutra
3927:
figure with a serene expression and graceful manner. This is probably in accordance to the description of Prince
2559:
2293:, the term "bodhisattva" can refer to those who follow any of the three vehicles, since all are working towards
10659:
10312:
10114:
10005:
9950:
8523:
5993:
5205:
2697:
2659:
2239:
171:
7541:"Temple Myths and the Popularization of Kannon Pilgrimage in Japan: A Case Study of Ōya-ji on the Bandō Route"
10629:
10327:
10010:
8302:
8135:
8112:
5800:
4850:, which, however, explains the meaning of the term bodhisattva as "one who admonishes or exhorts all beings."
4805:
4777:
4749:
4721:
3082:
1914:
1882:
tradition of Sri Lanka practiced Mahayana Buddhism and was very influential until the 12th century. Kings of
849:
544:
8090:
7242:
6165:
4902:
Har Dayal supports this reading, noting that the term sattva is "almost certainly related to the Vedic word
3226:
3208:
2997:) number of kalpas. Thus, the bodhisattva path could take many billions upon billions of years to complete.
2130:
Some Mahayana sutras promoted another revolutionary doctrinal turn, claiming that the three vehicles of the
1600:, C: 願性行 yuàn xìng xíng), one makes their first resolution to attain Buddhahood in the presence of a Buddha.
1589:, Chinese: 自性行 zì xìng xíng), one first plants the roots of merit in front of a Buddha to attain Buddhahood.
11053:
10212:
10084:
10055:
9757:
8096:
4686:. Many temples and monasteries are famous as bodhimaṇḍas. Perhaps the most famous bodhimaṇḍa of all is the
2202:
794:
569:
529:
5193:
4041:) and are seen as the main bodhisattvas of Shakyamuni Buddha. These same "Eight Great Bodhisattvas" (Chn.
3313:
Shepherd-like bodhicitta – To aspire to become a Buddha only after all other sentient beings have done so.
2023:. Hayal notes that Sanskrit sources generally depict the bodhisattva path as reaching a higher goal (i.e.
11002:
10855:
9903:
9812:
9282:
8927:
8440:
8335:
6012:
5134:
4594:
4328:
1825:), like Gautama, reach Buddhahood in four incalculable aeons (asaṃkheyyas) and a hundred thousand kalpas.
9447:
7972:
Werner, Karel; Samuels, Jeffrey; Bhikkhu Bodhi; Skilling, Peter; Bhikkhu Anālayo, McMahan, David (2013)
3350:
2799:) and "the Teacher, the Way and the Light...the Refuge and the Shelter, the Support and the Sanctuary" (
1547:
10808:
10752:
10232:
9708:
9194:
8317:
8150:
7585:
7475:
A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index
5055:
3615:
3339:
2531:
1982:
1974:
1926:
1069:
9642:
2443:) of a bodhisattva's future Buddhahood. This is seen as an important step along the bodhisattva path.
1706:
literature also teaches about bodhisattvas and the bodhisattva path. The worship of bodhisattvas like
10642:
10455:
10445:
10317:
9300:
8880:
8641:
8616:
6851:
5446:
5405:
4862:
4832:
4745:
4549:
4174:
A 12th century Japanese illustration of the nāga princess offering the jewel to the Buddha, from the
4118:
4050:
3857:
Benevolence: Working out skillful methods to benefit sentient beings, be they of low or high station.
3824:
3793:
In some sources, these ten stages are correlated with a different schema of the buddhist path called
3346:
3233:
2973:
2862:
2295:
1025:
669:
8666:
1615:), in which one continues to practice until one meets a Buddha who confirms one's future Buddhahood.
479:
153:
11048:
10747:
10099:
9913:
9891:
9884:
9787:
9320:
8940:
8756:
8701:
8322:
8128:
7934:
Lampert, K.; Traditions of Compassion: From Religious Duty to Social Activism. Palgrave-Macmillan;
4935:
4914:
4669:
4376:
to be bodhisattvas. In Chinese Buddhism, various historical figures have been called bodhisattvas.
3794:
3361:), when a person first aspires to attain the state of Buddhahood and thereby becomes a bodhisattva"
2689:
2672:
2626:
2220:
Classical Indian mahayanists held that the only sutras which teach the bodhisattva vehicle are the
1906:. In some cases, they explicitly claimed to have received predictions of Buddhahood in past lives.
1187:
1076:). These beings are exemplified by important spiritual qualities such as the "four divine abodes" (
1010:
674:
624:
7422:
7065:
Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of A Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism.
4010:
is said to have constantly prayed to Avalokiteshvara for protection on his long journey to India.
3666:
The light of Dharma is said to radiate for others from the bodhisattva who accomplishes the third
2286:) which holds that all Buddhist teachings are really part of a single path, is the standard view.
2256:, and thus held that all beings can become bodhisattvas. The texts and sutras associated with the
1692:) to attain Buddhahood. Gautama then took four incalculable aeons and a hundred thousand, shorter
1529:
many aeons ago and he is also said to have attained the perfection of wisdom countless aeons ago.
10684:
10664:
9995:
9975:
9732:
9462:
8706:
8085:
7860:
6932:
4619:
4405:
are said to be bodhisattvas, all emanations of Avalokiteshvara. Deities like Saraswati (Chinese:
3877:, the background art depicts his pure land and attendant bodhisattvas. From a Buddhist temple in
3504:
and various tests, especially tests based on one's reaction to the hearing of the content in the
3310:
Boatman-like bodhicitta – To aspire to become a Buddha at the same time as other sentient beings.
2829:
834:
17:
4429:. Both figures are closely connected with Avalokiteshvara. In a similar manner, the Hindu deity
3485:
path). Rather than encouraging them to become bodhisattvas, what early Mahayana sutras like the
3307:
King-like bodhicitta – To aspire to become a Buddha first in order to then help sentient beings.
2080:, one of the earliest known Mahayana texts, contains a simple and brief definition for the term
10694:
10534:
10202:
10172:
9945:
9896:
9737:
9685:
9680:
9442:
9263:
9160:
8912:
8907:
8656:
8102:
4997:
3152:
collection, the bodhisattva ideal is placed "firmly within the reach of non-celibate layfolk."
3029:
2833:
2744:
1944:
writes that the bodhisattva ideal has traditionally been held to be higher than the state of a
1376:
may have considered himself a bodhisattva, as one edict states that he "set out for sambodhi."
1194:
1036:
913:
649:
634:
614:
539:
534:
449:
356:
9024:
4831:
The etymology of the Indic terms bodhisattva and bodhisatta is not fully understood. The term
1542:
of the bodhisattva path without giving specific time frames (though it's said to take various
1055:
and has also received a confirmation or prediction from a living Buddha that this will be so.
11038:
10801:
10699:
10669:
10250:
10182:
10015:
9930:
9925:
9849:
9844:
9762:
8292:
7165:
3564:
2852:
1518:
1448:
1421:
854:
844:
799:
9315:
7656:
4228:, has prompted conversation regarding the nature of a bodhisattva's appearance. Chan master
4214:
3928:
3708:
3598:(but there are also lists of seven stages as well as lists which have more than 10 stages).
3276:
3256:
In this Yogacara model, the bodhisattva definitely rejects and avoids the liberation of the
2740:
2186:
2136:
1635:
Sinhalese statue of Avalokiteśvara (also known as Natha, Lokeshvara Natha, Natha Deviyo) in
1405:
11007:
10982:
10832:
10722:
10689:
10674:
10192:
10089:
10035:
9920:
9859:
9827:
9822:
9807:
9792:
9782:
9747:
9660:
9352:
9275:
8578:
8518:
8267:
8234:
8184:
7906:
7358:
The Hindu Buddha and the Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformations in Indian and Sri Lanka.
6240:
5441:
4910:" and thus, the term bodhisatta should be interpreted as "heroic being, spiritual warrior."
4218:
3916:
3501:
2981:
states that the bodhisattva must cultivate the six paramitas for three incalculable aeons (
2811:
2701:
2681:
2653:
1910:
1864:
1762:, a text which focuses on the bodhisattva path and on the ten perfections of a bodhisatta.
1636:
1214:
1202:
864:
824:
819:
784:
629:
509:
417:
402:
346:
318:
35:
10967:
10562:
9177:
9046:
8972:
8848:
8586:
7946:
The Bodhisattvapiṭaka: Its Doctrines, Practices and Their Position in Mahāyāna Literature.
7798:, in Collected Papers, Volume IV, K.R. Norman (ed.), Oxford: The Pali Text Society, 80‒91.
7561:
pp. 130-133. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
4558:
2870:). It is generally understood as a kind of insight into the true nature of all phenomena (
2313:
1879:
8:
10529:
10408:
10242:
10217:
10207:
10167:
10144:
10027:
10000:
9960:
9879:
9869:
9797:
9724:
9155:
9012:
8793:
8771:
8723:
8543:
8343:
8199:
8179:
7974:
7914:
7862:
Notes on the Chengju guangming jing, 'Sūtra of Achieving the Bright Light Concentration'.
6486:
5539:
5087:
4839:). The second part of the compound has many possible meanings or derivations, including:
4426:
2541:
In Mahāyāna, bodhisattvas are often not Buddhist monks and are former lay practitioners.
2430:
Other sutras contain longer and more complex formulas, such as the ten vows found in the
1749:
874:
829:
767:
707:
644:
589:
584:
339:
328:
236:
10875:
8503:
8430:
7931:
Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario. Canada.
7623:
Buddhism, diplomacy, and trade : the realignment of Sino-Indian relations, 600-1400
7083:
The Irreversible Bodhisattva (avaivartika) in the Lotus sutra and Avaivartikacakrasutra.
4996:
can mean "substance". Some modern scholars interpret bodhisattva in this light, such as
4698:, a sacred mountain in India, is traditionally held to be Avalokiteshvara's bodhimaṇḍa.
4107:
4103:
3889:
2935:, a bodhisattva must never lose mindfulness so as not to be confused or distracted. The
2264:(families, lineages), that inherently predisposed a person to either the vehicle of the
2132:
1792:
commentaries makes this explicit by stating that one cannot use a substitute (such as a
1487:
1384:
1321:
1306:
1068:, a spontaneous wish and compassionate mind to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all
10592:
10497:
10339:
10302:
10297:
10227:
10177:
10124:
10119:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9970:
9955:
9940:
9935:
9874:
9854:
9817:
9742:
9547:
9248:
9172:
9050:
8992:
8833:
8733:
8661:
8636:
8282:
8212:
8008:
7987:
7983:
7602:
5648:
4678:
4384:
4003:
3908:
3742:
3222:
3199:
3195:
3005:
2032:
1978:
1332:. Early Buddhist authors saw this story as indicating that the making of a resolution (
1236:
32) discuss the marvelous qualities of the bodhisattva Gautama in his previous life in
1209:
in his previous lives and as a young man in his last life, when he was working towards
1175:
859:
839:
779:
774:
662:
564:
557:
484:
474:
381:
31:
10391:
4221:, Eleven-Headed Thousand-Armed Guanyin and Guanyin Of The Southern Seas among others.
3552:
3122:
and train under a guru in order to perfect his meditation practice and realization of
2806:
While many Mahayana sources discuss the bodhisattva's training in ethical discipline (
2142:
1436:
The bodhisattvayana was referred by other names such as "vehicle of the perfections" (
1229:
10893:
10770:
10732:
10428:
10413:
10376:
10361:
10134:
10050:
9965:
9802:
9767:
9752:
9479:
9469:
9150:
8997:
8982:
8853:
8776:
8696:
8631:
8563:
8450:
8207:
8017:
7991:
7963:
7935:
7918:
7896:
7637:
7627:
7594:
7562:
7521:
7511:
7488:
7478:
7293:
Dalai Lama XIV Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho, Dalai Lama XIV, Dalai Lama, Santideva (1994).
6798:
6728:
Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection
6676:
6638:
6613:
6490:
6327:
6173:
Volume 47, Number 3, July 1997, pp. 399–415. Reprinted with permission of the author.
6076:
5964:
History of Religions, volume 61, number 2, November 2021. The University of Chicago.
5900:
5700:
5628:
5594:
5570:
5543:
5415:
5397:
4845:
4510:
4365:
3515:
3133:
3092:
3025:
2823:
2787:
2589:
2518:
2485:
1546:). This set of four phases of the path is also found in other sources, including the
1001:
906:
804:
789:
594:
469:
412:
376:
361:
292:
226:
129:
10840:
9714:
8508:
8408:
7295:
A Flash of Lightning in the Dark of Night: A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life,
7142:
5674:
The Middle Way. Journal of the Buddhist Society. August 2000. Vol. 75, No.2, 95–106.
5103:
5071:
4717:
4649:
of the major bodhisattvas are quite common and they often act as protector deities.
4630:
stands out with a feminine title and benevolent expression. In some depictions, her
4383:
are considered to be bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhist sources. For example, in the
4225:
4132:
4075:
3991:
3869:
3798:
2993:
and also declares that a bodhisattva must practice the path for an "inconceivable" (
2989:
meanwhile states that bodhisattvas must practice each perfection for sixty aeons or
2191:
2120:
1715:
1659:
1440:), "bodhisatva dharma", "bodhisatva training", and "vehicle of perfect Buddhahood".
1140:
56:
10946:
10885:
10870:
10418:
10371:
10366:
10222:
10187:
10162:
10157:
9908:
9864:
9777:
9452:
9108:
9101:
8885:
8875:
8761:
8425:
8297:
7958:: How to Enjoy a Life of Great Meaning and Altruism, a translation of Shantideva's
7221:
7085:
Bulletin of The Institute of Oriental Philosophy. No. 29, pp.(59-81) 176–154, 2014.
7067:
Translated by The Padmakara Translation Group. (Walnut Creek: Altamira, 1994), 218.
6323:
6075:. I: A–ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 30.
5965:
5640:
5410:
4702:
4642:
4607:
4582:
4453:
4248:
4210:
4085:
3878:
3809:
3603:
3594:
3580:
3288:
3140:
3077:
traditions maintain that they teach ways to attain Buddhahood within one lifetime.
3046:
2620:
2432:
2394:
1642:
1369:
1183:
947:
869:
814:
744:
734:
599:
200:
187:
107:
97:
9497:
6152:
Buddha in the Crown : Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka.
6107:
Buddha in the Crown : Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka.
6094:
Buddha in the Crown : Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka.
5000:, who translates the term as "one who has bodhi or perfect wisdom as his essence."
4773:
4022:
3954:
by Lu Kao (459–532) which was very influential in China. In Tibetan Buddhism, the
3172:
2940:
1522:
1459:(devotion, faith, love) and the idealisation and spiritualisation of the Buddha."
10987:
10926:
10860:
10782:
10727:
10679:
10607:
10477:
10275:
10255:
10197:
10109:
9772:
9670:
9517:
9253:
9236:
9221:
9199:
8751:
8621:
8455:
8435:
8073:
6836:
6818:
5994:"The Mahāsāṃghika and the Tathāgatagarbha (Buddhist Doctrinal History, Study 1)."
5172:
4866:
4801:
4263:
4252:
4156:
4097:
3956:
3874:
3631:
3560:
3435:
3292:
3189:
2920:
2769:, the practice of maturing the living beings, i.e. preaching and teaching others.
2752:
2527:
2510:(supplication) – request to Buddhas and Bodhisattvas to continue preaching Dharma
2474:
2408:
2403:
2375:
2371:
2221:
2124:
2051:
1951:
is considered not practical." He also quotes the 10th century king of Sri Lanka,
1654:
1647:
1631:
1409:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1218:
894:
809:
609:
519:
464:
280:
165:
9527:
8681:
8671:
8048:
8041:
Bodhisattva, probably Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin), Northern Qi dynasty, c. 550--60
6811:
6610:
The Weaving of Mantra: Kukai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse
4078:("Lord who gazes down at the world"), the savior bodhisattva of great compassion
2878:
1078:
459:
10977:
10962:
10921:
10737:
10440:
10290:
10072:
9652:
9632:
9552:
9241:
9231:
9165:
9002:
8488:
8351:
7385:
4695:
4531:
4516:
3123:
2966:
2846:
2819:
2756:
2693:
2610:
incorporates discussions related to other practices including super knowledge (
2272:
2020:
1941:
1543:
1467:
1317:
1276:
1233:
1206:
1179:
1164:
1114:
1052:
754:
684:
639:
497:
147:
121:
10992:
8040:
4570:
3967:
3840:
3733:
3723:
3291:
teaching on three types of motivation for generating bodhicitta. According to
2810:) in classic Buddhist terms, over time, there also developed specific sets of
2585:
2401:
Another key element of the bodhisattva path is the concept of a bodhisattva's
2154:
1680:(1st-2nd century BCE), which explains how Gautama, after making a resolution (
1320:
becomes a bodhisattva is the story of his encounter with the previous Buddha,
11032:
10916:
10507:
10356:
9665:
9567:
9425:
9226:
9204:
9140:
8811:
8606:
8601:
8493:
8162:
7598:
7525:
7492:
6049:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 1985, 85-110.
5525:, Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.
4922:
4634:
takes on a wrathful appearance. This variation is also found among images of
4380:
4333:
4148:
4072:("Gentle Glory") Kumarabhuta ("Young Prince"), the main bodhisattva of wisdom
3070:
3066:
3021:
2720:
2565:
2535:
1986:
1903:
1711:
1452:
1444:
1426:
1298:
1294:
1108:
579:
574:
514:
212:
8965:
8955:
8327:
7641:
7094:
Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron (trans from French); Lamotte, Etienne (trans).
5425:
4233:
3819:
3614:
It is said that being close to enlightenment and seeing the benefit for all
2939:
states that mindfulness is the principal asset of a bodhisattva, while both
2892:
2089:
1992:
1891:
1763:
1753:
1324:. During this encounter, a previous incarnation of Gautama, variously named
1286:
1102:
1090:
719:
524:
27:
Any person who is on the path towards Buddhahood but has not yet attained it
10972:
10597:
10582:
10552:
10502:
10492:
10334:
10129:
9622:
9457:
9335:
9123:
9118:
8945:
8816:
8691:
8152:
8044:
8013:
7326:
Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka
7308:
Maṇḍalas in the Making: The Visual Culture of Esoteric Buddhism at Dunhuang
4887:
4835:
is uncontroversial and means "awakening" or "enlightenment" (from the root
4797:
4564:
4457:
3980:
3920:
3741:, so this state is "obviously transcendent". The emphasized perfection is
3475:
3430:
2990:
2710:
2677:
2593:
2360:
2195:
2028:
1946:
1853:
1812:
1788:
1775:
1758:
1703:
1693:
1494:
1474:
1463:
1417:
1344:
619:
504:
422:
308:
64:
9380:
9365:
9325:
9022:
8686:
8262:
8063:, all-in-one page with memory aids & collection of different versions.
6133:
4203:. She became an important figure, widely depicted in Indian Buddhist art.
4018:
3734:
3724:
3676:
2638:
2413:
2072:
1534:
1513:
10941:
10936:
10567:
10396:
9537:
9522:
9113:
9041:
8821:
8651:
8553:
8272:
7621:
7540:
6910:
5240:
5236:
4769:
4709:
4623:
4505:
4499:
4341:
4176:
4058:
3904:
3903:
The religious devotion to these bodhisattvas probably first developed in
3648:, the bodhisattva is free from the stains of immorality, therefore, this
2579:
According to Pagel, the basic outline of the bodhisattva practice in the
2059:
2037:
1918:
1782:
1722:
1676:
1498:
1432:
1424:. The doctrine is found, for example, in 2nd century CE sources like the
1389:
1259:
Another early source that discusses the qualities of bodhisattvas is the
1118:("transcendent knowledge" or "perfection of wisdom") and skillful means (
50:
10557:
9017:
7606:
7580:
6673:
The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines & Its Verse Summary
3375:"The attainment of the status of irreversibility" or non-retrogression (
3326:
3035:
3000:
Later developments in Indian and Asian Mahayana Buddhism (especially in
2955:
2713:(which are mainly developed in order to convert, help and guide others).
2606:) and also through Jataka narratives. Using this general framework, the
2178:
1343:
Stories and teachings on the bodhisattva ideal are found in the various
11017:
10512:
10470:
10346:
10152:
10077:
9691:
9675:
9637:
9617:
9512:
9487:
9395:
9330:
9310:
9056:
8987:
8858:
8741:
8711:
8646:
8596:
8254:
8244:
8217:
7951:
6256:
The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines and its Verse Summary.
5652:
5430:
4741:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4668:
The place of a bodhisattva's earthly deeds, such as the achievement of
4662:
4627:
4542:
4422:
4418:
4353:
4349:
4026:
3844:
3801:
3785:
The emphasized virtue is the practice of primordial wisdom. After this
3671:
3497:
3271:
3214:
3145:
2986:
2944:
2886:
2872:
2837:
2601:
2460:
2439:
Mahayana sources also discuss the importance of a Buddha's prediction (
2388:
2320:
2277:
2247:
2182:
Bengali Sculpture of Manjushri, the bodhisattva of wisdom, 11th century
2109:
2101:
2064:
1797:
1793:
1699:
1451:
sects) transmitted a collection of texts on bodhisattvas alongside the
1408:
was widespread among all the major non-Mahayana Buddhist traditions or
1356:
Apart from Jataka stories related to Sakyamuni, the idea that Metteya (
1329:
1064:
1029:
694:
454:
351:
9532:
8528:
4585:, the second attendant bodhisattva to Amitabha (after Avalokiteshvara)
3080:
Some of early depictions of the Bodhisattva path in texts such as the
2251:
2166:
2158:
which claims that the very idea of three separate vehicles is just an
2148:
1688:) of future Buddhahood from past Buddha Dīpaṃkara, he became certain (
1443:
According to various sources, some of the Nikaya schools (such as the
1336:) in the presence of a living Buddha and his prediction/confirmation (
1264:
1240:
heaven. The Pali text focuses on how the bodhisattva was endowed with
11012:
10997:
10931:
10908:
10850:
10487:
10460:
9627:
9502:
9214:
9130:
9007:
8897:
8870:
8863:
8826:
8783:
8746:
8513:
8478:
8445:
8420:
8375:
6184:
A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra
6169:
This is a slightly revised version of the essay earlier published in
5696:
5187:
Bodhisattva painting at Dun Huang in the "1000 Buddha cave" (cave 17)
5130:
5126:
5111:
5047:
4635:
4599:
4485:
4477:
4448:
4410:
4402:
4345:
4229:
4188:
4081:
4069:
3984:
3836:
3814:
3241:
3181:
3177:
3119:
3074:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2728:
2685:
2356:
2328:
2257:
2225:
2116:
1997:
1883:
1805:
1663:
1526:
1504:
begins to perform the actions which lead to the manifestation of the
1413:
1290:
1148:
1128:
1040:
739:
714:
262:
254:
68:
10260:
9096:
8950:
8716:
8498:
8367:
8359:
8117:, fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries
8067:
Audio recitation of 'The 37 Practices of Bodhisattvas' in MP3 format
7864:
Buddhist Studies Review 25(1) 2008, 27–53. ISSN (online): 1747-9681.
6318:
Drewes, David, Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives,
5962:
The Problem of Becoming a Bodhisattva and the Emergence of Mahayana.
5644:
3721:
By depending on the perfection of wisdom, does not abide in either
3330:
Green Tara and her devotees, Folio from a Bengali manuscript of the
3303:), a bodhisattva might be motivated in one of three ways. They are:
3054:
2897:
1886:
were often described as bodhisattvas, starting at least as early as
1096:
1084:
10865:
10777:
10617:
10572:
10517:
10482:
10386:
10045:
9612:
9607:
9557:
9492:
9410:
9375:
9370:
9031:
8902:
8890:
8801:
8460:
8157:
7895:
Gampopa; The Jewel Ornament of Liberation; Snow Lion Publications;
7461:
The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra.
6510:(2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. p. 114.
5969:
5435:
5266:
White Avalokiteshvara (Amoghapasha Lokeshvara), 14th century, Nepal
5107:
5019:
4576:
4430:
4373:
4136:
4094:("Friendly One"), will become the Buddha of our world in the future
4091:
4007:
3623:
3556:
3365:
3265:
3113:
2903:
2600:). The path is presented through prose exposition, mnemonic lists (
2351:
2230:
2008:
2001:
1922:
1899:
1875:
1860:
1811:
According to Theravāda commentators like Dhammapāla as well as the
1707:
1372:
reveal knowledge of the bodhisattva ideal. Basham even argues that
1357:
1272:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1059:
934:
749:
729:
724:
604:
300:
275:
266:
258:
117:
77:
9602:
9592:
9577:
9400:
9270:
8538:
7654:
4369:
4224:
Gender variant representations of some bodhisattvas, most notably
3693:
3058:
2736:
2308:
1925:
are popularly regarded as bodhisattvas. Various modern figures of
1120:
10898:
10844:
10522:
10465:
10450:
9597:
9587:
9562:
9437:
9432:
9390:
9360:
9292:
9258:
9145:
9086:
9081:
8935:
8838:
8676:
8626:
8413:
8239:
8080:
What A Bodhisattva Does: Thirty-Seven Practices by Ngulchu Thogme
5148:
Bodhisattva Manjushri as Tikshna-Manjushri (Minjie Wenshu), China
4791:
Wénshū Púsà, Wénshūshīlì Púsà, Mànshūshìlì Púsà, Miàojíxiáng Púsà
4713:
4611:
4537:
4361:
4357:
4352:
school of philosophy. Followers of Tibetan Buddhism consider the
4271:
4237:
4206:
4152:
4140:
3995:
3972:
3912:
3897:
3882:
3165:
3062:
2732:
2646:
2632:
2332:
1937:
1740:
1368:. According to A.L. Basham, it is also possible that some of the
1361:
1349:
1325:
1310:
1302:
1237:
429:
60:
9209:
8977:
8054:
5897:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture
4865:" or "attached to bodhi". Later, the term may have been wrongly
4199:
is a female personification of the perfection of wisdom and the
4065:(10th century). The Eight Great Bodhisattvas are the following:
3779:
The emphasized virtue is the understanding of self and non-self.
3653:
3225:, the nirvāṇa of an arhat and a superior type of nirvāṇa called
3168:(Guanyin, a popular female form of Avalokiteshvara in East Asia)
2724:
2576:
collection are also important sources for the bodhisattva path.
1159:
87:
10793:
10602:
10587:
10423:
10285:
10265:
10040:
9702:
9582:
9572:
9507:
9135:
9091:
9076:
9066:
9036:
8960:
8843:
8611:
8483:
8227:
8222:
5160:
Wooden gilded statue of Avalokiteśvara, Song Dynasty (960–1279)
5051:
4813:
4785:
4757:
4729:
4673:
4631:
4489:
4461:
4398:
4390:
4241:
4144:
4062:
3976:
3924:
3194:
or vehicles is the question of a bodhisattva's relationship to
3042:
2978:
2885:
Another key virtue which the bodhisattva must develop is great
2826:
traditions, monastics rely solely on the bodhisattva precepts.
2336:
2299:. Therefore, the specific term for a Mahāyāna bodhisattva is a
2234:
2067:) and thus must continue to strive until they reach this goal.
1930:
1729:) i.e. the bodhisatta path; the way of the individual Buddhas (
1456:
1373:
1210:
889:
444:
439:
434:
397:
135:
113:
6856:
Volume II, p. 28. Louvain : Bureaux du Muséon, 1938-1939.
6241:
A history of Indian Buddhism: from Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
4159:
that have converted to Buddhism and have sworn to protect it.
3112:
also says the bodhisattva should undertake ascetic practices (
962:
10742:
10577:
10435:
10401:
10381:
10351:
10280:
9697:
9542:
9420:
9415:
9385:
9340:
9187:
9182:
9061:
8766:
8591:
8558:
8548:
7783:, p. 19, Hamburg Buddhist Studies (Hamburg University Press).
7232:
edited by Steven D Goodman and Ronald M. Davidson, SUNY, 1992
6227:
Studies in the Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita and Other Essays.
5420:
4926:
4615:
4394:
3961:
3893:
3756:
3572:
3481:
2912:
2876:) which in Mahayana sutras is widely described as emptiness (
2760:
2748:
2340:
2266:
2160:
2085:
2016:
1801:
1401:
679:
5997:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
5727:
5695:"The crossroads of Asia", edited by Elizabeth Errington and
4657:
3496:
provides a variety of methods, including forms of ritual or
2592:
in the Buddha, giving rise to bodhicitta and practicing the
2500:(rejoicing in merit of the good deeds of oneself and others)
1493:
Thus, the presence of a living Buddha is also necessary for
10612:
9405:
9071:
8568:
7975:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana
7885:, Hamburg Buddhist Studies 1, Hamburg University Press 2010
4918:
4602:, a wrathful manifestation of Manjushri in Tibetan Buddhism
4495:
Other important bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism include:
4441:
3442:("who produces the mind of Bodhi for the first time"), (2)
2378:
and Bhrikuti, India, Madhya Pradesh, Sirpur, c. 8th century
2096:
the bodhisattva practices the path for the good of others (
1868:
1044:
980:
956:
8103:
Online exhibition analyzing a Korean Bodhisattva sculpture
4440:
which states: "O Effulgence, World-Transcendent, come, oh
3424:) stage, and finally the third "bound by one more birth" (
3264:, described in Mahāyāna literature as either inferior or "
3221:
The second theory is the idea that there are two kinds of
1051:) refers to someone who has made a resolution to become a
10270:
8806:
8055:
The 37 Practices of Bodhisattvas online with commentaries
5467:
Questioning the Buddha: A Selection of Twenty-Five Sutras
4055:
The Sutra on the Maṇḍalas of the Eight Great Bodhisattvas
3952:
More Records of Kuan-shih-yin's Responsive Manifestations
3773:
is where one becomes able to choose his place of rebirth.
3188:
Related to the different views on the different types of
3050:
2411:." One of the earliest of these formulas is found in the
1562:(佛本行 集經, Taisho vol. 3, no. 190, pp. 669a1–672a11).
971:
8114:
Sacred visions : early paintings from central Tibet
7911:
The Bodhisattva Vow: A Practical Guide to Helping Others
7890:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7835:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7822:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7809:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7768:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7752:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7732:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7716:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
7703:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
6483:
The Bodhisattva Vow: A Practical Guide to Helping Others
6176:
6060:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
5058:, Central Java, Indonesia. Sailendran art c. 8th century
4452:
several temples and contributed to the finishing of the
3446:("devoted to the practice of the six perfections"), (3)
2836:, a female personification of the perfection of wisdom,
2335:
for them and introduced new practices which made use of
1466:
school held it took Gautama three "incalculable aeons" (
6876:
The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism
6166:
The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Theory and Practice.
4992:
can mean "essence, nature, true essence", and the Pali
2663:
provide the following schema of bodhisattva practices:
30:
This article is about Buddhism. For the 2010 film, see
8097:
The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Theory and Practice
7657:"四十四世永明延壽大師 Patriarchs of the Forty-fourth Generation"
6508:
Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan
3769:
The emphasized virtue is aspiration. This "immovable"
3240:
This doctrine of non-abiding nirvana developed in the
2522:(the transfer of one's Merit to the welfare of others)
2260:
school developed a different theory of three separate
1015:
4906:, which means 'a strong or valiant man, hero, warrior
4894:, and so bodhisatta means "capable of enlightenment."
1400:) as a distinct (and superior) path from that of the
1106:), as well as the various bodhisattva "perfections" (
989:
968:
950:
7979:
Buddhist Publication Society. ISBN 978-955-24-0396-5
7848:
Buddhism in China: Collected Papers of Erik Zürcher,
7372:
The Fluid Pantheon: Gods of Medieval Japan, Volume 1
7338:
7336:
7334:
6612:. Columbia University Press. pp. 40–44, 50–52.
3454:("separated by only one lifetime from buddhahood").
1698:(aeons) to reach Buddhahood. Several sources in the
977:
974:
959:
953:
7289:
7287:
7052:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), 135.
6637:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 131, 132.
6635:
Jokei and Buddhist Devotion in Early Medieval Japan
5522:
Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path
5290:
Padmapani, India, Gandharan period, 200s CE, schist
3827:are also said to have already attained Buddhahood.
3652:is named "stainless". The emphasized perfection is
3180:in tantric union with his consort, the bodhisattva
2676:(the principles conducive to bodhi) which are: the
1817:commentary, there are three types of bodhisattvas:
1062:, a bodhisattva refers to anyone who has generated
965:
8037:, by Geshe Sonam Rinchen (Tibetan Gelug Tradition)
7268:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7060:
7058:
3618:, one achieves great joy, hence the name. In this
3387:this stage is closely related to a concentration (
7331:
7035:
7033:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
5672:The Historical Spectrum of the Bodhisattva Ideal.
5223:Standing Bodhisattva, probably Maitreya, Gandhara
3202:). This view is promoted in some sutras like the
11030:
7473:Hodous, Lewis; Soothill, William Edward (2004).
7284:
6849:Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron; Lamotte, Étienne
5682:
5680:
5666:
5664:
5662:
4977:which means "a person who understands", reading
4942:Tibetan lexicographers translate bodhisattva as
4890:and others is that satta carries the meaning of
3280:) or as ultimately false or illusory (as in the
3118:), "wander freely without a home", practice the
2950:
2346:
2027:) than the goal of the path of the "disciples" (
1933:of Burma) have also claimed to be bodhisattvas.
7762:
7760:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7726:
7724:
7259:
7055:
7023:
7021:
6302:
6300:
6007:
6005:
5914:
5912:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5591:Skillful Means – A concept in Mahayana Buddhism
5538:: A Practical Guide to Helping Others, page 1,
5074:, Muarabulian, Jambi, Indonesia c. 11th century
5034:Standing bodhisattva. Gandhāra, 2nd–3rd century
4421:) are still venerated as bodhisattva devas and
3244:school. As noted by Paul Williams, the idea of
3041:This view is rejected by other schools such as
2459:). This ritual form is visible in the works of
2207:Twenty-five Bodhisattvas Descending from Heaven
2104:, while the sravakas do so for their own good (
7962:with Neil Elliott, Tharpa Publications (2002)
7505:
7472:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7030:
7000:
6519:
6517:
6424:
6422:
6381:
6379:
6363:
6350:
6314:
6312:
6018:
5988:
5986:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5882:
5880:
5622:
5620:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
2112:(which is compassionately focused on others).
10809:
8136:
7779:Bhikkhu Analayo; Zimmermann, Michael (2010).
7463:State University of New York Press. p. 39-40.
7320:
7318:
7316:
7013:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
6756:
6754:
6531:
6529:
6371:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
6358:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
6194:
6192:
6120:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
5677:
5659:
5566:The Bodhisattva's Brain: Buddhism Naturalized
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
4735:Guānzìzài Púsà, Guānshìyīn Púsà, Guānyīn Púsà
4622:). This trope is commonly employed among the
4368:schools consider their founding figures like
2173:
1913:, Asarapasarana Saranarikara Sangharaja, and
914:
8918:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
8002:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
7757:
7737:
7721:
7690:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
7228:and the Cult of Āvalokiteśvara in Tibet, in
7018:
6659:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
6405:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
6297:
6071:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abhayagiri".
6002:
5909:
5861:
5720:
5612:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
5374:Maitreya, Bihar, Gaya District, 11th century
4456:and even went on to patronise Buddhism over
4318:The Sūtra of the Girl Candrottarā's Prophecy
4259:) is the most important female bodhisattva.
3851:Offering Alms: Not being covetous or greedy;
3755:Particular emphasis is on the perfection of
3391:) that "does not grasp at anything at all" (
3364:"Endurance towards the fact that things are
3336:Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines
3034:). Thus, they rely on the salvific power of
1305:(and their counterparts such as the Chinese
8086:Access to Insight Library: Bodhi's Wheel409
7538:
7410:Magic and Ritual in Tibet: The Cult of Tara
7070:
6514:
6506:Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.).
6419:
6376:
6309:
6131:
5983:
5943:
5877:
5639:(3). University of Hawai'i Press: 399–415.
5617:
4682:(place of awakening), and may be a site of
4502:, an important figure in Vajrayana Buddhism
3465:Drewes also adds that early texts like the
3204:Pañcavimsatisahasrika-prajñaparamita-sutra.
2959:Tibetan painting of Vajrapani, 19th-century
1770:) which confirms that one is irreversible (
1756:(6th century CE) wrote a commentary on the
1718:) can also be found in Theravada Buddhism.
1607:, C: 順性行 shùn xìng xíng) or "development" (
1478:) to become a Buddha after his resolution (
10816:
10802:
8143:
8129:
8061:The Thirty-Seven Practices of Bodhisattvas
7795:"Pāli Philology and the Study of Buddhism"
7313:
6751:
6526:
6189:
5699:, The ancient India and Iran Trust, 1992,
5689:
5593:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.
5558:
5556:
5472:
5302:Gandharan sculpture, head of a bodhisattva
4013:
3357:"The arising of the thought of awakening (
2919:Another key virtue for the bodhisattva is
2840:period, East Java, Indonesia, 13th century
2624:), the thirty-seven factors of awakening (
2534:by practicing the transcendent virtues or
2250:treatises often presented the view of the
1309:) which instead focus on the ideal of the
1269:Discourse on an Explanation about the Past
921:
907:
49:
7626:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
7578:
7427:84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha
6013:New Biographies of the Buddha in Gāndhārī
5211:Padmapani Lokeshvara, Nepal, 11th century
4965:Chinese Buddhists generally use the term
4364:, the Bodhisattva of Compassion. Various
3864:
2152:). This is most famously promoted in the
2000:(the protector of the Buddha) resembling
1898:), an epithet used almost exclusively in
1774:) from the attainment of Buddhahood. The
1271:(MĀ 66). In this discourse, a monk named
7655:Master Yan Shou of Yong Ming Monastery.
7423:"The Inquiry of Lokadhara, Introduction"
6675:. Four Seasons Foundation. p. 163.
5562:
5401:(A Guide to the Bodhisattva Way of Life)
4933:is similar to the meaning it has in the
4656:
4593:
4519:, the main character in the influential
4471:
4327:
4182:
4169:
4017:
3966:
3923:, a bodhisattva is often described as a
3868:
3551:
3325:
3171:
3159:
2954:
2828:
2366:
2350:
2201:
2185:
2177:
1991:
1973:
1739:
1653:
1641:
1630:
1383:
1170:
1158:
10105:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
7230:Tibetan Buddhism: Reason and Revelation
5626:
5553:
4661:Statue of Samantabhadra bodhisattva at
4268:The Questions of the Girl Vimalaśraddhā
1821:Bodhisattvas "preponderant in wisdom" (
1670:The bodhisattva ideal is also found in
1163:Probable early image of a bodhisattva (
1024:is a person who is on the path towards
14:
11031:
10308:List of Buddhist architecture in China
8035:The Ethical Discipline of Bodhisattvas
7956:Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life
5326:Lokesvara, Cambodia, 10th–11th century
4608:fierceful and monstrous looking beings
4589:
4165:
3469:treat bodhisattvas who are beginners (
3184:(also considered to be a form of Tara)
3053:. The founders of Tendai and Shingon,
2229:is the "small" or "inferior" vehicle (
1839:Bodhisattvas "preponderant in vigor" (
1828:Bodhisattvas "preponderant in faith" (
1538:also presents four stages or courses (
10797:
8124:
8108:Buddhanet.net Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva
7929:The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism,
7872:
7545:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
7383:
7374:, p. 301. University of Hawaii Press.
7328:, pp. 53-55. Oxford University Press.
6854:(La Somme du Grand Véhicule d'Asaṅga)
6670:
6505:
6229:Motilal Banarsidass. 2005. pp. 53–54.
6134:"Bodhisattva Ideal in Buddhism (from
5798:
4873:. Hayal notes that the Sanskrit term
4433:is called a bodhisattva in the famed
4240:in Chinese) are androgynous (Ch. 中性;
3534:with their bodhisattva doctrine. The
3420:), then there is the "irreversible" (
3321:
3008:, an aspirant might go to a Buddha's
2035:attained by arhats. For example, the
1674:sources, like the Theravāda school's
7882:The Genesis of the Bodhisattva Ideal
7811:, pp. 7-8. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7781:The Genesis of the Bodhisattva Ideal
7734:, pp. 4-5. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7718:, pp. 4-7. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7163:
7050:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
6632:
6626:
6140:. Buddhist Missionary Society, 1996.
5801:"Arahants, Bodhisattvas and Buddhas"
5362:Guanyin Statue, Nanshan Guanyin Park
4804:, the bodhisattva of the great vow (
3845:Four Exemplary Acts of a Bodhisattva
231:བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ་ (jang chup sem pa)
120:: pou4 saat3/pou4 tai4 saat3 do3), (
7619:
6607:
6122:Taylor & Francis, 1989, p. 328.
5469:, Introduction, Simon and Schuster.
4861:which means "one who is devoted to
4336:for the benefit of sentient beings.
4121:("Universal Worthy", or "All Good")
24:
10095:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8091:Arahants, Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
7559:The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara,
5199:Manjushri, 17th–18th century China
5133:, early 9th century Central Java,
5070:The golden Srivijayan Bodhisattva
4720:), the bodhisattva of Compassion (
4645:, fierce manifestations (Tibetan:
4508:the famous lay bodhisattva of the
4323:
4290:The Sūtra of Aśokadattā's Prophecy
3990:These celestial bodhisattvas like
3907:, and they are widely depicted in
3413:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2416:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
2075:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1388:6th century painting of Maitreya,
1178:depicting the bodhisattva (future
372:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
367:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
34:. For the song by Steely Dan, see
25:
11070:
8028:
7837:, p. 8. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7824:, p. 9. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7770:, p. 7. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7754:, p. 6. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7705:, p. 4. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7346:pp. 60, 313. Motilal Banarsidass.
5338:Lokeshvara, Bihar, Teladha Vihara
5314:Vajrapani, Cambodia, 10th century
5278:Maitreya, Himalayan, 15th century
4857:may correspond with the Sanskrit
4853:According to Har Dayal, the term
4298:The Sūtra of Kṣemavatī's Prophecy
4236:such as Avalokiteśvara (known as
2812:ethical precepts for bodhisattvas
1981:standing Maitreya (3rd century),
1969:
1917:"are often called bodhisattvas".
1733:); and the way of the disciples (
1721:By the time of the great scholar
1658:Bronze statue of the bodhisattva
1379:
1316:The oldest known story about how
1254:Discourse on Marvellous Qualities
1232:123, and its Chinese parallel in
1154:
11059:Buddhist stages of enlightenment
10823:
10776:
10766:
10765:
10323:Thai temple art and architecture
10068:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
8308:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
8174:
8161:
8151:
7927:Kawamura, Leslie S. (ed) (1981)
7853:
7840:
7827:
7814:
7801:
7786:
7773:
7708:
7695:
7682:
7673:
7648:
7613:
7572:
7551:
7532:
7499:
7466:
7453:
7444:
7415:
7402:
7377:
7364:
7349:
7344:The Cult of the Goddess Pattini,
7300:
7297:pp. 128–129, note 23. Shambhala.
7275:
7235:
7215:
7206:
7197:
7179:
7157:
7131:
7119:
7110:
7101:
7088:
7042:
6991:
6982:
6969:
6956:
6943:
6925:
6899:
6890:
6881:
6868:
6859:
6328:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x
5840:Kawamura (ed) 1981, pp. 127-132.
5789:Werner et al. 2013, pp. 192-193.
5780:Werner et al. 2013, pp. 186-189.
5753:Werner et al. 2013, pp. 171-172.
5379:
5367:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5271:
5259:
5247:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5192:
5180:
5165:
5153:
5141:
5118:
5095:
5079:
5063:
5039:
5027:
5011:
4652:
4302:The Questions of the Girl Sumati
4115:("He who blocks the hindrances")
3607:lists the following ten stages:
2860:), non-conceptual and non-dual (
2678:four applications of mindfulness
1684:) and receiving his prediction (
946:
888:
307:
274:
11044:Buddhist philosophical concepts
8175:
7433:from the original on 2022-01-01
7212:Kawamura (ed) 1981, pp. 138-139
6896:Kawamura (ed) 1981, pp. 170-176
6843:
6823:
6805:
6781:
6772:
6763:
6742:
6733:
6720:
6711:
6698:
6689:
6664:
6651:
6601:
6592:
6583:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6499:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6410:
6397:
6388:
6341:
6332:
6288:
6279:
6270:
6261:
6248:
6232:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6157:
6144:
6125:
6112:
6099:
6086:
6065:
6052:
5974:
5934:
5929:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
5921:
5918:Werner et al. 2013, pp. 81, 94.
5889:
5852:
5843:
5834:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5792:
5783:
5774:
5765:
5756:
5747:
5744:Werner et al. 2013, p. 166-167.
5738:
5710:
4958:means "hero, strong man" (Skt.
4748:, the bodhisattva of practice (
4314:The Miraculous Play of Mañjuśrī
4106:("Space Source") also known as
3670:. The emphasized perfection is
10313:Japanese Buddhist architecture
10115:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
9195:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
8386:Places where the Buddha stayed
7948:Institute of Buddhist Studies.
7342:Obeyesekere, Gananath (1987).
5627:Samuels, Jeffrey (July 1997).
5604:
5583:
5529:
5459:
4818:
4809:
4790:
4781:
4762:
4753:
4734:
4725:
4281:The Lion's Roar of Śrīmālādevī
4029:, 14th century Java, Indonesia
3892:) and thus possessing immense
3813:recognizes 57 stages. Various
3789:, one attains full Buddhahood.
3630:), but especially emphasizing
3622:the bodhisattvas practice all
3206:The idea is also found in the
2146:were really just one vehicle (
1182:) taking a vow at the foot of
13:
1:
10328:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
7539:MacWilliams, Mark W. (1997).
7459:Studholme, Alexander (2002).
7412:, p. 13. Motilal Banarsidass.
7039:Kawamura (ed) 1981, pp. 71-72
6373:Routledge, 2008, pp. 195–196.
5563:Flanagan, Owen (2011-08-12).
5386:Manjusri, Nepal, 15th century
5350:Avalokiteshvara, 18th century
4776:, the bodhisattva of wisdom (
4530:, a major bodhisattva in the
4294:The Questions of Vimalaprabhā
3301:Kun bzang bla ma'i gzhal lung
2951:Length and nature of the path
2686:four bases of spiritual power
2386:), or the initial arising of
2347:Entering the bodhisattva path
2324:(the mind set on awakening).
2210:
1843:) take four times as long as
1224:Other early sources like the
10085:Buddhism and the Roman world
10061:Decline of Buddhism in India
10056:History of Buddhism in India
8156: Topics in
7510:. Sri Satguru Publications.
7324:Holt, John Clifford (1991).
7125:Watanabe, Chikafumi (2000),
6730:, p. 43. Simon and Schuster.
6258:Grey Fox Press. 2001. p. 89.
6245:Motilal Banarsidass. p. 297.
5452:
5086:Thousand-armed Bodhisattva,
4950:(sattva). In this compound,
4826:
4540:, the main character of the
4348:, the Indian founder of the
4310:The Questions of an Old Lady
4276:The Questions of Vimaladattā
4125:
4051:East Asian Esoteric Buddhist
3823:. Some bodhisattvas such as
3644:In accomplishing the second
3332:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
2630:), perfect mental quietude (
2463:(8th century) and includes:
2343:and other tantric elements.
2170:, which ends in Buddhahood.
2011:Buddhism (often also called
1626:
1486:) of future Buddhahood from
1360:), who currently resides in
570:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
9283:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
9023:
7892:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7477:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
7450:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 157.
7272:Williams 2008, pp. 221-225.
7203:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 154.
7015:Routledge, 2008, pp. 59–60.
6887:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 169.
6347:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 171.
6062:pp. 34-35. Wiley-Blackwell.
5980:Werner et al. 2013, p. 178.
5899:, p. 53, Columbia Univ Pr,
5822:Werner et al. 2013, p. 111.
5762:Werner et al. 2013, p. 181.
5391:
5254:Nyoirin Kannon, Japan, 1693
4782:文殊菩薩, 文殊师利菩薩, 曼殊室利菩薩, 妙吉祥菩薩
4306:The Questions of Gaṅgottara
3830:
3777:Good Discriminating Wisdom:
3735:
3725:
3677:
3569:Important Cultural Property
3502:methods dealing with dreams
3297:Words of My Perfect Teacher
2822:precepts. However, in some
2773:The first six perfections (
2557:a major sutra found in the
2414:
2073:
1964:
1650:, Sri Lanka, 8th century CE
1226:Acchariyabbhutadhamma-sutta
1016:
10:
11075:
10233:The unanswerable questions
7679:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 139
7586:China Review International
7281:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 32.
6790:佛教五台山------网上礼佛、五顶文殊、五爷祈愿池
6306:Werner et al. 2013, p. 32.
6276:Dayal 1970, pp. 33-37, 46.
6207:Werner et al. 2013, p. 84.
5874:Werner et al. 2013, p. 82.
5858:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 25.
5849:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 28.
5831:Kawamura (ed) 1981, p. 22.
5813:Werner et al. 2013, p. 11.
5771:Werner et al. 2013, p. 179
5686:Williams 2008, pp. 220–221
5569:. MIT Press. p. 107.
5004:
4444:, the great bodhisattva."
4057:(八大菩薩曼荼羅經), translated by
3444:Ṣaṭpāramitācaryāpratipanna
3155:
3099:Rastrapalapariprccha sutra
2971:) to become a Buddha. The
2844:The perfection of wisdom (
2834:Bodhisattva Prajñaparamita
2698:seven factors of awakening
2645:Later Mahayana treatises (
2618:), accumulation of merit (
2174:Mature scholastic Mahāyāna
2088:as his aim, a bodhisattva-
2057:Mahayana sources like the
1983:Metropolitan Museum of Art
241:Bồ Tát菩薩/Bồ-đề-tát-đóa菩提薩埵
29:
10955:
10907:
10884:
10831:
10761:
10713:
10628:
10543:
10318:Buddhist temples in Korea
10241:
10143:
10026:
9723:
9651:
9478:
9351:
9291:
8926:
8881:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
8792:
8784:Three planes of existence
8732:
8577:
8469:
8399:
8391:Buddha in world religions
8253:
8198:
8170:
7692:, pp. 286-287. Routledge.
7579:Mackerras, Colin (2003).
7306:Wang, Michelle C. (2017)
6739:Williams 2008, pp. 56-57.
6704:Brunnholzl, Karl (2011).
6695:Williams 2008, pp. 49-51.
6171:Philosophy East and West,
5447:Vegetarianism in Buddhism
5406:Bodhisattvas of the Earth
4579:, a bodhisattva of wealth
4550:Bodhisattvas of the Earth
4467:
4187:Japanese illustration of
3545:
3410:According to Drewes, the
3132:are also promoted by the
2670:, the practice of the 37
2494:(confession of bad deeds)
1326:Sumedha, Megha, or Sumati
1215:early Buddhist discourses
1005:
272:
250:
245:
235:
225:
211:
199:
186:
164:
146:
128:
106:
96:
86:
76:
48:
43:
10100:Persecution of Buddhists
9321:Four stages of awakening
8702:Three marks of existence
8288:Physical characteristics
8076:(Paul & Lee voices).
7792:Norman K.R. (1990/1993)
7557:Chandra, Lokesh (1988).
7116:Dayal 1970, pp. 271-272.
6977:Buddhist saints in India
6964:Buddhist saints in India
6951:Buddhist saints in India
6831:
6789:
6726:Pettit, John W. (2013).
6589:Dayal 1970, pp. 165-167.
6238:Hirakawa, Akira (2007).
5927:Baruah, Bibhuti (2008).
5633:Philosophy East and West
5465:Skilling, Peter (2021).
4286:The Inquiry of Lokadhara
3709:meditative concentration
3704:Very difficult to train:
3418:prathamayānasaṃprasthita
3370:anutpattikadharma-kṣānti
2690:five spiritual faculties
2555:Bodhisattvapiṭaka sūtra,
2544:
2478:(worship of the Buddhas)
2470:(obeisance, bowing down)
2108:) and thus, do not have
2025:anuttara-samyak-sambodhi
1929:traditions (such as the
1832:) take twice as long as
1646:Gilded bronze statue of
1472:) and ninety one aeons (
1188:Art Institute of Chicago
82:बोधिसत्त्व (bodhisattva)
9463:Ten principal disciples
8346:(aunt, adoptive mother)
8082:with slide show format.
8000:Williams, Paul (2008).
7960:Bodhisattvacharyavatara
7688:Williams, Paul (2008).
7506:Watson, Burton (1999).
7408:Beyer, Stephan (2013).
7370:Faure, Bernard (2015).
7247:collab.its.virginia.edu
7164:鄔金旺度 (29 August 2009).
6817:April 11, 2009, at the
6778:Dayal 1970, pp. 68, 76.
6657:Williams, Paul (2008).
6633:Ford, James L. (2006).
6403:Williams, Paul (2008).
6360:Routledge, 2008, p. 55.
6136:Gems of Buddhist Wisdom
6073:Encyclopædia Britannica
5999:1, no. 1 (1978): 35–50.
5895:Walser, Joseph (2005),
5799:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2010).
5614:, pp. 50–51. Routledge.
5610:Williams, Paul (2008).
4610:. A notable example is
4522:Akṣayamatinirdeśa Sūtra
4113:Sarvanivāraṇaviṣkambhin
4061:in the 8th century and
4014:Eight Main Bodhisattvas
3719:Obviously Transcendent:
3584:) of spiritual progress
3318:enlightenment oneself.
2759:(spiritual power), and
2506:(prayer, entreaty) and
2457:saptavidhā anuttarapūjā
1915:Hikkaduwe Sri Sumamgala
1506:marks of a great person
1366:Cakkavattisihanadasutta
590:Philosophical reasoning
10173:Buddhism and democracy
9686:Tibetan Buddhist canon
9681:Chinese Buddhist canon
8913:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
8908:Early Buddhist schools
7944:Pagel, Ulrich (1992).
7846:Zürcher, Erik (2013).
7361:University of Calgary.
6975:Ray, Reginald (1999).
6962:Ray, Reginald (1999).
6949:Ray, Reginald (1999).
6671:Conze, Edward (1973).
6562:Pagel 1992, pp. 76-85.
6523:Dayal 1970, pp. 75-76.
6464:Dayal 1970, pp. 54-57.
6437:Dayal 1970, pp. 65-66.
6394:Dayal 1970, pp. 60-61.
6285:Dayal 1970, pp. 33-37.
5018:Standing bodhisattva.
4981:as "man" or "person" (
4939:, where it means mind.
4665:
4618:named "Flaming Face" (
4614:'s manifestation as a
4603:
4492:
4425:(guardian deities) in
4360:to be an emanation of
4337:
4192:
4180:
4030:
3987:
3898:magical transformation
3885:
3865:Important bodhisattvas
3797:which is derived from
3575:
3526:Śūraṃgamasamādhi Sūtra
3450:(non-regression), (4)
3342:
3185:
3169:
3135:King of Samadhis Sutra
2960:
2841:
2788:King of Samadhis Sutra
2709:, the practice of the
2614:), learning, 'skill' (
2514:Atmabhavadi-parityagah
2428:
2379:
2364:
2217:
2199:
2183:
2047:
2005:
1989:
1745:
1667:
1651:
1639:
1393:
1195:pre-sectarian Buddhism
1190:
1168:
1094:), empathetic joy (
1082:) of loving-kindness (
1037:Early Buddhist schools
357:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
10183:Eight Consciousnesses
8293:Life of Buddha in art
7139:"大圆满心性休息 – 显密文库 佛教文集"
6874:Wayman, Alex (2013).
6865:Dayal 1970, pp. 77-79
6801:on November 21, 2008.
6769:Dayal 1970, pp. 87-88
6748:Williams 2008, p. 57.
6717:Williams 2008, p. 56.
6608:Abe, Ryuichi (1999).
6535:Pagel 1992, pp. 9-10.
6182:Nattier, Jan (2003),
6058:Crosby, Kate (2013),
6041:The Bodhisattva Ideal
5589:Pye, Michael (1978).
5090:, Japan. 13th century
4913:Sattva may also mean
4660:
4628:Mahāmāyūrī Vidyārājñī
4597:
4480:from Inner Mongolia,
4475:
4379:Furthermore, various
4331:
4201:Prajñāpāramitā sutras
4186:
4173:
4021:
3970:
3872:
3565:Tokyo National Museum
3555:
3393:sarvadharmāparigṛhīta
3351:Gandharan manuscripts
3329:
3175:
3163:
3110:Ratnagunasamcayagatha
2958:
2832:
2783:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra,
2735:(patient endurance),
2702:noble eightfold path.
2423:
2370:
2355:Mural of bodhisattva
2354:
2209:. Japanese painting,
2205:
2189:
2181:
2043:
1995:
1977:
1743:
1657:
1645:
1634:
1573:) are the following:
1387:
1174:
1162:
625:Aids to Enlightenment
450:Dependent Origination
170:보살, 菩薩 / 보리살타, 菩提薩埵 (
10983:Supratiṣṭhitacāritra
10899:Sangharāma (Guān Yǔ)
10660:East Asian religions
10090:Buddhism in the West
9661:Early Buddhist texts
9276:Four Right Exertions
8742:Ten spiritual realms
8235:Noble Eightfold Path
7907:Geshe Kelsang Gyatso
7620:Sen, Tansen (2003).
6913:on 11 September 2011
6407:, p. 195. Routledge.
5670:Skorupski, Tadeusz.
5442:List of bodhisattvas
4151:(Samantabhadra) and
3839:school of Mahāyanā,
3440:Prathamacittotpādika
3385:Daoxing Banruo Jing,
3251:apratiṣṭhita nirvāṇa
3246:apratiṣṭhita nirvāṇa
3083:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
2937:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra
2767:Sattvaparipāka-caryā
2719:the practice of the
2660:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra
2363:. India, 5th century
2240:Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra
1911:Anagarika Dharmapala
1865:Anagarika Dharmapala
1637:Dambulla cave temple
1039:, as well as modern
595:Devotional practices
418:Noble Eightfold Path
116:: púsà/pútísàduǒ), (
63:temple, 9th century
36:Countdown to Ecstasy
11054:Gender and Buddhism
10783:Religion portal
10530:Temple of the Tooth
10409:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
9448:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
8941:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
8724:Two truths doctrine
8544:Mahapajapati Gotamī
8344:Mahapajapati Gotamī
7915:Tharpa Publications
7888:Dayal, Har (1970).
7833:Dayal, Har (1970).
7820:Dayal, Har (1970).
7807:Dayal, Har (1970).
7766:Dayal, Har (1970).
7750:Dayal, Har (1970).
7730:Dayal, Har (1970).
7714:Dayal, Har (1970).
7701:Dayal, Har (1970).
7193:on 5 November 2011.
7145:on 8 September 2015
7107:Dayal 1970, p. 270.
6988:Dayal 1970, p. 135.
6812:成佛的目的是到每 – 個世界去度眾生.
6661:, p. 51. Routledge.
6571:Pagel 1992, p. 115.
6487:Tharpa Publications
6322:4/2 (2010): 66–74,
6011:Salomon, Richard. '
5540:Tharpa Publications
5536:The Bodhisattva Vow
4590:Fierce bodhisattvas
4511:Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa
4482:Östasiatiska museet
4476:Fierce bodhisattva
4427:East Asian Buddhism
4197:Prajñāpāramitā-devi
4166:Female bodhisattvas
3939:), empathetic joy (
3404:Daoxing Banruo Jing
3164:Japanese statue of
2931:. According to the
1577:Natural (Sanskrit:
1246:clear comprehension
895:Buddhism portal
768:Buddhism by country
530:Sanskrit literature
281:Religion portal
102:ဗောဓိသတ် (bɔ́dḭθaʔ)
55:A relief depicting
10705:Western philosophy
10303:Dzong architecture
10125:Vipassana movement
10120:Buddhist modernism
9548:Emperor Wen of Sui
9316:Pratyekabuddhayāna
9249:Threefold Training
9051:Vipassana movement
8767:Hungry Ghost realm
8587:Avidyā (Ignorance)
8534:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
8283:Great Renunciation
8278:Eight Great Events
8160:
8099:by Jeffrey Samuels
8072:2019-06-26 at the
7988:Edwin Mellen Press
7984:Lewiston, New York
7873:General references
7027:Dayal 1970, p. 18.
6997:Pagel 1992, p. 45.
6760:Dayal 1970, p. 86.
6598:Dayal 1970, p. 171
6580:Dayal 1970, p. 115
6553:Pagel 1992, p. 76.
6473:Dayal 1970, p. 59.
6455:Dayal 1970, p. 54.
6446:Dayal 1970, p. 67.
6428:Dayal 1970, p. 65.
6416:Dayal 1970, p. 64.
6385:Dayal 1970, p. 50.
6338:Dayal 1970, p. 52.
6267:Dayal 1970, p. 17.
6216:Dayal 1970, p. 14.
6198:Dayal 1970, p. 11.
5940:Dayal 1970, p. 31.
5886:Dayal 1970, p. 10.
5542:(2nd. ed., 1995),
5102:A rock carving of
4954:means mind, while
4726:觀自在菩薩, 觀世音菩薩, 觀音菩薩
4666:
4604:
4598:Thangka Depicting
4561:or "Medicine King"
4493:
4436:Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī
4338:
4274:- Toh number 84),
4257:rje btsun sgrol ma
4193:
4181:
4031:
3988:
3943:) and equanimity (
3929:Siddhārtha Gautama
3886:
3763:), to help others.
3576:
3516:Vimalakīrtinirdeśa
3452:Ekajātipratibaddha
3426:ekajātipratibaddha
3343:
3322:Bodhisattva stages
3274:'s fourth century
3186:
3176:Mural painting of
3170:
3097:sutras. The early
3006:Pure Land Buddhism
2961:
2904:inherent existence
2842:
2751:(skillful means),
2731:(virtue, ethics),
2682:four right efforts
2384:prathamacittotpāda
2380:
2365:
2218:
2200:
2184:
2137:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2006:
1990:
1927:esoteric Theravada
1746:
1668:
1652:
1640:
1560:Fó běnxíng jí jīng
1558:) and the Chinese
1552:Many-Buddhas Sūtra
1544:incalculable aeons
1394:
1191:
1169:
1129:Theravāda Buddhism
1100:) and equanimity (
1041:Theravāda Buddhism
382:Buddhist modernism
140:bosatsu/bodaisatta
32:Bodhisattva (film)
11026:
11025:
10791:
10790:
10429:Om mani padme hum
10135:Women in Buddhism
10051:Buddhist councils
9921:Western countries
9709:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
9470:Shaolin Monastery
9047:Samatha-vipassanā
8657:Pratītyasamutpāda
8461:Metteyya/Maitreya
8379:
8371:
8363:
8355:
8347:
8339:
8331:
8208:Four Noble Truths
8022:978-0-8248-3045-8
7968:978-0-948006-88-3
7923:978-0-948006-50-0
7917:(2nd. ed., 1995)
7355:Holt, J. (2000).
7224:, Remarks on the
7048:"bodhisattva" In
6953:, p. 265, p. 252.
6682:978-0-87704-048-4
6644:978-0-19-518814-1
6619:978-0-231-11286-4
6544:Pagel 1992, p. 12
6495:978-0-948006-50-0
6489:(2nd. ed., 1995)
6132:Rahula, Walpola.
6081:978-1-59339-837-8
5905:978-0-231-13164-3
5576:978-0-262-29723-3
5548:978-0-948006-50-0
5416:Buddhist holidays
5398:Bodhicharyavatara
5022:, 2nd–3rd century
4900:AvadanakalpaIata.
4847:Samādhirāja Sūtra
4409:, 辯才天, Japanese:
4386:Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra
4366:Japanese Buddhist
4344:developed around
4255:or Jetsun Dölma (
4053:sources, such as
4049:) also appear in
3209:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
3012:or buddha-field (
2929:bodhipakṣadharmas
2824:Japanese Buddhist
2739:(heroic energy),
2673:bodhipakṣadharmas
2627:bodhipakṣadharmas
2608:Bodhisattvapiṭaka
2594:four immesurables
2581:Bodhisattvapiṭaka
2566:the perfections (
2314:Bodhipathapradīpa
1900:Mahayana Buddhism
1867:(1864–1933), and
1780:, as well as the
1731:paccekabuddhayāna
1672:southern Buddhist
1594:praṇidhāna-caryā,
1556:Bahubudha gasutra
1462:The North Indian
1261:Mahāpadāna sutta.
1137:Mahāyāna Buddhism
1060:Mahāyāna Buddhism
1028:('awakening') or
1014:
944:
931:
930:
413:Four Noble Truths
286:
285:
16:(Redirected from
11066:
10871:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
10818:
10811:
10804:
10795:
10794:
10781:
10780:
10769:
10768:
10608:Sacred languages
10456:Maya Devi Temple
10419:Mahabodhi Temple
10223:Secular Buddhism
10188:Engaged Buddhism
9028:
8876:Tibetan Buddhism
8827:Vietnamese Thiền
8426:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
8377:
8369:
8361:
8353:
8345:
8337:
8329:
8178:
8177:
8165:
8155:
8145:
8138:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8093:by Bhikkhu Bodhi
8049:ghostarchive.org
7866:
7859:Pu, Chengzhong.
7857:
7851:
7844:
7838:
7831:
7825:
7818:
7812:
7805:
7799:
7790:
7784:
7777:
7771:
7764:
7755:
7748:
7735:
7728:
7719:
7712:
7706:
7699:
7693:
7686:
7680:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7576:
7570:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7470:
7464:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7419:
7413:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7386:"圣严法师《观世音菩萨的性别》"
7381:
7375:
7368:
7362:
7353:
7347:
7340:
7329:
7322:
7311:
7310:, p. 158. BRILL.
7304:
7298:
7291:
7282:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7239:
7233:
7222:Matthew Kapstein
7219:
7213:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7189:. Archived from
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7141:. Archived from
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7108:
7105:
7099:
7092:
7086:
7081:Apple, James B.
7079:
7068:
7062:
7053:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7028:
7025:
7016:
7011:Williams, Paul,
7009:
6998:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6980:
6973:
6967:
6960:
6954:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6909:. Archived from
6903:
6897:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6879:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6857:
6852:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
6847:
6841:
6840:
6839:on May 26, 2013.
6835:. Archived from
6827:
6821:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6797:. Archived from
6795:www.chinawts.com
6785:
6779:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6749:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6731:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6709:
6708:, p. 30, Tsadra.
6702:
6696:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6668:
6662:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6554:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6536:
6533:
6524:
6521:
6512:
6511:
6503:
6497:
6480:
6474:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6417:
6414:
6408:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6374:
6369:Williams, Paul,
6367:
6361:
6356:Williams, Paul,
6354:
6348:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6330:
6320:Religion Compass
6316:
6307:
6304:
6295:
6292:
6286:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6259:
6252:
6246:
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6230:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6187:
6180:
6174:
6161:
6155:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6129:
6123:
6118:Williams, Paul.
6116:
6110:
6103:
6097:
6090:
6084:
6069:
6063:
6056:
6050:
6036:Shanta Ratnayaka
6033:
6016:
6009:
6000:
5990:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5958:
5941:
5938:
5932:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5907:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5875:
5872:
5859:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5724:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5675:
5668:
5657:
5656:
5624:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5560:
5551:
5533:
5527:
5517:
5470:
5463:
5411:Bodhisattva vows
5383:
5371:
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5232:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5122:
5099:
5083:
5067:
5043:
5031:
5015:
4909:
4820:
4811:
4792:
4783:
4764:
4755:
4736:
4727:
4703:Chinese Buddhism
4676:, is known as a
4643:Tibetan Buddhism
4583:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4543:Gaṇḍavyūha Sutra
4413:) and Shiva (C:
4249:Tibetan Buddhism
4232:has stated that
4195:The bodhisattva
4100:("Earth Source")
4086:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4047:Hachi Daibosatsu
3879:Ho Chi Minh City
3783:Cloud of Dharma:
3738:
3728:
3680:
3654:moral discipline
3604:Daśabhūmikasūtra
3595:Daśabhūmikasūtra
3559:, 13th century,
3398:The prediction (
3295:'s 19th century
3289:Tibetan Buddhist
3141:Ten Stages Sutra
3073:and the various
2974:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
2866:) and signless (
2853:Madhyamakavatara
2816:bodhisattva-śīla
2797:Bodhisattvabhumi
2793:Ten Stages Sutra
2779:Bodhisattvabhumi
2755:(vow, resolve),
2711:super-knowledges
2668:Bodhipakṣa-caryā
2654:Bodhisattvabhumi
2516:(surrender) and
2433:Ten Stages Sutra
2419:
2409:bodhisattva vows
2395:Ten Stages Sutra
2311:'s 11th century
2279:samyak-saṃbuddha
2215:
2212:
2190:Wood carving of
2100:), due to their
2078:
2031:), which is the
2004:, second-century
1878:. The Theravada
1620:anivartana-caryā
1447:and some of the
1278:Ekottarika-āgama
1184:Dipankara Buddha
1176:Gandharan relief
1112:) which include
1019:
1009:
1007:
996:
992:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
942:
923:
916:
909:
893:
892:
620:Sublime abidings
311:
288:
287:
279:
278:
53:
41:
40:
21:
11074:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11064:
11063:
11049:Buddhist titles
11029:
11028:
11027:
11022:
11008:Viśuddhacāritra
10951:
10903:
10880:
10827:
10822:
10792:
10787:
10775:
10757:
10709:
10624:
10539:
10276:Ordination hall
10237:
10139:
10110:Buddhist crisis
10022:
9719:
9671:Mahayana sutras
9647:
9643:Thích Nhất Hạnh
9474:
9347:
9287:
9237:Bodhisattva vow
8922:
8788:
8728:
8687:Taṇhā (Craving)
8622:Five hindrances
8573:
8465:
8395:
8249:
8194:
8166:
8149:
8074:Wayback Machine
8051:on 24 May 2022.
8031:
8026:
7875:
7870:
7869:
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7854:
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7841:
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7828:
7819:
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7806:
7802:
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7765:
7758:
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7738:
7729:
7722:
7713:
7709:
7700:
7696:
7687:
7683:
7678:
7674:
7665:
7663:
7661:Vajra Bodhi Sea
7653:
7649:
7634:
7618:
7614:
7577:
7573:
7556:
7552:
7537:
7533:
7518:
7508:The Lotus Sutra
7504:
7500:
7485:
7471:
7467:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7445:
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7251:
7249:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7220:
7216:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7187:"459 因地菩薩和果地菩薩"
7185:
7184:
7180:
7170:
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7162:
7158:
7148:
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7056:
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7031:
7026:
7019:
7010:
7001:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6974:
6970:
6961:
6957:
6948:
6944:
6937:www.yinshun.org
6931:
6930:
6926:
6916:
6914:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6895:
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6886:
6882:
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6848:
6844:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6819:Wayback Machine
6810:
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6534:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6504:
6500:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6368:
6364:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6317:
6310:
6305:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6266:
6262:
6254:Conze, Edward.
6253:
6249:
6237:
6233:
6225:Mall, Linnart.
6224:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6162:
6158:
6149:
6145:
6130:
6126:
6117:
6113:
6109:1991. pp. 59–60
6104:
6100:
6091:
6087:
6070:
6066:
6057:
6053:
6034:
6019:
6010:
6003:
5991:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5960:Drewes, David.
5959:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5739:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5645:10.2307/1399912
5625:
5618:
5609:
5605:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5561:
5554:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:Drewes, David,
5518:
5473:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5394:
5387:
5384:
5375:
5372:
5363:
5360:
5351:
5348:
5339:
5336:
5327:
5324:
5315:
5312:
5303:
5300:
5291:
5288:
5279:
5276:
5267:
5264:
5255:
5252:
5243:
5235:Samantabhadra,
5233:
5224:
5221:
5212:
5209:
5200:
5197:
5188:
5185:
5176:
5170:
5161:
5158:
5149:
5146:
5137:
5135:National Museum
5123:
5114:
5104:Avalokiteshvara
5100:
5091:
5084:
5075:
5068:
5059:
5044:
5035:
5032:
5023:
5016:
5007:
4998:Monier-Williams
4907:
4829:
4672:or the acts of
4655:
4592:
4573:("Solar Light")
4470:
4326:
4324:Popular figures
4264:Mahayana sutras
4168:
4133:Avalokiteshvara
4128:
4016:
3992:Avalokiteshvara
3935:), compassion (
3867:
3835:As part of the
3833:
3810:Śūraṅgama Sūtra
3616:sentient beings
3561:Kamakura period
3550:
3359:bodhicittotpāda
3324:
3293:Patrul Rinpoche
3158:
2953:
2717:Pāramitā-caryā,
2636:) and insight (
2547:
2532:sentient beings
2528:bodhisattva vow
2349:
2307:. According to
2222:Mahayana sutras
2213:
2176:
2143:Bodhisattvayāna
2125:bhakti movement
2121:Avalokiteshvara
2092:is so called."
2052:Mahayana sutras
2021:solitary Buddha
2013:Bodhisattvayāna
1996:Greco-Buddhist
1972:
1967:
1888:Sirisanghabodhi
1629:
1523:Lokottaravādins
1406:solitary buddha
1398:bodhisattvayana
1382:
1219:Bhikkhu Analayo
1201:is used in the
1157:
1141:Avalokiteshvara
1088:), compassion (
1070:sentient beings
1043:, bodhisattva (
994:
990:
949:
945:
927:
887:
880:
879:
770:
760:
759:
710:
700:
699:
665:
655:
654:
560:
550:
549:
520:Mahayana Sutras
500:
490:
489:
430:Five Aggregates
408:
407:
387:
386:
377:Later Buddhists
342:
273:
206:
72:
59:Bodhisattva in
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11072:
11062:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11003:Viśiṣṭacāritra
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10963:B. R. Ambedkar
10959:
10957:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10913:
10911:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10901:
10896:
10890:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10841:Avalokiteśvara
10837:
10835:
10829:
10828:
10821:
10820:
10813:
10806:
10798:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10785:
10773:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10756:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10719:
10717:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10640:
10634:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10549:
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10340:Greco-Buddhist
10332:
10331:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10291:Burmese pagoda
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10247:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10149:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10073:Greco-Buddhism
10070:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10032:
10030:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10006:United Kingdom
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9951:Czech Republic
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9918:
9917:
9916:
9911:
9901:
9900:
9899:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9882:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9830:
9825:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9729:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9715:Abhidharmadīpa
9712:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9657:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9633:B. R. Ambedkar
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9553:Songtsen Gampo
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9357:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9297:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9232:Eight precepts
9229:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9111:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9020:
9010:
9005:
9003:Five Strengths
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8943:
8938:
8932:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8798:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8744:
8738:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8642:Mental factors
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8583:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8494:Mahamoggallāna
8491:
8486:
8481:
8475:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8409:Avalokiteśvara
8405:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8373:
8365:
8357:
8349:
8341:
8333:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8148:
8147:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8047:. Archived at
8038:
8030:
8029:External links
8027:
8025:
8024:
8005:
7998:
7980:
7970:
7949:
7942:
7932:
7925:
7903:
7893:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7852:
7850:p. 431. BRILL.
7839:
7826:
7813:
7800:
7785:
7772:
7756:
7736:
7720:
7707:
7694:
7681:
7672:
7647:
7632:
7612:
7593:(2): 447–449.
7571:
7550:
7531:
7516:
7498:
7483:
7465:
7452:
7443:
7414:
7401:
7376:
7363:
7348:
7330:
7312:
7299:
7283:
7274:
7258:
7234:
7226:Maṇi bKa'-'bum
7214:
7205:
7196:
7178:
7156:
7130:
7118:
7109:
7100:
7087:
7069:
7054:
7041:
7029:
7017:
6999:
6990:
6981:
6968:
6955:
6942:
6924:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6867:
6858:
6842:
6832:即身成就與三大阿僧祇劫之修行
6822:
6804:
6780:
6771:
6762:
6750:
6741:
6732:
6719:
6710:
6697:
6688:
6681:
6663:
6650:
6643:
6625:
6618:
6600:
6591:
6582:
6573:
6564:
6555:
6546:
6537:
6525:
6513:
6498:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6439:
6430:
6418:
6409:
6396:
6387:
6375:
6362:
6349:
6340:
6331:
6308:
6296:
6287:
6278:
6269:
6260:
6247:
6231:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6188:
6175:
6156:
6143:
6124:
6111:
6098:
6085:
6064:
6051:
6017:
6001:
5992:Wayman, Alex.
5982:
5973:
5970:10.1086/716425
5942:
5933:
5920:
5908:
5888:
5876:
5860:
5851:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5791:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5737:
5728:"SuttaCentral"
5719:
5709:
5688:
5676:
5658:
5616:
5603:
5582:
5575:
5552:
5528:
5471:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5246:
5244:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5175:Bosatsu, Japan
5171:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5101:
5094:
5092:
5088:Sanjūsangen-dō
5085:
5078:
5076:
5072:Avalokiteśvara
5069:
5062:
5060:
5045:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4986:
4963:
4940:
4911:
4895:
4851:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4795:
4767:
4739:
4718:Avalokiteśvara
4696:Mount Potalaka
4654:
4651:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4567:("Moon Light")
4562:
4556:
4546:
4535:
4532:Prajñāpāramitā
4525:
4514:
4503:
4469:
4466:
4325:
4322:
4316:(Toh 96), and
4226:Avalokiteśvara
4215:Cintāmaṇicakra
4167:
4164:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4079:
4076:Avalokiteśvara
4073:
4015:
4012:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3832:
3829:
3795:the five paths
3791:
3790:
3780:
3774:
3764:
3757:skillful means
3750:
3716:
3701:
3683:
3661:
3639:
3549:
3544:
3521:Sukhāvatīvyūha
3479:(those on the
3448:Avinivartanīya
3434:translated by
3422:avinivartanīya
3408:
3407:
3396:
3381:Aṣṭasāhasrikā,
3373:
3362:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3262:pratyekabuddha
3228:apratiṣṭhita (
3215:Śikṣāsamuccaya
3157:
3154:
3125:prajñaparamita
3089:Ugraparipṛcchā
2983:kalpāsaṃkhyeya
2952:
2949:
2847:prajñāpāramitā
2771:
2770:
2764:
2743:(meditation),
2727:(generosity),
2714:
2704:
2694:five strengths
2546:
2543:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2479:
2471:
2348:
2345:
2303:(great being)
2273:pratyekabuddha
2237:argues in his
2192:Avalokiteśvara
2175:
2172:
1979:Greco-Buddhist
1971:
1970:Early Mahāyāna
1968:
1966:
1963:
1942:Walpola Rahula
1849:
1848:
1837:
1826:
1716:Avalokiteśvara
1660:Avalokiteśvara
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:Irreversible (
1616:
1601:
1590:
1410:Nikaya schools
1381:
1380:Nikāya schools
1378:
1370:Ashokan edicts
1318:Gautama Buddha
1234:Madhyama-āgama
1207:Gautama Buddha
1180:Gautama Buddha
1165:Bimaran casket
1156:
1155:Early Buddhism
1153:
1115:prajñāpāramitā
929:
928:
926:
925:
918:
911:
903:
900:
899:
898:
897:
882:
881:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
711:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
692:
687:
685:Pratyekabuddha
682:
677:
672:
666:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
647:
642:
640:Buddhist chant
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
561:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
498:Buddhist texts
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
426:
425:
415:
409:
406:
405:
400:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
321:
313:
312:
304:
303:
297:
296:
284:
283:
270:
269:
252:
248:
247:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
215:
209:
208:
203:
197:
196:
190:
184:
183:
168:
162:
161:
150:
144:
143:
132:
126:
125:
110:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
57:Avalokiteśvara
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11071:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10988:Supuṣpacandra
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10968:Bhaiṣajyarāja
10966:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10954:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10917:Padmasambhava
10915:
10914:
10912:
10910:
10906:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10887:
10883:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10856:Samantabhadra
10854:
10852:
10849:
10846:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10836:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10819:
10814:
10812:
10807:
10805:
10800:
10799:
10796:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10772:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10627:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10546:
10545:Miscellaneous
10542:
10536:
10535:Vegetarianism
10533:
10531:
10528:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10427:
10426:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10357:Buddha in art
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10338:
10337:
10336:
10333:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10292:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10011:United States
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9922:
9919:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9890:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9838:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9722:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9710:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9693:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9654:
9650:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9568:Padmasambhava
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9480:Major figures
9477:
9471:
9468:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9427:
9426:Western tulku
9424:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9350:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9294:
9290:
9284:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9227:Five precepts
9225:
9224:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9205:Dhamma vicaya
9203:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8973:Buddhābhiṣeka
8971:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8925:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8791:
8785:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8617:Enlightenment
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8607:Dhamma theory
8605:
8603:
8602:Buddha-nature
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8441:Samantabhadra
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8380:
8374:
8372:
8366:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8342:
8340:
8334:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8252:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8146:
8141:
8139:
8134:
8132:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8116:
8115:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8065:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7997:
7996:0-7734-5985-5
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7971:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7941:
7940:1-4039-8527-8
7937:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7902:
7901:1-55939-092-1
7898:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7878:
7877:
7865:
7863:
7856:
7849:
7843:
7836:
7830:
7823:
7817:
7810:
7804:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7776:
7769:
7763:
7761:
7753:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7733:
7727:
7725:
7717:
7711:
7704:
7698:
7691:
7685:
7676:
7662:
7658:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7633:0-8248-2593-4
7629:
7625:
7624:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7567:81-7017-247-0
7564:
7560:
7554:
7547:. 24–25: 397.
7546:
7542:
7535:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7517:81-7030-633-7
7513:
7509:
7502:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7484:0-203-64186-8
7480:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7456:
7447:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7418:
7411:
7405:
7391:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7367:
7360:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7309:
7303:
7296:
7290:
7288:
7278:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7248:
7244:
7243:"Maṇi Kambum"
7238:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7218:
7209:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7167:
7160:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7113:
7104:
7097:
7091:
7084:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7051:
7045:
7036:
7034:
7024:
7022:
7014:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6994:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6965:
6959:
6952:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6893:
6884:
6877:
6871:
6862:
6855:
6853:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6775:
6766:
6757:
6755:
6745:
6736:
6729:
6723:
6714:
6707:
6701:
6692:
6684:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6654:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6621:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6559:
6550:
6541:
6532:
6530:
6520:
6518:
6509:
6502:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6434:
6425:
6423:
6413:
6406:
6400:
6391:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6366:
6359:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6291:
6282:
6273:
6264:
6257:
6251:
6244:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6222:
6213:
6204:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6179:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6147:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6121:
6115:
6108:
6102:
6095:
6089:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6014:
6008:
6006:
5998:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5937:
5930:
5924:
5915:
5913:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5883:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5855:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5802:
5795:
5786:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5713:
5707:, pp. 189–190
5706:
5705:0-9518399-1-8
5702:
5698:
5692:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5599:0-7156-1266-2
5596:
5592:
5586:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5559:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5365:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5341:
5334:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5195:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5037:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4988:In Sanskrit,
4987:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:consciousness
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4821:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4746:Samantabhadra
4743:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4670:enlightenment
4664:
4659:
4653:Sacred places
4650:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4626:, among whom
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4559:Bhaiṣajyarāja
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4528:Sadāprarudita
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4454:Longmen Caves
4450:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4381:Hindu deities
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4120:
4119:Samantabhadra
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4035:aṣṭa utaputra
4028:
4024:
4020:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:magical power
3891:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3825:Samantabhadra
3822:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:Akṣobhyavyūha
3507:
3506:Aṣṭasāhasrikā
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3467:Aṣṭasāhasrikā
3463:
3461:
3460:Aṣṭasāhasrikā
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:Yogācārabhūmi
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3150:Mahāratnakūṭa
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3128:. The twelve
3127:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2967:mahāsaṃkhyeya
2957:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:Aṣṭasāhasrikā
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2801:Aṣṭasāhasrikā
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:, which are:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:Abhijñā-caryā
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:puṇyasaṃbhāra
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2598:saṃgrahavastu
2595:
2591:
2588:, developing
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2574:Mahāratnakūṭa
2571:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2560:Mahāratnakūṭa
2556:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:Punyanumodana
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:Sarana-gamana
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1904:ten pāramitās
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:Buddha statue
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:anuloma-caryā
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Dharmaguptaka
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:Avadānaśataka
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:Bharhut Stupa
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:Bhikkhu Bodhi
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:brahmavihāras
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1003:
999:
998:
985:
940:
936:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
885:
884:
883:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
764:
763:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
704:
703:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
664:
659:
658:
651:
650:Vegetarianism
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
605:Recollections
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
575:Five precepts
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
554:
553:
546:
543:
541:
540:Chinese canon
538:
536:
535:Tibetan canon
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
494:
493:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
341:
336:
335:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
310:
306:
305:
302:
299:
298:
294:
290:
289:
282:
277:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
204:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
11039:Bodhisattvas
10973:Candraprabha
10825:Bodhisattvas
10824:
10723:Bodhisattvas
10643:Christianity
10638:Baháʼí Faith
10503:Dharmachakra
10493:Prayer wheel
10483:Prayer beads
10251:Architecture
10130:969 Movement
9914:Saudi Arabia
9892:Central Asia
9885:South Africa
9707:
9690:
9623:Panchen Lama
9528:Buddhapālita
9305:
9124:Satipatthana
9119:Mindful Yoga
9032:Recollection
8946:Brahmavihara
8817:Japanese Zen
8812:Chinese Chan
8772:Animal realm
8579:Key concepts
8401:Bodhisattvas
8400:
8213:Three Jewels
8113:
8045:Smarthistory
8014:Google Books
8007:
8004:, Routledge.
8001:
7973:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7928:
7910:
7889:
7881:
7861:
7855:
7847:
7842:
7834:
7829:
7821:
7816:
7808:
7803:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7775:
7767:
7751:
7731:
7715:
7710:
7702:
7697:
7689:
7684:
7675:
7664:. Retrieved
7660:
7650:
7622:
7615:
7590:
7584:
7574:
7558:
7553:
7544:
7534:
7507:
7501:
7474:
7468:
7460:
7455:
7446:
7435:. Retrieved
7426:
7417:
7409:
7404:
7393:. Retrieved
7389:
7379:
7371:
7366:
7356:
7351:
7343:
7325:
7307:
7302:
7294:
7277:
7250:. Retrieved
7246:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7217:
7208:
7199:
7191:the original
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7159:
7147:. Retrieved
7143:the original
7133:
7126:
7121:
7112:
7103:
7095:
7090:
7082:
7064:
7049:
7044:
7012:
6993:
6984:
6976:
6971:
6963:
6958:
6950:
6945:
6936:
6927:
6915:. Retrieved
6911:the original
6901:
6892:
6883:
6875:
6870:
6861:
6850:
6845:
6837:the original
6825:
6807:
6799:the original
6794:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6744:
6735:
6727:
6722:
6713:
6705:
6700:
6691:
6672:
6666:
6658:
6653:
6634:
6628:
6609:
6603:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6507:
6501:
6485:, pp. 4–12,
6482:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6433:
6412:
6404:
6399:
6390:
6370:
6365:
6357:
6352:
6343:
6334:
6319:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6263:
6255:
6250:
6239:
6234:
6226:
6221:
6212:
6203:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6163:Samuels, J.
6159:
6154:1991. p. 60
6151:
6150:Holt, John.
6146:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6114:
6106:
6105:Holt, John.
6101:
6093:
6092:Holt, John.
6088:
6072:
6067:
6059:
6054:
6044:
6040:
6035:
5996:
5976:
5961:
5936:
5928:
5923:
5896:
5891:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5818:
5809:
5794:
5785:
5776:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5732:SuttaCentral
5731:
5722:
5712:
5691:
5671:
5636:
5632:
5611:
5606:
5590:
5585:
5565:
5535:
5531:
5520:
5466:
5461:
5429:
5400:
5046:Bodhisattva
4993:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4934:
4930:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:sanskritized
4858:
4854:
4846:
4836:
4830:
4817:
4798:Mount Jiuhua
4789:
4761:
4733:
4700:
4690:under which
4677:
4667:
4646:
4640:
4624:Wisdom Kings
4605:
4565:Candraprabha
4553:
4541:
4520:
4509:
4494:
4458:Confucianism
4447:The empress
4446:
4434:
4414:
4406:
4385:
4378:
4339:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4246:
4223:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4175:
4161:
4139:(Maitreya),
4129:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4039:nyewé sé gyé
4038:
4034:
4032:
4025:figure from
3999:
3989:
3981:Seema Malaka
3955:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3921:Buddhist art
3902:
3887:
3834:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3732:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3667:
3663:
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3649:
3645:
3641:
3635:
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3602:
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3589:
3585:
3579:
3577:
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3532:
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3505:
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3486:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:not produced
3358:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3230:non-abiding)
3227:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3187:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:such as the
3081:
3079:
3040:
3030:
3026:Jōdo Shinshū
3014:buddhakṣetra
3013:
2999:
2994:
2982:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2763:(knowledge).
2716:
2706:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2456:
2453:saptāṇgapūjā
2452:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2374:attended by
2361:Ajanta Caves
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2219:
2206:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2007:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1940:and scholar
1935:
1908:
1895:
1873:
1858:
1854:Ledi Sayadaw
1850:
1847:bodhisattvas
1844:
1840:
1836:bodhisattvas
1833:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1789:Cariyāpiṭaka
1787:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1759:Cariyāpiṭaka
1757:
1752:commentator
1747:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1666:, c. 750 CE
1619:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Continuing (
1597:
1593:
1592:Resolution (
1586:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1519:Mahāsāṃghika
1512:
1510:
1499:
1495:Sarvāstivāda
1492:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1464:Sarvāstivāda
1461:
1449:Mahasamghika
1442:
1438:pāramitāyāna
1437:
1433:Divyāvadāna.
1431:
1425:
1422:Mahāsāṃghika
1418:Sarvāstivāda
1412:, including
1397:
1395:
1365:
1355:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1315:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1225:
1223:
1205:to refer to
1198:
1192:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1034:
1021:
938:
932:
689:
600:Merit making
565:Three Jewels
505:Buddhavacana
435:Impermanence
423:Dharma wheel
251:Venerated by
218:
195:(bodhisatva)
179:
175:
157:
139:
65:Central Java
10993:Sūryaprabha
10942:Sitātapatrā
10937:Vajrasattva
10876:Ākāśagarbha
10861:Kṣitigarbha
10568:Dharma talk
10397:Asalha Puja
10193:Eschatology
9996:Switzerland
9976:New Zealand
9904:Middle East
9813:Philippines
9733:Afghanistan
9538:Bodhidharma
9523:Buddhaghosa
9443:Householder
9353:Monasticism
9306:Bodhisattva
9161:Prostration
9114:Mindfulness
9042:Anapanasati
9025:Kammaṭṭhāna
8822:Korean Seon
8762:Asura realm
8757:Human realm
8697:Ten Fetters
8652:Parinirvana
8554:Uppalavanna
8519:Mahākaccana
8504:Mahākassapa
8436:Kṣitigarbha
8431:Ākāśagarbha
8328:Suddhodāna
8273:Four sights
8200:Foundations
7384:Sheng Yen.
6096:1991. p. 59
5241:Western Xia
4936:Yoga-sutras
4888:K.R. Norman
4871:bodhi-satva
4859:bodhi-sakta
4855:bodhi-satta
4819:Dìzàng Púsà
4802:Kṣitigarbha
4770:Mount Wutai
4763:Pǔxián Púsà
4710:Mount Putuo
4571:Sūryaprabha
4554:Lotus Sutra
4506:Vimalakirti
4500:Vajrasattva
4423:dharmapalas
4417:, 大自在天; J:
4415:Dàzìzàitiān
4407:Biàncáitiān
4354:Dalai Lamas
4342:hagiography
4320:(Toh 191).
4312:(Toh 171),
4300:(Toh 192),
4296:(Toh 168),
4288:(Toh 174),
4234:Mahāsattvas
4177:Lotus Sutra
4108:Gaganagañja
4104:Ākāśagarbha
4098:Kṣitigarbha
4059:Amoghavajra
4004:afflictions
4000:Lotus Sutra
3957:Maṇi Kambum
3905:north India
3875:Ksitigarbha
3841:Dōgen Zenji
3624:perfections
3540:Lotus Sutra
3536:Lotus Sutra
3377:avaivartika
3282:Lotus Sūtra
3094:Samadhiraja
2921:mindfulness
2908:niḥsvabhāva
2902:) and lack
2820:pratimoksha
2721:perfections
2651:) like the
2484:(going for
2449:bodhicitta.
2421:and states:
2305:bodhisattva
2155:Lotus Sūtra
2133:Śrāvakayāna
2082:bodhisattva
2060:Lotus Sutra
2038:Lotus Sutra
1919:Buddhaghosa
1894:(Sanskrit:
1841:vīriyādhika
1830:saddhādhika
1814:Suttanipāta
1783:Buddhavaṃsa
1777:Nidānakathā
1723:Buddhaghosa
1714:and Natha (
1677:Buddhavaṃsa
1569:(Gandhari:
1500:Mahāvibhāṣā
1469:asaṃkhyeyas
1390:Kizil Caves
1345:Jataka tale
1242:mindfulness
1203:early texts
1197:, the term
1017:bodhisattva
939:bodhisattva
835:New Zealand
690:Bodhisattva
675:Four Stages
630:Monasticism
610:Mindfulness
580:Perfections
510:Early Texts
246:Information
217:โพธิสัตว์ (
193:බෝධි සත්ත්ව
112:菩薩/菩提薩埵, (
44:Bodhisattva
11033:Categories
10685:Psychology
10665:Gnosticism
10653:Comparison
10648:Influences
10630:Comparison
10513:Bhavacakra
10471:Kushinagar
10446:Pilgrimage
10392:Māgha Pūjā
10347:Bodhi Tree
10163:Buddhology
10153:Abhidharma
10145:Philosophy
10078:Menander I
9946:Costa Rica
9897:Uzbekistan
9738:Bangladesh
9692:Dhammapada
9676:Pali Canon
9638:Ajahn Chah
9618:Dalai Lama
9518:Kumārajīva
9513:Vasubandhu
9488:The Buddha
9396:Zen master
9331:Sakadagami
9311:Buddhahood
9242:Pratimokṣa
9057:Shikantaza
9013:Meditation
8988:Deity yoga
8859:Madhyamaka
8752:Deva realm
8647:Mindstream
8597:Bodhicitta
8509:Aṅgulimāla
8376:Devadatta
8352:Yaśodharā
8255:The Buddha
8245:Middle Way
7952:Shantideva
7666:2019-10-17
7437:2022-01-01
7395:2019-08-30
7252:2022-05-05
6979:, p. 255.
5431:compassion
5237:Yulin Cave
4944:byang chub
4742:Mount Emei
4688:Bodhi Tree
4684:pilgrimage
4679:bodhimaṇḍa
4663:Mount Emei
4517:Akṣayamati
4419:Daikokuten
4350:madhyamaka
4334:Hindu gods
4308:(Toh 75),
4304:(Toh 74),
4292:(Toh 76),
4284:(Toh 92),
4278:(Toh 77),
4027:Candi Jago
3971:Statue of
3873:Statue of
3843:described
3820:mahāsattva
3802:Abhidharma
3799:Vaibhasika
3767:Immovable:
3753:Gone afar:
3642:Stainless:
3632:generosity
3612:Great Joy:
3523:, and the
3498:divination
3471:ādikarmika
3436:Kumarajiva
3431:Dazhidulun
3347:Lokakshema
3146:asceticism
3130:dhūtaguṇas
3103:Rastrapala
2987:Shantideva
2945:Shantideva
2887:compassion
2838:Singhasari
2753:Praṇidhāna
2747:(wisdom),
2519:pariṇāmanā
2492:Papadesana
2461:Shantideva
2404:praṇidhāna
2389:bodhicitta
2376:White Tara
2372:Green Tara
2321:bodhicitta
2301:mahāsattva
2291:Haribhadra
2248:Madhyamaka
2198:, 907–1125
2196:Liao China
2110:bodhicitta
2102:bodhicitta
2090:mahāsattva
2065:Buddhahood
1953:Mahinda IV
1936:Theravada
1896:mahāsattva
1880:Abhayagiri
1845:paññādhika
1834:paññādhika
1823:paññādhika
1794:Bodhi tree
1772:anivattana
1764:Dhammapāla
1754:Dhammapāla
1750:Sri Lankan
1735:sāvakayāna
1727:buddhayāna
1700:Pali Canon
1682:abhinīhāra
1585:Gandhari:
1480:praṇidhāna
1392:, Cave 224
1334:abhinīhāra
1330:Buddhahood
1287:Pāli canon
1211:liberation
1199:bodhisatta
1074:mahākaruṇā
1065:bodhicitta
1049:bodhisatta
1030:Buddhahood
1022:bodhisatva
1006:बोधिसत्त्व
708:Traditions
645:Pilgrimage
585:Meditation
545:Post-canon
525:Pāli Canon
455:Middle Way
352:The Buddha
237:Vietnamese
152:ពោធិសត្វ (
122:Wade–Giles
92:Bodhisatta
11018:Śāntideva
11013:Nagarjuna
10998:Vasudhārā
10932:Vajrapāṇi
10922:Mandāravā
10909:Vajrayana
10753:Festivals
10733:Buddhists
10695:Theosophy
10498:Symbolism
10488:Hama yumi
10461:Bodh Gaya
10228:Socialism
10203:Evolution
10178:Economics
10016:Venezuela
9931:Australia
9926:Argentina
9850:Sri Lanka
9845:Singapore
9763:Indonesia
9725:Countries
9666:Tripiṭaka
9628:Ajahn Mun
9503:Nagarjuna
9498:Aśvaghoṣa
9381:Anagārika
9376:Śrāmaṇerī
9371:Śrāmaṇera
9366:Bhikkhunī
9326:Sotāpanna
9215:Passaddhi
9156:Offerings
9131:Nekkhamma
9008:Iddhipada
8928:Practices
8898:Theravada
8871:Vajrayana
8864:Yogachara
8834:Pure Land
8747:Six Paths
8734:Cosmology
8514:Anuruddha
8489:Sāriputta
8479:Kaundinya
8471:Disciples
8446:Vajrapāṇi
8298:Footprint
8263:Tathāgata
8043:, video,
7879:Analayo,
7599:1069-5834
7526:247391640
7493:275253538
7171:21 August
7166:"吉祥鄔金密嚴寺"
7149:21 August
6966:, p. 265.
6917:21 August
6045:Theravåda
5697:Joe Cribb
5453:Citations
5131:Sailendra
5127:Manjushri
5112:Sri Lanka
5056:Borobudur
5048:Vajrapani
4921:, sense,
4827:Etymology
4810:地藏菩薩 地藏菩萨
4754:普賢菩薩 普贤菩萨
4692:Śākyamuṇi
4636:Vajrapani
4600:Yamantaka
4552:from the
4548:The Four
4486:Stockholm
4478:Vajrapani
4449:Wu Zetian
4411:Benzaiten
4403:Saraswati
4362:Chenrezig
4346:Nagarjuna
4262:Numerous
4230:Sheng Yen
4219:Hayagriva
4189:Benzaiten
4126:Theravada
4082:Vajrapāṇi
4043:Bādà Púsà
3985:Sri Lanka
3925:beautiful
3917:Asian art
3909:Gandharan
3815:Vajrayāna
3804:sources.
3664:Luminous:
3628:pāramitās
3588:The term
3542:itself).
3400:vyākaraṇa
3270:" (as in
3182:Sarasvati
3178:Manjushri
3120:paramitas
3115:dhūtaguṇa
3075:Vajrayāna
3018:Sukhavati
3010:pure land
3002:Vajrayana
2941:Asvaghosa
2775:pāramitās
2639:vipaśyanā
2536:paramitas
2504:Adhyesana
2441:vyākaraṇa
2357:Padmapani
2329:Vajrayana
2233:). Thus,
2226:Nagarjuna
2117:Manjushri
2098:par-ārtha
1998:Vajrapāni
1892:mahāsatta
1884:Sri Lanka
1806:Theravada
1768:vyākaraṇa
1686:vyākaraṇa
1664:Sri Lanka
1627:Theravāda
1609:vivartana
1598:: praṇisi
1565:The four
1535:Mahāvastu
1527:Dīpaṃkara
1514:Mahāvastu
1488:Dīpankara
1484:vyākaraṇa
1453:Tripitaka
1414:Theravāda
1338:vyākaraṇa
1322:Dīpankara
1291:Theravāda
1213:. In the
1149:Manjushri
1109:pāramitās
1011:romanized
855:Sri Lanka
845:Singapore
800:Indonesia
740:Vajrayāna
715:Theravāda
670:Awakening
558:Practices
515:Tripiṭaka
485:Cosmology
460:Emptiness
440:Suffering
263:Vajrayāna
255:Theravāda
219:phothisat
205:Bodisatta
180:borisalta
158:poŭthĭsât
134:菩薩/菩提薩埵 (
124:: p'u-sa)
69:Indonesia
10866:Maitreya
10851:Mañjuśrī
10771:Category
10700:Violence
10670:Hinduism
10618:Sanskrit
10573:Hinayana
10558:Amitābha
10518:Swastika
10387:Uposatha
10377:Holidays
10362:Calendar
10208:Humanism
10046:Kanishka
10036:Timeline
9860:Thailand
9828:Kalmykia
9823:Buryatia
9808:Pakistan
9793:Mongolia
9788:Maldives
9783:Malaysia
9748:Cambodia
9613:Shamarpa
9608:Nichiren
9558:Xuanzang
9493:Nagasena
9411:Rinpoche
9141:Pāramitā
8983:Devotion
8903:Navayana
8891:Dzogchen
8854:Nichiren
8802:Mahayana
8794:Branches
8672:Saṅkhāra
8421:Mañjuśrī
8378:(cousin)
8370:(cousin)
8338:(mother)
8330:(father)
8318:Miracles
8268:Birthday
8185:Glossary
8158:Buddhism
8070:Archived
7990:, 2005;
7905:Gyatso,
7642:50279966
7607:23732602
7431:Archived
7098:p. 1969.
6815:Archived
6186:: p. 174
5436:Sanskrit
5392:See also
5108:Weligama
5020:Gandhāra
4948:sems dpa
4946:(bodhi)
4774:Mañjuśrī
4577:Jambhala
4431:Harihara
4374:Nichiren
4358:Karmapas
4356:and the
4270:(Tohoku
4092:Maitreya
4070:Mañjuśrī
4023:Mañjuśrī
4008:Xuanzang
3915:art. In
3913:Kashmiri
3837:Sōtō Zen
3831:Sōtō Zen
3686:Radiant:
3672:patience
3557:Maitreya
3476:śrāvakas
3349:and the
3242:Yogacara
3234:non-dual
3091:and the
3036:Amitabha
3022:Jōdo-shū
3016:), like
2879:shunyatā
2868:animitta
2791:and the
2700:and the
2657:and the
2616:kauśalya
2568:pāramitā
2333:mandalas
2258:Yogacara
2231:hinayana
2224:. Thus,
2140:and the
2106:sv-ārtha
2029:śrāvakas
2009:Mahāyāna
2002:Heracles
1987:New York
1965:Mahāyāna
1923:Thailand
1876:Mahayana
1861:Maitreya
1613:vivaṭaṇa
1548:Gandhari
1430:and the
1358:Maitreya
1273:Maitreya
1167:, 50 CE)
1145:Maitreya
1133:Maitreya
1002:Sanskrit
943:English:
935:Buddhism
865:Thailand
825:Mongolia
820:Malaysia
785:Cambodia
750:Navayana
730:Hinayana
725:Mahāyāna
635:Lay life
465:Morality
445:Not-self
403:Concepts
362:Councils
347:Timeline
319:Glossary
301:Buddhism
293:a series
291:Part of
267:Navayāna
259:Mahāyāna
207:ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒᜐᜆ
130:Japanese
118:Jyutping
78:Sanskrit
10886:Chinese
10845:Guanyin
10748:Temples
10728:Buddhas
10690:Science
10680:Judaism
10675:Jainism
10593:Lineage
10553:Abhijñā
10523:Thangka
10466:Sarnath
10451:Lumbini
10372:Funeral
10367:Cuisine
10243:Culture
10218:Reality
10168:Creator
10158:Atomism
10028:History
10001:Ukraine
9961:Germany
9880:Senegal
9870:Vietnam
9798:Myanmar
9598:Shinran
9588:Karmapa
9563:Shandao
9533:Dignāga
9458:Śrāvaka
9438:Donchee
9433:Kappiya
9391:Sayadaw
9361:Bhikkhu
9336:Anāgāmi
9293:Nirvana
9259:Samadhi
9146:Paritta
9087:Tonglen
9082:Mandala
9037:Smarana
9018:Mantras
8966:Upekkha
8936:Bhavana
8886:Shingon
8839:Tiantai
8692:Tathātā
8682:Śūnyatā
8677:Skandha
8667:Saṃsāra
8662:Rebirth
8637:Kleshas
8627:Indriya
8529:Subhūti
8414:Guanyin
8368:Ānanda
8360:Rāhula
8240:Nirvana
8180:Outline
6907:"顯教與密教"
6878:, p. 5.
6043:of the
5931:. p. 52
5653:1399912
5125:Silver
5005:Gallery
4971:mingshi
4806:Chinese
4778:Chinese
4750:Chinese
4722:Chinese
4714:Guanyin
4612:Guanyin
4538:Sudhana
4272:Kangyur
4238:Guanyin
4207:Guanyin
4153:Pattini
4141:Upulvan
4137:Metteya
4037:; Tib.
3996:Guanyin
3973:Upulvan
3945:upekkha
3883:Vietnam
3736:nirvāṇa
3726:saṃsāra
3509:as the
3389:samadhi
3258:śravaka
3223:nirvāṇa
3200:nirvāṇa
3196:nirvāṇa
3156:Nirvana
3063:Tiantai
3047:Shingon
2995:acintya
2899:anātman
2873:dharmas
2648:śāstras
2633:śamatha
2612:abhijñā
2586:samsara
2468:Vandana
2337:mantras
2284:ekayana
2253:ekayana
2167:ekayana
2149:ekayana
2041:states:
2033:nirvana
1947:śrāvaka
1938:bhikkhu
1931:weizzās
1808:today.
1708:Metteya
1587:pragidi
1579:prakṛti
1540:caryās)
1517:of the
1348:of the
1311:arahant
1303:Nikayas
1299:pāramīs
1265:Vipaśyī
1035:In the
1013::
875:Vietnam
830:Myanmar
745:Tibetan
735:Chinese
663:Nirvāṇa
480:Saṃsāra
475:Rebirth
340:History
329:Outline
227:Tibetan
201:Tagalog
188:Sinhala
108:Chinese
98:Burmese
61:Plaosan
18:Bosatsu
10894:Skanda
10743:Sutras
10738:Suttas
10603:Siddhi
10588:Koliya
10563:Brahmā
10478:Poetry
10424:Mantra
10414:Kasaya
10286:Pagoda
10266:Kyaung
10261:Vihāra
10256:Temple
10198:Ethics
10041:Ashoka
9991:Sweden
9986:Poland
9981:Norway
9971:Mexico
9956:France
9941:Canada
9936:Brazil
9875:Africa
9855:Taiwan
9818:Russia
9743:Bhutan
9703:Vinaya
9583:Naropa
9573:Saraha
9508:Asanga
9264:Prajñā
9173:Refuge
9136:Nianfo
9097:Tertön
9092:Tantra
9077:Ganana
9067:Tukdam
8993:Dhyāna
8961:Mudita
8956:Karuṇā
8849:Risshū
8844:Huayan
8777:Naraka
8717:Anattā
8712:Dukkha
8707:Anicca
8612:Dharma
8564:Channa
8499:Ānanda
8484:Assaji
8451:Skanda
8354:(wife)
8323:Family
8303:Relics
8228:Sangha
8223:Dharma
8218:Buddha
8020:
7994:
7966:
7938:
7921:
7899:
7640:
7630:
7605:
7597:
7565:
7524:
7514:
7491:
7481:
6933:"每月一書"
6679:
6641:
6616:
6493:
6079:
5903:
5703:
5651:
5597:
5573:
5546:
5426:Karuna
5052:Mendut
4990:sattva
4979:sattva
4931:sattva
4915:spirit
4904:satvan
4877:(from
4816::
4814:pinyin
4808::
4788::
4786:pinyin
4780::
4760::
4758:pinyin
4752::
4732::
4730:pinyin
4724::
4674:Dharma
4647:trowo)
4534:sutras
4490:Sweden
4468:Others
4462:Daoism
4399:Brahma
4391:Vishnu
4242:pinyin
4145:Vishnu
4143:(i.e.
4063:Faxian
4045:, Jp.
3977:Vishnu
3941:mudita
3937:karuna
3747:prajñā
3743:wisdom
3713:dhyāna
3678:kṣānti
3581:bhūmis
3547:Bhūmis
3438:: (1)
3272:Asaṅga
3166:Kannon
3138:, the
3067:Huayan
3055:Saicho
3043:Tendai
2991:kalpas
2979:Asanga
2969:kalpas
2893:karuṇā
2863:advaya
2858:asakti
2814:(Skt.
2781:, the
2745:Prajñā
2741:Dhyāna
2733:Kṣānti
2696:, the
2692:, the
2688:, the
2684:, the
2680:, the
2603:matrka
2508:yacana
2486:refuge
2341:mudras
2262:gotras
2235:Asanga
2214:
1704:Jataka
1695:kalpas
1583:caryā,
1567:caryās
1497:. The
1475:kalpas
1457:bhakti
1374:Ashoka
1362:Tuṣita
1307:Āgamas
1238:Tuṣita
1147:, and
1103:upekṣā
1097:muditā
1091:karuṇā
1085:maitrī
1053:Buddha
860:Taiwan
840:Russia
780:Brazil
775:Bhutan
695:Buddha
615:Wisdom
398:Dharma
166:Korean
154:UNGEGN
136:romaji
114:pinyin
10956:Other
10947:Cundī
10833:Major
10715:Lists
10583:Kalpa
10578:Iddhi
10441:Music
10436:Mudra
10402:Vassa
10382:Vesak
10352:Budai
10298:Candi
10281:Stupa
10213:Logic
9966:Italy
9865:Tibet
9803:Nepal
9773:Korea
9768:Japan
9758:India
9753:China
9698:Sutra
9653:Texts
9603:Dōgen
9593:Hōnen
9578:Atiśa
9543:Zhiyi
9453:Achar
9421:Tulku
9416:Geshe
9401:Rōshi
9386:Ajahn
9341:Arhat
9301:Bodhi
9271:Vīrya
9188:Sacca
9183:Satya
9178:Sādhu
9166:Music
9109:Merit
9102:Terma
9062:Zazen
8998:Faith
8951:Mettā
8632:Karma
8592:Bardo
8559:Asita
8549:Khema
8539:Upāli
8524:Nanda
8362:(son)
8336:Māyā
8313:Films
8190:Index
7603:JSTOR
7390:佛弟子文库
5649:JSTOR
5421:Junzi
5054:near
4994:satta
4985:, 士).
4927:geist
4925:, or
4892:śakta
4883:satta
4875:sakta
4863:bodhi
4837:budh-
4833:bodhi
4632:mount
4616:preta
4395:Shiva
4370:Kukai
4211:Cundī
4157:devas
4149:Saman
3962:Tibet
3933:metta
3890:bhumi
3787:bhūmi
3771:bhūmi
3761:upāya
3698:vīrya
3694:vigor
3690:bhūmi
3688:This
3668:bhūmi
3650:bhūmi
3646:bhūmi
3620:bhūmi
3590:bhūmi
3573:Japan
3482:arhat
3191:yanas
3059:Kukai
3031:mappo
2925:smṛti
2913:upaya
2891:mahā-
2761:Jñāna
2749:Upāya
2737:Vīrya
2590:faith
2551:caryā
2545:Caryā
2309:Atiśa
2296:bodhi
2267:arhat
2161:upaya
2086:bodhi
2019:or a
2017:arhat
1802:Stupa
1712:Saman
1690:dhuva
1611:, G:
1571:caria
1402:arhat
1293:monk
1250:devas
1121:upāya
1026:bodhi
1020:) or
993:-dee-
870:Tibet
810:Korea
805:Japan
795:India
790:China
755:Newar
680:Arhat
470:Karma
324:Index
176:bosal
148:Khmer
10927:Tārā
10613:Pāḷi
10598:Māra
10508:Flag
9909:Iran
9833:Tuva
9778:Laos
9406:Lama
9254:Śīla
9222:Śīla
9210:Pīti
9200:Sati
9151:Puja
9072:Koan
8978:Dāna
8569:Yasa
8456:Tārā
8018:ISBN
7992:ISBN
7964:ISBN
7936:ISBN
7919:ISBN
7897:ISBN
7638:OCLC
7628:ISBN
7595:ISSN
7563:ISBN
7522:OCLC
7512:ISBN
7489:OCLC
7479:ISBN
7173:2015
7151:2015
6919:2015
6677:ISBN
6639:ISBN
6614:ISBN
6491:ISBN
6077:ISBN
5901:ISBN
5701:ISBN
5595:ISBN
5571:ISBN
5544:ISBN
5173:Jizō
4973:(明士)
4967:pusa
4960:vīra
4952:sems
4919:mind
4879:sañj
4800:for
4772:for
4744:for
4712:for
4620:面燃大士
4442:Hari
4401:and
4372:and
4253:Tara
3911:and
3807:The
3658:śīla
3636:dāna
3601:The
3494:Aṣṭa
3492:The
3487:Aṣṭa
3383:the
3267:hina
3260:and
3108:The
3071:Chan
3057:and
3049:and
3024:and
2943:and
2808:śīla
2785:the
2757:Bala
2729:Śīla
2725:Dāna
2475:Puja
2216:1300
2119:and
2070:The
1869:U Nu
1786:and
1748:The
1648:Tara
1554:” (*
1532:The
1511:The
1420:and
1404:and
1244:and
1045:Pāli
937:, a
815:Laos
720:Pāli
213:Thai
88:Pāli
10978:Niō
10335:Art
10271:Wat
8807:Zen
8012:at
6324:doi
6038:, “
5966:doi
5641:doi
5434:in
5239:3,
4983:shi
4956:dpa
4869:to
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4460:or
4247:In
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3900:."
3731:or
3571:of
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