515:
175:
534:
492:–1540) is characterized by increasing warfare, political turmoil, and population movement. The population of Cahokia dispersed early in this period (1350–1400), perhaps migrating to other rising political centers. More defensive structures are often seen at sites, and sometimes a decline in mound-building and large-scale, public ceremonialism. Although some areas continued an essentially Middle Mississippian culture until the first significant contact with Europeans, the population of most areas had dispersed or were experiencing severe social stress by 1500. Along with the contemporaneous
765:
220:
32:
160:
885:
554:
89:
201:
693:
543:
500:. The Little Ice Age led to a period of cold-season-like conditions which reduced effective moisture from 1200 to 1800, consistent with the population decline of Cahokia from 1200 and its abandonment from 1350 to 1400. Scholars theorize drought and the reduction of maize agriculture, together with possible deforestation and overhunting by the concentrated populations, forced them to move away from major sites. This period ended with European contact in the 16th century.
1326:. Expedition documentation and archaeological evidence of the fort and Native American culture both exist. The soldiers were at the fort about 18 months (1567–1568) before the natives killed them and destroyed the fort. (They killed soldiers stationed at five other forts as well; only one man of 120 survived.) Sixteenth-century Spanish artifacts have been recovered from the site, marking the first European colonization in the interior of what became the United States.
1247:
185:
1015:
241:
773:
730:
to describe the evolving understanding of the peoples of the
Southeast. South Appalachian Mississippian area sites are distributed across a contiguous area including Alabama, Georgia, northern Florida, South Carolina, central and western North Carolina, and Tennessee. Chronologically this area became
1274:
De Soto's later encounters left about half of the
Spaniards and perhaps many hundreds of Native Americans dead. The chronicles of de Soto are among the first documents written about Mississippian peoples and are an invaluable source of information on their cultural practices. The chronicles of the
568:
is also used to describe the core of the classic
Mississippian culture area. This area covers the central Mississippi River Valley, the lower Ohio River Valley, and most of the Mid-South area, including western and central Kentucky, western Tennessee, and northern Alabama and Mississippi. Sites in
595:(fl. 1050–1350 CE): The largest and most complex Mississippian site and the largest Pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico, Cahokia is considered to have been the most influential of the Mississippian culture centers. Discoveries found at the massive site include evidence of copper working (
432:
The
Mississippian stage is usually divided into three or more chronological periods. Each period is an arbitrary historical distinction varying regionally. At a particular site, each period may be considered to begin earlier or later, depending on the speed of adoption or development of given
1282:
After the destruction and flight of the de Soto expedition, the
Mississippian peoples continued their way of life with little direct European influence. Indirectly, however, European introductions dramatically changed these native societies. Because the natives lacked
1111:
Mississippian peoples were ancestral to the majority of the
American Indian nations living in this region when European trade began. The historic and modern day American Indian nations believed to have descended from the overarching Mississippian culture include: the
714:
in 1903 to describe a regional ceramic style in the southeast involving surface decorations applied with a carved wooden paddle. By the late 1960s, archaeological investigations had shown the similarity of the culture that produced the pottery and the midwestern
293:
A number of cultural traits are recognized as being characteristic of the
Mississippians. Although not all Mississippian peoples practiced all of the following activities, they were distinct from their ancestors in the adoption of some or all of these traits.
835:
fortifications often found in the major Middle
Mississippian towns. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoans may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. Their societies may also have had a somewhat lower level of
433:
Mississippian traits. The "Mississippian period" should not be confused with the "Mississippian culture". The
Mississippian period is the chronological stage, while Mississippian culture refers to the cultural similarities that characterize this society.
537:
A mound diagram of the
Mississippian cultural period showing the multiple layers of mound construction, mound structures such as temples or mortuaries, ramps with log stairs, and prior structures under later layers, multiple terraces, and intrusive
1262:
chronicles those villages. Some encounters were violent, while others were relatively peaceful. In some cases, de Soto seems to have been used as a tool or ally in long-standing native feuds. In one example, de Soto negotiated a truce between the
814:
The climate in this area was drier than areas in the eastern woodlands, hindering maize production, and the lower population on the plains to the west may have meant fewer neighboring competing chiefdoms to contend with. Major sites such as
745:
Villages with single platform mounds were more typical of the river valley settlements throughout the mountainous area of southwest North and South Carolina and southeastern Tennessee that were known as the historic Cherokee homelands. In
731:
influenced by Mississippian culture later than the Middle Mississippian area (about 1000 as compared to 800) to its northwest. It is believed that the peoples of this area adopted Mississippian traits from their northwestern neighbors.
1000:
Although the Mississippian culture was heavily disrupted before a complete understanding of the political landscape was written down, many Mississippian political bodies were documented and others have been discovered by research.
316:-based agriculture. In most places, the development of Mississippian culture coincided with the adoption of comparatively large-scale, intensive maize agriculture, which supported larger populations and craft specialization.
1329:
By the time more documentary accounts were being written, the Mississippian way of life had changed irrevocably. Some groups maintained an oral tradition link to their mound-building past, such as the late 19th-century
1334:. Other Native American groups, having migrated many hundreds of miles and lost their elders to diseases, did not know their ancestors had built the mounds dotting the landscape. This contributed to the myth of the
2342:
456:
lifeways for increasing complexity, sedentism, centralization, and agriculture. Production of surplus corn and attractions of the regional chiefdoms led to rapid population concentrations in major centers.
1258:'s expedition of 1539–1543 to learn of his contacts with Mississippians, as he traveled through their villages of the Southeast. He visited many villages, in some cases staying for a month or longer. The
2010:
750:
for example, some 50 such mound sites in the eleven westernmost counties have been identified since the late 20th century, following increased research in this area of the Cherokee homeland.
4010:
1259:
855:
2322:
478:, and the spread and development of SECC art and symbolism are characteristic changes of this period. The Mississippian traits listed above came to be widespread throughout the region.
831:
Valleys, the largest and most fertile of the waterways in the Caddoan region, where maize agriculture would have been the most productive. The sites generally lacked wooden
2617:
2310:
742:
in Georgia are both prominent examples of major South Appalachian Mississippian settlements. Both include multiple large earthwork mounds serving a variety of functions.
1457:
1503:
Chastain, Matthew L.; Deymier-Black, Alix C.; Kelly, John E.; Brown, James A.; Dunand, David C. (July 2011). "Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia".
5144:
5174:
3186:
1636:
5129:
5017:
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associated with Cahokia, have been found far outside of the Middle Mississippian area. These items, especially the pottery, were also copied by local artists.
380:(SECC), also called the Southern Cult. This is the belief system of the Mississippians as we know it. SECC items are found in Mississippian-culture sites from
5088:
4043:
5169:
1817:
2748:
734:
Typical settlements were located on riverine floodplains and included villages with defensive palisades enclosing platform mounds and residential areas.
1435:
2072:
5124:
4000:
2463:
224:
3206:
2592:
2303:
1704:
847:. These languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include Caddo and
1637:
Pompeani, D.P., Bird, B.W., Wilson, J.J., William P. Gilhooly III, Aubrey L. Hillman, Matthew S. Finkenbinder & Mark B. Abbott (5 July 2021).
1299:, epidemics caused so many fatalities that they undermined the social order of many chiefdoms. Some groups adopted European horses and changed to
3048:
799:. Archaeological evidence has led to a scholarly consensus that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present, and that the
143:
Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. Almost all dated Mississippian sites predate 1539–1540 (when
4065:
3763:
971:. The site dates from the period between 1200 and 1730. The platform mound is the second-largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the country, after
1895:
5164:
4586:
3196:
2268:
2197:
2213:
1920:
569:
this area often contain large ceremonial platform mounds, residential complexes and are often encircled by earthen ditches and ramparts or
783:
The Caddoan Mississippian area, a regional variant of the Mississippian culture, covered a large territory, including what is now eastern
5062:
3239:
2296:
1386:
5002:
4691:
1356:
5139:
4761:
4551:
4036:
3249:
1079:
4656:
1361:
1051:
4451:
2870:
2866:
5179:
4526:
4461:
4441:
1032:
258:
1465:
585:
373:) has clear influence or control over a number of lesser communities, which may or may not possess a smaller number of mounds.
4666:
2511:
2433:
2177:
2044:
2019:
1975:
1764:
1058:
209:
101:
5159:
4029:
2710:
679:
for the "Parkin phase", an expression of Late Mississippian culture, believed by many archaeologists to be the province of
5047:
5022:
4972:
4436:
3884:
2888:
2700:
2675:
2607:
2453:
581:
189:
4796:
4576:
4401:
3008:
2637:
2612:
2516:
2231:
2223:
1065:
917:
644:
557:
1279:
were written before the de Soto expedition; the Narváez expedition informed the Court of de Soto about the New World.
2159:
2138:
2113:
1800:
1624:
1098:
514:
280:
75:
53:
665:: Ranked with Cahokia as one of the two most important sites at the core of the Mississippian culture, located near
46:
5134:
4541:
3453:
2690:
1639:"Severe Little Ice Age drought in the midcontinental United States during the Mississippian abandonment of Cahokia"
1047:
936:
sites located in Mississippi. Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture at the
858:
now thought to have been Caddoan. Composed of many tribes, the Caddo were organized into three confederacies, the
5042:
5007:
4811:
4681:
4531:
4486:
3960:
2798:
2531:
2035:
Mahon, John K.; Weisman, Brent R. (1996). "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples". In Gannon, Michael (ed.).
1366:
672:
377:
1826:
612:
306:. Such mounds were usually square, rectangular, or occasionally circular. Structures (domestic houses, temples,
5114:
4952:
4746:
4721:
4641:
4333:
4077:
3473:
3038:
2423:
2413:
2249:
1036:
662:
262:
3790:
3557:
3542:
3418:
3181:
2993:
2541:
2478:
2458:
1968:
From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540–1715
759:
470:–1400) is the apex of the Mississippian era. The expansion of the great metropolis and ceremonial complex at
323:
1443:
4957:
4506:
3821:
3800:
3359:
3319:
3103:
2725:
2680:
2587:
2556:
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978:
696:
5149:
5052:
4821:
4406:
4391:
4265:
3753:
3727:
3552:
3488:
3438:
2763:
2730:
2337:
1792:
1756:
1351:
995:
527:
417:
178:
168:
5154:
4661:
4416:
3349:
3234:
3216:
3068:
3003:
2126:
1780:
1502:
1241:
739:
113:
1899:
4879:
4831:
3108:
2438:
1825:. Thirty First Southeastern Archaeological Conference. Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 8–9. Archived from
1311:
174:
4353:
4766:
4621:
4591:
4150:
4052:
3512:
3284:
3254:
2988:
1072:
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807:
speakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact are the direct ancestors of the modern
577:
533:
493:
299:
105:
40:
2265:
1844:
159:
5119:
5057:
4791:
4781:
4741:
4616:
4348:
4283:
3970:
3780:
3660:
3607:
3468:
3143:
3138:
3098:
2277:
2210:
1924:
1727:
1025:
362:
A centralization of control of combined political and religious power in the hands of few or one.
251:
4726:
4446:
4293:
4236:
4170:
4155:
3953:
3635:
3201:
2933:
2793:
2685:
2670:
2597:
1845:"Revisiting Platform Mounds and Townhouses in the Cherokee Heartland: A Collaborative Approach"
1335:
893:
828:
747:
634:
413:
319:
228:
57:
20:
1394:
764:
120:, and often other shaped mounds as well. It was composed of a series of urban settlements and
4920:
4854:
4801:
4696:
4596:
4363:
4328:
4318:
2928:
2893:
2536:
2288:
2201:
1731:
1698:
1323:
1319:
1141:
964:
837:
723:
412:
or stone architecture. They worked naturally occurring metal deposits, such as hammering and
116:
from approximately 800 to 1600, varying regionally. It was known for building large, earthen
109:
1276:
4491:
4343:
4215:
3923:
3118:
2953:
2483:
2428:
1650:
1538:
Pauketat, Timothy R. (2003). "Resettled Farmers and the Making of a Mississippian Polity".
1512:
968:
735:
700:
608:
366:
219:
8:
4982:
4278:
4205:
4180:
4145:
4125:
3928:
3889:
3836:
3587:
3537:
3522:
3458:
3443:
3396:
3158:
2878:
2778:
2665:
1945:
1288:
888:
Map showing the geographical extent of the Plaquemine culture and some of its major sites
867:
666:
630:
322:. The adoption and use of riverine (or more rarely marine) shells as tempering agents in
1654:
1516:
200:
5067:
4611:
4606:
4466:
4313:
4249:
4230:
4165:
4160:
4092:
3975:
3617:
3532:
3433:
3386:
3289:
3269:
3176:
3093:
3028:
2963:
2371:
1867:
1681:
1638:
1598:
1563:
1555:
1284:
985:, with three mounds. The only mound site to be used and maintained into historic times.
960:
956:
925:
879:
519:
385:
307:
4185:
1486:
1417:
151:
communities. These maintained Mississippian cultural practices into the 18th century.
5093:
4894:
4601:
4358:
4338:
4120:
3826:
3816:
3722:
3577:
3463:
3428:
3376:
3344:
3309:
3304:
3244:
3226:
3191:
3133:
3083:
3043:
2958:
2753:
2715:
2660:
2443:
2406:
2256:
2173:
2155:
2134:
2109:
2040:
2015:
1971:
1871:
1796:
1760:
1686:
1620:
1602:
1567:
897:
844:
820:
804:
656:
600:
356:
136:
121:
2154:
University Press of Florida, Florida A & M University, Gainesville, Fla., 1995.
2008:
DuVal, Kathleen (2006). "Table 1. Indian Peoples of the Mid-Continent 1670s–1750s".
5037:
4874:
4826:
4776:
4716:
4631:
4556:
4546:
4521:
4476:
4323:
4273:
4254:
4244:
4195:
4190:
3858:
3853:
3841:
3785:
3775:
3602:
3406:
3324:
3259:
2968:
2815:
2788:
2758:
2561:
2551:
2205:
2165:
2144:
1863:
1859:
1676:
1666:
1658:
1590:
1547:
1520:
1255:
933:
929:
884:
604:
580:, were very influential on neighboring societies. High-status artifacts, including
553:
144:
88:
128:, believed to be a major religious center located in what is present-day southern
4930:
4884:
4636:
4581:
4571:
4431:
4210:
4140:
4135:
4115:
4082:
3965:
3906:
3863:
3846:
3831:
3592:
3562:
3294:
3058:
3023:
3013:
2973:
2695:
2642:
2602:
2526:
2488:
2361:
2272:
2235:
2217:
2076:
1785:
848:
449:
330:
205:
164:
140:
117:
2170:
The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America
2014:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 66–67.
5012:
4997:
4987:
4626:
4456:
4411:
4308:
4220:
4175:
4005:
3938:
3933:
3901:
3868:
3650:
3517:
3364:
3088:
2938:
2913:
2903:
2418:
1662:
1181:
1133:
1113:
982:
945:
824:
497:
409:
342:
338:
303:
148:
4889:
4021:
2283:
1594:
1581:
Pauketat, Timothy R. (1998). "Refiguring the Archaeology of Greater Cahokia".
1524:
5108:
4869:
4864:
4756:
4706:
4701:
4686:
4676:
4671:
4421:
4298:
4110:
4087:
3948:
3768:
3697:
3655:
3612:
3572:
3547:
3401:
3334:
3329:
3299:
3148:
3123:
3033:
2983:
2898:
2835:
2768:
2521:
2468:
2376:
1753:
Caborn-Welborn - Constructing a New Society after the Angel Chiefdom Collapse
1338:
as a people distinct from Native Americans, which was rigorously debunked by
1217:
1197:
2228:
5072:
5027:
4977:
4967:
4947:
4915:
4816:
4771:
4751:
4536:
4516:
4481:
4396:
4381:
4200:
4072:
3995:
3795:
3758:
3627:
3527:
3478:
3381:
3339:
3113:
3078:
2943:
2918:
2845:
2830:
2820:
2808:
2720:
2705:
2622:
2577:
2321:
1690:
1339:
1189:
1157:
816:
776:
711:
692:
622:
542:
518:
Replica of a Mississippian house from over 1000 years ago excavated at the
576:
Middle Mississippian cultures, especially the Cahokia polity located near
496:, these cultural collapses coincide with the global climate change of the
4925:
4806:
4786:
4651:
4511:
4501:
4386:
4130:
3896:
3748:
3692:
3640:
3354:
3211:
2998:
2908:
2852:
2803:
2582:
2473:
2448:
2401:
2386:
2106:
Archaeology of the Southeastern United States: Paleoindian to World War I
1161:
972:
909:
901:
863:
772:
638:
334:
854:
Hernando de Soto led an expedition into the area in the early 1540s, he
4962:
4859:
4731:
4646:
4471:
3645:
3597:
3567:
3507:
3314:
3073:
2883:
2825:
2783:
2773:
2627:
2506:
2240:
2183:
Pauketat, Timothy R.; "The Forgotten History of the Mississippians" in
1559:
1246:
1165:
1039: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
792:
652:
421:
265: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
184:
4561:
2011:
The Native Ground: Indians and Colonists in the Heart of the Continent
1816:
Ferguson, Leland G. (October 25–26, 1974). Drexel A., Peterson (ed.).
1671:
4736:
4566:
3717:
3707:
3687:
3582:
3391:
3279:
3171:
2948:
2632:
2546:
1173:
1129:
1117:
941:
921:
913:
905:
796:
676:
381:
1551:
1260:
list of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
1014:
240:
223:
Shell tempered ceramic effigy jug with swirls painted in clay slip,
4935:
4899:
4849:
4711:
4496:
3943:
3911:
3128:
3053:
2396:
2391:
1970:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
1728:"Southeastern Prehistory:Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period"
1331:
1300:
1296:
1209:
1153:
1149:
832:
788:
784:
648:
633:. It is thought by some archaeologists that the Late Mississippian
616:
596:
570:
475:
397:
393:
349:
129:
4942:
4426:
4303:
4225:
3918:
3732:
3712:
3166:
3063:
2381:
2284:
Animation: Towns and Temples of the Mississippian Culture-5 Sites
2260:
1292:
1221:
1213:
1137:
1121:
937:
859:
626:
592:
546:
471:
420:
and other decorations, but did not smelt iron or practice bronze
401:
400:. The SECC was frequently tied into ritual game-playing, as with
389:
213:
193:
125:
1314:, Native Americans of the Mississippian culture interacted with
124:
linked together by loose trading networks. The largest city was
4288:
3499:
3369:
3018:
2923:
1938:
1268:
1264:
1225:
1205:
1177:
1169:
949:
680:
92:
Approximate areas of various Mississippian and related cultures
2318:
2039:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 183–187.
1819:
South Appalachian Mississippian: A Definition and Introduction
5032:
3702:
3448:
2978:
2840:
1315:
1307:
1229:
1201:
1185:
1145:
1125:
800:
453:
370:
313:
2252:
4992:
1193:
474:(in present-day Illinois), the formation of other complex
452:
period way of life (500–1000). Different groups abandoned
139:
Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the tributary
2147:
Prehistoric Man in Iowa. Palimpsest 8(6):185–229. (1927).
16:
Native American culture in the United States (800 - 1600)
1896:"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Caddoan Languages and Peoples"
329:
Widespread trade networks extending as far west as the
2241:
Indian Mounds of Mississippi, a National Park Service
310:, or other) were usually constructed atop such mounds.
135:
The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the
1250:
A map showing the de Soto route through the Southeast
560:, showing its platform mounds and encircling palisade
870:, which were all linked by their similar languages.
843:
The Caddoan people were speakers of one of the many
719:
defined in 1937 by the Midwestern Taxonomic System.
1890:
1888:
2133:. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1976.
1784:
1779:
1322:expedition, who built a base there in 1567 called
989:
687:
163:A priest with a ceremonial flint mace and severed
147:explored the area), with notable exceptions being
1303:. Political structures collapsed in many places.
647:: A major Mississippian mound center in southern
5145:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
5106:
1885:
641:people around 1400 and lasted to around 1700 CE.
104:civilization that flourished in what is now the
5175:16th-century disestablishments in North America
4051:
352:or complex chiefdom level of social complexity.
5130:History of indigenous peoples of North America
1921:"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Mississippian World"
1291:unknowingly carried by the Europeans, such as
944:, Missouri. It is considered ancestral to the
4037:
2304:
2204:Southeastern Archaeology Center, archived at
2198:The Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1750:
2034:
1703:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5170:8th-century establishments in North America
1458:"Mississippian Period Archaeological Sites"
873:
4044:
4030:
2311:
2297:
1984:
1357:List of burial mounds in the United States
963:period archaeological site located on the
4552:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1680:
1670:
1415:
1384:
1235:
1099:Learn how and when to remove this message
1004:
376:The adoption of the paraphernalia of the
281:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
5125:Archaeological cultures of North America
2229:Etowah Indian Mounds State Historic Site
2121:Towns and Temples along the Mississippi.
2119:Cheryl Anne Cox; and David H. Dye, eds;
1965:
1815:
1809:
1617:Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands
1580:
1537:
1362:Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
1245:
908:. Good examples of this culture are the
883:
771:
768:Map of the Caddoan Mississippian culture
763:
753:
691:
552:
549:, the largest Mississippian culture site
541:
532:
513:
218:
199:
183:
173:
158:
87:
39:This article includes a list of general
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
509:
5107:
1842:
1836:
1619:, University of Tennessee Press, 2001
1436:"Metropolitan Life on the Mississippi"
504:
448:–1200) had just transitioned from the
4025:
2292:
2172:. University of Alabama Press, 1994,
2152:Lost Cities of the Ancient Southeast.
2007:
1913:
1787:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
1254:Scholars have studied the records of
355:The development of institutionalized
298:The construction of large, truncated
5165:Post-Archaic period in North America
1711:
1037:adding citations to reliable sources
1008:
683:visited by Hernando de Soto in 1542.
263:adding citations to reliable sources
234:
25:
5023:Norse colonization of North America
2083:, Spring 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008
13:
2327:Mississippian and related cultures
2108:. Academic Press, New York, 1994.
1966:Ethridge, Robbie Franklyn (2010).
1946:"The Plaquemine Culture, A.D 1000"
1583:Journal of Archaeological Research
918:West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
416:copper for ritual objects such as
369:, in which one major center (with
231:, U.S., 1400–1600, 8" (20 cm) high
154:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5191:
2191:
2123:University of Alabama Press, 1990
1505:Journal of Archaeological Science
856:encountered several native groups
5140:Formative period in the Americas
2320:
2187:Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005.
1424:. Alabama Humanities Foundation.
1387:"Mississippian Period: Overview"
1013:
239:
30:
5043:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
3961:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2086:
2062:
2059:Bense pp. 256–257, 275–279
2053:
2028:
1959:
1773:
1744:
1630:
1367:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1024:needs additional citations for
990:Known Mississippian settlements
916:for the culture and period) in
728:South Appalachian Mississippian
688:South Appalachian Mississippian
378:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
250:needs additional citations for
2343:Timeline of Mississippi valley
2250:Moundville Archaeological Park
1864:10.1179/2168472315Y.0000000001
1609:
1574:
1531:
1496:
1479:
1450:
1428:
1409:
1378:
892:The Plaquemine culture was an
388:) to the Gulf Coast, and from
1:
5180:Pyramids in the United States
3543:Grand Village of the Illinois
2098:
760:Caddoan Mississippian culture
486:
464:
442:
427:
5008:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
4958:Eastern Agricultural Complex
3320:Grand Village of the Natchez
2243:Discover Our Shared Heritage
1843:Steere, Benjamin A. (2015).
979:Grand Village of the Natchez
526:region in an exhibit at the
7:
5160:Pre-Columbian civilizations
4392:Bandelier National Monument
4266:List of Mississippian sites
4053:Pre-Columbian North America
2338:List of Mississippian sites
2185:North American Archaeology.
1793:University of Georgia Press
1757:University of Alabama Press
1352:List of Mississippian sites
1345:
996:List of Mississippian sites
528:Wisconsin Historical Museum
461:Middle Mississippian period
418:Mississippian copper plates
179:Mississippian copper plates
10:
5196:
4812:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
4417:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
4126:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2150:O'Connor, Mallory McCane.
2037:The New History of Florida
1663:10.1038/s41598-021-92900-x
1242:Mississippian shatter zone
1239:
993:
981:: The main village of the
877:
757:
708:South Appalachian Province
605:maximum southern moon rise
439:Early Mississippian period
408:The Mississippians had no
114:Southeastern United States
18:
5081:
5053:Three Sisters agriculture
4908:
4840:
4372:
4101:
4059:
3988:
3877:
3809:
3741:
3680:
3673:
3626:
3498:
3487:
3417:
3268:
3225:
3157:
2865:
2739:
2651:
2570:
2497:
2360:
2351:
2333:
1525:10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.004
1312:Morganton, North Carolina
625:: A chiefdom in southern
483:Late Mississippian period
4592:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
4151:Buttermilk Creek complex
3255:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
2131:The Southeastern Indians
2068:Constance E. Richards, "
1852:Southeastern Archaeology
1491:Mississippi History Now.
1391:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1372:
961:Plaquemine Mississippian
874:Plaquemine Mississippian
809:Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
578:East St. Louis, Illinois
494:Ancestral Pueblo peoples
19:Not to be confused with
5135:Native American history
4792:Town Creek Indian Mound
4762:Sierra de San Francisco
4617:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
3885:Ballgame (Southeastern)
3781:Long-nosed god maskette
3661:SunWatch Indian Village
3608:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
3469:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
2278:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1595:10.1023/A:1022839329522
1422:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1048:"Mississippian culture"
710:was originally used by
613:ritual retainer burials
348:The development of the
60:more precise citations.
4447:Coso Rock Art District
4334:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
4237:List of Hopewell sites
3636:Alligator Effigy Mound
3250:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
3202:Leon-Jefferson culture
2598:Caborn-Welborn culture
2220:, Texas Beyond History
2081:American Archaeologist
1751:David Pollack (2004).
1418:"Mississippian Period"
1251:
1236:Contact with Europeans
1005:Related modern nations
894:archaeological culture
889:
780:
769:
748:Western North Carolina
703:
635:Caborn-Welborn culture
561:
550:
539:
530:
320:Shell-tempered pottery
232:
229:Cross County, Arkansas
216:
197:
188:Reconstruction of the
181:
171:
93:
21:Culture of Mississippi
5115:Mississippian culture
4855:Arlington Springs Man
4697:Portsmouth Earthworks
2365:and Upper Mississippi
2202:National Park Service
1732:National Park Service
1493:Retrieved 1 Oct 2013.
1487:"The Natchez Indians"
1249:
965:Natchez Trace Parkway
887:
838:social stratification
779:, in eastern Oklahoma
775:
767:
754:Caddoan Mississippian
717:Mississippian pattern
695:
556:
545:
536:
517:
222:
203:
187:
177:
169:repoussé copper plate
162:
98:Mississippian culture
91:
5063:Transoceanic contact
4953:Container Revolution
4527:Gila Cliff Dwellings
4492:Etowah Indian Mounds
3924:Earth/fertility cult
3628:Fort Ancient culture
2512:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
2498:Lower Ohio River and
2484:Steed-Kisker culture
2266:Mississippian Period
2166:Pauketat, Timothy R.
2070:Contact and Conflict
1948:. Cedar Mesa Project
1615:Sullivan, Lynne P.,
1033:improve this article
969:Stanton, Mississippi
609:Rattlesnake Causeway
566:Middle Mississippian
510:Middle Mississippian
367:settlement hierarchy
365:The beginnings of a
259:improve this article
4983:Green Corn Ceremony
4797:Turkey River Mounds
4587:Lake Jackson Mounds
4407:Blue Spring Shelter
3929:Green Corn Ceremony
3489:Upper Mississippian
3439:Blue Spring Shelter
3159:Fort Walton culture
2613:Hovey Lake District
2261:Archaeological site
2211:Mississippian World
2092:Hudson pp. 334
1655:2021NatSR..1113829P
1517:2011JArSc..38.1727C
1462:About.com Education
1289:infectious diseases
795:, and northwestern
667:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
637:developed from the
505:Regional variations
302:pyramid mounds, or
5150:Great Lakes tribes
5068:Underwater panther
4742:Rosenstock Village
4612:Marmes Rockshelter
4597:L'Anse aux Meadows
4011:de Soto Expedition
3976:Underwater panther
3822:Central Algonquian
3533:Fisher Mound Group
3177:Apalachee Province
3144:Waddells Mill Pond
2271:2014-12-18 at the
2234:2005-12-15 at the
2216:2010-01-21 at the
2075:2009-06-24 at the
1781:Hudson, Charles M.
1540:American Antiquity
1385:Adam King (2002).
1318:colonizers of the
1277:Narváez expedition
1252:
900:Valley in western
890:
880:Plaquemine culture
781:
770:
704:
562:
551:
540:
531:
386:Aztalan State Park
341:, and east to the
233:
217:
198:
182:
172:
122:satellite villages
94:
5155:Mississippi River
5102:
5101:
5094:Pre-Columbian era
4895:Spirit Cave mummy
4692:Plum Bayou Mounds
4602:Lynch Quarry Site
4121:Ancient Beringian
4019:
4018:
3984:
3983:
3669:
3668:
3285:Atchafalaya Basin
3227:Pensacola culture
3192:Fort Walton Mound
3084:Punk Rock Shelter
3044:Mouse Creek phase
2867:South Appalachian
2861:
2860:
2740:Central and Lower
2681:Castalian Springs
2671:Brentwood Library
2571:Middle Ohio River
2424:Emerald Acropolis
2257:Chucalissa Museum
2178:978-0-8173-0728-8
2145:Keyes, Charles R.
2104:Bense, Judith A.
2046:978-0-8130-1415-9
2021:978-0-8122-0182-6
1977:978-0-8078-9933-5
1766:978-0-8173-5126-7
1212:(broad origins),
1109:
1108:
1101:
1083:
898:Mississippi River
845:Caddoan languages
821:Battle Mound Site
657:Paducah, Kentucky
603:and the symbolic
601:Cahokia Woodhenge
357:social inequality
291:
290:
283:
137:Mississippi River
86:
85:
78:
5187:
5038:Projectile point
4875:Leanderthal Lady
4802:Upward Sun River
4777:Stallings Island
4767:Shell ring sites
4717:Recapture Canyon
4632:Moorehead Circle
4477:El Fin del Mundo
4462:Cueva de la Olla
4268:
4255:Maritime Archaic
4239:
4069:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4022:
3786:Mill Creek chert
3776:Duck River cache
3678:
3677:
3496:
3495:
3260:Pensacola people
3054:Muscogee (Creek)
2894:Bell Field Mound
2608:Hovey Lake-Klein
2562:Wickliffe Mounds
2537:Rowlandton Mound
2454:Lunsford-Pulcher
2358:
2357:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2245:Travel Itinerary
2206:Internet Archive
2093:
2090:
2084:
2066:
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2057:
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2026:
2025:
2005:
1982:
1981:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1923:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
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1908:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1892:
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1649:(13829): 13829.
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1535:
1529:
1528:
1511:(7): 1727–1736.
1500:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1464:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1442:. Archived from
1432:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1393:. Archived from
1382:
1256:Hernando de Soto
1104:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1041:
1017:
1009:
724:James B. Griffin
491:
488:
469:
466:
447:
444:
308:burial buildings
286:
279:
275:
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266:
243:
235:
165:sacrificial head
145:Hernando de Soto
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5089:Genetic history
5077:
4931:Ceremonial pipe
4904:
4885:Minnesota Woman
4842:
4836:
4657:Ocmulgee Mounds
4637:Morrison Mounds
4582:Kolomoki Mounds
4572:Kimball Village
4432:Candelaria Cave
4374:
4368:
4349:Suwannee Valley
4284:Old Cordilleran
4264:
4235:
4103:
4097:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4020:
4015:
4001:Clarksdale bell
3980:
3966:Stone box grave
3907:Ceremonial pipe
3873:
3832:Mobilian Jargon
3805:
3737:
3665:
3622:
3490:
3483:
3420:
3413:
3271:
3264:
3221:
3153:
3099:Rucker's Bottom
2889:Beaverdam Creek
2869:
2857:
2741:
2735:
2696:Hiwassee Island
2653:
2647:
2638:Welborn Village
2566:
2527:Millstone Bluff
2500:Confluence area
2499:
2493:
2489:Sugarloaf Mound
2429:Emmons Cemetery
2364:
2362:American Bottom
2353:
2347:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2273:Wayback Machine
2236:Wayback Machine
2218:Wayback Machine
2194:
2127:Hudson, Charles
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2077:Wayback Machine
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1440:Washington Post
1434:
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1416:John H. Blitz.
1414:
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1398:
1397:on 1 March 2012
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876:
791:, northeastern
762:
756:
690:
673:The Parkin site
512:
507:
489:
467:
445:
430:
337:, south to the
333:, north to the
331:Rocky Mountains
304:platform mounds
287:
276:
270:
267:
256:
244:
210:Native American
208:of fifty-three
206:human sacrifice
157:
155:Cultural traits
141:Tennessee River
118:platform mounds
102:Native American
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
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5127:
5122:
5120:Mound Builders
5117:
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5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Mound Builders
5010:
5005:
5000:
4998:Medicine wheel
4995:
4990:
4988:Horned Serpent
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
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4955:
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4779:
4774:
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4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Roberts Island
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4662:Old Stone Fort
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4627:Moaning Cavern
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Kincaid Mounds
4574:
4569:
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4459:
4457:Cuarenta Casas
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:Bluefish Caves
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4373:Archaeological
4370:
4369:
4367:
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4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Caloosahatchee
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:Caborn-Welborn
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4102:Archaeological
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4034:
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4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4006:Mound Builders
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:Related topics
3989:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3954:Village bundle
3946:
3941:
3939:Platform mound
3936:
3934:Horned Serpent
3931:
3926:
3921:
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3915:
3914:
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3813:
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3807:
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3804:
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3801:Stone statuary
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3595:
3590:
3588:Moccasin Bluff
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Gentleman Farm
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Carcajou Point
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Caddoan Mounds
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Dauphin Island
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Bussell Island
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Beasley Mounds
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:Kincaid Mounds
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:Horseshoe Lake
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Dickson Mounds
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2226:
2224:Cahokia Mounds
2221:
2208:
2193:
2192:External links
2190:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2124:
2117:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2027:
2020:
1983:
1976:
1958:
1937:
1912:
1884:
1858:(3): 196–219.
1835:
1832:on 2012-03-14.
1808:
1801:
1772:
1765:
1759:. p. 24.
1743:
1710:
1629:
1608:
1573:
1530:
1495:
1485:Barnett, Jim.
1478:
1449:
1446:on 2010-01-15.
1427:
1408:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1336:Mound Builders
1237:
1234:
1142:Muscogee Creek
1107:
1106:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1003:
994:Main article:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:Natchez people
976:
878:Main article:
875:
872:
825:Arkansas River
805:Caddo language
758:Main article:
755:
752:
697:Stone effigies
689:
686:
685:
684:
670:
660:
642:
620:
599:), astronomy (
582:stone statuary
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:Little Ice Age
479:
457:
429:
426:
410:writing system
406:
405:
374:
363:
360:
353:
346:
343:Atlantic Ocean
339:Gulf of Mexico
327:
317:
311:
289:
288:
271:September 2023
247:
245:
238:
156:
153:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5192:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Falcon dancer
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:Miscellaneous
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Melbourne Man
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:La Brea Woman
4868:
4866:
4865:Kennewick Man
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Serpent Mound
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Pueblo Bonito
4705:
4703:
4702:Poverty Point
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Pinson Mounds
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Painted Bluff
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Horr's Island
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Effigy Mounds
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Crystal River
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4364:Weeden Island
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Safety Harbor
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:Poverty Point
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Paleo-Indians
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:Mississippian
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:Sacred bundle
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3769:Wulfing cache
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:Copper plates
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Three Sisters
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Little barley
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Serpent Mound
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3618:Summer Island
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3421:Mississippian
3416:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3272:Mississippian
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Corbin–Tucker
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Roods Landing
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Moccasin Bend
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Hoojah Branch
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2871:Mississippian
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Menard-Hodges
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2731:Swallow Bluff
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:Tennessee and
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Marshall Site
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:Mississippian
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2230:
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2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:0-8130-1350-X
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:0-87049-248-9
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:0-12-089060-7
2111:
2107:
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2089:
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2078:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2042:
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2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1927:on 2010-01-21
1926:
1922:
1916:
1902:on 2020-06-14
1901:
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1802:9780820318882
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1626:
1625:1-57233-142-9
1622:
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1510:
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1488:
1482:
1468:on 2016-12-20
1467:
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1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1324:Fort San Juan
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
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1078:
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1060:
1057:
1053:
1050: –
1049:
1045:
1044:Find sources:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:This section
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1002:
997:
984:
980:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Emerald Mound
955:
954:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Emerald Mound
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:in the lower
895:
886:
881:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
841:
839:
834:
830:
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810:
806:
802:
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790:
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761:
751:
749:
743:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
720:
718:
713:
709:
702:
699:found at the
698:
694:
682:
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
587:
586:elite pottery
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
559:
555:
548:
544:
535:
529:
525:
521:
516:
499:
495:
484:
480:
477:
473:
462:
458:
455:
451:
450:Late Woodland
440:
436:
435:
434:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
399:
395:
391:
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383:
379:
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315:
312:
309:
305:
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285:
282:
274:
264:
260:
254:
253:
248:This section
246:
242:
237:
236:
230:
226:
221:
215:
211:
207:
202:
195:
191:
186:
180:
176:
170:
167:, based on a
166:
161:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
5073:Water glyphs
5028:Oasisamerica
5018:N.A.G.P.R.A.
4978:Folsom point
4968:Effigy mound
4948:Clovis point
4916:Aridoamerica
4817:Wickiup Hill
4772:Spiro Mounds
4752:Salmon Ruins
4747:Russell Cave
4542:Helen Blazes
4537:Grimes Point
4517:Fort Juelson
4507:Fort Ancient
4482:El Vallecito
4442:Chaco Canyon
4382:Angel Mounds
4344:Steed-Kisker
4294:Paleo-Arctic
4259:
4216:Glacial Kame
4201:Fort Ancient
4093:Post-Classic
4064:
3996:Chevron bead
3902:Burial mound
3796:Shell gorget
3764:Spiro plates
3759:Rogan plates
3578:Knoll Spring
3553:Hartley Fort
3513:Beattie Park
3397:Transylvania
3235:Bottle Creek
3197:Lake Jackson
3079:Pisgah phase
3009:Little Egypt
2959:Garden Creek
2944:Dallas phase
2831:Tipton phase
2809:Nodena phase
2706:Mound Bottom
2691:Fewkes Group
2676:Brick Church
2578:Angel Mounds
2444:Kuhn Station
2439:John Chapman
2326:
2276:
2242:
2184:
2169:
2151:
2130:
2120:
2105:
2088:
2080:
2064:
2055:
2036:
2030:
2009:
1967:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1940:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1875:. Retrieved
1855:
1851:
1838:
1827:the original
1818:
1811:
1786:
1775:
1752:
1746:
1735:. Retrieved
1699:cite journal
1646:
1642:
1632:
1616:
1611:
1589:(1): 45–89.
1586:
1582:
1576:
1546:(1): 39–66.
1543:
1539:
1533:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1461:
1452:
1444:the original
1439:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1390:
1380:
1340:Cyrus Thomas
1328:
1305:
1281:
1273:
1253:
1208:(possibly),
1192:(possibly),
1110:
1095:
1086:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1043:
1031:Please help
1026:verification
1023:
999:
904:and eastern
891:
868:Natchitoches
853:
842:
813:
803:and related
782:
744:
733:
727:
721:
716:
712:W. H. Holmes
707:
705:
645:Kincaid site
623:Angel Mounds
575:
565:
563:
523:
522:site of the
482:
460:
438:
431:
407:
292:
277:
268:
257:Please help
252:verification
249:
134:
97:
95:
72:
66:October 2019
63:
44:
5058:Thunderbird
4926:Black drink
4890:Peñon woman
4827:Winterville
4807:Velda Mound
4787:Taos Pueblo
4682:Parkin Park
4667:Orwell site
4652:Nodena site
4547:Holly Bluff
4522:Four Mounds
4512:Fort Center
4437:Casa Grande
4387:Anzick site
4279:Monongahela
4206:Fort Walton
4181:Coles Creek
4146:Belle Glade
4131:Anishinaabe
3971:Thunderbird
3897:Black drink
3749:Emmons mask
3693:Chenopodium
3681:Agriculture
3603:Plum Island
3558:Hotel Plaza
3407:Winterville
3387:Scott Place
3325:Holly Bluff
3245:Fort Walton
2999:Lamar phase
2853:Walls phase
2749:Belle Meade
2742:Mississippi
2686:Dunbar Cave
2588:Annis Mound
2583:Angel phase
2557:Ware Mounds
2552:Twin Mounds
2402:Ramey state
2387:Monks Mound
975:at Cahokia.
973:Monks Mound
934:Holly Bluff
930:Winterville
910:Medora site
902:Mississippi
864:Kadohadacho
823:are in the
701:Etowah site
651:across the
639:Angel phase
490: 1400
468: 1200
446: 1000
335:Great Lakes
58:introducing
5109:Categories
5003:Metallurgy
4963:Eden point
4860:Buhl Woman
4732:Rock Eagle
4722:River Styx
4647:Mummy Cave
4642:Moundville
4622:Mesa Verde
4607:Marksville
4354:Tchefuncte
4314:Plaquemine
4250:Las Palmas
4166:Calf Creek
4161:Cades Pond
3708:Marshelder
3593:Oak Forest
3563:Hoxie Farm
3377:Pocahontas
3270:Plaquemine
3207:Letchworth
3139:Town Creek
3074:Park Mound
3039:Moundville
3024:Mandeville
3014:Long Swamp
2974:Jere Shine
2826:Quigualtam
2774:Chucalissa
2661:Backusburg
2654:Cumberland
2643:Yankeetown
2628:Slack Farm
2603:Ellerbusch
2507:Adams site
2414:Cloverdale
2099:References
1952:2013-10-02
1931:2010-02-04
1906:2010-02-04
1737:2011-06-16
1672:1805/29952
1472:2016-12-13
1320:Juan Pardo
1240:See also:
1089:April 2023
1059:newspapers
940:site near
920:, and the
787:, western
663:Moundville
653:Ohio River
631:Evansville
428:Chronology
422:metallurgy
225:Rose Mound
192:burial at
106:Midwestern
41:references
5048:Stickball
4737:Rock Hawk
4567:Key Marco
4359:Troyville
4339:St. Johns
4324:Red Ocher
4083:Formative
3837:Muskogean
3810:Languages
3723:Sunflower
3583:Mero site
3518:Blood Run
3172:Apalachee
3119:Summerour
3059:Nacoochee
2816:Owl Creek
2711:Riverview
2701:Link Farm
2593:Bone Bank
2547:Turk Site
2542:Towosahgy
2407:Woodhenge
1872:155444628
1603:195219118
1568:163856087
1342:in 1894.
1174:Missouria
1130:Chickasaw
1118:Apalachee
952:Peoples.
942:St. Louis
914:type site
906:Louisiana
829:Red River
797:Louisiana
722:In 1967,
706:The term
677:type site
571:palisades
564:The term
476:chiefdoms
414:annealing
382:Wisconsin
300:earthwork
212:women at
4936:Chanunpa
4921:Ballgame
4900:Vero man
4850:Anzick-1
4822:Windover
4782:SunWatch
4712:Rassawek
4532:Glenwood
4422:Brewster
4274:Mogollon
4245:La Jolla
4231:Hopewell
4191:Deptford
4104:cultures
3944:Red Horn
3912:Chanunpa
3890:Northern
3878:Religion
3859:Timucuan
3827:Cherokee
3613:Schwerdt
3573:Juntunen
3548:Griesmer
3491:cultures
3444:Bluffton
3330:Jaketown
3295:Fitzhugh
3149:Wilbanks
3129:Tomotley
3104:Savannah
3069:Ocmulgee
3049:Mulberry
2984:Joe Bell
2904:Biltmore
2899:Bessemer
2764:Campbell
2726:Old Town
2532:Orr-Herl
2469:Orendorf
2464:Mitchell
2397:Mound 72
2392:Mound 34
2377:Big Eddy
2269:Archived
2232:Archived
2214:Archived
2073:Archived
1783:(1997).
1691:34226591
1346:See also
1332:Cherokee
1301:nomadism
1297:smallpox
1285:immunity
1267:and the
1210:Seminole
1178:Mobilian
1154:Ho-Chunk
1150:Hitchiti
833:palisade
819:and the
789:Arkansas
785:Oklahoma
740:Ocmulgee
649:Illinois
617:Mound 72
607:aligned
597:Mound 34
538:burials.
398:Oklahoma
394:Arkansas
350:chiefdom
324:ceramics
130:Illinois
5085:Related
4943:Chunkey
4843:remains
4832:Wupatki
4672:Paquime
4562:Huápoca
4427:Cahokia
4397:Bastian
4304:Patayan
4226:Hohokam
4211:Fremont
4186:ComondĂş
4141:Baytown
4136:Avonlea
4116:Alachua
4088:Classic
4078:Archaic
4066:Periods
3919:Chunkey
3864:Tunican
3842:Natchez
3817:Caddoan
3791:Pottery
3742:Artwork
3733:Tobacco
3713:Pumpkin
3674:Culture
3528:Fifield
3459:Gahagan
3434:Belcher
3419:Caddoan
3402:Venable
3365:Natchez
3350:Mazique
3305:Fosters
3300:Flowery
3290:Emerald
3167:Anhaica
3124:Taskigi
3089:Rembert
3064:Nikwasi
3029:McMahan
3004:Liddell
2879:Adamson
2789:Janet's
2779:Denmark
2754:Boone's
2716:Sellars
2623:Prather
2382:Cahokia
2372:Aztalan
1682:8257696
1651:Bibcode
1643:Sci Rep
1560:3557032
1513:Bibcode
1316:Spanish
1310:, near
1293:measles
1222:Yamasee
1218:Tunicas
1214:Taensas
1182:Natchez
1138:Choctaw
1134:Catawba
1122:Arikara
1114:Alabama
1073:scholar
946:Natchez
938:Cahokia
860:Hasinai
726:coined
627:Indiana
611:), and
593:Cahokia
558:Kincaid
547:Cahokia
520:Aztalan
472:Cahokia
402:chunkey
390:Florida
214:Cahokia
194:Cahokia
190:Birdman
149:Natchez
126:Cahokia
110:Eastern
54:improve
4502:Folsom
4467:Cutler
4402:Benson
4289:Oneota
4221:Glades
4196:Folsom
4176:Clovis
4073:Lithic
3854:Siouan
3847:Taensa
3718:Squash
3641:Clover
3500:Oneota
3474:Keller
3464:Hughes
3429:Battle
3370:Taensa
3355:Medora
3345:Mangum
3340:Julice
3335:Jordan
3182:Cayson
3114:Sixtoe
3109:Shiloh
3019:Mabila
2954:Etowah
2934:Citico
2924:Chiaha
2919:Chauga
2836:Tunica
2821:Parkin
2804:Nodena
2799:Murphy
2769:Carson
2618:Murphy
2474:Sleeth
2459:McCune
2449:Larson
2352:Middle
2176:
2158:
2137:
2112:
2043:
2018:
1974:
1877:15 Dec
1870:
1799:
1763:
1689:
1679:
1623:
1601:
1566:
1558:
1401:15 Nov
1269:Casqui
1265:Pacaha
1228:, and
1226:Yazoos
1206:Quapaw
1198:Pawnee
1170:Koroas
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1046:
950:Taensa
866:, and
849:Pawnee
736:Etowah
681:Casqui
675:: The
524:Oneota
454:tribal
371:mounds
112:, and
100:was a
43:, but
5033:Piasa
4841:Human
4472:Eaker
4375:sites
4309:Plano
4111:Adena
3869:Yuchi
3703:Maize
3688:Beans
3646:Dodge
3598:Palos
3568:Huber
3508:Anker
3479:Spiro
3449:Caddo
3382:Routh
3315:Glass
3310:Ghost
3212:Velda
3134:Toqua
2994:Lamar
2979:Joara
2969:Irene
2939:Coosa
2929:Chota
2909:Blair
2884:Avery
2846:Yazoo
2841:Koroa
2784:Eaker
2721:Obion
2479:Starr
1868:S2CID
1848:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1823:(PDF)
1599:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1556:JSTOR
1373:Notes
1308:Joara
1230:Yuchi
1202:Ponca
1190:Osage
1186:Omaha
1166:Kansa
1158:Houma
1146:Guale
1126:Caddo
1080:JSTOR
1066:books
967:near
912:(the
817:Spiro
801:Caddo
793:Texas
777:Spiro
655:from
629:near
384:(see
314:Maize
4993:Kiva
3392:Sims
3360:Mott
3280:Anna
2989:King
2949:Dyar
2759:Boyd
2633:Tolu
2259:and
2174:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1879:2020
1797:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1705:link
1687:PMID
1621:ISBN
1403:2009
1295:and
1194:Otoe
1162:Iowa
1052:news
959:: A
948:and
932:and
922:Anna
827:and
738:and
584:and
481:The
459:The
437:The
396:and
96:The
4497:Eva
3217:Yon
2275:in
2079:",
1860:doi
1677:PMC
1667:hdl
1659:doi
1591:doi
1548:doi
1521:doi
1306:At
1287:to
1035:by
392:to
261:by
5111::
2200:,
2168:;
2129:;
1986:^
1887:^
1866:.
1856:34
1854:.
1850:.
1795:.
1791:.
1755:.
1730:.
1713:^
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1697:{{
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1675:.
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1657:.
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1176:,
1172:,
1168:,
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1160:,
1156:,
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1140:,
1136:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
