U-boat campaign - Knowledge

2297: 1497:. He fired a single torpedo which struck the liner aft, and she sank within 10 minutes, with the loss of 44 passengers and crew, 3 of whom were American. Following speculation that the US would sever relations with Germany, on 28 August the Chancellor issued new orders to submarine commanders and relayed them to Washington. The new orders stated that until further notice, all passenger ships could only be sunk after warning and the saving of passengers and crews. On September 1 the unrestricted submarine warfare doctrine was essentially abandoned. This proved unacceptable to the Naval High Command, and on 18 September the High Seas flotillas were withdrawn from the commerce war. 292: 365: 2119: 475: 464: 453: 442: 340: 353: 1185: 1737: million tons of Allied shipping, scarcely denting the British merchant fleet; whilst new building, and additions from ships seized, had more than made up this loss. On the other hand, serious offence had been given to neutrals such as Norway and the Netherlands, and brought the United States to the brink of war. This failure, and the various restrictions imposed on the U-boat Arm in the Atlantic area largely brought the campaign there to a halt, although it continued with little hindrance in the Mediterranean and elsewhere, where there was less likelihood of offending neutrals. 279: 430: 419: 408: 397: 255: 304: 243: 2182: 1690: 2145:

home port of Kiel, and the British blockade had caused a food scarcity that was in turn causing deaths due to malnutrition. The military staff urged the Kaiser to unleash the submarine fleet on shipping travelling to Britain, Hindenburg advising the Kaiser that "The war must be brought to an end by whatever means as soon as possible." On 31 January, the Kaiser duly signed the order for unrestricted submarine warfare to resume effective 1 February; Bethmann Hollweg, who had opposed the decision, said "Germany is finished".

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in official pronouncements, this amounted to unprecedented restrictions on trade with the Central Powers, with even food considered "absolute contraband of war". Though at this point Germany was still receiving sufficient imports from neutral countries, Germans regarded this as a blatant attempt to starve the German people into submission and wanted to retaliate in kind, and in fact the severity of the British blockade did not go over well in America either. This gave the Germans the pretext to act. The German Chancellor,

2102: 1195: 951: 316: 3825:"This government has already taken occasion to inform the Imperial German government that it cannot admit the adoption of such measures or such a warning of danger to operate as in any degree an abbreviation of the rights of American shipmasters or of American citizens bound on lawful errands as passengers on merchant ships of belligerent nationality; and that it must hold the Imperial German government to a strict accountability for any infringement of those rights, intentional or incidental." 377: 328: 266: 43: 2235:, the United States, France and Italy to provide an 'international administration' for more efficient management of shipping. This initiative lead the civil action which complemented the naval action in response to the U-boat campaign, and which consisted of the efficient organisation of both shipping and of the distribution of supplies, such that the utility of every ton of imported goods was used to the maximum effectiveness. 1678:. A variant on the idea was to equip small vessels with a submarine escort. In 1915, two U-boats were sunk by Q-ships, and two more by submarines accompanying trawlers. Once the Germans became aware of these tactics, successes were much less common. Efforts were made to use nets to find submerged U-boats, and explosive sweeps to destroy them, but these were largely failures. Attempts were also made to close routes like the 2224:

drop in shipping losses, with the U-boats seeking out easier prey. It also brought warships escorting the convoys in contact with attacking U-boats, leading to an increase in U-boats destroyed. German submarine losses were between 5 and 10 each month, and they soon realised the need to increase production, even at the expense of building surface warships. However, production was delayed by labour and material shortages.

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widespread convoying or escorting. Convoying imposed severe delays on shipping, and was believed to be counterproductive, amounting to a loss of carrying capacity greater than the loss inflicted by the U-boats. It was disliked by both merchant and naval captains, and derided as a defensive measure. It was not until 27 April that the Admiralty endorsed the convoy system, the first convoy sailing from Gibraltar on 10 May.

163: 1326: 1097:. At the start of hostilities, the Austro-Hungarian Navy had seven U-boats in commission; five operational, two training; all were of the coastal type, with limited range and endurance, suitable for operation in the Adriatic. However during the war new larger U-boats came into service plus Germany shipped several overland. The Austro-Hungarian U-boats had a number of successes. On 21 December 1914 1235:, felt that such a submarine blockade, based on "shoot without warning", would simply antagonise the United States and other neutrals and have little chance of achieving its objectives. However, he was unable to hold back the pressures for taking such a step. The Chancellor and the Admiralty came to an agreement on 1 February and directives were sent out the next day. 1223:, naval officials proposed extremely optimistic views of how effective even a very a small U-boat (with as few as 4–20 vessels) blockade could be. Such views were readily taken up by the German public, as by early 1915, all the combatants had lost the illusion that the war could be won quickly, and began to consider harsher measures in order to gain an advantage. 2990:, approved four standard designs of merchant ship and placed orders for over 1,000,000 tons of shipping (Britain launched 495,000 tons of shipping in the first half of 1917, but 850,000 tons were sunk in the first quarter alone; by 1918 3,000,000 tons a year were being launched). Additional shipping was built by the US after they joined the Allies in April 1917. 1686:; to lay minefields around U-boat bases, and station submarines on patrol to catch them leaving or entering port. These measures required a huge expenditure of effort and material, but met with little success for the time being. Though eventually mines would be one of the most common causes of U-boat loss, only two U-boats were sunk by these measures in 1915. 2133:

shipping was sunk at such a rate, Britain would run out of shipping and be forced to sue for peace within six months, well before the Americans could act. Even if the "disorganized and undisciplined" Americans did intervene, Holtzendorff assured the Kaiser, "I give your Majesty my word as an officer, that not one American will land on the Continent."

1571:; a significant proportion of British imports passed through it, it was critical to French and Italian trade, and submarines would be able to operate effectively in it even in autumn and winter when poor weather hampered Atlantic and North Sea operations. Additionally, there were certain choke points through which shipping had to pass, such as the 1277:

168,200 tonnes going down in August. Attacking sometimes without warning, German U-boats sank nearly 100,000 GRT per month, an average of 1.9 ships daily. The economic and military effect was however, virtually nothing. Britain alone had around 20 million GRT in shipping at the start of the war and production managed to keep pace with losses.

2284:. The Type U-151 carried 18 torpedoes (24 torpedoes on the Type U-139) and two 150 mm deck guns, and had a range of around 25,000 nautical miles (46,300 km). Seven Type U-151 and three Type U-139 had been built, the Type U-151 originally as large merchant U-boats for shipping material to and from locations otherwise denied German 1254:(1) The waters around Great Britain and Ireland, including the whole of the English Channel, are hereby declared to be a War Zone. From February 18 onwards every enemy merchant vessel encountered in this zone will be destroyed, nor will it always be possible to avert the danger thereby threatened to the crew and passengers. 2156:

initially a great success, nearly 500,000 tons of shipping being sunk in both February and March, and 860,000 tons in April, when Britain's supplies of wheat shrank to six weeks worth. In May losses exceeded 600,000 tons, and in June 700,000. Germany had lost only nine submarines in the first three months of the campaign.

1834:, in May 1916, saw no U-boat involvement at all; the fleets met and engaged largely by chance, and there were no U-boat patrols anywhere near the battle area. A further series of operations, in August and October 1916, were similarly unfruitful, and the strategy was abandoned in favor of resuming commerce warfare. 1917:, Rose raided Allied shipping off the coast of Canada and the United States. Although this was in international waters, and Rose scrupulously followed international law, the action was seen as an affront to the US, particularly when US warships were forced to stand aside while merchant ships nearby were sunk. 2511:

Beginning in April 1917, Japan, an ally of the United Kingdom, sent a total of 14 destroyers to the Mediterranean with cruiser flagships which were based at Malta and played an important part in escorting convoys to guard them against enemy submarines. The Japanese ships were very effective in patrol

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had developed a tactical response to the problem (which, in the event, was never tested). Faced with a German fleet that turned away, he would assume a submarine trap, and decline to follow, but would move at high speed to the flank, before deploying or opening fire; the aim of this would be to fight

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Offensive measures were less effective. From arming ships for self-defence, the next step was arming ships for the purpose of seeking out and engaging the U-boats in gun battles; two U-boats were sunk in 1915 whilst attacking trawlers so fitted. The following step was to arm and man ships with hidden

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immediately on the outbreak of war in August 1914, and in early November 1914 declared the North Sea to be a "Military Area". Any ships entering were advised to pass through specific lanes (inspected by the British) or risk striking a growing array of minefields. While the word "blockade" was avoided

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The first attacks on merchant ships had started in October 1914. At that time there was no plan for a concerted U-boat offensive against Allied trade. It was recognised that the U-boat had several drawbacks as a commerce raider, and such a campaign risked alienating neutral opinion. In the six months

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Aircraft began to play an increasingly effective role in patrolling large areas quickly. While they had little effect when attacking (only one U-boat was confirmed as sunk by air attack) the presence of aircraft forced the U-boat to dive, becoming blind and immobile, or risk the air patrol summoning

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Germany had 105 submarines ready for action on 1 February: 46 in the High Seas Fleet; 23 in Flanders; 23 in the Mediterranean; 10 in the Baltic; and 3 at Constantinople. Fresh construction ensured that, despite losses, at least 120 submarines would be available for the rest of 1917. The campaign was

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to discuss measures to resolve Germany's increasingly grim war situation; its military campaign in France had bogged down, and with Allied divisions outnumbering German ones by 190 to 150, there was a real possibility of a successful Allied offensive. Meanwhile, the German navy was bottled up in its

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However, when Atlantic submarines were finally out into action under cruiser rules in October, they were an immediate success, sinking an average of 350,000 tons per month, over twice what had been managed during unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915. This was despite a large increase in the number

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while sailing under the Austrian flag, and the loss of nine American citizens caused the "sinking without warning" policy to be suspended in April 1916 until the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917. A similar incident in March 1916 became a contributing factor in Italy's decision to

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submarine would be ideal for Mediterranean service. Since these were too large to be shipped in sections by rail to Pola like the Type UB I, the materials for their construction and German workers to assemble them were sent instead. This meant a shortage of workers to complete U-boats for service in

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At first, the British Admiralty failed to respond effectively to the German offensive. Despite the proven success of troop convoys earlier in the war, the Channel convoys between England and France, and the Dutch, French, and Scandinavian convoys in the North Sea, they initially refused to consider

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The third note, of 21 July, issued an ultimatum, to the effect that the US would regard any subsequent sinkings that harm American citizens as "deliberately unfriendly", but signaling an acceptance of submarine warfare under cruiser rules. While the American public and leadership were not ready for

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The first note affirmed the right of Americans to travel as passengers on merchant ships of any nationality. As the Germans claimed it was impossible to use submarines "without an inevitable violation of many sacred principles of justice and humanity", it called for the Germans to abandon submarine

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in the area but was later salvaged. Only 13 people died in the seven sinkings, their deaths caused by a capsized lifeboat. She returned to Kiel on 20 July 1918 after a 94-day cruise in which she had covered a distance of 10,915 mi (17,566 km), sunk 23 ships totalling 61,000 tons, and had

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In May and June a regular system of transatlantic convoys were established, and after July the monthly losses never exceeded 500,000 tons, although they remained above 300,000 tons for the remainder of 1917. Convoying was an immediate success; on whichever routes it was introduced it resulted in a

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At the end of 1917 Allied shipping losses stood at over 6 million GRT for the year overall. However monthly shipping losses had dropped to around 300,000 GRT, and never rose to the levels suffered in spring 1917. With the establishment of a comprehensive convoy system, Allied shipping losses

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composed a memorandum which became the pivotal document for Germany's resumption of unrestricted U-boat warfare in 1917. Holtzendorff proposed breaking Britain's back by sinking 600,000 tons of shipping per month, based on a February 1916 study by Richard Fuss, who had postulated that if merchant

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Von Pohl breached protocol by acting without proper consultation with the Kaiser and the other naval offices, but the Germans were now bound to the strategy to avoid political embarrassment. The measure was subject to fierce internal debate amongst the German government as neutral nations and the

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the U-boat had a weapon that could sink an armored warship with one shot. Its disadvantages were less obvious but became apparent during the campaign. While submerged, the U-boat was virtually blind and immobile; boats of this era had limited underwater speed and endurance, and so needed to be in

3855:"The events of the past two months have clearly indicated that it is possible and practicable to conduct such submarine operations as have characterized the activity of the Imperial German Navy within the so-called war zone in substantial accord with the accepted practices of regulated warfare." 3412:

However, different sources give different numbers, as the nature of submarine warfare creates uncertainty. U-boats on patrol frequently just disappear and the cause must then be inferred from the location they sank, reported engagements by Allies, or wreck data if the wreck is found. Uboat.net's

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The logical response to the convoy system, which concentrated forces for the defence, was to similarly concentrate the attacking force. The U-boat arm did not succeed in World War I in developing such a response. Just one attempt was made to operate a group, to mount a pack attack on any convoy

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The Allies insisted that an essential precondition of any armistice was that Germany surrender all her submarines, and on 24 October 1918 all German U-boats were ordered to cease offensive operations and return to their home ports. The Allies stipulated that all seaworthy submarines were to be

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in Belgium, giving the submarines better access to the sea lanes around England. In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare" as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes of shipping had been sunk by U-boats. The number of sinkings then steadily increased, with

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In 1916 the German Navy again tried to use the U-boats to erode the Grand Fleet's numerical superiority; they staged operations to lure the Grand Fleet into a U-boat trap. Because the U-boats were much slower than the battle fleet, these operations required U-boat patrol lines to be set up in

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home waters, but it seemed justified by the successes in the Mediterranean in November, when 44 ships were sunk, for a total of 155,882 tons. The total in December fell to 17 ships (73,741 tons) which was still over half the total tonnage sunk in all theaters of operation at the time.

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against Austro-Hungarian forces during the war. Though their participation in the conflict was intended as a counter-submarine effort, they were engaged by enemy shore batteries, charted a path through a minefield and helped sink two Austro-Hungarian destroyers at the naval base of

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in May 1917. Despite their long journey, when asked when they would be ready to go on patrol, the squadron commander replied "We are ready now". Essentially all available American destroyers and much of the submarine force were deployed in 1917–18, with bases including Queenstown,

1257:(2) Neutral vessels also will run a risk in the War Zone, because in view of the hazards of sea warfare and the British authorization of January 31 of the misuse of neutral flags, it may not always be possible to prevent attacks on enemy ships from harming neutral ships. 2196:

The new policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was initially a success. In January 1917, prior to the campaign, Britain lost 49 ships; in February, after it opened, 105; and in March, 147. In March a full 25% of all Britain-bound shipping was sunk.

3840:"Only her actual resistance to capture or refusal to stop when ordered to do so for the purpose of visit could have afforded the commander of the submarine any justification for so much as putting the lives of those on board the ship in jeopardy." 973:

in the first submarine war patrol in history. Their aim was to sink capital ships of the British Grand Fleet, and so to reduce the Grand Fleet's numerical superiority over the German High Seas Fleet. The first sortie was not a success. One of

1854:. Allied countermeasures were largely ineffective; the complex arrangements for co-operation between the various navies meant a fragmented and unco-ordinated response, while the main remedy favored by the Allies for the U-boat menace, the 1665:

The navy advised merchant vessels on evading U-boats: to zig-zig, to keep away from the shore, to turn away and run from spotted submarines if possible, or to turn towards submarines in front of them to force them to submerge. A system of

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sailed for Cattaro. Since Germany was not yet at war with Italy, even though Austria was, German U-boats were ordered to refrain from attacking Italian shipping in the eastern Mediterranean. When operating in the west, up to the line of

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near the North Hinder lightship, just outside the strip of sea declared safe by von Pohl. The ship had been en route for America to collect food for starving Belgians, and its sinking outraged US citizens already unhappy at the death of

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Just two U-boats were caught in the barrage in all the time it was in operation; meanwhile merchant shipping suffered huge losses. In 1916 the Allies lost 415 ships, of 1,045,058 GRT, half of all Allied ships sunk in all theatres.

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Kaiser reacted strongly negatively, and a compromise was put in place whereby neutral shipping (which the admiralty wished to attack as well) would be spared. In a February 12 directive, von Pohl's replacement as Admiralty Chief

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The biggest obstacle to early German efforts was simply the small size of the submarine fleet relative to their task. At the beginning of this period the British Merchant Marine had a shipping fleet totaling of 21 million

2490:, and other locations. Many contacts and attacks were made in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, though only two U-boats were sunk or disabled by American action. An American auxiliary cruiser heavily damaged a U-boat during the 1202:

Because Germany could not possibly deal with British naval strength on an even basis, the German navy was relatively inactive at the start of the war, yet eager to demonstrate a role for itself. Throughout 1914, figures like

1885:. The aim was to use them to carry high value goods to neutral nations such as the US, which still maintained a strict neutrality, and was prepared to trade with Germany as with any other nation. The first of these vessels, 1368:

When Germany began its U-boat campaign against Britain, Wilson had warned that the US would hold the German government strictly accountable for any violations of American rights. Backed by State Department second-in-command

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from its base in search of a safe anchorage, but the German Navy was unable to erode the Grand Fleet's advantage as hoped. Also, in the two main surface actions of this period, the U-boat was unable to have any effect; the

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The appearance of new minefields off the east coast of Britain in June 1915 puzzled the Royal Navy due to the waters being very busy, and was blamed initially on neutral fishing boats. However, on 2 July the small coaster

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by the town of Orleans. The U-boat fired on the town ineffectually for about an hour before it was fought off by two Navy planes. It was the first attack involving a foreign power's artillery against US soil since the

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warships were deployed to both the Atlantic and Mediterranean with the primary objective of fighting German submarines and escorting convoys. American participation commenced with an event known as the "Return of the

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on 25 and 27 May, respectively, on her way to Constantinople, but ran into severe limitations in the Dardanelles, where swarms of small craft and extensive anti-submarine netting and booms restricted their movements.

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arrived in London as US Naval Liaison. He was dismayed to be informed by the Admiralty that Germany would win the war if its submarines went unchecked, and cabled Washington to have USN destroyers despatched to

2657:, commanding officer of the Harwich fleet, the German crews were loaded on to transport ships to be sent home without being allowed to set foot on British soil. Some of the U-boats were sent to places such as 2110:

of defensively armed British merchantmen, aimed at reducing the effectiveness of surface attacks. Yet, the political tides had begun to shift strongly towards the supporters of an unlimited submarine war.

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on 11 November. Before sinking the ship, the captain of the U-boat allowed the ship's crew to take refuge in his submarine, then later he handed over the crew to a Russian sailing ship which took them to

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The official figures give 1195 lost out of 1959, excluding three stowaways who also were lost. The figures here eliminate some repetitions from the list and people subsequently known not to be on board.

2625:-Gibraltar triangle, which was suspected to be used by U-boats waiting on convoys, until 3 November 1918 when it sailed for Gibraltar to begin operations in the Mediterranean, with the exception of the 2979:

shipping were lost. In that month a total of 881,027 tons were sunk by the U-boats. After convoying began, losses diminished. In October 270,000 tons were lost, and in December 170,000 tons were lost.

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shipping were lost in January 1917, and 300,000 tons in February; Allied and neutral losses increased in a similar proportion. The worst month for shipping losses was April 1917 when 525,000 tons of

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By mid-1918, U-boat losses had reached unacceptable levels, and the morale of their crews had drastically deteriorated; by the autumn it became clear that the Central Powers could not win the war.

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position before an attack took place, while even on the surface their speed (around 15 knots) was less than the cruising speed of most warships and two-thirds that of the most modern dreadnoughts.

1621:, German U-boats flew the Austrian flag, and a sinking without warning policy was adopted, since large merchant ships could be attacked on the suspicion of being transports or auxiliary cruisers. 2220:. When coupled with Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, the result was that Brazilian ships were soon lost, which drove the country closer to declaring war on the Central Powers. 2094:, a key early supporter of submarine warfare, was removed from his post, but the disagreement continued unabated. The Admiralty pushed for no restrictions whatsoever. In particular, after the 2443:, designed as a hunter-killer vessel, with a high underwater speed and sophisticated hydrophone system. These came too late to see action, however, and no successes were recorded by them. 927:. However, the Allies were able to keep a fairly constant tonnage of shipping available, due to a combination of ship construction and countermeasures, particularly the introduction of 7378: 2385:

A few of the U-cruisers also made long voyages south to the Azores and the African coast, where they operated generally unmolested against shipping operating in the area, though one,

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The heaviest losses were suffered after unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed in February 1917, before the British began full-scale convoying in September 1917. 150,000 tons of

7383: 2320:. On 25 May she stopped three US schooners off Virginia, took their crews prisoner, and sank the three ships by gunfire. On 2 June 1918, known to some historians as "Black Sunday", 1260:(3) Navigation to the north of Shetland, in the eastern parts of the North Sea and through a zone at least thirty nautical miles wide along the Dutch coast is not exposed to danger. 6711: 7368: 6726: 2068:

During 1916, continual and fierce debate took place within the German government between advocates and opponents of unrestricted submarine warfare, the latter led by Chancellor

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Following the incident, the German government attempted to justify it with a range of arguments. This only exacerbated the massive outrage in Britain and America. US President

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On 21 December 1917 the British government requested that a Brazilian naval force of light cruisers be placed under Royal Navy control and a squadron comprising the cruisers

1509:, after it became obvious that their Austro-Hungarian allies could do little against it with their small submarine force, which nevertheless was successful in defending the 2637:. The Division arrived at Gibraltar on 10 November; while passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, they mistook three USN subchasers for U-boats but no damage was caused. 2429:

hunting warships to the scene. During 1918 no convoy escorted by air patrol lost a ship, and U-boats were forced increasingly to operate at night or beyond aircraft range.

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The depth charge, or "dropping mine" as it was initially named, was first mooted in 1910, and developed into practicality when the British Royal Navy's Commander in Chief,

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Until 1917, U-boat captains preferred to abide by cruiser rules anyway, due to a shortage of torpedoes and a periscope launched torpedo accuracy of only 42%. Ritter, p 123

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fell to non-critical levels, while U-boat losses increased alarmingly. From 48 boats lost in the years up to February 1917, a further 61 were lost by the end of the year.

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In 1914 the U-boat's chief advantage was to submerge; surface ships had no means to detect a submarine underwater, and no means to attack even if they could, while in the

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As merchantmen from Allied countries were sunk, Brazilian ships took over routes that had been vacated. However, this led the Brazilian vessels into waters patrolled by

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Lost in battle: 72 (34 by surface warships, 17 by allied submarines. The remainder mostly by Q-ships or civilian vessels, with the latter typically employing ramming.)

2042:, but missed. The Romanian warship counterattacked, damaging the submarine's periscope and conning tower and forcing her to retreat. In November, the German submarine 6808: 4012: 6445: 6269: 5609: 2491: 825: 7363: 7348: 6887: 1152:

course they were relatively safe, and for the remainder of the war, the U-boats were unable to mount a successful attack on a warship traveling in this manner.

7463: 7393: 7388: 7373: 6915: 5422: 1610:. That month, 18 ships were sunk, for a total of 63,848 tons. It was decided the same month that further reinforcements were called for, and the large U-boat, 728: 7403: 7398: 7103: 6830: 6522: 5480: 810: 2312:

departed Kiel on 14 April 1918 commanded by Korvettenkapitän Heinrich von Nostitz und Jänckendorff, her mission to attack American shipping. She arrived in

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Anti-submarine vessels initially carried only two depth charges, to be released from a chute at the stern of the ship. The first success was the sinking of

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million GRT for the year overall (averaging 323,000 tons through March and declining thereafter) at a cost of 69 submarines, the U-boat Arm's worst year.

1891:, sailed in summer 1916 and made a favorable impact on US public opinion. She made a second equally successful voyage in autumn of that year. Her sister, 7118: 6873: 5139: 1670:

were also employed with stern mounted guns to discourage pursuit by U-boats operating on the surface. Such defensive measures were the most effective.

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was lost with all hands on the return voyage when she struck a mine off Bergen, Norway, on 25 September 1918. Another trio of long-range submarines,

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Several of these operations were staged, in March and April 1916, but with no success. Ironically, the major fleet action which did take place, the

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to be put on display whilst others were left on the beach. The last significant role played by U-boats in World War I was the suppression of the

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The British were well aware of the risk of U-boat traps to the Grand Fleet, although they had no means of knowing where these might lie. However

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relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to

7353: 2268:. Rucker had found it next to impossible to exercise control from his position at sea, and the loss ratio discouraged any further experiments. 5587: 5649: 2105:

Graph showing the increasing numbers of British defensively armed merchant ships. Shaded areas are periods of unrestricted submarine warfare.

2060:, whose systems most likely malfunctioned after being forced to submerge in the shallow waters, upon encountering the Romanian torpedo boat. 820: 17: 6858: 6788: 6427: 5639: 5550: 2098:, High Seas fleet commander Scheer adopted an all or nothing approach, refusing to contemplate using his submarines in a limited campaign. 2048:

was sent on a minelaying mission off Sulina and never returned, being sunk by her own mines. This was probably caused by an encounter with

800: 4749: 2288:, such as the United States, and 6 Type U-151 were refitted for war duty in 1917. The Type U-139 were the largest U-boats of World War I. 1424:

became the first submarine minelayer to penetrate into the English Channel, laying 12 mines off Boulogne, one of which sank the steamship

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Klovland, Jan T. (2017). "Navigating through torpedo attacks and enemy raiders: Merchant shipping and freight rates during World War 1".

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and anti-submarine activity. However, of the 9 Austro-Hungarian navy submarines lost to enemy action, 5 were sunk by Italian navy units (

2137: 1084: 912: 869: 2296: 5450: 3224: 1583:. Finally, the Mediterranean offered the advantage that fewer ships of neutral powers (such as the US or Brazil) would be encountered. 771: 3240:, the highest bravery award for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men. The most successful U-boat commanders of World War I were 7468: 5780: 4824: 3537: 2494:. As a result, the Germans sailed directly for Spain where they scuttled their boat. American submarine chasers also engaged in one 2436:

saw the laying of over 70,000 mines during the summer of 1918. From September to November 1918 6 U-boats were sunk by this measure.

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did not defend herself, but was attacked without warning in such a way that endangered innocent civilian lives. Secretary of State

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In the second note Wilson rejected German defenses, rebutting some false claims and asserting that all that mattered was that the

7438: 7040: 6878: 6865: 6822: 6731: 6457: 6259: 6166: 6068: 5826: 5473: 5171: 805: 434: 2258:. They encountered several home-bound convoys and succeeded in sinking 3 ships, but at the loss of 2 of their number, including 2052:, whose captain surprised a German submarine near Sulina in November 1916, the latter reportedly never returning to her base at 7333: 7232: 7222: 7090: 4514: 945: 908: 2159:

On 3 February, in response to the new submarine campaign, President Wilson severed all diplomatic relations with Germany, and

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minelaying submarines, which were ordered converted into transports to carry small quantities of critical supplies to Turkey.

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on 21 May where she laid mines off the Delaware capes, and cut the submerged telegraph cables which connected New York with

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the battle away from the ground chosen by his enemy, and forcing any U-boats present to surface if they intended to follow.

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12,850,815 gross tons. More than 3000 British civilian ships were sunk with almost 15,000 British merchant sailors killed.

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sank six US ships and damaged two others off the coast of New Jersey in the space of a few hours. The next day the tanker

6950: 6274: 5902: 5407: 4710: 1415:, and when she was salvaged she was found to be a submarine minelayer, fitted with twelve mines in six launching chutes. 1272:

Though the Germans had only 21 submarines available, not all of which were operational, they were now primarily based at

723: 7164: 5153: 3241: 1866: 7149: 6439: 5841: 5599: 2365: 1667: 1104: 776: 412: 86: 4899: 1555:

submarines at Pola, two of which were to be transferred to the Austro-Hungarian Navy. They were also assembling three

7433: 7024: 6718: 6534: 5806: 5277: 5113: 5012: 4975: 4958: 4944: 4909: 4892: 4878: 4860: 4841: 4625: 4567: 4379: 4345: 4133: 4046: 3700: 3654: 3506: 2228: 2176: 2152:

observed that "The real crux lies in whether we blockade the enemy to his knees, or whether he does the same to us."

126: 4920: 4733:

Ehrenbuch des Orden vom Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz e.V. und die Geschichte der Ordens-Gemeinschaft, Die Ordens-Sammlung

6204: 5242: 2541: 2276:

Late in the war, the German high command decided to take the submarine war to the coast of the US, using the large

1838: 1756: 535: 423: 60: 1850:

During 1916 the commerce war continued in the Mediterranean, albeit under cruiser rules after April 24 due to the

7275: 7080: 7060: 6847: 6783: 6606: 6475: 5379: 5299: 5237: 1243: 1148:

was unable to draw the Grand Fleet into a U-boat trap. Whilst warships were traveling at speed and on an erratic

677: 572: 93: 5940: 3449: 3252:(144 ships with 299,482 tons). So far, their records have never been surpassed by anyone in any later conflict. 1865:

Eight of the top dozen U-boat aces served in the Pola flotilla, including the highest scoring commander of all,

1373:, Wilson made his position clear in three notes to the German government issued on 13 May, 9 June, and 21 July. 1354:, Ireland, and sank in just 18 minutes. Of the 1,960 people aboard, 1,197 were killed, 124 of them US citizens. 1117: 1075:. By the end of the initial campaign, the U-boats had sunk nine warships while losing five of their own number. 7458: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7055: 6749: 5394: 5369: 5267: 3235: 1269:

however noted that enemy passenger vessels should be deliberately targetted, so as to create a "shock effect".

1179: 694: 647: 64: 4707:"Military decorations – U-boat Commanders – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine" 3223:

Allied military losses included 10 battleships, 18 cruisers and several smaller naval vessels. Also sunk were

2432:

In 1918 the USN embarked on a mammoth scheme to create a barrage across the routes exiting the North Sea. The

2358:

were despatched on similar missions, but the US Navy was now ready for them, and the hunting was not as good.

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considered Wilson's second note too provocative and resigned in protest after failing to have it moderated.

75: 6999: 6626: 6566: 6463: 6368: 6131: 5917: 5621: 5460: 5359: 4278: 1886: 1320: 788: 781: 667: 150: 7237: 6674: 6659: 6517: 6469: 6234: 5785: 5659: 5572: 5567: 5336: 5324: 5319: 2614:

sighted a torpedo track. The purported submarine was depth-charged, fired on, and reportedly sunk by the

2281: 2277: 1625: 1017: 601: 584: 579: 5846: 3857: 3842: 3827: 1329:

General warning issued by Imperial German Embassy, appearing coincidentally alongside an advert for the

7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7338: 7217: 7174: 6451: 6209: 6194: 6096: 5965: 5533: 5445: 5402: 4746:"Most Successful U-boat commanders – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine" 4613: 2118: 2076:, a number of options for an intensified campaign was suggested and in some cases briefly implemented: 1556: 1552: 766: 701: 4641: 1707: 1590:

for operations against commerce in the Mediterranean. The campaign got underway in October 1915, when

1161:

to the opening of the commerce war in February 1915, U-boats had sunk 19 ships, totalling 43,000

7159: 6927: 6511: 6499: 6254: 6239: 5960: 5851: 5545: 5523: 5272: 5262: 5195: 3953: 2440: 2123:

The shaded areas show the unrestricted submarine warfare zone announced by Germany on 1 February 1917

1945:. These boats sank 34 ships (19 of them Norwegian) before winter ice closed the area for operations. 1227: 1098: 6106: 5045:, London, has them all, also Vol. 1–3 in an English translation: The submarine war against commerce. 3784: 7134: 6621: 6611: 6540: 6493: 6481: 6421: 6229: 6224: 6146: 5555: 5528: 5232: 2495: 2414: 2129: 1111: 468: 1816: 7205: 7197: 7139: 6899: 6594: 6357: 6184: 6179: 6111: 5970: 5955: 5950: 5930: 5811: 5688: 3768: 1972: 1892: 1767:, England, and the first effective depth charge, the "Type D", became available in January 1916. 1505:

The German Navy sent their first submarines to the Mediterranean in response to the Anglo-French

981:'s engines broke down and she had to return to Heligoland. Only one attack was carried out, when 53: 6151: 4694:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

1719:

to attempt to reduce shipping losses to torpedoes. The results in both cases were inconclusive.

1184: 6972: 6696: 6631: 6487: 6214: 6141: 6091: 6076: 6058: 6031: 5945: 5912: 5577: 5538: 5518: 5329: 5222: 5134: 2433: 2172: 1657: 1385: 1162: 904: 589: 309: 31: 2649:

surrendered to them and those in shipyards be broken up. More than 160 U-boats surrendered at

6962: 6616: 6505: 6281: 6244: 6174: 6121: 6043: 6011: 5985: 5935: 5866: 5768: 5721: 5505: 5374: 5257: 5175: 5165: 3785:"The Counselor for the Department of State ( Lansing ) to the Secretary of State, May 1 1915" 1914: 1361:

refused to overreact, though some believed the massive loss of life caused by the sinking of

1220: 1090: 1070: 1004: 880:

which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the

853: 662: 370: 333: 100: 4745: 7312: 7227: 5907: 5881: 5831: 5188: 5160:

original documents, photos and maps about World War I German submarine warfare and British

3961: 3234:, the highest German decoration for gallantry for officers. 12 U-boat crewmen received the 2987: 2666: 2083:

Allowing attacks without warning only on British merchant ships (but not passenger vessels)

1897:, was less fortunate; she disappeared on her maiden voyage, the cause of her loss unknown. 1392:

war, a rule on what is acceptable and what is not had been set as a result of the sinking.

1110:(beyond Otranto), causing her to retire to Malta for serious repairs, and on 27 April 1915 1089:

The initial phase of the U-boat campaign in the Mediterranean comprised the actions by the

885: 358: 5856: 8: 7294: 6433: 6297: 6249: 6126: 6086: 6081: 6026: 5709: 5703: 5604: 4405: 2995: 2670: 2669:

that same month, when they stood ready to "fire without warning on any vessel flying the

2599: 2478: 1637: 1541: 1351: 740: 345: 259: 7247: 868:

relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the

7254: 7169: 6528: 6392: 6374: 6339: 6303: 6136: 6101: 6053: 6038: 5925: 5876: 5715: 5674: 5354: 4583: 3978: 3954:"The Dazzling Zoologist: John Graham Kerr and the Early Development of Ship Camouflage" 2606:, arriving at Freetown on 9 August, and sailing onwards to its new base of operations, 2469: 2300: 2141: 1934: 1878: 1534: 1506: 1219:

provided a means of quickly defeating Britain. Perhaps influenced by the appearance of

1208: 1094: 1021: 988: 657: 297: 5117: 5106: 5041:. Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. Vols. 4+5, dealing with 1917+18, are very hard to find: 7287: 7281: 7242: 7144: 6977: 6560: 6415: 6398: 6199: 6021: 6001: 5836: 5821: 5751: 5739: 5440: 5417: 5364: 5081: 5062: 5042: 5023: 5008: 4990: 4971: 4954: 4940: 4905: 4888: 4874: 4856: 4837: 4801: 4621: 4563: 4375: 4341: 4129: 4042: 3982: 3696: 3650: 2654: 2402: 1953: 1831: 1755:, requested its production in 1914. Design work was carried out by Herbert Taylor at 1716: 1702: 1345: 1297: 1293: 1284:, a Belgian relief ship and clearly marked as such, was torpedoed without warning by 1033: 998: 982: 897: 761: 713: 642: 594: 211: 168: 3231: 7358: 6345: 6315: 6309: 6219: 6048: 6016: 6006: 5745: 5669: 5664: 5592: 5412: 5312: 3970: 3800: 3245: 2425:

By 1918 the Allied anti-submarine measures had continued to become more effective.

2069: 2038: 1752: 1689: 1679: 1568: 1487: 1216: 1043: 1027: 893: 745: 733: 718: 706: 687: 616: 611: 4463: 4310: 2101: 7154: 6994: 6333: 5886: 5861: 5560: 5307: 5157: 4965: 2181: 2091: 2053: 1907: 1882: 1855: 1784: 1551:

By the end of June 1915, the Germans had assembled a further three prefabricated

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were making their way across the Atlantic in November 1918 when the war ended.

2313: 2232: 2231:

was established on 3 November 1917, bringing together representatives from the

1817:

1916: The High Seas Fleet; Mediterranean, American, Arctic and Black Sea waters

1412: 1370: 1358: 1139:

The U-boats scored a number of impressive successes and were able to drive the

881: 429: 418: 407: 396: 382: 321: 203: 1987:. In three years of operation, the Flotilla sank ships totalling 117,093 GRT. 1925:

In autumn 1916, U-boats of the High Seas flotilla attacked shipping bound for

7327: 7098: 6386: 6380: 5816: 5733: 5644: 5150: 5128: 4515:"Hampton Roads Naval Museum: The Return of the Mayflower, by Bernard Gribble" 2409: 2095: 2073: 1851: 1827:

advance; then the battle fleet manoeuvred to draw the Grand Fleet onto them.

1789:. Germany became aware of the depth charge following unsuccessful attacks on 1683: 1338: 1239: 1212: 1204: 1058:, the first time one submarine sank another, and on the last day of the year 865: 861: 857: 845: 628: 474: 463: 452: 446: 441: 175: 5140:

A 44 min. German film from 1917 about a cruise of the German submarine U-35.

4407:

Allied shipping control : an experiment in international administration

6548: 5975: 3974: 3485:

German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net

2603: 2285: 2205: 2086:

Allowing attacks without warning in a close proximity to the British isles.

1777: 1746: 1618: 924: 889: 284: 3498: 2021: 907:, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat. U-boats operated in the 527: 6759: 6664: 6362: 5790: 5211: 4928: 4540: 2317: 2263: 1948:

One of the ships sunk near the Norwegian coast was the Romanian merchant

1930: 1586:

Throughout the summer, the German navy assembled a force of 4 U-boats at

1140: 842: 672: 560: 271: 154: 5144: 2540:), while none were sunk by the Japanese navy, which lost one destroyer ( 3244:(189 merchant vessels and two gunboats with 446,708 tons), followed by 2622: 2483: 2463: 2248:

encountered; 6 U-boats sailed in May 1918 as a group, commanded by K/L

2189: 2025: 2008:

Throughout September and October 1916, the main task of the submarines

1764: 1572: 1433: 966: 962: 877: 248: 4462:. Scuba Diving – New Jersey & Long Island New York. Archived from 3392:

Total sunk in combat: 178 (41 by mines, 30 by depth charges and 13 by

2192:

ripping apart Germany's promise to "abandon ruthless submarine policy"

1979:. Bulgaria joined the campaign in May 1916, when the German submarine 6554: 6321: 3690: 2658: 2113: 1976: 1942: 1910: 1698: 1641: 1580: 1377:

warfare against commercial vessels, whatever flag they sailed under.

1303: 970: 215: 207: 4560:

Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001

4199:, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1987, pp. 681–682 2500: 2138:

the Kaiser met with Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and military leaders

1325: 1189:

Shaded area shows "War Zone" announced by Germany on 4 February 1915

961:

In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in

42: 6814: 5118:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

5107:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

2662: 2406: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2307: 2253: 2044: 2016: 2010: 1997: 1991: 1938: 1808: 1802: 1603: 1510: 916: 873: 4921:"Total Rhetoric, Limited War: Germany's U-Boat Campaign 1917–1918" 4688: 4686: 1941:. Also, the two UE1-class minelaying boats laid minefields in the 1813:

were the only other submarines sunk by depth charges during 1916.

1226:

The British, with their overwhelming sea power, had established a

5161: 5124:

World's Navies in World War 1, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses

4146:

U-Boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918

3691:

Potter, Elmer Belmont; Roger Fredland; Henry Hitch Adams (1981).

3393: 2650: 2392: 2217: 1901: 1796: 1790: 1771: 1724: 1611: 1607: 1587: 1567:

The Mediterranean was an attractive theater of operations to the

1524: 1518: 1494: 1477: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1419: 1406: 1285: 1132: 1059: 903:

German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with over 12 million

27:

WWI German naval campaign to attack Allied trade routes (1914–18)

5123: 1467: 4927:. The Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. Archived from 4771: 4683: 4185:

Amintiri despre o flota pierduta – vol. II – Voiaje neterminate

3632:

The Sword and the Scepter vol III: The tragedy of statesmanship

3260:

According to Clodfelter's encyclopedia of military casualties:

2487: 2029: 1926: 1781: 1727:. In six months of unrestricted submarine warfare U-boats sank 1694: 1675: 1273: 1149: 1053: 1011: 975: 928: 849: 494: 254: 162: 5180: 3766: 2994:

Available allied and neutral steamship tonnage (in thousands,

2405:

when a U-boat sunk four barges and a tugboat off the coast of

1493:, outward bound for America, 50 mi (80 km) south of 6982: 2607: 2333:

laid mines responsible for the sinking of another 4 vessels.

1662:

Allied countermeasures during this period had mixed success.

1576: 5059:

Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914–1918: The Fleet in Action

1711:, 1922. The conspicuous markings obscure the ship's heading. 1093:'s U-boat force against the French, who were blockading the 5078:

Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914–1918: The Fleet in Being

2210: 1038:) in a single action. Other successes followed. In October 2687:

Allied and neutral tonnage sunk by U-boats in World War I

7379:

Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

4831: 3450:"How the uboats launched the age of unrestricted warfare" 7384:

Naval battles of World War I involving the United States

5135:

Photos of cruises of German submarine U-54 in 1916–1918.

4612: 4296:

International law, German Submarines and American Policy

3617:

International law, German Submarines and American Policy

2080:

Allowing attacks without warning on armed merchant ships

1975:

was established in May 1915 and operated U-boats in the

3843:"Second U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania" 3408:

Men lost in U-boats: 515 officers and 4894 enlisted men

2213:, Ireland, from where they were to patrol to the west. 997:

Later in the month, the U-boats achieved success, when

7369:

Naval battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary

4280:

The Merchant Navy, Volume 2, Summer 1915 to early 1917

4210:"Torpilorul SMEUL – un simbol al eroismului românilor" 3941:. Thames and Hudson / Imperial War Museum. p. 74. 3858:"Third U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania" 3481:"Ships hit during WWI: Allied Warships hit during WWI" 2001:

in December, both sunk by Russian mines. In addition,

1900:

A less favorable impression was made by the cruise of

4662:, Vol. 3, p. 465, Table I; London: John Murray, 1924. 2020:

was patrolling the Russian and Romanian coasts, from

1440:. Further mines were laid off the southeast coast by 4338:

The Folly of War: American foreign policy, 1898–2005

4252:

United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Volume 64

4017:

Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society

2464:

United States Navy in the Atlantic and Mediterranean

2005:

was reportedly sunk by Russian aircraft in October.

1821: 1533:sinking the Royal Navy pre-dreadnought battleships 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2114:1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare 1436:on 7 September, one of which sank the cable layer 1155: 4113:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 3645:Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). 2072:. As the military opposed commerce warfare under 1715:In 1917 Britain and in 1918 America also adopted 1173: 30:For the campaign fought during World War II, see 7325: 4172:Marina românâ în primul război mondial 1914–1918 3828:"U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania" 2446:By the end of 1918, Allied shipping losses were 2036:launched a torpedo at the Romanian torpedo boat 1963:. From there, they were eventually repatriated. 1705:(left) and the same ship uncamouflaged (right), 1693:Claimed effectiveness: Artist's conception of a 6157:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4427: 4425: 1405:accidentally ran down the small coastal U-boat 1078: 856:. It took place largely in the seas around the 7364:Naval battles of World War I involving Germany 7349:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I 3914: 3912: 3581: 3521: 1242:, commander of the German High Seas Fleet and 194:(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) 7464:Naval battles of World War I involving Russia 7394:Naval battles of World War I involving Canada 7389:Naval battles of World War I involving Brazil 7374:Naval battles of World War I involving France 5196: 5147:Detailed information about German submarines. 4798:Room 40: British Naval Intelligence 1914–1918 3951: 3644: 3230:29 U-boat commanders were decorated with the 1682:with boom nets and minefields, the so-called 543: 7404:Naval battles of World War I involving Japan 7399:Naval battles of World War I involving Italy 5172:Historical footage of U-boats in World War I 4850: 4422: 4254:, United States Naval Institute, 1938, p. 73 3952:Murphy, Hugh; Bellamy, Martin (April 2009). 3791: 3634:. University of Miami Press. pp. 18–19. 2477:", when the first six destroyers arrived at 6647: 4311:"von Holtzendorff's Memo, 22 December 1916" 4041:, New York: Sterling Publishing Co., 1989, 3936: 3909: 3724: 1624:The German Admiralty also decided that the 1602:, were ordered to attack the approaches to 1562: 1085:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War I) 939: 888:surface fleet was mainly restricted to the 557: 5203: 5189: 4832:Gibson, R.H.; Maurice Prendergast (2002). 3760: 2553: 1983:was commissioned by the Bulgarian Navy as 1674:guns to bait in submarines, the so-called 550: 536: 5080:. Vol. II. Steinbach: LIS Reinisch. 5017: 4987:Die Unterseeboote der Kaiserlichen Marine 4925:Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 4547:. New York: Capricorn Books. p. 295. 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 3686: 3684: 3423:Lost on patrol for non-combat reasons: 29 2598:"). The DNOG sailed on 31 July 1918 from 2506: 2391:, was torpedoed by the British submarine 2063: 2028:. On 30 September 1916, near the port of 1753:Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Callaghan 1500: 1333:, published a day before the ship sailed. 934: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 6446:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5061:. Vol. I. Steinbach: LIS Reinisch. 4984: 4183:Constantin Cumpănă, Corina Apostoleanu, 3930: 3563: 2420: 2295: 2180: 2117: 2100: 1688: 1651: 1324: 1246:until 1 Feb, published a warning in the 1193: 1183: 1168: 949: 6823:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5075: 5056: 4963: 4939:(1919, reprinted 1990) Studio Editions 4897: 4584:"Willow sub marks WW1 U-boat surrender" 4557: 4335: 4085:Raymond Stănescu, Cristian Crăciunoiu, 4010: 4004: 3767:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff (1920). 3527: 2618:, but the sinking was never confirmed. 2398:off the coast of Portugal in May 1918. 2161:the US Congress declared war on 6 April 1845: 1648:declare war on Germany in August 1916. 1395: 167:A German postcard depicting the U-boat 14: 7344:Submarines of the Imperial German Navy 7326: 5129:"First Battle of the Atlantic" article 4918: 4814: 4795: 4642:"A short history of the merchant navy" 4403: 4369: 4354: 4159:Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses 4087:Marina română în primul război mondial 3945: 3695:. Naval Institute Press. p. 223. 3681: 3629: 3559: 3557: 3555: 2653:, Essex in November 1918. Overseen by 2238: 1365:required a firm response from the US. 946:Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I) 7354:Campaigns and theatres of World War I 6776:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6112:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5184: 5039:Der Handelskrieg mit U-Booten. 5 Vols 4817:"Secrets of Kent's WW1 German U-boat" 4594:from the original on 18 November 2018 4539: 4220:from the original on 5 September 2017 3530:"Secrets of Kent's WW1 German u-boat" 2352:, and the large Type 139, U-cruisers 1280:On 10 April 1915 the British steamer 915:, and to a lesser degree in both the 531: 7180:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 5036: 4815:Jasper, Copping (20 December 2013). 4752:from the original on 8 December 2010 4317:from the original on 18 October 2018 4242:, Periscope Publishing, 2002, p. 135 3528:Copping, Jasper (20 December 2013). 3478: 2982:Losses were offset by construction. 2592:Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra 2291: 2262:, which was rammed by the troopship 1126: 994:. Two of the ten U-boats were lost. 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 7109:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5903:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4885:Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918 4521:from the original on 15 August 2014 4512: 4460:""Black Sunday" – Victims of U-151" 4397: 4308: 4031: 3552: 3248:(149 ships with 391,607 tons), and 1966: 1780:, Ireland, on 22 March 1916 by the 1472:and a pause in unrestricted warfare 1432:laid 6 more mines off Boulogne and 24: 5842:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 5050: 4834:The German Submarine War 1914–1918 4696:, 4th ed., McFarland, 2017, p. 428 4372:The Great War: An Imperial History 4293: 4267:, Modelism Publishing, 2003, p. 24 4240:The German Submarine War 1914–1918 4238:R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast, 4100:The German Submarine War 1914–1918 4098:R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast, 3992:from the original on 29 March 2021 3614: 3460:from the original on 21 April 2018 2655:Rear Admiral Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt 2532:), 1 by Italian and French units ( 2166: 1877:In 1916 the Germans completed two 1872: 1640:when she sank the Italian steamer 1350:, 13 mi (21 km) off the 987:fired a torpedo (which missed) at 25: 7485: 5095: 4919:Herwig, Holger H. (Spring 1998). 4713:from the original on 12 June 2010 4340:. Algora Publishing. p. 83. 3264:German Submarine Force 1914–1918 2328:struck a mine previously laid by 2229:Allied Maritime Transport Council 2177:Allied Maritime Transport Council 1822:In support of the High Seas Fleet 1517:and the two small coastal boats, 876:one another. The British had the 7469:Naval battles involving Bulgaria 6205:Second Battle of the Piave River 5827:Russian invasion of East Prussia 5114:Submarines and Submarine Warfare 4313:. World War I Document Archive. 4276: 3509:from the original on 14 May 2011 3255: 3242:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière 2681: 1920: 1867:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière 1740: 1668:defensively armed merchant ships 1311: 852:against the trade routes of the 473: 462: 451: 440: 428: 417: 406: 395: 375: 363: 351: 338: 326: 314: 302: 290: 277: 264: 253: 241: 161: 41: 7474:Naval battles involving Romania 7276:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6476:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5210: 4789: 4764: 4738: 4725: 4699: 4674: 4665: 4652: 4634: 4606: 4576: 4551: 4533: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4410:. Oxford : Clarendon Press 4388: 4329: 4302: 4287: 4270: 4257: 4245: 4232: 4202: 4190: 4177: 4164: 4151: 4138: 4118: 4105: 4092: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 3921: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3849: 3834: 3819: 3801:"Passenger and Crew Statistics" 3777: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3718: 3709: 3672: 3663: 3638: 3623: 3608: 3237:Goldene Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz 1929:. Five U-boats operated in the 1156:First attacks on merchant ships 192:28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 52:needs additional citations for 7439:Austria-Hungary in World War I 7099:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6958:Deportations from East Prussia 6755:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5076:Koerver, Hans Joachim (2009). 5057:Koerver, Hans Joachim (2008). 5022:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. 5005:The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945 4989:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. 4970:. Washington D.C.: Brassey's. 4901:A Naval History of World War I 4851:Compton-Hall, Richard (2004). 4214:Liga Militarilor Profesionisti 4126:The U-Boat offensive 1914–1945 4039:The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945 3649:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 836–837. 3599: 3590: 3572: 3491: 3472: 3442: 3413:listing of u-boat fates gives 1995:was lost in November 1916 and 1180:Unrestricted submarine warfare 1174:Unrestricted submarine warfare 520:217 U-boats lost to all causes 511:15,000 merchant sailors killed 13: 1: 7334:U-boat Campaign (World War I) 7010:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4937:Fighting Ships of World War I 4671:Grigg 2002, pp. 48–49, 52, 53 4562:. Brassey's. pp. 38–39. 4197:Revista de istorie, Volume 40 3879:Gibson and Prendergast, p. 50 3430: 3402:Completed after Armistice: 45 2621:The DNOG patrolled the Dakar- 2336:Encouraged by the success of 2271: 1233:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1198:1915 Map of German Operations 1123:, with a heavy loss of life. 18:U-boat Campaign (World War I) 7444:German Empire in World War I 7165:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6464:Estonian War of Independence 6132:Southern Palestine offensive 4370:Morrow, John Howard (2005). 4187:, 2011, Telegraf Advertising 4023:(5): 225–229. Archived from 4011:Buskirk, Harold Van (1919). 3725:von Tirpitz, Alfred (1926). 3578:Gibson and Prendergast, p. 2 3426:Lost for unknown reasons: 27 3389:Total operational boats: 351 2640: 1529:, achieved initial success, 1321:Sinking of the RMS Lusitania 1079:Mediterranean: Initial stage 1018:sank three armoured cruisers 7: 7119:USA against Austria-Hungary 6518:Turkish War of Independence 6470:Latvian War of Independence 6195:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5786:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 5018:Schroeder, Joachim (2002). 4985:Roessler, Eberhard (1997). 4964:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 4800:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 4558:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 4513:Orr, Laura (15 July 2014). 4336:Schmidt, Donald E. (2005). 4298:(Thesis). pp. 350–399. 4265:Romanian navy torpedo boats 2590:was formed, designated the 1701:view of a merchant ship in 1250:(Imperial German Gazette): 1244:Head of the Admiralty Staff 1238:On 4 February 1915 Admiral 10: 7490: 7202:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6750:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6210:Second Battle of the Marne 6097:Second battle of the Aisne 5966:Second Battle of Champagne 5807:German invasion of Belgium 4374:. Routledge. p. 202. 3727:Politische Dokumente vol 2 3693:Sea Power: A Naval History 3405:Surrendered to Allies: 179 3366: 3347: 3327: 3307: 3287: 3201: 3181: 3161: 3141: 3121: 3101: 3081: 3061: 3041: 3021: 2943: 2924: 2904: 2884: 2864: 2844: 2825: 2806: 2787: 2768: 2749: 2730: 2711: 2676: 2536:), 1 by Royal Navy units ( 2439:The RN also developed the 2204:In April, US Rear Admiral 2170: 1879:submarine merchant vessels 1744: 1655: 1513:. The first U-boats sent, 1318: 1177: 1082: 943: 848:campaign fought by German 841:from 1914 to 1918 was the 29: 7308: 7267: 7188: 7127: 7089: 7033: 7022: 6983:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6926: 6898: 6846: 6768: 6742: 6694: 6587: 6580: 6512:Irish War of Independence 6408: 6290: 6255:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6240:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6165: 6067: 5994: 5895: 5852:First Battle of the Marne 5799: 5761: 5696: 5687: 5630: 5504: 5493: 5459: 5431: 5393: 5345: 5298: 5291: 5218: 4898:Halpern, Paul G. (1994). 4853:Submarines at War 1914–18 4616:; Darko Pavlovic (1995). 4394:Scheina (2003), pp. 35–36 3770:My Three Years in America 3619:(Thesis). pp. 69–70. 1337:On 7 May 1915, the liner 1228:naval blockade of Germany 568: 509:5,000 merchant ships sunk 503: 485: 388: 234: 184: 160: 148: 143: 7434:Naval history of Germany 7135:Constantinople Agreement 6428:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6291:Co-belligerent conflicts 6260:Second Romanian campaign 6230:Third Transjordan attack 5941:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5847:Battle of Grand Couronné 5103:Atlantic U-boat Campaign 4949:Messimer, Dwight (2001) 4904:. U.S. Naval Institute. 4855:. Periscope Publishing. 4836:. Periscope Publishing. 4796:Beesly, Patrick (1982). 4772:"U-boat Fates 1914–1918" 3630:Ritter, Gerhard (1972). 3435: 3308:Additions (Commissioned) 2586:and the ocean-going tug 2401:July 1918 witnessed the 2130:Admiral von Holtzendorff 1563:Mediterranean operations 1248:Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 940:North Sea: Initial stage 826:Indian and Pacific Ocean 469:Henning von Holtzendorff 7198:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7150:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6458:Greater Poland Uprising 6358:National Protection War 6235:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6185:German spring offensive 6180:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5956:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5931:Second Battle of Artois 5812:Battle of the Frontiers 5156:15 October 2018 at the 5020:Die U-Boote des Kaisers 4404:Salter, Arthur (1921). 3870:Manson 1977, pp. 99–128 2582:, and the support ship 2554:Brazilian participation 1973:Constantinople Flotilla 1858:, was of little value. 1761:Torpedo and Mine School 1708:Encyclopædia Britannica 1105:French battleship 7223:Paris Peace Conference 7211:Ukraine–Central Powers 7005:Massacres of Albanians 6973:Late Ottoman genocides 6780:Bulgarian occupations 6488:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6452:Hungarian–Romanian War 6270:Naval Victory Bulletin 6265:Armistice with Germany 6215:Hundred Days Offensive 6142:Battle of La Malmaison 6092:Second battle of Arras 6059:Battle of Transylvania 5913:Second Battle of Ypres 5781:Sarajevo assassination 5670:South African Republic 5176:europeanfilmgateway.eu 5003:Tarrant, V. E. (1989) 3975:10.25071/2561-5467.330 3805:The Lusitania Resource 2507:Japanese participation 2492:action of 4 April 1918 2434:North Sea Mine Barrage 2304: 2193: 2173:Convoys in World War I 2125: 2106: 2064:Internal German debate 1913:. After refuelling at 1795:on 15 April 1916, and 1712: 1658:Anti-submarine warfare 1501:Dardanelles Operations 1386:William Jennings Bryan 1334: 1262: 1215:argued that submarine 1199: 1191: 958: 935:1914: Initial campaign 905:gross register tonnage 900:to operate elsewhere. 389:Commanders and leaders 310:Imperial Japanese Navy 32:Battle of the Atlantic 7459:Brazil in World War I 7233:Treaty of St. Germain 7206:Russia–Central Powers 7160:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6988:Pontic Greek genocide 6963:Destruction of Kalisz 6939:Eastern Mediterranean 6500:Polish–Lithuanian War 6282:Armistice of Belgrade 6245:Armistice of Salonica 6175:Operation Faustschlag 6122:Third Battle of Oituz 6044:Baranovichi offensive 6012:Lake Naroch offensive 5986:Battle of Robat Karim 5961:Vistula–Bug offensive 5936:Battles of the Isonzo 5867:First Battle of Ypres 5166:The National Archives 4680:Grigg 2002, pp. 48–49 4620:. Osprey. p. 7. 4263:Cristian Crăciunoiu, 4174:, p. 67 (in Romanian) 3479:Helgason, Guðmundur. 3420:Lost due to mines: 58 2468:During the Great War 2421:Final countermeasures 2299: 2184: 2171:Further information: 2128:On 22 December 1916, 2121: 2104: 2056:. This could only be 1915:Newport, Rhode Island 1692: 1656:Further information: 1652:Early countermeasures 1638:a diplomatic incident 1328: 1252: 1221:submarines in fiction 1197: 1187: 1169:1915: War on commerce 1091:Austro-Hungarian Navy 953: 668:Sinai & Palestine 504:Casualties and losses 371:Austro-Hungarian Navy 334:Imperial Russian Navy 7454:Italy in World War I 7449:Japan in World War I 7228:Treaty of Versailles 6944:Mount Lebanon famine 6859:in the United States 6827:Russian occupations 6541:Turkish–Armenian War 6482:Polish–Ukrainian War 6422:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6369:Central Asian Revolt 6152:Armistice of Focșani 5882:Battle of Sarikamish 5832:Battle of Tannenberg 5228:Military engagements 5168:, Kew, Richmond, UK. 4967:Latin America's Wars 4887:Allen Lane, London. 4827:on 21 December 2013. 4692:Micheal Clodfelter, 4618:U-Boat Crews 1914–45 4590:. 18 November 2018. 4503:Messimer pp. 145–146 4157:Dwight E. Messimer, 3962:The Northern Mariner 3937:Newark, Tim (2007). 3757:Compton-Hall, p. 196 2988:Minister of Shipping 2594:("Naval Division in 2415:Mexican–American War 2188:, cartoon depicting 1846:Mediterranean waters 1598:, followed later by 1569:German Naval Command 1507:Dardanelles campaign 1396:Submarine minelayers 1118:French cruiser 886:Imperial German Navy 522:6,000 sailors killed 359:Imperial German Navy 61:improve this article 7295:They shall not pass 7218:Treaty of Bucharest 7175:Treaty of Bucharest 7114:USA against Germany 7091:Declarations of war 6795:German occupations 6708:British casualties 6567:Soviet–Georgian War 6494:Egyptian Revolution 6434:Armeno-Georgian War 6298:Somaliland campaign 6250:Armistice of Mudros 6127:Battle of Caporetto 6117:Battle of Mărășești 6087:Zimmermann telegram 6082:February Revolution 6027:Battle of the Somme 5951:Bug-Narew Offensive 5926:Battle of Gallipoli 5918:Sinking of the RMS 5710:Scramble for Africa 5704:Franco-Prussian War 5360:Sinai and Palestine 4883:Grigg, John (2002) 4869:Grey, Edwyn (1972) 4646:Imperial War Museum 4494:Halpern pp. 438–441 4485:Halpern pp. 424–427 3927:Messimer pp. 40, 50 3860:. 28 November 2010. 3845:. 28 November 2010. 3830:. 28 November 2010. 3773:. pp. 136–140. 3715:Ritter, pp. 128–130 3596:Jane pp. 39–41, 124 3540:on 21 December 2013 3265: 2999: 2688: 2667:German naval mutiny 2631:Rio Grande do Norte 2616:Rio Grande do Norte 2600:Fernando de Noronha 2572:Rio Grande do Norte 2479:Queenstown, Ireland 2239:1918: The last year 2136:On 9 January 1917, 1476:On 19 August 1915, 1352:Old Head of Kinsale 1052:sank the submarine 777:North-West Frontier 515:42 warships damaged 346:Royal Romanian Navy 260:Royal Canadian Navy 7255:Treaty of Lausanne 7170:Paris Economy Pact 7104:UK against Germany 7034:Entry into the war 7000:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6719:Ottoman casualties 6529:Franco-Turkish War 6409:Post-War conflicts 6393:Russian Revolution 6375:Invasion of Darfur 6340:Kelantan rebellion 6328:Kurdish rebellions 6304:Mexican Revolution 6137:October Revolution 6102:Kerensky offensive 6077:Capture of Baghdad 6054:Monastir offensive 6039:Brusilov offensive 5877:Battle of Kolubara 5716:Russo-Japanese War 5164:Intelligence from 5101:Abbatiello, John: 4931:on 13 August 2009. 4658:Fayle, C. Ernest, 4614:Williamson, Gordon 4440:Tarrant pp. 43, 60 3807:. 12 December 2010 3587:Tarrant pp. 10, 11 3263: 2993: 2686: 2470:United States Navy 2305: 2303:recruitment poster 2301:United States Navy 2282:Type U-139 U-boats 2194: 2126: 2107: 1713: 1632:In November 1915, 1335: 1308:on 28 March 1915. 1209:Alfred von Tirpitz 1200: 1192: 1095:Straits of Otranto 959: 673:Hejaz & Levant 435:Sir Rosslyn Wemyss 298:United States Navy 7429:Conflicts in 1918 7424:Conflicts in 1917 7419:Conflicts in 1916 7414:Conflicts in 1915 7409:Conflicts in 1914 7339:Submarine warfare 7321: 7320: 7304: 7303: 7288:The Golden Virgin 7282:Mutilated victory 7263: 7262: 7243:Treaty of Trianon 7238:Treaty of Neuilly 7145:Damascus Protocol 7018: 7017: 6978:Armenian genocide 6935:Allied blockades 6907:Belgian refugees 6690: 6689: 6600:Strategic bombing 6576: 6575: 6561:Franco-Syrian War 6535:Greco-Turkish War 6523:Anglo-Turkish War 6506:Polish–Soviet War 6440:German Revolution 6416:Russian Civil War 6399:Finnish Civil War 6225:Battle of Megiddo 6200:Battle of Goychay 6147:Battle of Cambrai 6107:Battle of Mărăști 6022:Battle of Jutland 6002:Erzurum offensive 5857:Siege of Przemyśl 5837:Siege of Tsingtao 5822:Battle of Galicia 5752:Second Balkan War 5740:Italo-Turkish War 5697:Pre-War conflicts 5683: 5682: 5573:Portuguese Empire 5489: 5488: 5451:German New Guinea 5433:Asian and Pacific 5087:978-3-902433-77-0 5068:978-3-902433-76-3 5043:Guildhall Library 5029:978-3-7637-6235-4 4996:978-3-7637-5963-7 4807:978-0-241-10864-2 4277:Hurd, Archibald. 4144:Robert M. Grant, 4111:Robert Gardiner, 4067:Halpern pp. 37–38 3386: 3385: 3225:18 hospital ships 3221: 3220: 2984:Sir Joseph Maclay 2963: 2962: 2627:Rio Grande do Sul 2566:, the destroyers 2560:Rio Grande do Sul 2441:R-class submarine 2403:Attack on Orleans 2292:American campaign 1832:Battle of Jutland 1717:dazzle camouflage 1703:dazzle camouflage 1344:was torpedoed by 1127:Submarine warfare 1042:sank the cruiser 1003:sank the cruiser 898:submarine warfare 834: 833: 702:South West Africa 526: 525: 513:104 warships sunk 491:? surface vessels 424:Sir John Jellicoe 413:Sir Henry Jackson 230: 229: 212:Mediterranean Sea 137: 136: 129: 111: 76:"U-boat campaign" 16:(Redirected from 7481: 7248:Treaty of Sèvres 7140:Treaty of London 7031: 7030: 6809:Northeast France 6740: 6739: 6712:Parliamentarians 6645: 6644: 6607:Chemical weapons 6585: 6584: 6346:Senussi campaign 6316:Muscat rebellion 6310:Maritz rebellion 6278: 6220:Vardar offensive 6049:Battle of Romani 6017:Battle of Asiago 6007:Battle of Verdun 5971:Kosovo offensive 5746:First Balkan War 5694: 5693: 5593:Russian Republic 5502: 5501: 5296: 5295: 5238:Economic history 5205: 5198: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5112:Karau, Mark D.: 5091: 5072: 5046: 5037:Spindler, Arno. 5033: 5007:Arms and Armour 5000: 4981: 4953:Naval Institute 4951:Find and Destroy 4932: 4915: 4871:The Killing Time 4866: 4847: 4828: 4823:. Archived from 4811: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4690: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4466:on 2 March 2009. 4456: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4367: 4352: 4351: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4027:on 4 March 2016. 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3536:. Archived from 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3446: 3399:Other losses: 39 3266: 3262: 3246:Walter Forstmann 3000: 2992: 2689: 2685: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2376:, and U-cruiser 2326:Herbert L. Pratt 2090:In March, Grand 2070:Bethmann Hollweg 1967:Black Sea waters 1883:blockade runners 1881:, to be used as 1736: 1735: 1731: 1680:Straits of Dover 1294:Leon C. Thrasher 1217:commerce raiding 1010:. In September, 969:warships in the 894:commerce raiders 563: 552: 545: 538: 529: 528: 478: 477: 467: 466: 456: 455: 445: 444: 433: 432: 422: 421: 411: 410: 400: 399: 381: 379: 378: 369: 367: 366: 357: 355: 354: 344: 342: 341: 332: 330: 329: 320: 318: 317: 308: 306: 305: 296: 294: 293: 283: 281: 280: 270: 268: 267: 258: 257: 247: 245: 244: 186: 185: 165: 141: 140: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7300: 7259: 7191: 7184: 7155:Treaty of Darin 7123: 7085: 7041:Austria-Hungary 7027: 7014: 6995:Rape of Belgium 6922: 6894: 6842: 6836:Western Armenia 6831:Eastern Galicia 6764: 6738: 6702: 6701:Civilian impact 6700: 6686: 6643: 6572: 6404: 6334:Ovambo Uprising 6286: 6272: 6161: 6063: 5990: 5908:Battle of Łomża 5891: 5887:Christmas truce 5862:Race to the Sea 5795: 5757: 5679: 5650:Austria-Hungary 5626: 5561:Empire of Japan 5498: 5496: 5485: 5469:U-boat campaign 5455: 5427: 5389: 5341: 5287: 5268:Popular culture 5214: 5209: 5158:Wayback Machine 5098: 5088: 5069: 5053: 5051:Further reading 5030: 4997: 4978: 4912: 4863: 4844: 4808: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4731:Bruno Fischer, 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4653: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4556: 4552: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4368: 4355: 4348: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4309:Steffen, Dirk. 4307: 4303: 4294:Manson, Janet. 4292: 4288: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4037:Tarrant, V.E., 4036: 4032: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897:Halpern, p. 382 3896: 3892: 3888:Halpern, p. 381 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3643: 3639: 3628: 3624: 3615:Manson, Janet. 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3562: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3258: 2684: 2679: 2643: 2556: 2546:, torpedoed by 2509: 2466: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2423: 2294: 2274: 2241: 2179: 2169: 2167:Allied response 2148:On 27 January, 2124: 2116: 2092:Admiral Tirpitz 2066: 2054:Varna, Bulgaria 1969: 1923: 1875: 1873:American waters 1856:Otranto Barrage 1852:Sussex incident 1848: 1824: 1819: 1749: 1743: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1660: 1654: 1565: 1503: 1474: 1398: 1323: 1317: 1296:, drowned when 1267:Gustav Bachmann 1190: 1182: 1176: 1171: 1158: 1146:High Seas Fleet 1129: 1087: 1081: 1067:pre-dreadnought 948: 942: 937: 921:South East Asia 839:U-boat campaign 835: 830: 564: 558: 556: 521: 517:61 Q-ships sunk 516: 514: 512: 510: 492: 480:Reinhard Scheer 472: 471: 461: 460: 458:Gustav Bachmann 450: 449: 439: 427: 426: 416: 415: 405: 404: 394: 376: 374: 373: 364: 362: 361: 352: 350: 339: 337: 336: 327: 325: 324: 315: 313: 312: 303: 301: 300: 291: 289: 288: 278: 276: 274: 265: 263: 262: 252: 251: 242: 240: 218: 193: 166: 144:U-boat campaign 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7487: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7190:Peace treaties 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7076:United Kingdom 7073: 7068: 7066:Ottoman Empire 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6970: 6968:Sack of Dinant 6965: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6916:United Kingdom 6913: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6876: 6870:POW locations 6868: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6852: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6705: 6703: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6670:United Kingdom 6667: 6665:Ottoman Empire 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6642: 6641: 6639:Trench warfare 6636: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6591: 6589: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6355: 6352:Volta-Bani War 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6190:Zeebrugge Raid 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5981:Battle of Loos 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5872:Black Sea raid 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5774:Historiography 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5728:Bosnian Crisis 5725: 5722:Tangier Crisis 5719: 5713: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5655:Ottoman Empire 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5632:Central Powers 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5615:British Empire 5610:United Kingdom 5607: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5588:Russian Empire 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5506:Entente Powers 5499: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5474:North Atlantic 5465: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5385:Central Arabia 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5347:Middle Eastern 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5248:Historiography 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5148: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5121: 5110: 5097: 5096:External links 5094: 5093: 5092: 5086: 5073: 5067: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5034: 5028: 5015: 5001: 4995: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4947: 4933: 4916: 4910: 4895: 4881: 4867: 4861: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4812: 4806: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4763: 4737: 4724: 4698: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4651: 4633: 4626: 4605: 4575: 4568: 4550: 4532: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4476:Gibson, p. 308 4469: 4451: 4449:Halpern p. 427 4442: 4433: 4431:Tarrant p. 149 4421: 4396: 4387: 4380: 4353: 4346: 4328: 4301: 4286: 4269: 4256: 4244: 4231: 4201: 4189: 4176: 4170:Marian Sârbu, 4163: 4150: 4137: 4117: 4104: 4091: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4058:Halpern p. 329 4051: 4030: 4003: 3969:(2): 171–192. 3944: 3929: 3920: 3908: 3906:Messimer p. 31 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3848: 3833: 3818: 3790: 3776: 3759: 3750: 3748:Ritter, p. 131 3741: 3732: 3729:. p. 308. 3717: 3708: 3701: 3680: 3678:Ritter, p. 127 3671: 3669:Ritter, p. 126 3662: 3655: 3637: 3622: 3607: 3605:Tarrant p. 148 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3551: 3520: 3490: 3471: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3257: 3254: 3250:Max Valentiner 3232:Pour le Mérite 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2986:, the British 2973:purely British 2961: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2642: 2639: 2596:War Operations 2588:Laurindo Pitta 2580:Santa Catarina 2555: 2552: 2508: 2505: 2465: 2462: 2422: 2419: 2314:Chesapeake Bay 2293: 2290: 2273: 2270: 2240: 2237: 2233:British Empire 2186:Just like that 2168: 2165: 2150:Admiral Beatty 2122: 2115: 2112: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2065: 2062: 1968: 1965: 1922: 1919: 1874: 1871: 1847: 1844: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1745:Main article: 1742: 1739: 1653: 1650: 1564: 1561: 1502: 1499: 1473: 1466: 1428:the same day. 1426:William Dawson 1413:Great Yarmouth 1397: 1394: 1371:Robert Lansing 1359:Woodrow Wilson 1319:Main article: 1316: 1310: 1188: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1157: 1154: 1128: 1125: 1103:torpedoed the 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 954:German U-boat 944:Main article: 941: 938: 936: 933: 884:, whereas the 882:British Empire 870:United Kingdom 832: 831: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 792: 791: 789:Naval theatres 785: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 758: 757: 751: 750: 749: 748: 738: 737: 736: 726: 721: 716: 711: 710: 709: 698: 697: 691: 690: 685: 683:Central Arabia 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 638: 632: 631: 626: 625: 624: 619: 614: 604: 599: 598: 597: 592: 582: 576: 575: 569: 566: 565: 555: 554: 547: 540: 532: 524: 523: 518: 506: 505: 501: 500: 497: 488: 487: 483: 482: 437: 391: 390: 386: 385: 383:Bulgarian Navy 348: 322:Brazilian Navy 237: 236: 232: 231: 228: 227: 226:Allied victory 224: 220: 219: 204:Atlantic Ocean 202: 200: 196: 195: 190: 182: 181: 158: 157: 146: 145: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7486: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7081:United States 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7021: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6698: 6693: 6683: 6682:United States 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6632:Convoy system 6630: 6629: 6628: 6627:Naval warfare 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6387:Kaocen revolt 6385: 6382: 6381:Easter Rising 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Great Retreat 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5817:Battle of Cer 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5734:Agadir Crisis 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5622:United States 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5539:French Empire 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5492: 5482: 5481:Mediterranean 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5461:Naval warfare 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5337:Italian Front 5335: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5325:Eastern Front 5323: 5321: 5320:Western Front 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278:Puppet states 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5013:0-85368-928-8 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4977:1-57488-452-2 4973: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4959:1-55750-447-4 4956: 4952: 4948: 4946: 4945:1-85170-378-0 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4911:1-85728-498-4 4907: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4893:0-713-99343-X 4890: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4879:0-85422-070-4 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4862:1-55750-447-4 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4843:1-904381-08-1 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821:The Telegraph 4818: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4773: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4735:, 1960, p. 16 4734: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4677: 4668: 4661: 4660:Seaborn Trade 4655: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4629: 4627:1-85532-545-4 4623: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4569:1-57488-452-2 4565: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4545:The Great War 4542: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4391: 4383: 4381:0-415-20440-2 4377: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4347:0-87586-383-3 4343: 4339: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4134:0-85368-928-8 4131: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4048: 4047:1-85409-520-X 4044: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3933: 3924: 3918:Tarrant p. 24 3915: 3913: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3728: 3721: 3712: 3704: 3702:0-87021-607-4 3698: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3675: 3666: 3658: 3656:1-85109-420-2 3652: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3567: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3539: 3535: 3534:The Telegraph 3531: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3328:Battle losses 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3256:U-boat losses 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202:1918 December 3200: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3162:1917 December 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3122:1916 December 3120: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3082:1915 December 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3042:1914 December 3040: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2682:Allied losses 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2461: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2410:Massachusetts 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2286:surface ships 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2142:Schloss Pless 2139: 2134: 2131: 2120: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2096:Sussex Pledge 2093: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074:cruiser rules 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1921:Arctic waters 1918: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1801:on 20 April. 1800: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1741:Depth charges 1738: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1684:Dover Barrage 1681: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1418:On 21 August 1416: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Hugo von Pohl 1236: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Hugo von Pohl 1210: 1206: 1205:Hermann Bauer 1196: 1186: 1181: 1166: 1164: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1120:Léon Gambetta 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 995: 993: 992: 986: 985: 980: 979: 972: 968: 964: 957: 952: 947: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Mediterranean 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 866:German Empire 863: 862:Mediterranean 859: 858:British Isles 855: 851: 847: 844: 840: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 811:Mediterranean 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 790: 787: 786: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 756: 753: 752: 747: 744: 743: 742: 739: 735: 732: 731: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 699: 696: 693: 692: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 637: 634: 633: 630: 627: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 608: 605: 603: 600: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585:Eastern Front 583: 581: 580:Western Front 578: 577: 574: 571: 570: 567: 562: 553: 548: 546: 541: 539: 534: 533: 530: 519: 508: 507: 502: 498: 496: 490: 489: 484: 481: 476: 470: 465: 459: 454: 448: 447:Hugo von Pohl 443: 438: 436: 431: 425: 420: 414: 409: 403: 398: 393: 392: 387: 384: 372: 360: 349: 347: 335: 323: 311: 299: 287: 286: 273: 261: 256: 250: 239: 238: 233: 225: 222: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198: 197: 191: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 173: 172: 164: 159: 156: 152: 151:naval theatre 147: 142: 139: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7293: 7286: 7274: 6881: / 6813: 6648:Conscription 6612:Cryptography 6549:Iraqi Revolt 5976:Siege of Kut 5919: 5497:participants 5468: 5446:German Samoa 5380:South Arabia 5077: 5058: 5038: 5019: 5004: 4986: 4966: 4950: 4936: 4929:the original 4924: 4900: 4884: 4870: 4852: 4833: 4825:the original 4820: 4797: 4790:Bibliography 4775:. Retrieved 4766: 4754:. Retrieved 4740: 4732: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4701: 4693: 4676: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4617: 4608: 4596:. Retrieved 4587: 4578: 4559: 4553: 4544: 4541:Falls, Cyril 4535: 4523:. Retrieved 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4464:the original 4454: 4445: 4436: 4414:13 September 4412:. Retrieved 4406: 4399: 4390: 4371: 4337: 4331: 4319:. Retrieved 4304: 4295: 4289: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4213: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4125: 4120: 4112: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4086: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4038: 4033: 4025:the original 4020: 4016: 4013:"Camouflage" 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3966: 3960: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3851: 3836: 3821: 3809:. Retrieved 3804: 3793: 3779: 3769: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3692: 3674: 3665: 3646: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3542:. Retrieved 3538:the original 3533: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3502: 3499:"RN Q-ships" 3493: 3484: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3453: 3444: 3411: 3348:Other losses 3259: 3236: 3229: 3222: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2647: 2644: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2604:Sierra Leone 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2474: 2467: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2308: 2306: 2275: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2206:William Sims 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2135: 2127: 2108: 2089: 2067: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1924: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1876: 1864: 1860: 1849: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1778:County Kerry 1772: 1769: 1758: 1750: 1747:Depth charge 1721: 1714: 1706: 1697:commander's 1672: 1664: 1661: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1623: 1619:Cape Matapan 1612: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1566: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1504: 1489: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1356: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1313: 1304: 1298: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1237: 1225: 1201: 1159: 1138: 1130: 1119: 1112: 1106: 1099: 1088: 1071: 1061: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1013: 1006: 999: 996: 990: 983: 977: 960: 955: 925:Indian Ocean 902: 890:German Bight 838: 836: 795: 782:Central Asia 755:Asia-Pacific 729:North Africa 707:South Africa 678:South Arabia 559:Theatres of 285:Regia Marina 275: 235:Belligerents 177: 170: 149:Part of the 138: 123: 117:January 2017 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 6911:Netherlands 6888:Switzerland 6769:Occupations 6760:Spanish flu 6537:(1919–1922) 6531:(1918–1921) 6525:(1918–1923) 6514:(1919–1921) 6508:(1919–1921) 6502:(1919–1920) 6478:(1918–1920) 6472:(1918–1920) 6466:(1918–1920) 6448:(1918–1920) 6430:(1918–1920) 6424:(1917–1921) 6418:(1917–1921) 6365:(1916-1918) 6363:Arab Revolt 6354:(1915–1917) 6348:(1915–1917) 6336:(1914-1917) 6330:(1914–1917) 6324:(1914–1921) 6318:(1913–1920) 6306:(1910–1920) 6300:(1900–1920) 6273: [ 5791:July Crisis 5712:(1880–1914) 5375:Mesopotamia 5253:Home fronts 5212:World War I 4598:18 November 4224:5 September 4124:VE Tarrant 4102:, pp. 63–64 4076:Grey p. 132 3647:World War I 2966:Grand Total 2503:, Albania. 2318:Nova Scotia 1931:Barents Sea 1888:Deutschland 1786:Farnborough 1141:Grand Fleet 1069:battleship 892:, and used 860:and in the 843:World War I 724:East Africa 663:Mesopotamia 636:Middle East 561:World War I 499:351 U-boats 402:Lord Fisher 272:French Navy 155:World War I 7328:Categories 7128:Agreements 6928:War crimes 6804:Luxembourg 6697:Casualties 5568:Montenegro 5403:South West 5283:Technology 5273:Propaganda 5263:Opposition 5145:Uboat.net: 4525:14 October 3939:Camouflage 3544:18 January 3431:References 2959:2,666,942 2623:Cape Verde 2484:Bantry Bay 2278:Type U-151 2272:U-cruisers 2211:Queenstown 2190:Wilhelm II 2026:Sevastopol 1952:, sunk by 1939:Kola inlet 1935:North Cape 1765:Portsmouth 1626:Type UB II 1573:Suez Canal 1484:White Star 1434:Folkestone 1403:Cottingham 1178:See also: 1072:Formidable 1007:Pathfinder 967:Royal Navy 965:to attack 963:Heligoland 923:, and the 878:Royal Navy 821:Baltic Sea 772:New Guinea 741:Somaliland 249:Royal Navy 87:newspapers 7025:Diplomacy 6732:Olympians 6655:Australia 6622:Logistics 6555:Vlora War 6484:(1918–19) 6460:(1918–19) 6454:(1918–19) 6442:(1918–19) 6389:(1916–17) 6371:(1916–17) 6322:Zaian War 6312:(1914–15) 6032:first day 5920:Lusitania 5748:(1912–13) 5742:(1911–12) 5730:(1908–09) 5724:(1905–06) 5706:(1870–71) 5495:Principal 5355:Gallipoli 5258:Memorials 5243:Geography 5233:Aftermath 4756:1 January 4717:1 January 3996:8 January 3983:247298555 3503:gwpda.org 3464:1 January 3367:Years end 3182:1918 June 3142:1917 June 3102:1916 June 3062:1915 June 3022:1914 June 2956:6,235,878 2953:2,327,326 2950:1,307,996 2865:September 2659:Liverpool 2641:Aftermath 2475:Mayflower 2393:HMS 2022:Constanța 1985:Podvodnik 1977:Black Sea 1943:White Sea 1911:Hans Rose 1699:periscope 1581:Gibraltar 1575:, Malta, 1557:Type UC I 1553:Type UB I 1542:HMS 1535:HMS 1482:sank the 1382:Lusitania 1363:Lusitania 1341:Lusitania 1339:RMS 1331:Lusitania 1314:Lusitania 1282:Harpalyce 1116:sank the 1107:Jean Bart 1065:sank the 1005:HMS 989:HMS 971:North Sea 816:Black Sea 801:North Sea 658:Gallipoli 653:Kurdistan 617:Macedonia 216:Black Sea 208:North Sea 178:Lusitania 7313:Category 6900:Refugees 6866:Italians 6855:Germans 6815:Ober Ost 6595:Aviation 5689:Timeline 5660:Bulgaria 5441:Tsingtao 5418:Togoland 5365:Caucasus 5300:European 5292:Theatres 5154:Archived 5151:Room 40: 4777:12 April 4750:Archived 4711:Archived 4592:Archived 4588:BBC News 4543:(1961). 4519:Archived 4321:29 April 4315:Archived 4218:Archived 4161:, p. 131 4148:, p. 152 4115:, p. 412 4089:, p. 259 3987:Archived 3811:27 April 3507:Archived 3458:Archived 3005:British 2925:December 2905:November 2900:118,559 2880:187,881 2860:283,815 2840:260,967 2821:255,587 2802:295,520 2783:278,719 2764:342,597 2745:318,957 2731:February 2726:306,658 2671:red flag 2663:Brighton 2635:Belmonte 2612:Belmonte 2584:Belmonte 2407:Cape Cod 1950:Bistrița 1937:and the 1933:between 1839:Jellicoe 1642:SS 1604:Salonika 1544:Majestic 1511:Adriatic 1488:SS 1286:SM 1060:SM 1012:SM 976:SM 917:Far East 911:and the 909:Atlantic 874:blockade 806:Atlantic 762:Tsingtao 746:Ethiopia 719:Cameroon 714:Togoland 643:Caucasus 486:Strength 199:Location 174:sinking 7359:U-boats 7051:Germany 6951:Germany 6879:Germany 6799:Belgium 6784:Albania 6743:Disease 6723:Sports 6675:Ireland 6588:Warfare 6581:Aspects 5769:Origins 5762:Prelude 5665:Senussi 5645:Germany 5640:Leaders 5578:Romania 5519:Belgium 5514:Leaders 5413:Kamerun 5395:African 5330:Romania 5308:Balkans 5223:Outline 5162:Room 40 4935:Jane's 4873:Seeley 4128:(1989) 4049:, p. 27 3513:6 March 3394:Q-ships 3288:On hand 3217:38,775 3197:36,683 3177:36,241 3157:36,858 3137:38,282 3117:38,157 3097:38,221 3077:37,950 3057:37,569 3037:36,838 3008:Allied 2977:British 2947:312,672 2937:399,212 2934:355,139 2931:123,141 2920:17,682 2917:289,212 2914:311,508 2911:153,043 2897:458,558 2894:353,660 2885:October 2877:351,748 2874:230,460 2871:151,884 2857:511,730 2854:162,744 2851:185,866 2837:557,988 2834:118,215 2831:109,640 2818:687,507 2815:108,851 2812:131,428 2799:596,629 2796:129,175 2793:120,058 2780:881,027 2777:191,667 2761:593,841 2758:167,097 2742:540,006 2739:117,547 2723:368,521 2712:January 2677:Summary 2651:Harwich 2568:Paraíba 2501:Durazzo 2455:⁄ 2265:Olympic 2218:U-boats 1732:⁄ 1636:caused 1608:Kavalla 1588:Cattaro 1537:Triumph 1495:Kinsale 1438:Monarch 1133:torpedo 1023:Aboukir 991:Monarch 929:convoys 850:U-boats 629:Ireland 607:Balkans 595:Finland 590:Romania 495:Q-ships 101:scholar 7071:Russia 7046:France 6874:Canada 6789:Serbia 6660:Canada 6617:Horses 6569:(1921) 6563:(1920) 6557:(1920) 6551:(1920) 6543:(1920) 6496:(1919) 6490:(1919) 6436:(1918) 6401:(1918) 6395:(1917) 6383:(1916) 6377:(1916) 6342:(1915) 5754:(1913) 5736:(1911) 5718:(1905) 5675:Darfur 5600:Serbia 5583:Russia 5546:Greece 5534:France 5524:Brazil 5370:Persia 5313:Serbia 5116:, in: 5105:, in: 5084: 5065: 5026: 5011: 4993: 4974: 4957: 4943: 4908: 4891: 4877: 4859: 4840: 4804: 4624: 4566: 4378: 4344: 4132: 4045: 3981: 3699: 3653: 3214:10,237 3205:17,601 3194:10,286 3185:17,415 3174:10,459 3165:17,725 3154:10,670 3145:18,535 3134:11,220 3125:19,900 3114:11,265 3105:20,464 3094:11,163 3085:20,804 3074:11,074 3065:20,866 3054:11,068 3045:20,752 3034:10,930 3025:20,524 3017:Total 3014:Other 2928:44,197 2908:19,413 2891:88,534 2888:87,917 2868:98,378 2848:62,767 2845:August 2774:55,725 2755:80,775 2736:59,921 2720:81,259 2717:47,981 2692:Month 2633:, and 2578:, and 2543:Sakaki 2528:, and 2496:battle 2488:Azores 2486:, the 2250:Rucker 2030:Sulina 1927:Russia 1906:under 1894:Bremen 1782:Q-ship 1759:Vernon 1695:U-boat 1676:Q ship 1644:Ancona 1579:, and 1490:Arabic 1486:liner 1470:Arabic 1458:, and 1305:Falaba 1274:Ostend 1150:zigzag 1035:Cressy 1032:, and 864:. The 854:Allies 796:U-boat 695:Africa 648:Persia 622:Greece 612:Serbia 573:Europe 380: 368: 356: 343: 331: 319: 307: 295: 282: 269: 246: 223:Result 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 7268:Other 7061:Japan 7056:Italy 6883:camps 6727:Rugby 6277:] 5556:Japan 5551:Italy 5529:China 5423:North 3990:(PDF) 3979:S2CID 3957:(PDF) 3454:Wired 3436:Notes 3283:1918 3280:1917 3277:1916 3274:1915 3271:1914 3211:7,977 3208:2,960 3191:6,059 3188:2,954 3171:4,868 3168:3,189 3151:4,213 3148:3,441 3131:3,589 3128:3,573 3111:2,891 3108:3,537 3091:2,756 3088:3,497 3071:2,645 3068:3,444 3051:2,352 3048:3,396 3031:2,070 3028:3,352 2944:Total 2769:April 2750:March 2707:1918 2704:1917 2701:1916 2698:1915 2695:1914 2608:Dakar 2576:Piauí 2564:Bahia 2388:U-154 2379:U-139 2373:U-152 2367:U-155 2361:U-156 2355:U-140 2349:U-117 2343:U-156 2338:U-151 2330:U-151 2322:U-151 2309:U-151 2260:U-103 2255:U-103 2058:UC-15 2050:Smeul 2045:UC-15 2039:Smeul 2034:UB-42 2017:UB-14 2011:UB-42 1998:UB-46 1992:UB-45 1961:Vardø 1810:UB-29 1804:UC-19 1577:Crete 1302:sank 1045:Hawke 1029:Hogue 846:naval 767:Samoa 734:Libya 602:Italy 108:JSTOR 94:books 6848:POWs 6167:1918 6069:1917 5995:1916 5896:1915 5800:1914 5605:Siam 5408:East 5082:ISBN 5063:ISBN 5024:ISBN 5009:ISBN 4991:ISBN 4972:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4941:ISBN 4906:ISBN 4889:ISBN 4875:ISBN 4857:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4802:ISBN 4779:2024 4758:2019 4719:2019 4622:ISBN 4600:2018 4564:ISBN 4527:2014 4416:2018 4376:ISBN 4342:ISBN 4323:2009 4226:2017 4130:ISBN 4043:ISBN 3998:2016 3813:2024 3697:ISBN 3651:ISBN 3546:2014 3515:2015 3466:2018 3382:134 3303:142 3011:USA 2826:July 2807:June 2602:for 2562:and 2548:U-27 2534:U-30 2530:U-23 2526:U-20 2522:U-16 2518:U-10 2514:U-13 2280:and 2227:The 2175:and 2014:and 2003:UB-7 1981:UB-8 1971:The 1955:U-43 1903:U-53 1807:and 1798:U-69 1792:U-67 1776:off 1773:U-68 1757:HMS 1634:U-38 1613:U-38 1606:and 1600:U-35 1596:U-39 1594:and 1592:U-33 1540:and 1531:U-21 1526:UB-8 1523:and 1520:UB-7 1515:U-21 1479:U-24 1461:UC-7 1455:UC-6 1449:UC-3 1443:UC-1 1430:UC-5 1421:UC-5 1411:off 1408:UC-2 1347:U-20 1312:RMS 1299:U-28 1288:UB-4 1211:and 1100:U-12 1062:U-24 1050:U-27 1048:and 1000:U-21 984:U-15 956:U-14 919:and 896:and 837:The 688:Oman 493:366 189:Date 176:RMS 171:U-20 80:news 3971:doi 3967:XIX 3566:NHH 3379:142 3376:133 3343:69 3323:70 3317:108 3300:133 2996:GRT 2788:May 2673:". 2661:or 2550:). 2538:U-3 2395:E35 2252:in 2140:at 2024:to 1908:K/L 1763:in 1725:GRT 1468:SS 1163:GRT 1113:U-5 1040:U-9 1014:U-9 978:U-9 169:SM 153:of 63:by 7330:: 6275:It 5174:, 4923:. 4819:. 4748:. 4709:. 4685:^ 4644:. 4586:. 4517:. 4424:^ 4356:^ 4216:. 4212:. 4021:14 4019:. 4015:. 3985:. 3977:. 3965:. 3959:. 3911:^ 3803:. 3683:^ 3554:^ 3532:. 3505:. 3501:. 3483:. 3456:. 3452:. 3373:54 3370:29 3362:9 3359:15 3340:63 3337:22 3334:19 3320:87 3314:52 3311:10 3297:54 3294:29 3291:24 3227:. 2998:) 2629:, 2574:, 2570:, 2524:, 2520:, 2516:, 2417:. 2370:, 2346:, 2340:, 2163:. 2032:, 1869:. 1464:. 1452:, 1446:, 1207:, 1165:. 1055:E3 1026:, 931:. 214:, 210:, 206:, 6699:/ 5204:e 5197:t 5190:v 5131:. 5120:. 5109:. 5090:. 5071:. 5032:. 4999:. 4980:. 4914:. 4865:. 4846:. 4810:. 4781:. 4760:. 4721:. 4648:. 4630:. 4602:. 4572:. 4529:. 4418:. 4384:. 4350:. 4325:. 4283:. 4228:. 4000:. 3973:: 3815:. 3787:. 3705:. 3659:. 3568:. 3548:. 3517:. 3487:. 3468:. 3396:) 3356:7 3353:8 3331:5 2457:4 2453:3 2450:+ 2448:2 1734:4 1730:3 1020:( 551:e 544:t 537:v 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

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