831:
to have been only "imperfectly" Islamized. Many of these converts had previously been
Manichaeans, and Manichaeaism with its well developed missionary ideals had undergone a slight resurgence during early caliphate rule. As such, the Manichaeans were perceived as a threat to the security of the Muslim religious elite and to the Abbasid state. The threat was perceived to be especially evident in the quasi-scientific manner in which the Manichaeans posed unsettling questions, their skill at creating a favourable impression in public debate, and their ability in defending their own intellectually-appealing world-view.
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was viewed as a threat to Islam, to Muslim society, and to the state. In the eighth century, Islamic norms were still under development and had not yet crystallized, and
Muslims were still a small minority in the vast territories ruled by the caliphate, and even those who had converted were perceived
779:
under the
Abbasids claimed to be Muslims, and when applied to Muslims, the accusation was that the accused secretly harbored Manichaean beliefs. "The proof for such an accusation was sought, if at all, in an indication of some kind of dualism, or if that individual openly flouted Islamic beliefs or
1038:
Although the word zindīq/zandik was initially, in the
Sassanid Empire, applied to Manichaeans as a pejorative epithet, by the time of the Islamic Epoch its usage had broadened and was loosely applied to Gnostic Dualists, agnostics, atheists, and even free-thinkers and libertines. Eventually in the
803:, ordered the composition of polemical works to refute freethinkers and other heretics, and for years he tried to exterminate them absolutely, hunting them down and exterminating freethinkers in large numbers, putting to death anyone on mere suspicion of being a
710:" and is often used to underscore the seriousness of the religious views of the accused individual, and the rejection of such views by Islamic orthodoxy. It originally referred to the adherents of
854:
is occasionally used to denote members of religions, sects or cults that originated in a Muslim society but are considered heretical or independent faiths by mainstream
Muslims. In this sense, a
1340:
843:
to "the criminal dissident—the professing Muslim who holds beliefs or follows practices contrary to the central beliefs of Islam and is therefore to be regarded as an
847:
and an infidel. The jurists differ as to the theoretical formulation of the point of exclusion, but in fact usually adopt the practical criterion of open rebellion."
815:, continued the pogroms, although with diminished intensity during the reign of the latter and was later abolished by him. This policy in turn influenced the
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1943:
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as having said "tolerance is laudable, except in matters dangerous to religious belief, or to the sovereign's dignity." The third
Abbasid caliph,
1881:
1857:
1795:
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1987:
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714:, but then came to be applied to those who were accused of having heretical beliefs and actions deemed as threatening by Islamic authorities.
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which targeted those Muslim religious scholars and officials who refused to accept the doctrine of created nature of Quran.
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applied to individuals who are considered to hold views or follow practices that are contrary to central
Islamic dogmas.
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the word zindiq/zandik was initially applied in the
Sassanid Empire to the Manichaeans as a pejorative epithet
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was a serious one, and could cost the accused his/her life. A history of the time states cites the first
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term of uncertain etymology and meaning (for a discussion of the term in a pre-Islamic context, see
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2020:
747:
Zindīq (زنديق) or Zandik (𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪) was initially used to negatively denote the followers of the
507:
307:
2515:
102:
1258:
780:
practices." As such, certain Muslim poets of early
Abbasid times could thus also be accused of
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322:
17:
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later period, even up to the present time, 'zindīq' came to be synonymous with 'irreligious'.
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8:
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Religion and
Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite
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910:. In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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78:
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Individuals who identify as Muslim but reject at least one of the tenets of Islam
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Zandaqa In The Early Abbasid Period With Special Reference To Poetry
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Zandaqa In The Early Abbasid Period With Special Reference To Poetry
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Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr
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is perceived to be incorrigibly disloyal to the tenets of Islam.
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Islam in history: ideas, people, and events in the Middle East
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The reason for these persecutions are not easy to determine.
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however, the meaning of the word zindīq and the adjectival
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1612:
1194:(2nd ed.), London: W.H. Allen & Co., p. 713
980:
Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).
1131:
3080:
1120:(4th ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, p. 491
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had broadened and could loosely denote many things:
1167:, London: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 494,
979:
3140:
1099:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
905:
767:Dualists as well as followers of Manichaeism,
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839:In time, Muslim theologians came to apply
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1188:Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1895), "Zindīq",
1125:
1111:
1109:
1044:
1031:
1013:
943:"Accusations of "Zandaqa" in Al-Andalus"
775:. However, many of those persecuted for
885:
883:
784:as much as an actual Manichaean might.
14:
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1232:
1187:
1162:
1115:
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1036:. University of Edinburgh. p. 3.
1018:. University of Edinburgh. p. 3.
807:. Al-Mahdi's successors, the caliphs
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889:
868:Persecution of minority Muslim groups
717:
1163:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2016), "Zindiq",
936:
934:
932:
880:
755:. By the time of the eighth-century
703:is the noun describing these views.
2514:
941:Bello, Maria Isabel Fierro (1987).
24:
1433:
706:Zandaqa is usually translated as "
25:
3180:
929:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
1132:Christine Caldwell Ames (2015).
1116:Glassé, Cyril (2013), "Zindiq",
920:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1389
726:is a loan word from pre-Islamic
640:
49:
1181:
1097:Bowker, John (1997), "Zindiq",
1165:Historical Dictionary of Islam
1090:
1070:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997),
1025:
1007:
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13:
1:
2725:(United Society of Believers)
1118:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
873:
7:
2706:Great and abominable church
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224:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
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1140:Cambridge University Press
850:In modern times, the term
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2013:
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1076:, Brill, pp. 63–65,
894:, Open Court, p. 287
313:Medieval Islamic science
947:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
925:(subscription required)
914:(2nd ed.). Brill.
906:Blois, F.C. De (2012).
890:Lewis, Bernard (1993),
797:Abu al-'Abbas As-Saffah
3169:Persecution by Muslims
1438:
912:Encyclopaedia of Islam
323:Succession to Muhammad
1437:
1032:Taheri-Iraqi, Ahmad.
1014:Taheri-Iraqi, Ahmad.
986:. Brill. p. 18.
3154:Islam and secularism
2719:(Society of Friends)
1662:Raising hands in Dua
362:Association football
3164:Islamic terminology
3159:Islam-related slurs
1191:Dictionary of Islam
123:Profession of Faith
96:Day of Resurrection
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1259:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1174:978-1-4422-7723-6
1135:Medieval Heresies
757:Abbasid Caliphate
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1142:. p. 88.
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787:The charge of
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531:Related topics
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2263:Datuk Keramat
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2237:Sufi whirling
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2021:Antinomianism
2019:
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1254:Ahl al-Khutwa
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993:9789004307834
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492:
489:
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486:Proselytizing
484:
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479:
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474:
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469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
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454:
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449:
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429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
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414:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:Denominations
392:
388:
385:
384:
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380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
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230:
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186:
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167:
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159:
158:
154:
153:
146:
143:
141:
138:
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133:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
117:
112:
111:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3070:Majoos/Majus
3057:Zoroastrians
2167:Madih nabawi
2040:
1190:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1134:
1127:
1117:
1098:
1092:
1072:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
982:
975:
950:
946:
911:
901:
891:
855:
851:
849:
840:
838:
827:
825:
804:
788:
786:
781:
776:
760:
746:
739:
731:
723:
721:
705:
700:
689:
685:
684:
603:Islamophobia
382:Demographics
377:Circumcision
293:
286:
279:
245:
237:
221:
213:
205:
194:
188:
182:
175:
2689:Holy Roller
2676:Protestants
2603:Jesus freak
2283:Jama masjid
2227:Sufi poetry
2158: [
2119:Sufi orders
2100: [
2014:Misconducts
1991: [
1959: [
1947: [
1885: [
1873: [
1861: [
1799: [
1772: [
1760: [
1748: [
1736: [
1709: [
1697: [
1675: [
1633: [
1621: [
1604: [
1592: [
1467: [
1455: [
1411: [
1398:Sufis ranks
1339: [
1312: [
1264:Bash Hezzab
1236:terminology
999:25 December
953:: 251–258.
835:Later usage
749:Manichaeism
736:Zoroastrian
730:𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪
722:The Arabic
712:Manichaeism
618:Laws of war
281:Ahl al-Bayt
166:Foundations
3143:Categories
3133:Psychology
3031:Non-Jewish
3022:Jahiliyyah
2778:Żydokomuna
2608:Nicodemite
2583:Christians
2558:Jahiliyyah
2449:Prayer rug
2212:Sufi music
2072:Hizb Rateb
2050:Ceremonies
1818:Zarruqiyya
1526:Ismul Azam
1083:9004106782
874:References
819:policy of
697:pejorative
471:Philosophy
208:(exegesis)
145:Pilgrimage
135:Almsgiving
3121:Education
2928:Bakriyyah
2874:Batiniyya
2866:Isma'ilis
2804:Misnagdim
2792:Reformers
2623:Catholics
2525:Buddhists
2516:Religious
2459:Tagelmust
2454:Qashabiya
2429:Jellabiya
2333:Mausoleum
2026:Rahbaniya
1840:Waridates
1657:Muraqabah
1652:Muhasabah
1336:Mutahaqiq
959:1121-2306
821:al-Ma'mun
769:agnostics
591:terrorism
543:Criticism
496:Sexuality
466:Mysticism
436:Festivals
416:Education
411:Economics
347:Academics
303:Caliphate
116:Practices
3097:Religion
2656:Romanist
2553:Hinayana
2532:Butprast
2469:Tarboosh
2424:Gandoura
2419:Djellaba
2036:Taqabbur
1786:Tawassul
1781:Tawakkul
1445:Concepts
1363:Qalandar
1326:Muqarrab
1321:Muqaddam
1304:Marabout
967:25802607
908:"Zindīḳ"
862:See also
845:apostate
801:Al-Mahdi
773:atheists
692:) is an
690:zanādiqa
627:Glossary
613:Jihadism
586:Violence
581:Islamism
552:Muhammad
538:Apostasy
481:Politics
431:Feminism
426:Exorcism
387:Diaspora
372:Children
367:Calendar
295:Rashidun
273:Muhammad
268:Timeline
229:Mathnawi
91:Prophets
35:a series
33:Part of
3083:Portals
3038:Shegetz
2994:Muslims
2983:Infidel
2971:General
2946:Takfiri
2938:Salafis
2856:Qadiani
2843:Ahmadis
2834:Muslims
2820:Marrano
2813:Cryptos
2761:General
2722:Shakers
2591:General
2568:Infidel
2548:Heathen
2541:Muslims
2464:Taqiyah
2439:Misbaha
2414:Burnous
2397:Objects
2348:Musalla
2328:Maqbara
2318:Madrasa
2308:Külliye
2303:Khanqah
2298:Khalawi
2278:Gongbei
2182:Qawwali
2172:Nasheed
2155:Ashewiq
2139:Ziyarat
2114:Silsila
2041:Zandaqa
2000:Walayah
1978:Tajalli
1934:Ma'rifa
1919:Karamat
1899:Hidayah
1853:Basirah
1848:Barakah
1791:Tazkiah
1769:Tawajud
1757:Takhlia
1728:Tafakur
1689:Salawat
1496:Ghaflah
1378:Rabbani
1331:Murshid
1309:Mudaqiq
1299:Majzoob
1269:Dervish
828:Zandaqa
809:al-Hadi
795:caliph
793:Abbasid
789:zandaqa
782:zandaqa
777:zandaqa
765:Gnostic
761:zandaqa
701:Zandaqa
694:Islamic
508:Slavery
491:Science
446:Madrasa
441:Finance
352:Animals
340:society
336:Culture
308:Imamate
288:Sahabah
261:History
231:(Poems)
216:(creed)
140:Fasting
68:Oneness
61:Beliefs
3149:Heresy
3043:Shiksa
3017:Dhimmi
3012:Zindīq
3007:Giaour
2951:Wahabi
2920:Sunnis
2910:Rafida
2851:Mirzai
2745:Malaun
2737:Hindus
2716:Quaker
2703:Mormon
2684:Fundie
2651:Papist
2641:Fenian
2598:Giaour
2536:Dhimmi
2474:Turban
2444:Miswak
2434:Khirqa
2409:Balgha
2404:Ammama
2388:Zawiya
2378:Turbah
2343:Mosque
2313:Kuttab
2293:Khalwa
2273:Gonbad
2268:Eidgah
2258:Dargah
2246:Places
2134:Wezeea
2129:Tweeza
2124:Tariqa
2109:Sebiba
2087:Mawsim
2082:Mawlid
2077:Idjaza
2062:Bay'ah
2057:Ashura
1983:Thawab
1973:Secret
1956:Rabita
1929:Khatir
1914:Ishrak
1894:Haqiqa
1870:Djadba
1813:Wazifa
1745:Tahlia
1733:Tahara
1706:Shuhud
1647:Lazimi
1642:Latifa
1630:Ichara
1589:Djamaa
1566:Yaqeen
1452:Aayane
1403:Talibe
1393:Siddiq
1388:Sheikh
1294:Khatib
1284:Hezzab
1234:Sufism
1171:
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771:, and
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732:zandik
724:zindīq
708:heresy
686:Zindīq
562:Hadith
476:Poetry
456:Mosque
421:Ethics
246:Sharia
214:Aqidah
206:Tafsir
190:Hadith
184:Sunnah
128:Prayer
79:Angels
18:Zindiq
3109:Islam
3002:Kafir
2978:Pagan
2902:Shias
2884:Sufis
2698:Other
2636:Dogan
2613:Kafir
2573:Pagan
2563:Kafir
2539:(non-
2518:slurs
2383:Türbe
2373:Takya
2368:Surau
2363:Ribat
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2353:Qubba
2338:Mazar
2323:Maqam
2253:Daara
2177:Naʽat
2162:]
2104:]
2097:Sbooa
2092:Salka
2067:Haḍra
2031:Shath
2005:Warid
1995:]
1968:Ru'ya
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1924:Kashf
1909:Irfan
1904:Ilham
1889:]
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1368:Qāriʾ
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1316:]
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1249:Abdal
1242:Sufis
1101:, OUP
963:JSTOR
817:Mihna
688:(pl.
608:Jihad
557:Quran
518:Women
461:Music
399:Sunni
248:(law)
196:Sirah
177:Quran
161:Texts
43:Islam
3065:Gabr
2992:Non-
2773:Zhyd
2768:Kike
2754:Jews
2661:Taig
2187:Sama
2148:Arts
1882:Fath
1858:Bast
1830:Zuhd
1825:Wird
1808:Wajd
1796:Uzla
1694:Samt
1667:Sabr
1561:Sadr
1546:Qalb
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1521:Ishq
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1420:Wali
1373:Qutb
1289:Imam
1169:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1001:2020
988:ISBN
955:ISSN
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404:Shia
338:and
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1988:Uns
1939:Nūr
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744:).
596:war
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