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with fire or the sword, or, such of them as came out, with the lance, so that when it was nearly dark there remained only three alive; and these, taking the women that had been brought to dance, placed the twenty in front, who, crossing their hands, made signs to us that we should come for them. The
Christians advancing toward the women, these turned aside, and the three men behind them shot their arrows at us, when we killed two of them. The last Indian, not to surrender, climbed a tree that was in the fence, and taking the cord from his bow, tied it about his neck, and from a limb hanged himself.
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ensuing scuffle, the chief had his arm cut off by the
Spaniard's sword. With this, the Mabilians attacked the Spanish, who immediately ran for the gate and their horses. Natives came from all of the houses and attacked the Spaniards. The Mabilians grabbed the provisions and equipment left outside the palisade and brought the supplies into the town. After making it outside, the Spaniards regrouped and assaulted the village. After numerous assaults and many hours (the battle lasted eight or nine hours), the Spaniards were able to hack holes into the walls of the palisade and reenter the town.
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claimed his people did not have any. The expedition was forced to wait two days as they built rafts to cross to the north side of the river. After crossing, they noticed that two
Spaniards were missing, Juan de Villalobos (who liked to explore the countryside) and an unnamed man looking for a runaway Indian slave. De Soto ordered Tuskaloosa to have his people produced or he would be burned at the stake; the chief said only that the men would be returned at Mabila.
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When de Soto sent men into the house to retrieve the chief, they discovered it was full of armed warriors prepared to protect their chief. De Soto asked the Chief of Mabila to demand the porters promised by
Tuskaloosa, and the Spaniards would leave. The man refused, and a Spaniard grabbed him; in the
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The expedition departed
Atachaci on October 12, and the next day arrived in the village of Piachi, situated high on a cliff overlooking the Alabama River. Here the Spaniards began noticing signs of resistance from the native population. De Soto demanded canoes from the people of Piachi, but the chief
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or mantle of feathers down to his feet, very imposing; he was seated on some high cushions, and many of the principal men among his
Indians were with him. He was as tall as that Tony (Antonico) of the Emperor, our lord's guard, and well proportioned, a fine and comely figure of a man. He had a son, a
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Tuskaloosa sent an envoy led by his son and several head men to meet the
Spanish in Talisi. The envoy intended to assess Spanish expedition in order to prepare a trap for them. The Spanish rested at Talisi for several weeks, then departed on October 5. During the next several days, they reached about
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Once the Chief of Talisi had shown his obedience by supplying the
Spaniards with requested deerskins, food, bearers, and women, de Soto released the paramount chief of Coosa, whom they had held hostage while traveling through his territory. The Coosa chief was angry that he had been taken so far from
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We entered the town and set it on fire, whereby a number of
Indians were burned, and all that we had was consumed, so that there remained not a thing. We fought that day until nightfall, without a single Indian having surrendered to us- they fighting bravely on like lions. We killed them all, either
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every so often for archers to shoot from. The
Spaniards knew something was amiss: the population of the town was almost exclusively male, young warriors and men of status. There were several women, but no children. The Spaniards also noticed the palisade had been recently strengthened, and that all
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Chapter VII-In which is related what happened to the commander Hernando de Soto, in his intercourse with the Chief of Tascaluza...who was such a tall man that he seemed a giant: Sunday, October 10, 1540, the Governor entered the village of Tascaluça, which is called Athahachi, a recent village. And
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The Spaniards burned down Mabila, and nearly all the Mabilians and their allies were killed, either in the battle, in the subsequent fires, or by suicide. Chief Tuskaloosa's son was found among the dead, although the chief was not. Biedma asserts that over five thousand were in the town, of which
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skins as a gift. De Soto and several of his men dismounted and entered the town, as the native bearers placed the Spaniards' supplies next to the palisade. The Mabilians danced and sang to the Spaniards, seemingly to allay their fears and to distract them. While the spectacle unfolded, Tuskaloosa
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trees, bushes and even weeds had been cleared from outside the settlement for the length of a crossbow shot. Outside the palisade in the field, they saw an older warrior haranguing younger men, or leading them in mock skirmishes and military exercises.
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houses on the plaza. De Soto sent Juan Ortiz to retrieve him, but the Mabilians refused him entrance to the house. Tuskaloosa told de Soto and his expedition to leave in peace, or he and his allies would force him to leave.
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Contemporary records describe the paramount chief as being very tall and well built, with some of the chroniclers saying Tuaskaloosa stood a foot and a half taller than the Spaniards. His name, derived from the western
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kinship system. De Soto evidently thought Talisi was subject to Coosa, although the village was closer to Tuskaloosa. As such the chief may have had dual allegiances to both chiefdoms and balanced between them.
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296:, often engaging in violent conflict with the indigenous peoples. As they traveled, the expedition kidnapped natives to act as bearers and interpreters of the many different language families (Muskogean,
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young man as tall as himself but more slender. Before this chief there stood always an Indian of graceful mien holding a parasol on a handle something like a round and very large fly fan, with a
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told de Soto he was tired of marching with the Spaniards, and wished to stay in Mabila. De Soto refused, and the chief asked to confer with some of his nobles in one of the large
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De Soto sent a messenger to tell the chief he and his army had arrived, and the chief responded that they could go to the court whenever de Soto liked. The next day de Soto sent
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developed near here. The chief of Talisi and his vassals had fled the town before them, but de Soto sent messages to the chief, who returned on September 25.
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and alighted from his horse and went up to him, he did not rise, but remained passive in perfect composure and as if he had been a king.
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On October 18, de Soto and the expedition arrived at Mabila, a small, heavily fortified village situated on a plain. It had a wooden
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his home village and that de Soto still held his sister. She was likely the mother of his successor as chief, as the tribe had a
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to guarantee safe passage through his territory. By October 1540, the expedition had reached the middle of modern-day Alabama.
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almost none was able to escape. For several weeks afterward, the Spanish made forays to neighboring villages for supplies of
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to tell the chief that they were on their way. The paramount village was a large, recently built, fortified community with a
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891:"Late Mississippian/Protohistoric Ceramic Chronology and Cultural Change in the Lower Tallapoosa and Alabama River Valleys"
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is a platform mound and fortified village site located at the confluence of the Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Alabama Rivers near
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and plaza. Upon entering the village, de Soto was taken to meet the chief under a portico on top of the mound.
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of many territories, and of numerous people, being equally feared by his vassals and the neighbouring nations.
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valleys, and other native peoples came together to form a confederacy that became the tribe known as the
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As de Soto approached the town, the chief of Mabila came out to greet him, bringing him three robes of
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Narratives of the Career of Hernando De Soto in the Conquest of Florida as told by a Knight of Elvas
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expedition route through Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama. Based on
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Gentleman of Elvas (1557). "Chapter XVII, Of How the Governor went from Coca to Tastaluca".
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Tuskaloosa's province consisted of a series of villages, located mostly along the
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Moscoso and his men mounted their horses and galloped around the plaza, playing
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718:. Kallman Publishing Co. (1968), Translated by Buckingham Smith. p. 81.
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rivers. Each village had its own chief, who was a vassal to Tuskaloosa, the
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916:"Relation of the Conquest of Florida presented by Luys Hernandez de Biedma"
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758:"A Narrative of de Soto's Expedition based on the Diary of Rodrigo Ranjel"
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Narratives of the Career of Hernando De Soto in the Conquest of Florida
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at one side of the square, his head covered by a kind of coif like the
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Artist's conception of the burning of Mabila, illustration by H. Roe
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encountered by the de Soto expedition in 1540. The Big Eddy phase
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one village of the Tuskaloosa province per day. These included
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Tuskaloosa and his chiefdom are recorded in the chronicles of
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University of South Alabama Center for Archaeological Studies
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peoples) who later emerged in the region. The modern city of
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391:. On October 8 they came to a newly built settlement named
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435:'s which gave him an aspect of authority; he also wore a
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16th-century Mississippian chief in present-day Alabama
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Over the next few centuries, the Tuskaloosa, Coosa,
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918:. Buckingham Smith (trans.). 1554. Archived from
760:. Edward G. Bourne (trans.). 1554. Archived from
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269:. This was believed to comprise what is now the
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545:Fort Toulouse-Fort Jackson State Historic Site
2727:
994:
131:at his fortified village against the Spanish
872:"Mound at Fort Toulouse – Fort Jackson Park"
547:and is one of the locations included on the
889:Jenkins, Ned J.; Sheldon, Craig T. (2016).
794:
707:
215:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2734:
2720:
1001:
987:
446:Knights of the Order of St. John of Rhodes
358:on September 18, 1540; the modern town of
3242:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
315:
235:Learn how and when to remove this message
577:
512:
423:the chief was on a kind of balcony on a
383:, another village on a stream, possibly
319:
49:Chief Tuskaloosa. Illustration by H. Roe
3805:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
910:
908:
528:has been tentatively identified as the
523:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
517:Artist's conception of the Taskigi Site
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259:of Spain, who directed him to conquer
127:Tuskaloosa is notable for leading the
2715:
982:
834:; Carmen Chavez Tesser, eds. (1994).
681:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
669:
667:
647:Known Mississippian culture chiefdoms
176:
905:
399:. On October 9, de Soto crossed the
213:adding citations to reliable sources
180:
3713:Norse colonization of North America
821:
802:"The Old Mobile Project Newsletter"
604:
554:
431:, so that his headdress was like a
13:
3825:Native American history of Alabama
1017:Mississippian and related cultures
664:
551:"Alabama Indigenous Mound Trail".
14:
3841:
629:peoples from the Mississippi and
543:. It is preserved as part of the
1010:
185:
43:
3733:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2651:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
953:
940:
882:
652:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1033:Timeline of Mississippi valley
965:Choctaw Genesis – 1500 to 1700
895:Journal of Alabama Archaeology
864:
783:
508:
348:. After traveling through the
1:
3815:16th-century Native Americans
2233:Grand Village of the Illinois
657:
549:University of Alabama Museums
276:In 1539, De Soto landed near
3698:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3648:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2010:Grand Village of the Natchez
969:University of Nebraska Press
609:
379:, situated on a stream; and
72:Cacique (Chief) of Tuskalusa
7:
3082:Bandelier National Monument
2956:List of Mississippian sites
2743:Pre-Columbian North America
1028:List of Mississippian sites
840:University of Georgia Press
687:University of Georgia Press
640:
21:Tuscaloosa (disambiguation)
10:
3846:
3502:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3107:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2816:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
558:
25:
18:
3771:
3743:Three Sisters agriculture
3598:
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2791:
2749:
2678:
2567:
2499:
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1958:
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1847:
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1023:
780:/20th century translation
154:, means "Black Warrior".
68:
54:
42:
35:
3282:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2841:Buttermilk Creek complex
1945:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
412:Luis de Moscoso Alvarado
19:Not to be confused with
3830:Native American leaders
3482:Town Creek Indian Mound
3452:Sierra de San Francisco
3307:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2575:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2471:Long-nosed god maskette
2351:SunWatch Indian Village
2298:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2159:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
836:The Forgotten Centuries
444:similar to that of the
395:, possibly near modern
3137:Coso Rock Art District
3024:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2927:List of Hopewell sites
2326:Alligator Effigy Mound
1940:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1892:Leon-Jefferson culture
1288:Caborn-Welborn culture
932:: CS1 maint: others (
774:: CS1 maint: others (
602:
583:
533:Province of Tuskaloosa
518:
462:
333:
316:Province of Tuskaloosa
271:Southern United States
174:
3820:Chiefs of the Choctaw
3545:Arlington Springs Man
3387:Portsmouth Earthworks
1055:and Upper Mississippi
876:University of Alabama
589:
581:
516:
420:
360:Childersburg, Alabama
323:
167:Gentleman of Elvas -
156:
3753:Transoceanic contact
3643:Container Revolution
3217:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3182:Etowah Indian Mounds
2614:Earth/fertility cult
2318:Fort Ancient culture
1202:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1188:Lower Ohio River and
1174:Steed-Kisker culture
500:encircling it, with
209:improve this section
124:, is named for him.
93:) (died 1540) was a
3673:Green Corn Ceremony
3487:Turkey River Mounds
3277:Lake Jackson Mounds
3097:Blue Spring Shelter
2619:Green Corn Ceremony
2179:Upper Mississippian
2129:Blue Spring Shelter
1849:Fort Walton culture
1303:Hovey Lake District
458:Rodrigo Ranjel 1544
122:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
104:in what is now the
28:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
3758:Underwater panther
3432:Rosenstock Village
3302:Marmes Rockshelter
3287:L'Anse aux Meadows
2701:de Soto Expedition
2666:Underwater panther
2512:Central Algonquian
2223:Fisher Mound Group
1867:Apalachee Province
1834:Waddells Mill Pond
675:Hudson, Charles M.
584:
519:
334:
324:A map showing the
177:De Soto expedition
144:Muskogean language
26:For the city, see
3792:
3791:
3784:Pre-Columbian era
3585:Spirit Cave mummy
3382:Plum Bayou Mounds
3292:Lynch Quarry Site
2811:Ancient Beringian
2709:
2708:
2674:
2673:
2359:
2358:
1975:Atchafalaya Basin
1917:Pensacola culture
1882:Fort Walton Mound
1774:Punk Rock Shelter
1734:Mouse Creek phase
1557:South Appalachian
1551:
1550:
1430:Central and Lower
1371:Castalian Springs
1361:Brentwood Library
1261:Middle Ohio River
1114:Emerald Acropolis
961:Patricia Galloway
948:Knights of Spain,
859:Knights of Spain,
832:Charles M. Hudson
790:es:Juego de cañas
541:Wetumpka, Alabama
397:Wetumpka, Alabama
330:Charles M. Hudson
245:
244:
237:
76:
75:
3837:
3728:Projectile point
3565:Leanderthal Lady
3492:Upward Sun River
3467:Stallings Island
3457:Shell ring sites
3407:Recapture Canyon
3322:Moorehead Circle
3167:El Fin del Mundo
3152:Cueva de la Olla
2958:
2945:Maritime Archaic
2929:
2759:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2476:Mill Creek chert
2466:Duck River cache
2368:
2367:
2186:
2185:
1950:Pensacola people
1744:Muscogee (Creek)
1584:Bell Field Mound
1298:Hovey Lake-Klein
1252:Wickliffe Mounds
1227:Rowlandton Mound
1144:Lunsford-Pulcher
1048:
1047:
1015:
1014:
1003:
996:
989:
980:
979:
973:
972:
957:
951:
944:
938:
937:
931:
923:
912:
903:
902:
886:
880:
879:
868:
862:
855:
844:
843:
828:
819:
818:
816:
815:
806:
798:
792:
787:
781:
779:
773:
765:
754:
748:
745:Knights of Spain
741:
728:
727:
711:
705:
704:
684:
671:
605:After the battle
600:
598:Luys Biedma 1544
555:Battle of Mabila
460:
401:Tallapoosa River
249:Hernando de Soto
240:
233:
229:
226:
220:
189:
181:
172:
136:Hernando de Soto
129:Battle of Mabila
47:
33:
32:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3779:Genetic history
3767:
3621:Ceremonial pipe
3594:
3575:Minnesota Woman
3532:
3526:
3347:Ocmulgee Mounds
3327:Morrison Mounds
3272:Kolomoki Mounds
3262:Kimball Village
3122:Candelaria Cave
3064:
3058:
3039:Suwannee Valley
2974:Old Cordilleran
2954:
2925:
2793:
2787:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2710:
2705:
2691:Clarksdale bell
2670:
2656:Stone box grave
2597:Ceremonial pipe
2563:
2522:Mobilian Jargon
2495:
2427:
2355:
2312:
2180:
2173:
2110:
2103:
1961:
1954:
1911:
1843:
1789:Rucker's Bottom
1579:Beaverdam Creek
1559:
1547:
1431:
1425:
1386:Hiwassee Island
1343:
1337:
1328:Welborn Village
1256:
1217:Millstone Bluff
1190:Confluence area
1189:
1183:
1179:Sugarloaf Mound
1119:Emmons Cemetery
1054:
1052:American Bottom
1043:
1037:
1019:
1009:
1007:
977:
976:
958:
954:
946:Hudson (1997),
945:
941:
925:
924:
914:
913:
906:
887:
883:
870:
869:
865:
861:pp. 234–238/240
857:Hudson (1997),
856:
847:
829:
822:
813:
811:
804:
800:
799:
795:
788:
784:
767:
766:
756:
755:
751:
743:Hudson (1997),
742:
731:
712:
708:
701:
672:
665:
660:
643:
612:
607:
601:
596:
572:wattle and daub
563:
557:
511:
461:
456:
346:paramount chief
318:
241:
230:
224:
221:
206:
190:
179:
173:
166:
95:paramount chief
64:
59:
50:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Mound Builders
3700:
3695:
3690:
3688:Medicine wheel
3685:
3680:
3678:Horned Serpent
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Roberts Island
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Old Stone Fort
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Moaning Cavern
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Kincaid Mounds
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Cuarenta Casas
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Bluefish Caves
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3063:Archaeological
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Caloosahatchee
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Caborn-Welborn
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2792:Archaeological
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2696:Mound Builders
2693:
2688:
2683:
2682:Related topics
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2644:Village bundle
2636:
2631:
2629:Platform mound
2626:
2624:Horned Serpent
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2491:Stone statuary
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Leo Petroglyph
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Moccasin Bluff
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:Gentleman Farm
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Carcajou Point
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Caddoan Mounds
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Dauphin Island
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Bussell Island
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:Beasley Mounds
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:Kincaid Mounds
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:Horseshoe Lake
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:Dickson Mounds
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
975:
974:
952:
939:
922:on 2008-10-15.
904:
881:
863:
845:
820:
793:
782:
764:on 2009-03-17.
749:
729:
706:
699:
662:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
649:
642:
639:
611:
608:
606:
603:
594:
559:Main article:
556:
553:
526:Big Eddy phase
510:
507:
466:juego de cañas
454:
416:platform mound
385:Hatchett Creek
351:Province Coosa
317:
314:
290:South Carolina
278:Tampa, Florida
243:
242:
193:
191:
184:
178:
175:
164:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3842:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Falcon dancer
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:Miscellaneous
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Melbourne Man
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:La Brea Woman
3558:
3556:
3555:Kennewick Man
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Serpent Mound
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Pueblo Bonito
3395:
3393:
3392:Poverty Point
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Pinson Mounds
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Painted Bluff
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Horr's Island
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Effigy Mounds
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Crystal River
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3054:Weeden Island
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Safety Harbor
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Poverty Point
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Paleo-Indians
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:Mississippian
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:Sacred bundle
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:Wulfing cache
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2445:
2444:Copper plates
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2418:Three Sisters
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2388:Little barley
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2308:Summer Island
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2112:
2111:Mississippian
2106:
2100:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
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1962:Mississippian
1957:
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1877:Corbin–Tucker
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1784:Roods Landing
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1724:Moccasin Bend
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1654:Hoojah Branch
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1561:Mississippian
1558:
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1484:Menard-Hodges
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1421:Swallow Bluff
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1342:Tennessee and
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1213:
1212:Marshall Site
1210:
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1049:
1046:
1044:Mississippian
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
985:
984:
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970:
966:
962:
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929:
921:
917:
911:
909:
900:
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
867:
860:
854:
852:
850:
842:. p. 87.
841:
837:
833:
827:
825:
810:
803:
797:
791:
786:
777:
771:
763:
759:
753:
747:, pp. 226–229
746:
740:
738:
736:
734:
725:
721:
717:
710:
702:
700:9780820318882
696:
692:
688:
683:
682:
676:
670:
668:
663:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:Mississippian
625:
620:
618:
599:
593:
588:
580:
576:
573:
568:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Taskigi Mound
534:
531:
530:protohistoric
527:
524:
515:
506:
503:
499:
494:
490:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
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467:
459:
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268:
267:
262:
258:
257:Carlos I
254:
250:
239:
236:
228:
218:
214:
210:
204:
203:
199:
194:This section
192:
188:
183:
182:
170:
163:
161:
155:
153:
149:
145:
139:
137:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
99:Mississippian
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
71:
67:
63:
57:
53:
46:
41:
34:
29:
22:
3763:Water glyphs
3718:Oasisamerica
3708:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3668:Folsom point
3658:Effigy mound
3638:Clovis point
3606:Aridoamerica
3507:Wickiup Hill
3462:Spiro Mounds
3442:Salmon Ruins
3437:Russell Cave
3232:Helen Blazes
3227:Grimes Point
3207:Fort Juelson
3197:Fort Ancient
3172:El Vallecito
3132:Chaco Canyon
3072:Angel Mounds
3034:Steed-Kisker
2984:Paleo-Arctic
2906:Glacial Kame
2891:Fort Ancient
2783:Post-Classic
2754:
2686:Chevron bead
2592:Burial mound
2486:Shell gorget
2454:Spiro plates
2449:Rogan plates
2268:Knoll Spring
2243:Hartley Fort
2203:Beattie Park
2087:Transylvania
1925:Bottle Creek
1887:Lake Jackson
1769:Pisgah phase
1699:Little Egypt
1649:Garden Creek
1634:Dallas phase
1521:Tipton phase
1499:Nodena phase
1396:Mound Bottom
1381:Fewkes Group
1366:Brick Church
1268:Angel Mounds
1134:Kuhn Station
1129:John Chapman
964:
955:
947:
942:
920:the original
898:
894:
884:
866:
858:
835:
812:. Retrieved
808:
796:
785:
762:the original
752:
744:
715:
709:
680:
621:
613:
597:
590:
585:
564:
532:
525:
520:
495:
491:
486:
480:
465:
463:
457:
436:
428:
421:
409:
404:
392:
380:
376:
373:
364:
355:
349:
335:
275:
264:
246:
231:
225:October 2018
222:
207:Please help
195:
168:
157:
151:
147:
140:
133:conquistador
126:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:
3810:1540 deaths
3748:Thunderbird
3616:Black drink
3580:Peñon woman
3517:Winterville
3497:Velda Mound
3477:Taos Pueblo
3372:Parkin Park
3357:Orwell site
3342:Nodena site
3237:Holly Bluff
3212:Four Mounds
3202:Fort Center
3127:Casa Grande
3077:Anzick site
2969:Monongahela
2896:Fort Walton
2871:Coles Creek
2836:Belle Glade
2821:Anishinaabe
2661:Thunderbird
2587:Black drink
2439:Emmons mask
2383:Chenopodium
2371:Agriculture
2293:Plum Island
2248:Hotel Plaza
2097:Winterville
2077:Scott Place
2015:Holly Bluff
1935:Fort Walton
1689:Lamar phase
1543:Walls phase
1439:Belle Meade
1432:Mississippi
1376:Dunbar Cave
1278:Annis Mound
1273:Angel phase
1247:Ware Mounds
1242:Twin Mounds
1092:Ramey state
1077:Monks Mound
689:. pp.
631:Pearl River
509:Archaeology
389:Shoal Creek
368:matrilineal
3799:Categories
3693:Metallurgy
3653:Eden point
3550:Buhl Woman
3422:Rock Eagle
3412:River Styx
3337:Mummy Cave
3332:Moundville
3312:Mesa Verde
3297:Marksville
3044:Tchefuncte
3004:Plaquemine
2940:Las Palmas
2856:Calf Creek
2851:Cades Pond
2398:Marshelder
2283:Oak Forest
2253:Hoxie Farm
2067:Pocahontas
1960:Plaquemine
1897:Letchworth
1829:Town Creek
1764:Park Mound
1729:Moundville
1714:Mandeville
1704:Long Swamp
1664:Jere Shine
1516:Quigualtam
1464:Chucalissa
1351:Backusburg
1344:Cumberland
1333:Yankeetown
1318:Slack Farm
1293:Ellerbusch
1197:Adams site
1104:Cloverdale
814:2007-11-19
724:B000J4W27Q
658:References
624:Plaquemine
266:adelantado
106:U.S. state
79:Tuskaloosa
37:Tuskaloosa
3738:Stickball
3427:Rock Hawk
3257:Key Marco
3049:Troyville
3029:St. Johns
3014:Red Ocher
2773:Formative
2527:Muskogean
2500:Languages
2413:Sunflower
2273:Mero site
2208:Blood Run
1862:Apalachee
1809:Summerour
1749:Nacoochee
1506:Owl Creek
1401:Riverview
1391:Link Farm
1283:Bone Bank
1237:Turk Site
1232:Towosahgy
1097:Woodhenge
610:Mabilians
477:Cajamarca
473:Atahualpa
302:Iroquoian
196:does not
146:elements
91:Tuskaluza
87:Tastaluca
83:Tuskalusa
3626:Chanunpa
3611:Ballgame
3590:Vero man
3540:Anzick-1
3512:Windover
3472:SunWatch
3402:Rassawek
3222:Glenwood
3112:Brewster
2964:Mogollon
2935:La Jolla
2921:Hopewell
2881:Deptford
2794:cultures
2634:Red Horn
2602:Chanunpa
2580:Northern
2568:Religion
2549:Timucuan
2517:Cherokee
2303:Schwerdt
2263:Juntunen
2238:Griesmer
2181:cultures
2134:Bluffton
2020:Jaketown
1985:Fitzhugh
1839:Wilbanks
1819:Tomotley
1794:Savannah
1759:Ocmulgee
1739:Mulberry
1674:Joe Bell
1594:Biltmore
1589:Bessemer
1454:Campbell
1416:Old Town
1222:Orr-Herl
1159:Orendorf
1154:Mitchell
1087:Mound 72
1082:Mound 34
1067:Big Eddy
963:(1995).
928:cite web
770:cite web
677:(1997).
641:See also
595:—
502:bastions
498:palisade
455:—
429:almaizal
405:Atahachi
306:Cherokee
255:by King
165:—
160:suzerain
102:chiefdom
3775:Related
3633:Chunkey
3533:remains
3522:Wupatki
3362:Paquime
3252:Huápoca
3117:Cahokia
3087:Bastian
2994:Patayan
2916:Hohokam
2901:Fremont
2876:ComondĂş
2831:Baytown
2826:Avonlea
2806:Alachua
2778:Classic
2768:Archaic
2756:Periods
2609:Chunkey
2554:Tunican
2532:Natchez
2507:Caddoan
2481:Pottery
2432:Artwork
2423:Tobacco
2403:Pumpkin
2364:Culture
2218:Fifield
2149:Gahagan
2124:Belcher
2109:Caddoan
2092:Venable
2055:Natchez
2040:Mazique
1995:Fosters
1990:Flowery
1980:Emerald
1857:Anhaica
1814:Taskigi
1779:Rembert
1754:Nikwasi
1719:McMahan
1694:Liddell
1569:Adamson
1479:Janet's
1469:Denmark
1444:Boone's
1406:Sellars
1313:Prather
1072:Cahokia
1062:Aztalan
691:230–232
635:Choctaw
487:Mauvila
393:Uxapita
377:Casiste
342:Alabama
326:de Soto
310:hostage
298:Yamasee
294:Alabama
286:Georgia
282:Florida
261:Florida
217:removed
202:sources
114:Choctaw
110:Alabama
3192:Folsom
3157:Cutler
3092:Benson
2979:Oneota
2911:Glades
2886:Folsom
2866:Clovis
2763:Lithic
2544:Siouan
2537:Taensa
2408:Squash
2331:Clover
2190:Oneota
2164:Keller
2154:Hughes
2119:Battle
2060:Taensa
2045:Medora
2035:Mangum
2030:Julice
2025:Jordan
1872:Cayson
1804:Sixtoe
1799:Shiloh
1709:Mabila
1644:Etowah
1624:Citico
1614:Chiaha
1609:Chauga
1526:Tunica
1511:Parkin
1494:Nodena
1489:Murphy
1459:Carson
1308:Murphy
1164:Sleeth
1149:McCune
1139:Larson
1042:Middle
950:p. 244
722:
697:
567:marten
561:Mabila
482:Mabila
437:pelote
356:Talisi
332:'s map
171:, 1557
148:tashka
62:Mabila
3723:Piasa
3531:Human
3162:Eaker
3065:sites
2999:Plano
2801:Adena
2559:Yuchi
2393:Maize
2378:Beans
2336:Dodge
2288:Palos
2258:Huber
2198:Anker
2169:Spiro
2139:Caddo
2072:Routh
2005:Glass
2000:Ghost
1902:Velda
1824:Toqua
1684:Lamar
1669:Joara
1659:Irene
1629:Coosa
1619:Chota
1599:Blair
1574:Avery
1536:Yazoo
1531:Koroa
1474:Eaker
1411:Obion
1169:Starr
805:(PDF)
617:maize
450:plaza
442:cross
425:mound
338:Coosa
263:, as
118:Creek
97:of a
69:Title
3683:Kiva
2082:Sims
2050:Mott
1970:Anna
1679:King
1639:Dyar
1449:Boyd
1323:Tolu
934:link
776:link
720:ASIN
695:ISBN
521:The
485:(or
470:Inca
433:Moor
381:Caxa
340:and
292:and
253:Cuba
200:any
198:cite
152:losa
150:and
116:and
58:1540
55:Died
3187:Eva
1907:Yon
475:at
211:by
108:of
3801::
967:.
930:}}
926:{{
907:^
899:62
897:.
893:.
874:.
848:^
838:.
823:^
807:.
772:}}
768:{{
732:^
693:.
685:.
666:^
637:.
407:.
304:,
300:,
288:,
284:,
273:.
89:,
85:,
2735:e
2728:t
2721:v
1002:e
995:t
988:v
971:.
936:)
901:.
878:.
817:.
778:)
726:.
703:.
238:)
232:(
227:)
223:(
219:.
205:.
81:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
