Conquistador - Knowledge

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The Portuguese in Ambon, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. Altogether, the Portuguese never had the resources or manpower to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the crucial Banda Islands, the nearby centre of most nutmeg and mace production. Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia particularly among the Ambonese. By the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon, and by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000, although most of the region surrounding Ambon remained Muslim.

4118: 4029: 692: 1018: 4749: 4685: 1091:; slave trading was the most profitable branch of Portuguese commerce until the Indian subcontinent was reached. Due to the importation of the slaves as early as 1441, the kingdom of Portugal was able to establish a number of population of slaves throughout the Iberia due to its slave markets' dominance within Europe. Before the Age of Conquest began, the continental Europe already associated darker skin color with slave-class, attributing to the slaves of African origins. This sentiment traveled with the conquistadors when they began their explorations into the Americas. The predisposition inspired a lot of the entradas to seek slaves as part of the conquest. 13498: 13468: 1601:

1540. After the conquests he settled in the city of Mérida in the newly formed colony of Yucatán with his family. In 1574, the Spanish crown ordered that all slaves and free blacks in the colony had to pay a tribute to the crown. However, Toral wrote in protest of the tax based on his services during his conquests. The Spanish king responded that Toral need not pay the tax because of his service. Toral died a veteran of three transatlantic voyages and two Conquest expeditions, a man who had successfully petitioned the great Spanish King, walked the streets of Lisbon, Seville, and Mexico City, and helped found a capital city in the Americas.

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that all earnings would come back to Alonso. He fought for many years in Chile and Peru. By 1540, he was a captain, horseman, and partner in Pedro de Valdivia's company in Chile. He was later awarded an estate in Santiago; a city he would help Valdivia found. Both Alonso and Valiente tried to contact the other to make an agreement about Valiente's manumission and send Alonso his awarded money. They were never able to reach each other and Valiente died in 1553 in the Battle of Tucapel.

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wine, dry fish, dried meat, toasted flour, leather, fur of tropical animals and seals, whaling ... but mainly ivory, black slaves, gold and hardwoods. They maintaining trade ports in Congo (M'banza), Angola, Natal (City of Cape Good Hope, in Portuguese "Cidade do Cabo da Boa Esperança"), Mozambique (Sofala), Tanzania (Kilwa Kisiwani), Kenya (Malindi) to Somalia. The Portuguese following the maritime trade routes of Muslims and Chinese traders, sailed the Indian Ocean. They were on

846: 1287: 2410: 1591: 5150: 2209: 3938: 3020: 1876: 1397: 1789: 6033: 1570: 471: 4380: 4620: 4408: 3540: 2034: 1641: 3136: 6019: 2399: 6047: 2868: 4279: 4562:. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but have not hindered its success. Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable, initially, because as exploratory ships, their "cargo" was what was in the explorer's discoveries about a new territory, which only took up the space of one person. Among the famous caravels are 4536: 1359:, sent a larger force than had previously sailed, and appointed Cortés as Captain-General of the Armada. Cortés then applied all of his funds, mortgaged his estates and borrowed from merchants and friends to outfit his ships. Velásquez may have contributed to the effort, but the government of Spain offered no financial support. 7089:

Gomes was obligated to pledge a small percentage of his profits to the royal treasury. Starting from Sierra Leone in 1469, this monetarily motivated entrepreneurial explorer spent the next five years extending Portugal's claims even further than he had been required, reaching as far south as Cape St.

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to join him in Maluku, and sent the explorer information about the Spice Islands. Both Serrão and Magellan, however, perished before they could meet one another, with Magellan dying in battle in Macatan. In 1535 Sultan Tabariji was deposed and sent to Goa in chains, where he converted to Christianity

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In 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and from the year of 1611 to 1614 he was ambassador of King Felipe III in Japan returning to Acapulco in the year of 1614. In 1608, he was sent to search for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro (island of gold) and Rico de Plata (island

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to participate in a series of discussions and debates among the Bishops of the Dominican and Franciscan orders. The two orders had very different approaches to the conversion of the Indians. The Franciscans used a method of mass conversion, sometimes baptizing many thousands of Indians in a day. This

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when Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace. Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor

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in 1453. The Ottomans barred European access. For decades the Spanish Netherlands ports produced more revenue than the colonies since all goods brought from Spain, Mediterranean possessions, and the colonies were sold directly there to neighbouring European countries: wheat, olive oil, wine, silver,

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The Spanish discovery of what they thought at that time was India, and the constant competition of Portugal and Spain led to a desire for secrecy about every trade route and every colony. As a consequence, many documents that could reach other European countries included fake dates and faked facts,

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in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Said.

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Sponsors included governments, the king, viceroys, and local governors backed by rich men. The contribution of each individual conditioned the subsequent division of the booty, receiving a portion the pawn (lancero, piquero, alabardero, rodelero) and twice a man on horseback (caballero) owner of a

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allowed the Crown to guide the Companies conquests to certain territories, depending on their interests. In addition, the leader of the expedition received clear instructions about their duties towards the army, the native population, the type of military action. A written report about the results

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destroyed nearly all of the library's records, but an extra copy available in Goa was transferred to Lisbon's Tower of Tombo, during the following 100 years. The Corpo Cronológico (Chronological Corpus), a collection of manuscripts on the Portuguese explorations and discoveries in Africa, Asia and

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living among the Guaranís heard tales of a "White King" who lived to the west, ruling cities of incomparable riches and splendour. Marching westward in 1524 to find the land of the "White King", he was the first European to cross South America from the East. He discovered a great waterfall and the

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in 1591, found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a trade depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to Mozambique. "In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local 'king,' the predecessor of the Mwinyi Mkuu of

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to lead a small contingent to find it. With the guidance of Hopi Indians, Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon. However, Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon, assuming the width of the Colorado River at six feet (1.8 m) and estimating 300-foot-tall

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was born in West Africa and purchased by Portuguese traders from African slavers. Around 1530 he was purchased by Alonso Valiente to be a slaved domestic servant in Puebla, Mexico. In 1533, Juan Valiente made a deal with his owner to allow him to be a conquistador for four years with the agreement

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Spanish and Portuguese forces were capable of quickly moving long distances in foreign land, allowing for speed of maneuver to catch outnumbering forces by surprise. Wars were mainly between clans, expelling intruders. On land, these wars combined some European methods with techniques from Muslim

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After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal re-established authority over its lost territories including remaining Dutch controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and

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who helped with administrative duties, and soldiers with military training. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans, some of whom were also slaves. They were not only made to fight in the battlefield but also to serve as interpreters, informants, servants, teachers,

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Animals were another important factor for Spanish triumph. On the one hand, the introduction of the horse and other domesticated pack animals allowed them greater mobility unknown to the Indian cultures. However, in the mountains and jungles, the Spaniards were less able to use narrow Amerindian

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to study the problems related to the colonization process. Rodríguez de Fonseca effectively became minister for the Indies and laid the foundations for the creation of a colonial bureaucracy, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions. Rodríguez de Fonseca presided over the council,

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From their peaceful settlings in secured islands along Atlantic Ocean (archipelagos and islands such as Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, São Tomé, Príncipe, and Annobón) they travelled to coastal enclaves trading almost every goods of African and Islander areas like spices (hemp, opium, garlic),

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As a seafaring people in the south-westernmost region of Europe, the Portuguese became natural leaders of exploration during the Middle Ages. Faced with the options of either accessing other European markets by sea, by exploiting its seafaring prowess, or by land, and facing the task of crossing

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Other black conquistadors include Pedro Fulupo, Juan Bardales, Antonio Pérez, and Juan Portugués. Pedro Fulupo was a black slave that fought in Costa Rica. Juan Bardales was an African slave that fought in Honduras and Panama. For his service he was granted manumission and a pension of 50 pesos.

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Sebastian Toral was an African slave and one of the first black conquistadors in the New World. While a slave, he went with his Spanish owner on a campaign. He was able to earn his freedom during this service. He continued as a free conquistador with the Spaniards to fight the Maya in Yucatán in

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An expedition commanded by Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526. After one more expedition in 1529, Pizarro received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy. The approval read: "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a

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were so inexact that the line of demarcation could not in practice be determined, subjecting the treaty to diverse interpretations. Both the Portuguese claim to Brazil and the Spanish claim to the Moluccas depended on the treaty. It was particularly valuable to the Portuguese as a recognition of

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The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile resulted in joint rule by the spouses of the two kingdoms, honoured as the "Catholic Monarchs" by Pope Alexander VI. Together, the Crown Kings saw about the fall of Granada, victory over the Muslim minority, and expulsion or forcibly

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The Age of Discovery was hallmarked in 1519, shortly after the European discovery of the Americas, when Hernán Cortés began his conquest of the Aztec Empire. As the Spaniards, motivated by gold and fame, established relations and war with the Aztecs, the slow progression of conquest, erection of

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European young men enlisted in the army because it was one way out of poverty. Catholic priests instructed the soldiers in mathematics, writing, theology, Latin, Greek, and history, and wrote letters and official documents for them. King's army officers taught military arts. An uneducated young

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Armed groups sought supplies and funds in various ways. Financing was requested from the King, delegates of the Crown, the nobility, rich merchants or the troops themselves. The more professional campaigns were funded by the Crown. Campaigns were sometimes initiated by inexperienced governors,

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The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export and the Portuguese imported African slaves to produce it.

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Hernán Cortés, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, which included Pedro de Alvarado and Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cortés and

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were clashes not only in English and Spanish ports or on the sea between them but also in and around the present-day territories of Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Panama. War with the Dutch led to invasions of many countries in Asia, including Ceylon and commercial

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Africans were also conquistadors in the early conquest campaigns in the Caribbean and Mexico. In the 1500s there were enslaved black and free black sailors on Spanish ships crossing the Atlantic and developing new routes of conquest and trade in the Americas. After 1521, the wealth and credit

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The Iberian Peninsula was largely divided before the hallmark of this marriage. Five independent kingdoms: Portugal in the West, Aragon and Navarre in the East, Castile in the large center, and Granada in the south, all had independent sovereignty and competing interests. The conflict between

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towns, and cultural dominance over the natives brought more Spanish troops and support to modern-day Mexico. As trading routes over the seas were established by the works of Columbus, Magellan, and Elcano, land support system was established as the trails of Cortés' conquest to the capital.

3675:, or "Cibola", was rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. As early as 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and searched for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro ('Rich in Gold') and Rico de Plata ('Rich in Silver'). 3778:, a shipwreck survivor who had lived with the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years, published his memoir in which he locates the Fountain of Youth in Florida, and says that Ponce de León was supposed to have looked for them there. This land somehow also became confused with the 1111:

Christians and Muslims to control Iberia, which started with North Africa's Muslim invasion in 711, lasted from the years 718 to 1492. Christians, fighting for control, successfully pushed the Muslims back to Granada, which was the Muslims' last control of the Iberian Peninsula.

3527:. It became a natural defence site for the Iberian Union. The colony was designed to protect Spanish and Portuguese trade from interference by the Dutch base in the south of Taiwan. The Spanish colony was short-lived due to the unwillingness of Spanish colonial authorities in 1959:

and immediately saw the natural crossing of the Colorado River from Mexico to California by land as an ideal spot for a city, as the Colorado River narrows to slightly under 1000 feet wide in one small point. Later military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the

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The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, and thereby accidentally discovered Brazil. However, for an alternative account of the discovery of Brazil, see

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in 1603 to trade spices and counter Dutch encroachment in the archipelago of Maluku. The Spanish presence lasted until 1663, when the settlers and military were moved back to the Philippines. Part of the Ternatean population chose to leave with the Spanish, settling near

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The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States.

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Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. The

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The origin of many people in mixed expeditions was not always distinguished. Various occupations, such as sailors, fishermen, soldiers and nobles employed different languages (even from unrelated language groups), so that crew and settlers of Iberian empires recorded as

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Contrary to popular belief, many conquistadors were not trained warriors, but mostly artisans, lesser nobility or farmers seeking an opportunity to advance themselves in the new world since they had limited opportunities in Spain. A few also had crude firearms known as

5072: 1930:, intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado's expedition. Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present-day California–Arizona border. However, Coronado never reached the Gulf of California, and Alarcón eventually gave up and left. 8640:"He also from Majorca caused one Master James, a man skilfull (sic) in Navigation and in Cards and Sea Instruments, to be brought into Portugall, there at his charge as it were, to erect a Schoole of Marinership, and to instruct his Countreymen in that Mysterie." 3967:

Ferdinand II King of Aragon and Regent of Castile, incorporated the American territories into the Kingdom of Castile and then withdrew the authority granted to governor Christopher Columbus and the first conquistadors. He established direct royal control with the

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evidence shows that the illness which reduced the population in Aztec Mexico was aided by a great drought in the 16th century, and which continued through the arrival of the Spanish conquest. This has added to the body of epidemiological evidence indicating that

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Since the 1549 arrival to Kagoshima (Kyushu) of a group of Jesuits with St. Francis Xavier missionary and Portuguese traders, Spain was interested in Japan. In this first group of Jesuit missionaries were included Spaniards Cosme de Torres and Juan Fernandez.

3360:, March–May 1741, during this battle the Spanish Empire defeated a British fleet of over 30,000 professional soldiers, 51 warships and 135 transport ships counting the glorious Spanish army only less than 2400 professional soldiers, 600 natives and 6 ships. 4317:

they used in battle were effective as a psychological weapon against the natives, who, in many cases, had never seen domesticated dogs. Although some indigenous peoples did have domestic dogs during the conquest of the Americas, Spanish conquistadors used

936:, who governed a neighbouring province in yet another land-related vendetta. De Belalcázar was tried in absentia, convicted and condemned for killing Robledo and for other offenses pertaining to his involvement in the wars between armies of conquistadors. 3272:

to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. As some years afterward the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars –

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general. Around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique. It appears, however, that the Portuguese did not closely administer Zanzibar. The first English ship to visit Unguja, the

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Portugal established a route to China in the early 16th century, sending ships via the southern coast of Africa and founding numerous coastal enclaves along the route. Following the discovery in 1492 by Spaniards of the New World with Italian explorer

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horse. Sometimes part of the booty consisted of women and/or slaves. Even the dogs, important weapons of war in their own right, were in some cases rewarded. The division of the booty produced conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and Almagro.

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to help finance the Venezuela expedition for gold. With numerous armed groups aiming to launch explorations well into the Age of Conquest, the Crown became indebted, allowing opportunity for foreign European creditors to finance the explorations.

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in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of

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arrived to patrol the entire coast, ban the French, and to create the first colonial villages, like São Vicente, at the coast. As time passed, the Portuguese created the Viceroyalty of Brazil. Colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when

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reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us". When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Incan empire, a large portion of the population had already died in a

590:) would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training that were too costly for informal groups. Their armies were mostly composed of Spanish troops, as well as soldiers from other parts of Europe and Africa. 4601:

at the stem. It was first used by the Portuguese, and later by the Spanish. They were also adapted to the increasing maritime trade. They grew from 200 tons capacity in the 15th century to 500. In the 16th century they usually had two

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asked him to help recover the Saadian throne. Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from Abu Abdallah with Ottoman Empire support. The defeat of Abu Abdallah and the death of Portugal's king led to the end of the Portuguese

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The conquistador borrowed as little as possible, preferring to invest all their belongings. Sometimes, every soldier brought his own equipment and supplies, other times the soldiers received gear as an advance from the conquistador.

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Though vastly outnumbered on foreign and unknown territory, Conquistadors had several military advantages over the native peoples they conquered, military strategies and tactics that were mostly learned from the 781 year war of the

2490:. By 1516, Afonso I sent various of his children and nobles to Europe to study, including his son Henrique Kinu a Mvemba, who was elevated to the status of bishop in 1518. Afonso I wrote a series of letters to the kings of Portugal 3513:, while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by an Iberian military expedition in 1625. 3485:. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. In a series of expeditions, he gradually expanded from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of 3893:

error propagated on many maps during the 17th and 18th centuries, despite contradictory evidence from various explorers. The legend was initially infused with the idea that California was a terrestrial paradise, peopled by black

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In practice the Capitán had almost unlimited power. Besides the Crown and the conquistador, they were very important the backers who were charged with anticipating the money to the Capitán and guarantee payment of obligations.

4302:, the indigenous people learned horsemanship, cattle raising, and sheep herding. The use of the new techniques by indigenous groups later became a disputed factor in native resistance to the colonial and American governments. 3644:

killed an estimated 5 to 15 million people, or up to 80% of the native population. The cocoliztli epidemic from 1576 to 1578 killed an estimated, additional 2 to 2.5 million people, or about 50% of the remainder.

2328:, were sent traveling secretly overland to gather information on a possible sea route to India, but also to inquire about Prester John. Covilhã managed to reach Ethiopia. Although well received, he was forbidden to depart. 3551:

While technological superiority, military strategy and forging local alliances played an important role in the victories of the conquistadors in the Americas, their conquest was greatly facilitated by Old World diseases:

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and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route at Malacca in 1545. He had however, already bequeathed the island of

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trade. Such an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, and as such the feeble attempts at Christianization only strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler. Serrão urged

4056:, offices were bought or handed to relatives or cronies. Sometimes, an expedition of conquistadors were a group of influential men who had recruited and equipped their fighters, by promising a share of the booty. 2592:("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies") was the first direct account of Ethiopia, greatly increasing European knowledge at the time, as it was presented to the pope, published and quoted by 2502:, complaining of Portuguese complicity in purchasing illegally enslaved people and the connections between Afonso's men, Portuguese mercenaries in Kongo's service and the capture and sale of slaves by Portuguese. 2795:, after his countryman Pedro Mascarenhas, who had been there before. The Portuguese presence disrupted and reorganised the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia they introduced Christianity. After the 4550:. Iberians quickly adopted it for their merchant navy. It was a development based on African fishing boats. They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and one to three masts, with 3035:. Worried about the foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land and combat the French. In 1530, an expedition led by 3922:

in 2007 in recognition of its historical value "for acquiring knowledge of the political, diplomatic, military, economic and religious history of numerous countries at the time of the Portuguese Discoveries."

1703:, while in Iceland they appear to have only hunted the latter. The Spanish fishery in Terranova declined over conflicts between Spain and other European powers during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. 923:

in search of Inca gold further complicated the situation for De Almagro and Belalcázar. De Alvarado left South America in exchange for monetary compensation from Pizarro. De Almagro was executed in 1538, by

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in the Southern hemisphere in 1471, starting its use in celestial navigation. The results varied throughout the year, which required corrections. To address this the Portuguese used the astronomical tables

4577:. Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts, they began to be used in the navy and were provided with cannon windows, which led to the classification of "naus" according to the power of its artillery. The 3031:. The Portuguese encountered natives divided into several tribes. The first settlement was founded in 1532. Some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract 2256:

stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese, and its European neighbours, especially Spain. Apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable.

815:, who had taken holy orders in his native Spain, was captured by Maya lords too, and later was a soldier with Hernán Cortés. Francisco Pizarro had children with more than 40 women, many of whom were 5164: 2529:

in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas and inland. In a series of military conflicts, political manoeuvres and conquests, the Portuguese extended their control over the

2479:, in the pre-existing capital of the local dynasty ruling at that time (1483), in a city of the Luezi River valley. Portuguese were established supporting one Christian local dynasty ruling suitor. 6604: 1777:

with 242 men. They believed they were near other Spaniards in Mexico, but there was in fact 1500 miles of coast between them. They followed the coast westward, until they reached the mouth of the

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to move to Portugal in the 1420s to train Portuguese map-makers in Majorcan-style cartography. 'Jacome of Majorca' is even sometimes described as the head of Henry's observatory and "school" at

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Aside from the explorations predominated by Spain and Portugal, other parts of Europe also aided in colonization of the New World. King Charles I was documented to receive loans from the German

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to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in 1575 after a five-year siege.

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The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. The "capitulacion" clearly stated that the conquered territories belonged to the Crown, not to the individual. On the other hand,

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equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513 to Florida and surrounding coastal area. Another early motive was the search for the

3584:. The diseases were carried to distant tribes and villages. This typical path of disease transmission moved much faster than the conquistadors, so that as they advanced, resistance weakened. 2659:

had explored that part of the Indian Ocean, and discovered several islands new to Europeans. Mascarenhas served as Captain-Major of the Portuguese colony of Malacca from 1525 to 1526, and as

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island was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult; however, the Jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of Brazil.

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in 1542–1543. Vázquez de Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold, but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west, he sent

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generated by the acquisition of the Aztec Empire funded auxiliary forces of black conquistadors that could number as many as five hundred. Spaniards recognized the value of these fighters.

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long prevented Portuguese sailors from reaching India. Various places in Africa and the Americas have been named after the imagined cities made of gold, rivers of gold and precious stones.

1919:(91 m) rock formations to be the size of a person. After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river, they left the area, defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather. 3905:. Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as 1480, thus explaining his wish in 1494 at the signing of the 1451:, which brought about the discovery of Peru, but withdrew in 1526 for a small compensation, having lost confidence in the outcome. In 1526 Dávila was superseded as Governor of Panama by 562:

In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. By the late 16th century, gold and silver imports from the Americas provided one-fifth of Spain's total budget.

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also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of

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was mandatory. The army had a royal official, the "veedor". The "veedor" or notary, ensured they complied with orders and instructions and preserved the King's share of the booty.

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The conquistadors found new animal species, but reports confused these with monsters such as giants, dragons, or ghosts. Stories about castaways on mysterious islands were common.

3909:, to push the line of influence further west. Many historians suspect that the real documents would have been placed in the Library of Lisbon. Unfortunately, a fire following the 6447:

p30-31 of J.H. Elliot, introductory essay to Anthony Pagdens translation of Cortés's letters "Hernán Cortés" letters from Mexico" 2001 (1971, 1986) Yale University NotaBene books

5039:(Goa ≈1520 – ≈1580), produced work of extraordinary quality and beauty, giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time. Many of his charts are large scale. 2768:

by the sea, and they settled on its port for a commercial monopoly of trade with other nations. They were later expelled from their settlements, but they were allowed the use of

4177:. Throughout the conquest, the indigenous people greatly outnumbered the conquistadors; the conquistador troops never exceeded 2% of the native population. The army with which 4165:

civilization by allying with natives who had been subjugated by more powerful neighbouring tribes and kingdoms. These tactics had been used by the Spanish, for example, in the

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and experts in naval technology appeared in Portugal. Portuguese and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics, cartography and naval technology.

688:, Marina Vélez de Ortega, Marina de la Caballería, Francisca de Valenzuela, Catalina de Salazar. Some conquistadors married Native American women or had illegitimate children. 8395: 3652:

said that 95% of the total population of the Americas died in the first 130 years, and that 90% of the population of the Inca Empire died in epidemics. Cook and Borah of the

1934:

reached the delta in the same year, intending to establish contact with Alarcón, but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz's arrival. Díaz named the Colorado River

1329: 1107:. He later tried to incorporate the kingdom of Portugal by marriage. Notably, Isabella supported Columbus's first voyage that launched the Spanish conquistadors into action. 11096: 5416: 3443:), and South America. Even though the Portuguese were unable to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they were able to control its coastal regions for a considerable time. 13344: 11595: 11260: 2843:

sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade.

2621:

of the city on 24 August 1511, it became a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies; consequently the Portuguese were obliged to build a fort they named

593:

Native allied troops were largely infantry equipped with armament and armour that varied geographically. Some groups consisted of young men without military experience,

4993:

were cartographers at the service of Prince Henry. Majorca had many skilled Jewish cartographers. However, the oldest signed Portuguese sea chart is a Portolan made by

4157:

One factor was the ability of the conquistadors to manipulate the political situation between indigenous peoples and make alliances against larger empires. To beat the

1612:

Antonio Pérez was from North Africa, and a free black. He joined the conquest in Venezuela and was made a captain. Juan Portugués fought in the conquests in Venezuela.

684:

Castilian law banned Spanish women from travelling to America unless they were married and accompanied by a husband. Women who travelled thus include María de Escobar,

5426: 3142:, a bandeirante, led in 1648–1652 the largest continental expedition made in the Americas until then, from São Paulo to the east, near the Andes (via Mato Grosso, the 1424: 1987: 1546:, literally river of the silver, after the Incan conquest. He sought a way to transport the Potosi's silver to Europe. For a long time due to the Incan silver mines, 1279:, to Yucatán and the Hernán Cortés expedition of 1519. He initially backed Cortés's expedition to Mexico, but because of his personal enmity for Cortés later ordered 879: 13404: 11932: 11303: 6803: 3797:

and some Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French and Portuguese expeditions were looking for the wonderful Guiana empire that gave its name to the present day countries of

3081: 11293: 406:, and the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Ocean. Conquistadors founded numerous cities, some of them in locations with pre-existing settlements, such as 13569: 6759: 711:

with some studies but without economic resources. Even some rich nobility families' members became soldiers or missionaries, but mostly not the firstborn heirs.

2807:'– giving a sense of the competition then taking place between Islamic and European influences in the region. Afonso de Albuquerque learned of the route to the 1656:

During the 1500s, the Spanish began to travel through and colonize North America. They were looking for gold in foreign kingdoms. By 1511 there were rumours of

13554: 6608: 10226: 8421: 3620:. Further epidemics of smallpox broke out in 1533, 1535, 1558 and 1565, as well as typhus in 1546, influenza in 1558, diphtheria in 1614 and measles in 1618. 13339: 11556: 11551: 11333: 8104: 5060: 4299: 4103: 13584: 4246:

becoming widespread only from the 1570s. A scarcity of firearms did not prevent conquistadors to pioneer the use of mounted arquebusiers, an early form of

2286:) and Tangier were captured from the Moors. Portuguese explored the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640). Under 1427:, executed there in 1526 by Dávila, by then aged over 85. Dávila's daughters married Rodrigo de Contreras and conquistador of Florida and Mississippi, the 895:

The division of the booty produced bloody conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and De Almagro. After present-day Peruvian territories fell to Spain,

9235: 4274:

Basque Countrymen near the France–Spain border in 1898, with characteristic horse, donkey and dogs. These were the type of animals introduced to America.

3987:, created in 1512–1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of settlers in Spanish colonial America, particularly with regards to 1377:, then in 1524 he founded Panama City and moved his capital there laying the basis for the exploration of South America's west coast and the subsequent 10246: 9161: 8171: 1131:

of the Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration. Thus dividing the world into two areas of exploration and colonization. This was settled by the

11164: 609:

Castilian law prohibited foreigners and non-Catholics from settling in the New World. However, not all conquistadors were Castilian. Many foreigners

2060:, to explore the Maluku Islands where Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by 13564: 11253: 3804:

Several expeditions went in search of these fabulous places, but returned empty-handed, or brought less gold than they had hoped. They found other

1200:. The capital was in an unhealthy location and consequently moved around 1534 to the place they called "Villa de Santiago de la Vega", later named 7033:

in 1475 when his contract expired Rui de Sequeira had reached Cabo Santa Caterina (Cape Saint Catherine) south of the equator and the Gabon River.

2827:) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of 10711: 2187: 10206: 3976:, both in the Americas and in Asia. After unifying Castile, Ferdinand introduced to Castile many laws, regulations and institutions such as the 3245:

and the chief stronghold of the Dutch, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from

13319: 11965: 8245: 7061:

and about the same time Lopo Gonçalves crossed the Equator, while Ruy de Sequeira went on to Cape St. Catherine, two degrees south of the line.

7522: 1757:, on 15 April 1528, they marched through Florida. Traveling mostly on foot, they crossed Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, and Mexican states of 13579: 13397: 13304: 11819: 11169: 10256: 9861: 9219: 3288:

and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior. But the colonists of the

1676:, the first documented European to reach the Colorado River, sailed up the Gulf of California and a short distance into the river's delta. 1452: 4505:), a precious tool for oceanic navigation, which spread widely in the fifteenth century. These tables revolutionized navigation, enabling 12281: 11904: 11863: 11708: 11246: 7228: 7182: 6842: 6385: 6347: 3423: 2584:

and to the Pope, in search of a coalition. Mateus reached Portugal via Goa, having returned with a Portuguese embassy, along with priest

8719:

Hinz, Felix (2014): "Spanish-Indian encounters: the conquest and creation of new empires". In: Robert Aldrich, Kirsten McKenzie (eds.):

8059: 7866: 3203:

established many trade posts or colonies. The Spanish silver fleet, which carried silver from Spanish colonies to Spain, were seized by

3047:

divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies, a model that had previously been used successfully in the colonization of the

11568: 11563: 6546:

The numbers for Grijalva's expedition are as given by Bernal Díaz, who participated in the voyage. See Díaz del Castillo (1963, p. 27).

4338:. These specially trained dogs were feared because of their strength and ferocity. The strongest big breeds of broad-mouthed dogs were 3477:

In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, the Dutch occupied many Portuguese territories in Brazil.

431: 8080: 4855:, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the 4394:

The successive expeditions and experience of the Spanish and Portuguese pilots led to a rapid evolution of European nautical science.

13472: 13309: 11870: 11621: 11208: 8321: 5001:. Reinel was also author of the first nautical chart known with an indication of latitudes in 1504 and the first representation of a 4144:

A group of 16th century conquistadors that participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru (second expedition) along with their leader,

3759: 827: 703:

recruit could become a military leader, elected by their fellow professional soldiers, perhaps based on merit. Others were born into

8799:

Other Council Fires Were Here Before Ours: A Classic Native American Creation Story as Retold by a Contemporary Seneca/Oneida Writer

4083:

participated in Columbus's undertaking. They also supported the project economically, supplying money from their personal fortunes.

1072: 13390: 12313: 11076: 10180: 8858: 5020:", in 1519. They were considered the best cartographers of their time. Emperor Charles V wanted them to work for him. In 1517 King 3303:

and conquered British and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far south and founded

2259:

They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighbouring Iberians and north African Muslim states. Due to these connections,

1864:. When the others were struck ill, Estevanico continued alone, opening up what is now New Mexico and Arizona. He was killed at the 1636:, Spain). He was the first European to arrive at the current U.S. and led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. 8399: 7203: 3671:

An early motive for exploration was the search for Cipango, the place where gold was born. Cathay and Cibao were later goals. The

2897:

was visited by the Portuguese between 1507 (by Diogo Fernandes Pereira) and 1513. The Portuguese took no interest in the isolated

1263:

and was appointed governor of the island. As governor he authorized expeditions to explore lands further west, including the 1517

10160: 7340: 6295: 4530: 2922: 1505:, Fernández de Lugo sent an expedition to the interior of the territory, initially looking for a land path to Peru following the 4781: 11629: 9298: 2339: 1976: 528:

in 1521, expeditions led by conquistadors in the 16th century established trading routes linking Europe with all these areas.

12301: 11694: 11590: 10934: 9045: 8814: 8744: 8728: 8696: 8675: 8541: 8433: 7846: 7652: 7625: 7596: 7569: 7506: 7479: 7452: 7425: 7398: 7282: 7026: 7001: 6976: 6968:

The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815

6949: 6696: 6641: 6222: 6060: 3478: 3450:

in Brazil focused on slave hunting, then from 1670 to 1750 they focused on mineral wealth. Through these expeditions and the

540: 9896: 9765: 9392: 9388: 1563: 13215: 12330: 11829: 11824: 11029: 11024: 10392: 9798: 9441: 8894: 4053: 2611:. The retreat of the Mamluks and Arabs enabled the Portuguese to implement their strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean. 2387:, in Cape Verde islands, who received the land as a grant from the crown, established a colony with Jews forced to stay on 1961: 1463:

charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Inca. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in New Castile." The

1299: 1264: 503: 277: 36: 6811: 6321: 2959:, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period. Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502 the 13502: 13274: 12325: 12203: 11849: 11704: 11528: 11091: 10211: 8452: 8335: 7241: 6659: 5544: 4255: 4174: 3994:

The evolving structure of colonial government was not fully formed until the third quarter of the 16th century; however,

3158: 2754: 2167: 1898:, commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540–1542. 1691:) in 1520, and in Iceland by at least the early 17th century. They established whaling stations at the former, mainly in 956:

Jew) were at the side of Peru's first viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela, who had arrived from Spain with orders to implement the

325: 50: 9080: 8143: 6522:

Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2005). "Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands".

5298: 1076: 13329: 12308: 11947: 11689: 11518: 11269: 10858: 10175: 10111: 9833: 9813: 9288: 9020: 8983: 8456: 6832:

Between 1550 and the early 17th century, Red Bay, known as Balea Baya (Whale Bay), was a centre for whaling operations.

6763: 3988: 3852:, the first European to do so, eight years before Francisco Pizarro. Garcia looted a booty of silver. When the army of 3755: 3742:, naming it after a tribe of warlike women he claimed to have fought there. Others claimed that the similarity between 3653: 2675: 1825: 1692: 790: 594: 535:

Human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time: from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and

261: 11223: 10327: 6496: 6470: 5348: 2971:. Whether or not the Corte-Reals expeditions were also inspired by or continuing the alleged voyages of their father, 13268: 12337: 11546: 10924: 10833: 10231: 9775: 9328: 8958: 8120: 7797: 7767: 7677: 7530: 7082: 7054: 6582: 6563: 6531: 6147: 5596: 4667: 4455: 3435: 2381:. Several writers have also suggested the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover Australia and New Zealand. 4649: 4437: 3820:, crops, spices and other products. In the sail era knowledge of winds and currents was essential, for example, the 3603:

Valley in 1540, in modern New Mexico, some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes.

2846:

Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as the head of a

2617:

set sail in April 1511 from Goa to Malacca with a force of 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships. Following his

13089: 12778: 11639: 11124: 9808: 9292: 9070: 8428:, vol. III (facsimile ed.), Diputación Provincial de Huelva. Servicio de Publicaciones, pp. 37–100, 7708:"Missing Links in the Development of the Ancient Portuguese Cartography of the Netherlands East Indian Archipelago" 7017:

Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). "Part II, Chapter 12: The arrival of Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa".

6907: 6164: 5149: 3856:

arrived to challenge him, Garcia then retreated with the spoils, only to be assassinated by his Indian allies near

3641: 2080:. After obtaining peace with various indigenous tribes, López de Legazpi made the Philippines the capital in 1571. 1393:. At the age of nearly seventy years he was made commander in 1514 by Ferdinand of the largest Spanish expedition. 737:

Catholic religious orders that participated and supported the exploration, evangelizing and pacifying, were mostly

269: 10500: 10435: 7469: 7301:, Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., published by Edward Arnold, London, 1905, digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 5277: 3281:. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil the Dutch were supported by the Jews. 1915: 1899: 1861: 1793: 372:, conquistadors from Peru combined parties with other conquistadors arriving more directly from the Caribbean and 13159: 12789: 12471: 12286: 11897: 11772: 11717: 11679: 11659: 11339: 11061: 10853: 10640: 10440: 9989: 9924: 9510: 9412: 6368: 5384: 5293: 5045: 4900: 4573:

Long oceanic voyages led to larger ships. "Nau" was the Portuguese archaic synonym for any large ship, primarily

4198:. These tactics consisted of small groups who attempted to catch their opponents by surprise, through an ambush. 3775: 3750:, the Spanish-language word for 'Jew' around 1500, revealed the indigenous peoples' origin. Portuguese traveller 2983:), remains controversial, as the 16th century accounts of the 1473 expedition differ considerably. In 1520–1521, 1554:

in Bolivia and it was the location of the Spanish colonial mint. The first settlement in the way was the fort of

1272: 1241: 876:

were mentioned in Cortés' fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy.

865: 10979: 10495: 9939: 9823: 7156: 4684: 4291: 4290:

roads and bridges made for pedestrian traffic, which were sometimes no wider than a few feet. In places such as

4028: 1017: 691: 13497: 13467: 13457: 13251: 13094: 11942: 11834: 11762: 11752: 11737: 11664: 11505: 11081: 11019: 10818: 10236: 9949: 9929: 9901: 9818: 9793: 9653: 9461: 9368: 9308: 9275: 6068:, leaders of the Hispanic American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal (contrast to the Conquistadors) 5687: 5155: 4645: 4433: 4209:

resorted to attacking Arab merchant ships, which were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons.

4170: 4128:

indigenous people. In 1599, the Jívaro destroyed Spanish settlements in eastern Ecuador and killed all the men.

3767: 3384: 2850:

band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the

2487: 2010:(known as Spice Islands, now part of Indonesia), thus crossing first the Atlantic and then the Pacific oceans. 1005:, and others that if he were unsuccessful, a royal fleet of 40 ships and 15,000 men was preparing to sail from 13230: 12506: 11044: 10873: 10630: 3337:

Before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640), Spain tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into Brazil with the

3066:

and European adventurers who lived together with the aborigines and knew their languages and culture, such as

2663:

of Goa, capital of the Portuguese possessions in Asia, from 1554 until his death in 1555. He was succeeded by

1829: 1594: 1583:

One of the black conquistadors who fought against the Aztecs and survived the destruction of their empire was

1521:, which almost two centuries would be a viceroyalty. Jiménez de Quesada also founded the capital of Colombia, 13487: 13240: 12481: 11985: 11767: 11742: 11722: 11669: 11196: 11174: 11129: 11071: 11049: 10863: 10635: 10317: 10106: 10091: 9176: 9040: 8993: 5578: 5227: 4641: 4429: 4018: 3357: 1833: 1420: 1188: 884: 328:

in a manner similar to Cortés. Subsequently, other conquistadores used Peru as a base for conquering much of

20: 13256: 10425: 8012:

relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century that led to a Dutch influence and their final defeat

5772: 5247: 3660:

declined from 25.2 million in 1518 to 700,000 people in 1623, less than 3% of the original population.

3383:, a devout Christian who believed in the crusade to defeat Islam. Portugal had landed in North Africa after 2451:

around 1635 in response to the Sultan of Mombasa's slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier.

1812:, Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. They spent years enslaved by the Ananarivo of the Louisiana 1532: 1510: 345: 13442: 13334: 13262: 13226: 12296: 11747: 11727: 11684: 11674: 11634: 11066: 11034: 10565: 10430: 9866: 9246: 9055: 8851: 8343: 8325: 8175: 5572: 5360: 5354: 4546:

The ship that truly launched the first phase of the discoveries along the African coast was the Portuguese

4117: 3919: 3430:

As a result of the Iberian Union, Phillip II's enemies became Portugal's enemies, such as the Dutch in the

2232:

One important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the

2212:

Two brass plates depicting a bearded Portuguese soldier before 1500 on top and Benin warriors at the bottom

1723: 1502: 933: 912: 11054: 10387: 7613: 6180: 5554: 5372: 4001: 3250: 3177:. Through wars against the French the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking 2742: 2549:(1594,) but the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control failed. The Portuguese, led by 1672:, or "Cibola", rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. In 1536 1170:

Later, when Spain established a route to the Indies from the west, Portugal arranged a second treaty, the

861: 19:

This article is about Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period. For other uses, see

12928: 12800: 12386: 12128: 11937: 11792: 11732: 11481: 11425: 11298: 11039: 10939: 10570: 10022: 9954: 8923: 5410: 3345:

were settled by Portugal. This was disputed in vain, and in 1777 Spain confirmed Portuguese sovereignty.

3086: 2960: 2003: 1431: 415: 10490: 10397: 5454: 5366: 5199: 4776:

where the Portuguese were defeated by native people in 1535, Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, Sao Tome,

4295: 976:

and most of his Spanish army in the battle in 1546, and Gonzalo attempted to have himself crowned king.

13559: 13518: 13155: 13039: 12882: 11890: 11757: 10974: 10337: 9984: 9871: 9783: 9755: 9382: 9352: 9157: 8988: 5868: 5652: 5442: 5332: 4368: 2984: 1555: 1215: 642: 10357: 10312: 8552: 7131: 5873: 5818: 5630: 5500: 5253: 3182: 3170: 2948: 2749:, ushering in a period of almost eighty years of Portuguese rule of the Persian Gulf. In the Red Sea, 2131: 2053: 2038: 2011: 1907: 1490: 13549: 11346: 10893: 10843: 10701: 10600: 10096: 9969: 9934: 9886: 9788: 9400: 9284: 8973: 8943: 8938: 6941: 5903: 5878: 5287: 4952: 3695: 2964: 2618: 2593: 2561:

of 1594. The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese, with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan

766: 265: 9518: 8448: 5702: 3991:. They forbade the maltreatment of indigenous people, and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism. 3523:

was established in Taiwan, first by Portugal in 1544 and later renamed and repositioned by Spain in

3139: 2811:

and other "Spice Islands", and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of

2572:

was taken by the Portuguese. As a result of this mission, and facing Muslim expansion, Queen Regent

758: 13482: 13452: 12862: 12466: 12391: 12268: 12243: 11957: 11420: 10838: 10721: 10681: 10620: 10615: 10555: 9974: 9964: 9750: 9453: 9364: 9065: 8586: 7417:

Portuguese Encounters with Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Translated Texts from the Age of Discoveries

5087: 4863:). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the 4630: 4418: 3703: 3482: 3451: 3431: 3405: 3289: 3278: 3234: 3200: 2464: 1412: 1378: 455: 11218: 10297: 9530: 9050: 8649: 8160: 5853: 5614: 5560: 3678: 3071: 3027:

Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by

2627:

to defend it. That same year, the Portuguese, desiring a commercial alliance, sent an ambassador,

13574: 13437: 12938: 12611: 12108: 11839: 11435: 11367: 10888: 10746: 10590: 10530: 10480: 10382: 9979: 9944: 9891: 9526: 9396: 9360: 9090: 8963: 8948: 8844: 7318: 6593:

William Prescott – Mexico and the Life of the Conqueror – Volume I, Book 2, Chapter 2, circa 1843

5747: 5682: 5484: 4997:

in 1485 representing the Western Europe and parts of Africa, reflecting the explorations made by

4848: 4777: 4634: 4422: 4346:

were used against barely clothed troops. They were armoured dogs trained to kill and disembowel.

3828: 3637: 3588:

is commonly cited as the primary reason for the population collapse. The American natives lacked

3376: 3204: 2142:, lost from the expedition led by Sebastián Vizcaíno, explored the Pacific coast as far north as 2135: 1539: 1306: 1280: 13163: 10081: 5998: 5958: 5933: 5584: 5532: 5448: 4518: 3028: 2495: 2354: 1470: 1143:

issued on 4 May 1493. The treaty gave to Portugal all lands which might be discovered east of a

13544: 13382: 11179: 10751: 10686: 10190: 10076: 9959: 9919: 9563: 9356: 9015: 9005: 8608: 7546: 7220: 6391: 5918: 5697: 5083: 5035:'s representation of the East and more accuracy in the representation of lands and continents. 4975: 4756: 4314: 3910: 3901:

The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many

3409: 3304: 3293: 3274: 3269: 3226: 3036: 2995:. Accompanied by colonists from mainland Portugal and the Azores, he explored Newfoundland and 2648: 2433:

Da Gama in 1498 marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in Indian Ocean. In 1503 or 1504,

2175: 1857: 1633: 1522: 1518: 1314: 1244:

founded the island's first Spanish settlement at Baracoa; other towns soon followed, including

1230:, Columbus found the island which he called "Isla Juana", later named Cuba. In 1511, the first 1205: 1167:

their new-found, particularly when, in 1497–1499, Vasco da Gama completed the voyage to India.

1100: 989:

and providing him with unlimited authority to punish and pardon the rebels. Gasca repealed the

973: 658: 618: 12581: 10322: 8628: 7836: 7496: 7442: 7415: 6846: 6686: 6405:

Stern, Steve J. (March 1992). "Paradigms of Conquest: History, Historiography, and Politics".

6351: 5888: 5777: 5717: 5672: 3493:

and Angola. The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long lasting and troublesome to Portugal. The

3125: 2972: 2518: 1923: 1629: 823: 812: 13084: 12999: 12933: 12566: 12320: 12291: 12090: 12065: 12030: 11844: 11523: 11430: 10625: 10035: 9856: 9745: 9684: 9612: 9522: 9223: 8903: 8533: 8527: 8063: 7586: 7559: 6071: 5677: 5667: 5516: 4493: 4477: 4251: 4022: 3969: 3932: 3906: 3751: 3735: 3380: 3338: 3215:

were established. In 1630 the West India Company conquered part of Brazil, and the colony of

2940: 2840: 2714: 2656: 2614: 2498:

concerning to the behavior of the Portuguese in his country and their role in the developing

2358: 1965: 1688: 1620: 1573: 1400: 1132: 1128: 435: 54: 12218: 11159: 10560: 10347: 10307: 10266: 9240: 8295: 7863: 7390: 6125: 5913: 5338: 5036: 4896: 4350: 3698:

fuelled rumours of mythical places. Stories included the half-fabulous Christian Empire of "

3174: 2377:. The Portuguese sailors sailed eastward to such places as Taiwan, Japan, and the island of 1750: 1734: 1665: 1625: 1362: 1061: 13368: 13235: 13099: 13064: 12984: 12673: 12381: 12276: 12258: 12158: 11882: 11802: 11797: 11513: 11308: 11134: 10803: 10766: 10756: 10696: 10595: 10575: 10470: 10282: 10101: 8978: 8968: 8077: 7719: 5953: 5823: 5757: 5707: 5550: 5466: 5021: 4469: 4182: 4095: 3948: 3886: 3877: 3672: 3629: 3044: 2992: 2581: 2550: 2522: 2491: 2388: 2267: 1979:

explored New Mexico in 1581–1582. They explored a part of the route visited by Coronado in

1669: 1144: 915:, who had gone forth without Pizarro's approval, had already reached Quito. The arrival of 779: 517: 492: 241: 12561: 10660: 10450: 10372: 8056:" (America) struck Europe shortly after Columbus's voyage is also debated among scholars. 7642: 6104: 5828: 5506: 5472: 4076: 3957: 3117: 2585: 2139: 1949: 1551: 1268: 1256: 8: 13201: 12963: 11995: 11975: 11203: 10959: 10944: 10828: 10808: 10761: 10741: 10545: 10540: 10485: 10455: 10221: 9846: 9803: 9760: 9689: 9658: 9429: 9408: 9374: 9280: 9250: 9181: 9025: 8998: 8898: 7297: 5988: 5833: 5646: 5608: 5318: 5189: 4971: 4920: 4785: 3857: 3719: 3494: 3419: 2753:

was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under

2558: 2542: 2287: 2077: 1498: 1464: 1057: 835: 349: 305: 189: 12193: 10949: 10650: 8616: 8267:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: United States Coronado Exposition Commission. pp. 1–82. 8217:

Their number become thined: Native American population dynamics in Eastern North America

7723: 7444:

Religion, Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka: The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods

6605:"Relación de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526" 5993: 5797: 5727: 3129: 3121: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2221:

and Aragon territory, it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to England,

1945: 1800:

Later they were enslaved for a few years by various Native American tribes of the upper

1259:, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from Viceroy 932:

assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. In 1546, De Belalcázar ordered the execution of

13413: 13324: 13314: 13220: 13044: 12953: 12732: 12476: 12421: 12396: 12060: 12055: 12025: 12020: 11807: 11600: 10964: 10954: 10929: 10883: 10848: 10706: 10415: 10292: 10165: 9663: 9643: 9303: 9191: 8918: 8686: 8508: 7813: 7735: 7207: 6430: 6272: 6247: 5812: 5478: 5209: 4178: 4111: 4032: 4006: 3707: 3596: 3589: 3397: 3296:

as governor. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch formally withdrew in 1661.

3166: 3008: 2906: 2856: 2784: 2690: 2538: 2499: 2279: 2237: 2087: 2061: 1999: 1891: 1754: 1722:

and eventually reached Florida in August 1525. As a result of his expedition, the 1529

1711: 1707: 1673: 1657: 1356: 1171: 1022: 998: 715: 704: 630: 626: 613:

their names and/or converted to Catholicism to serve the Castilian Crown. For example,

525: 273: 249: 32: 28: 12943: 10287: 10216: 7344: 6299: 5978: 5752: 5420: 5016:, they participated in the making of the atlas known as "Lopo Homem-Reinés Atlas" or " 4305:

The Spaniards were also skilled at breeding dogs for war, hunting and protection. The

4072: 3308: 3011:, that would last some years or until at least 1570s, based on contemporary accounts. 2321: 2196:

Bronze figure of a Portuguese soldier made by Benin culture in West Africa around 1600

2192: 2057: 1543: 1528: 1456: 1337: 373: 13349: 13279: 13245: 12968: 12958: 12668: 12636: 12516: 12446: 12178: 12153: 12085: 12075: 11913: 11654: 11538: 11318: 11288: 11238: 11144: 11086: 10919: 10691: 10665: 10655: 10645: 10580: 10535: 10465: 10445: 10420: 10367: 10342: 9607: 9134: 9075: 9030: 8889: 8810: 8740: 8724: 8692: 8671: 8537: 8512: 8429: 8303: 8276: 7842: 7793: 7763: 7673: 7648: 7621: 7592: 7565: 7526: 7502: 7475: 7448: 7421: 7394: 7278: 7118: 7078: 7050: 7022: 6997: 6972: 6945: 6692: 6637: 6578: 6559: 6527: 6434: 6422: 6277: 6228: 6218: 6143: 5923: 5838: 5807: 5787: 5737: 5712: 5566: 5241: 5223: 5174: 4924: 4145: 4107: 3996: 3953: 3942: 3779: 3711: 3585: 3401: 3300: 2968: 2898: 2796: 2792: 2664: 2640: 2632: 2577: 2573: 2562: 2483: 2438: 2333: 2241: 2200: 1955:

In 1540, expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area of

1778: 1441: 1416: 1136: 1040: 994: 980: 916: 896: 849: 723: 482: 395: 321: 313: 206: 198: 58: 12546: 12411: 12377: 9165: 8620: 6246:

Martinez VP, Bellomo C, San Juan J, Pinna D, Forlenza R, Elder M, Padula PJ (2005).

5722: 5692: 4764:

Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese ships also made trips further out to gather

4270: 2384: 1437: 1374: 937: 13049: 12989: 12973: 12856: 12820: 12727: 12631: 12431: 12248: 12223: 12040: 12035: 11812: 11486: 10776: 10771: 10736: 10716: 10475: 10352: 10251: 10155: 9617: 9457: 8498: 8272: 8268: 7727: 6414: 6267: 6259: 6076: 5973: 5968: 5742: 5732: 5602: 5590: 5538: 5526: 5494: 5460: 5436: 5308: 5136: 5109: 4990: 4912: 4880: 4824: 4812: 4804: 4773: 4125: 4099: 3787: 3640:) were indigenous fevers transmitted by rodents and aggravated by the drought. The 3544: 3459: 3440: 3292:

in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence in Recife of

3193: 3105: 3101: 3063: 3052: 2628: 2554: 2546: 2506: 2471: 2460: 2226: 2218: 2179: 2171: 2122: 1880: 1782: 1753:

of 600 men that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America. From

1474: 1448: 1428: 1352: 1344: 1276: 1211: 1104: 969: 929: 925: 904: 804: 746: 678: 662: 654: 646: 622: 574: 521: 381: 361: 202: 180: 136: 130: 74: 11154: 9186: 8503: 8487:"El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538–1547)" 8486: 7523:"The European outthrust and encounter: the first phase c. 1400–c. 1700", pp. 85–86 7384: 6086:, a Renaissance-era military formation sometimes referred to as the Spanish Square 5898: 5893: 5848: 5283: 4875: 4310: 3233:, was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1636 by the 3056: 1990:

sent another expedition in 1648 to explore, conquer and colonize the Californias.

1931: 1729: 685: 474: 13172: 12851: 12810: 12795: 12758: 12722: 12616: 12511: 12426: 12401: 12362: 12347: 12168: 12005: 11491: 11219:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

10969: 10909: 10823: 10731: 10605: 10585: 10550: 10332: 10302: 10241: 9851: 9841: 9737: 9622: 9514: 9471: 9231: 9139: 9010: 8260: 8212: 8172:"Naked Science | What Killed the Aztecs? | National Geographic Channel" 8100: 8084: 7885: 7870: 7358: 7272: 6966: 6935: 6663: 6631: 6574: 6555: 6372: 6109: 6038: 5762: 5640: 5488: 5378: 5259: 5217: 4982: 4891: 4852: 4535: 4359:, the first European dog known to reach North America; another famous dog called 4343: 4319: 4282: 3902: 3872: 3821: 3805: 3727: 3649: 3520: 3455: 3368: 3041: 2836: 2803:

in August 1511, one Portuguese diary noted 'it is thirty years since they became

2776: 2599:

In 1509, the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won a critical victory in the

2530: 2329: 2325: 2108: 2083: 2073: 1911: 1715: 1506: 965: 941: 873: 738: 674: 610: 357: 353: 289: 253: 10878: 7816:. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage). 2000 6325: 5948: 5883: 5858: 5031:

The third phase of nautical cartography was characterized by the abandonment of

4161:

civilization, they supported one side of a civil war. The Spanish overthrew the

3853: 3481:

was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the

3147: 3067: 2927: 1695:, and probably established some in the latter as well. In Terranova they hunted 1559: 1550:

was the most important site in Colonial Spanish America, located in the current

1322: 1182: 1036: 13103: 13069: 12913: 12888: 12845: 12835: 12825: 12815: 12773: 12556: 12367: 12357: 12050: 12010: 12000: 11461: 11451: 11382: 10813: 10726: 10610: 10362: 10185: 10170: 10071: 10045: 10030: 9911: 9506: 9500: 9404: 9171: 9085: 9035: 8913: 8867: 8714:

The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico

8641: 6500: 6474: 6052: 5963: 5928: 5400: 5203: 4986: 4916: 4864: 4765: 4582: 4559: 4513:, published in Leiria in 1496, were used along with its improved astrolabe, by 4510: 4489: 4387: 3984: 3973: 3861: 3794: 3604: 3465: 3413: 3342: 3265: 3178: 3162: 3143: 3048: 2636: 2534: 2370: 2271: 2245: 2015: 2007: 1927: 1853: 1746: 1738: 1645: 1486: 1340:. The expedition returned to Cuba to report on the discovery of this new land. 1255:, where the native Indians had revolted against the administration of governor 1115:

converted Jews and non-Christians to turn Iberia into a religious homogeneity.

985: 869: 770: 754: 599: 570: 391: 194: 40: 13205: 13189: 13009: 9318: 8778:

The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization

7249: 6656: 6418: 6232: 5547:, Peru,(1536–40), Bolivia,(1538–39) Chile, (1540–1553) and Argentina (1562–64) 5173:

were crucial in Portuguese exploration, colonization, and pacification of the

5024:

handed Lopo Homem a charter giving him the privilege to certify and amend all

4140: 2588:

in 1520. Francisco Álvares book, which included the testimony of Covilhã, the

1824:

and others. In 1534 they escaped into the American interior, contacting other

1714:'s fleet, explored Nova Scotia, sailing South through Maine, where he entered 1366: 1260: 1064:, became the main sponsor of exploration travels. In 1415, Portugal conquered 839: 831: 418:

led numerous conquests and visits in the name of the Portuguese Empire across

13538: 13059: 12903: 12872: 12840: 12784: 12752: 12591: 12551: 12541: 12536: 12526: 12521: 12456: 12451: 12406: 11970: 11927: 11456: 11397: 11283: 10377: 9227: 9144: 8953: 8396:"Corpo Cronológico (Collection of Manuscripts on the Portuguese Discoveries)" 7644:

Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'Ite Islam

6426: 6003: 5943: 5938: 5394: 5051: 4940: 4835: 4793: 4769: 4574: 4514: 4497: 4367:, and the first European dog known to see the Pacific Ocean, was a mascot of 4235: 4206: 4121: 4060: 3832: 3813: 3783: 3486: 3470: 3393: 3389: 3353: 3230: 3151: 2808: 2734: 2706: 2679: 2670: 2604: 2600: 2423: 2419: 2350: 2343: 2314: 2260: 1956: 1895: 1841: 1805: 1774: 1769:. After several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and 1680: 1604: 1467:

was established in 1542, encompassing all Spanish holdings in South America.

1386: 1318: 1291: 666: 606:

were Native American women slaves who were forced to work for the Spaniards.

508: 419: 403: 385: 301: 293: 201:

soldiers and explorers who carried out the conquests and explorations of the

13150: 13146: 12138: 12133: 8823: 8377: 5908: 5863: 4222: 3980:, that were typical in Aragon. These laws were later used in the new lands. 1762: 649:

Hispanicised as Jorge de la Espira, Eusebio Francesco Chini Hispanicised as

13142: 13118: 13074: 13024: 13019: 12908: 12893: 12877: 12742: 12693: 12688: 12663: 12641: 12606: 12486: 12188: 12123: 12080: 11649: 11387: 11377: 11372: 11149: 11139: 10868: 10261: 10086: 9602: 9378: 9060: 8908: 8307: 8280: 6281: 6263: 6065: 6024: 5620: 5520: 5170: 5140: 5017: 5009: 4994: 4948: 4843: 4828: 4820: 4808: 4797: 4335: 3739: 3699: 3624: 3613: 3581: 3497:

captured a large portion of the Brazilian coast including the provinces of

3447: 3323: 3319: 3216: 3090: 3000: 2887: 2861: 2824: 2710: 2702: 2448: 2183: 2134:

traversed the coast of California and named many of its features. In 1601,

2019: 1813: 1719: 1584: 1404: 1201: 1030: 993:, the issue around which the rebellion had been organized. Gasca convinced 845: 762: 750: 719: 696: 650: 617:(known as Juan de Fuca) was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the 614: 443: 285: 281: 62: 12626: 10460: 8128: 7864:

Marshlands: Records of Life on the Tantramar: European Contact and Mapping

5782: 4998: 4951:), although Dulcert also included some imaginary islands himself, notably 3097: 3051:, but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a 2988: 2454: 2447:

Dunga." This hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on

2313:, finding Kongo villages and becoming the first European to encounter the 2295: 1403:

and his men became the first Europeans to travel the entire length of the

1286: 577:

and Spanish conquistadors seeing the Mississippi River for the first time.

488: 13138: 13128: 12747: 12678: 12531: 12501: 12208: 12100: 11980: 10050: 9876: 9445: 9323: 7104:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

6577:; Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. (p. 12) 6558:; Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. (p. 11) 5792: 5634: 5342: 5193: 5079: 4839: 4603: 4481: 4259: 4185:

was composed of 200,000 soldiers, of which fewer than 1% were Spaniards.

4166: 4134: 3977: 3890: 3841: 3817: 3798: 3612:

epidemic. The first epidemic was recorded in 1529 and killed the emperor

3557: 3372: 3327: 3004: 2996: 2608: 2514: 2409: 2310: 2299: 2294:, the modern Elmina, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trade. 2065: 2046: 1993: 1983:

and other parts in the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.

1865: 1849: 1700: 1590: 1494: 1227: 1192:, established in 1509, was the first Spanish settlement on the island of 1054: 1026: 888: 800: 785:

The conquistadors took many different roles, including religious leader,

731: 727: 603: 451: 447: 430:, as well as commercial colonies in Asia, founding the origins of modern 411: 309: 245: 230: 10040: 6913: 4816: 3937: 3074:, who lived among the Tupinamba natives near today's Salvador de Bahia. 2947:

in 1497 and 1498. To that end, in 1499 and 1500, the Portuguese mariner

2392: 2208: 677:

from Spain were actually using Portuguese, Basque, Catalan, Italian and

13176: 13014: 12994: 12436: 12228: 11990: 11392: 11362: 10914: 9648: 8928: 8009: 7886:"Tratado das ilhas novas e descombrimento dellas e outras couzas, 1570" 7739: 5802: 5624: 5302: 5013: 4970:

Mestre Jacome was a Majorcan cartographer induced by Portuguese prince

4594: 4355: 4339: 4195: 3837: 3600: 3561: 3257: 3242: 3032: 2944: 2902: 2871: 2652: 2303: 2069: 1980: 1875: 1845: 1801: 1758: 1661: 1283:

to arrest him. Grijalva was sent out with four ships and some 240 men.

1252: 1232: 1218:

and spanish conquistadors claiming the Pacific Ocean for Spain in 1513.

1156: 1140: 961: 820: 742: 12621: 8755:

The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America

8302:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Bruce Publishing Company. pp. 1–225. 6365: 4800: 3683: 3502: 2963:

brothers explored and charted Greenland and the coasts of present-day

2780: 2764:

In 1511, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the city of

1788: 1569: 1396: 13421: 13197: 13193: 13168: 12918: 12253: 12143: 9881: 9638: 9538: 9313: 9215: 9149: 8771:

Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil

8053: 7471:

Kandy fights the Portuguese: a military history of Kandyan resistance

5983: 5843: 5767: 5430: 5404: 5002: 4928: 4884: 4590: 4502: 4473: 4383: 4323: 4226:

Spanish conquistador in the Pavilion of Navigation in Seville, Spain.

3723: 3617: 3569: 3019: 2952: 2894: 2847: 2788: 2765: 2718: 2427: 2233: 2042: 1888: 1726:

world map outlined the East coast of North America almost perfectly.

1223: 1163: 1152: 1124: 1103:

married Isabella of Castile, unifying both kingdoms and creating the

946: 853: 808: 638: 556: 548: 496: 470: 399: 369: 257: 234: 12702: 12372: 7731: 7707: 6688:

The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan

5326: 4619: 4468:

In the thirteenth century they were guided by the sun position. For

4407: 4379: 3809: 3539: 2138:

mapped the coastline in detail and gave new names to many features.

1547: 426:, going "anticlockwise" along the continent's coast right up to the 13184: 13034: 12576: 12571: 12461: 12441: 11644: 10055: 8933: 8398:. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 16 May 2008. Archived from 5510: 5322: 5267: 5117: 4598: 4506: 4243: 4239: 3609: 3553: 3208: 2694: 2623: 2476: 2434: 2336:

in 1488, thus proving that the Indian Ocean was accessible by sea.

2222: 2143: 2116: 2033: 1766: 1684: 1501:

in modern-day Colombia, as governor. After some expeditions to the

1370: 990: 957: 952: 907:, before they became enemies to the Inca Empire's northern city of 883:

A figure of a Moor being trampled by a conquistador's horse at the

795: 708: 583: 544: 377: 337: 210: 44: 12596: 8060:"Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World" 7618:

A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels (Complete)

5815:

also known as Ferdinand Magellan and Magallanes, served Spain too.

4509:

calculations. The tables of the Almanach Perpetuum, by astronomer

4488:, for measuring at sea the height of the sun and other stars. The 4327: 3506: 3331: 3112:

when France founded several colonies. Mem de Sá was supporting of

2717:

in 1507, and in 1507 and 1515, respectively. He also entered into

2639:. In 1526, a large force of Portuguese ships under the command of 1942:("Red River") was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River. 1640: 816: 13180: 12717: 12601: 12342: 12238: 12213: 12198: 12118: 12113: 12070: 12045: 12015: 11213: 11184: 9694: 9679: 8836: 7224: 7130:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

7045:

Arthur Percival, Newton (1970) . "Vasco da Gama and The Indies".

5271: 5121: 5032: 5025: 4789: 4578: 4555: 4547: 4540: 4306: 4247: 4202: 3895: 3885:

to mislead any other nation's possible efforts. For example, the

3849: 3731: 3715: 3633: 3577: 3573: 3524: 3510: 3312: 3246: 3135: 3070:, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today's São Paulo, and 2910: 2875: 2828: 2800: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2660: 2569: 2526: 2403: 2374: 2112: 2027: 2023: 1903: 1869: 1837: 1809: 1696: 1649: 1382: 1348: 1310: 1193: 1080: 1051: 1006: 478: 459: 427: 365: 329: 214: 13412: 12646: 8607:"Mestre Jacome" the Majorcan cartographer is first mentioned by 8589:, "Vanguard of the Empire", Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 30 8144:"Tree Rings Reveal History of History-Changing Mexican Droughts" 4919:

map. Evidently drawing from the information provided in 1336 by

4895:

Pre-mercator navigation chart of the Coast of Africa (1571), by

4748: 4558:. The caravel particularly benefited from a greater capacity to 1290:

A page (folio 67), depicting indigenous Mexican warriors in the

13123: 13113: 12496: 12491: 12416: 12352: 12233: 12183: 12173: 12148: 10150: 9704: 9699: 9476: 8668:

Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest

8339: 6082: 5263: 5235: 5213: 5143:

woman and later fought with the Mayas against the conquistadors

4904: 4551: 4331: 3915: 3763: 3657: 3565: 3528: 3490: 3392:

and later to the integration of Portugal and its empire at the

3365: 3261: 3238: 3220: 3212: 3113: 2956: 2932: 2905:, and therefore the Portuguese navigators preferred to use the 2851: 2832: 2644: 2510: 2398: 2291: 2283: 2253: 2147: 2104: 2099: 1514: 1245: 1148: 1088: 1084: 920: 774: 552: 423: 380:

respectively. All these conquests founded the basis for modern

341: 297: 226: 218: 7694:

Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery (Vol 1)

7620:. Vol. VI. W. Blackwood and T. Cadell. pp. 441–442. 7543:

Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe

7073:

Koch, Peter O. (2003). "Following the Dream of Prince Henry".

6909:

Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition

6366:

The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. Population Development

5066:

The Magellan–Elcano voyage. The first travel around the world.

2779:

explored the Indian Ocean in 1528, he explored the islands of

2278:), and three expeditions in 1458, 1461 and 1471, were sent to 2204:

Portuguese expansion in Africa and the Middle East (1415–1801)

145: 16:

Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period

13417: 12763: 12707: 12698: 12586: 12163: 11191: 9465: 9129: 8470:

On the website of the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.

7204:"Spanish first European NZ explorers? – National News | TVNZ" 5312: 4586: 4278: 4231: 4162: 4080: 3961: 3845: 3687: 3498: 3189: 3109: 2943:, Manuel I claimed territorial rights in the area visited by 2879: 2867: 2804: 2769: 2525:, in 1505. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of 2378: 2366: 2030:, and laid the foundations for the Christian religion there. 1770: 1478: 1183:

Colonization of the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America

1065: 908: 786: 439: 407: 333: 13345:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

11912: 8320: 6348:""The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell" 6245: 4480:, which they made easier and simpler. They also created the 4230:

Spanish conquistadors in the Americas made extensive use of

3754:

reported that some of the Lost Tribes were living among the

3284:

From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in the

2505:

The aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India were

1135:(7 June 1494) which modified the delimitation authorized by 1083:

crossing Africa and India. In 1434 the first consignment of

116: 9534: 9449: 7834: 7545:, San Francisco: Westview Press, 1995, pp. 299–333 at 7075:

To the Ends of the Earth: The Age of the European Explorers

5388: 5231: 4158: 2758: 2726: 2722: 2683: 2091: 2072:

Legazpi established settlements in the East Indies and the

1390: 1333: 1237: 1075:

sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for

317: 222: 160: 110: 9427: 8688:

Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America

7521:

Cecil H. Clough, David B. Quinn, Paul Edward Hedley Hair,

2590:

Verdadeira Informação das Terras do Preste João das Indias

2014:

sailed to the Philippines in 1542–1543. From 1546 to 1547

1852:. In 1539, Estevanico was one of four men who accompanied 773:. In 1536, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas went to 555:, led to the deaths of many indigenous inhabitants of the 394:

conquistadors also made significant explorations into the

157: 80: 7705: 7304: 6521: 4935:

and marked by a Genoese shield, as well as the island of

2913:

at the north proved to be a more practical port of call.

2362: 2090:(Agaña) is the capital of the United States territory of 1562:. Buenos Aires was established in 1536, establishing the 1513:, who ended up discovering and conquering the indigenous 1302:

was one of the most significant events in world history.

101: 7413: 7157:"Portuguese visited New Zealand '250 years before Cook'" 6804:"La odisea en Terranova de los balleneros vascos – GARA" 6760:"John Wesley Powell's Exploration of the Colorado River" 4772:

information. These voyages revealed the archipelagos of

3426:, Spanish admiral famous for never having lost a battle. 2607:

and Arab fleet sent to counteract their presence in the

2236:. Those routes were dominated first by the republics of 1808:; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now 1683:

were fur trading, fishing cod and whaling in Terranova (

499:

crew making their first landfall in the Americas in 1492

6994:

Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire

6762:. U.S. Geological Survey. 28 March 2006. Archived from 4262:

technique that developed in Europe many decades after.

3762:

wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of

3469:

The combined Spanish and Portuguese empires during the

2455:

After 1500: West and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific

2244:, and then by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of 1155:, at a distance of 370 leagues (1,800 km) west of 778:

method was championed by prominent Franciscans such as

707:

families, and as such they were members of the Spanish

11268: 8199:

American population dynamics in Eastern North Americas

7016: 6937:

Capitol Names: Individuals Woven into Oregon's History

4472:

like other Europeans, they used Greek tools, like the

3786:, although Solis's navigational data placed it in the 2357:

discovered Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. In 1510,

2126:

Areas of Alaska and British Columbia Explored by Spain

1994:

Asia and Oceania colonization, and Pacific exploration

13340:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

9182:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

8121:"Did major droughts doom cultures of ancient Mexico?" 8106:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

7557: 6217:(Tenth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 4349:

The most famous of these dogs of war was a mascot of

3812:, in modern-day Bolivia. They discovered new routes, 2094:, ancient city of the Spanish possessions in Oceania. 1828:

tribes along the way. Only four men, Cabeza de Vaca,

972:

of Francisco Pizarro, rose in revolt, killed viceroy

154: 148: 142: 119: 104: 95: 89: 83: 77: 7221:

Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book

6526:. Vol. 1. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 8. 6014: 5660: 3840:. He managed to penetrate the outer defences of the 3714:, cities of Gold in North and South America such as 2697:

in Japan was founded in 1570 by Portuguese explorers

1477:

led the first Spanish expedition south of Peru into

1447:

Dávila made an agreement with Francisco Pizarro and

113: 107: 8246:"El imaginario del conquistador español (página 3)" 8219:. Knoxville (Tenn.): University of Tennessee Press. 8201:. Knoxville (Tenn.): University of Tennessee Press. 7319:"Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa" 7101: 6905: 3808:such as silver, which was particularly abundant in 3348: 3237:on recommendation of Frederick Henry. He landed at 2667:, who served with the title of "governor-general". 2006:to go to Asia by the western route to colonize the 252:from the west and south of Spain, began building a 163: 139: 86: 8631:) adds that he was also a master instrument-maker. 8298:[Fray Marcos and the Coronado Adventure]. 8234:. Berkeley (Cal.): University of California Press. 7915: 7913: 7584: 7494: 7090:Catherine before his contract came up for renewal. 6691:. Stanford University Press. pp. xv, 7, 114. 6314: 3104:of Brazil in 1556, succeeding Duarte da Costa, in 2513:began with the arrival of Portuguese soldiers and 2076:in 1565. He was the first governor-general of the 983:to restore the peace, naming him president of the 950:. In 1544, Lope de Aguirre and Melchor Verdugo (a 734:, where many of the Spanish conquerors were born. 292:and parts of what is now the southern and western 288:, conquistadors expanded Spanish rule to northern 8574:American holocaust: the conquest of the New World 7440: 6666:from boliviaweb.com. Retrieved 27 September 2010. 6499:. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from 6473:. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from 6212: 5182: 4985:, son of Jewish cartographer Abraham Cresques of 3972:, the most important administrative organ of the 2568:More envoys were sent in 1507 to Ethiopia, after 2553:, launched a full-scale military invasion of the 669:was known as Alejo García in the Castilian army. 193:; lit 'conquerors') is the term used to refer to 13536: 8550: 7467: 6140:Prospects of democracy: a study of 172 countries 3766:to cure his aging. A similar account appears in 3062:The Portuguese frequently relied on the help of 2402:1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of 1381:. Dávila was a soldier in wars against Moors at 9726: 8792:Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History 8441: 7910: 7838:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415–1580 7792:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 25. 7762:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 24. 7672:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 26. 7488: 7044: 6739: 6737: 6684: 6607:. bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky). Archived from 6213:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). 3462:to roughly the same borders as current Brazil. 2729:, an expedition led by Albuquerque cruised the 2475:was founded some time after the arrival of the 2188:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia 1737:(until November 1528), and a reconstruction of 1094: 13570:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery 13320:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 13305:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 8480: 8478: 8476: 8426:La Rábida. Historia documental crítica. 4 vol. 8314: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7382: 7341:"African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade" 6602: 6248:"Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus" 5139:, a shipwrecked Spanish mariner who married a 3756:Native Americans of the Andes in South America 3404:cousin of his father, due to this, Philip was 3192:in 1604, and temporarily captured the capital 2674:Forte de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Ormuz ( 2056:was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain, 1509:. This expedition was commanded by Licentiate 1275:, ordered expeditions, one led by his nephew, 1159:. Spain received the lands west of this line. 807:was a Maya war leader for Nachan Can, Lord of 13555:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 13398: 11898: 11254: 9371:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 8852: 8828: 8414: 7958: 7940: 7706:E. C. Abendanon; E. Heawood (December 1919). 6912:, University of South Florida, archived from 3264:), in the future Dutch colony of Brazil were 1615: 944:who crowned himself king while searching for 633:, Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán, was a 9046:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 8769:Lockhart, James and Stuart Schwartz (1983). 8484: 8447: 7892: 7551: 7434: 6734: 6489: 4371:and accompanied him on several expeditions. 3299:Portuguese sent military expeditions to the 3256:In 1624 most of the inhabitants of the town 1535:, conquistador of the New Kingdom of Granada 1079:such as firearms, spices, silver, gold, and 348:, and its northern regions were explored by 237:" under the dominion of Spain and Portugal. 13585:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery 8760: 8592: 8473: 7790:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 7776: 7760:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 7746: 7670:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 7661: 7611: 7561:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300 7501:. Asian Educational Services. p. 232. 7389:. University of California Press. pp. 7229:Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia 7021:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. 6678: 5250:(Colombia, 1536–1539, Venezuela, 1569–1572) 4648:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4436:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4005:which contained a number of members of the 3926: 3311:, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day 3154:), and to the Amazon River and the Atlantic 2413:Portuguese in the Persian Gulf (1507–1750). 2309:In 1483, Diogo Cão sailed up the uncharted 2274:was explored as far as Cape St. Catherine ( 1021:A page of the Durán Codex (1576) depicting 860:After Mexico fell, Hernán Cortés's enemies 434:. Notable Portuguese conquistadors include 13405: 13391: 11905: 11891: 11261: 11247: 8859: 8845: 8753:Johnson, Lyman, and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera. 7828: 7578: 7535: 7474:. Vijitha Yapa Publications. p. 148. 7461: 4747: 4711: 4570:. Columbus also used them in his travels. 3656:believe that the indigenous population in 3534: 2249:spice, wool and silk were big businesses. 2115:traveled across the Pacific Ocean between 1423:. In 1524 he sent another expedition with 1046: 681:languages, which were wrongly identified. 13310:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 11165:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 8665: 8565: 8502: 8229: 8205: 8078:The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca 8010:Facsimiles of multiple original documents 7564:. Stanford University Press. p. 23. 7407: 7376: 6867: 6633:Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas 6629: 6271: 5397:(Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, 16th century) 4668:Learn how and when to remove this message 4456:Learn how and when to remove this message 3322:in the region that would later be called 3023:Cabral's voyage to Brazil and India, 1500 2951:visited the northeast Atlantic coast and 2931:Portuguese North America (in present-day 2823:was shipwrecked at Hitu Island (northern 2161: 1265:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba expedition 695:Conquistadors praying before a battle at 665:was Américo Vespucio, and the Portuguese 13519:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions 11914:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 11170:Colonial universities in the Philippines 8721:The Routledge History of Western Empires 8709:. Reprint edition, Lawbook Exchange Ltd. 8684: 8331:Historia general y natural de las Indias 7884:de Souza, Francisco (18 November 1877). 7883: 7787: 7757: 7667: 7605: 7420:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 153. 7180: 6964: 6933: 6137: 4890: 4874: 4534: 4378: 4277: 4269: 4221: 4139: 4116: 4094: 4027: 3947: 3936: 3871: 3677: 3538: 3464: 3418: 3352: 3134: 3080: 3018: 2926: 2866: 2689: 2669: 2408: 2397: 2338: 2207: 2199: 2191: 2121: 2098:The Spanish settled and took control of 2082: 2032: 1944: 1874: 1787: 1728: 1639: 1619: 1589: 1568: 1527: 1469: 1436: 1395: 1285: 1210: 1035: 1016: 878: 844: 690: 569: 502: 487: 469: 272:as their main bases. From 1519 to 1521, 49: 27: 13565:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 10161:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 8757:. University of New Mexico Press, 2003. 8258: 8232:The Indian population of Central Mexico 8095: 8093: 7351: 7270: 7264: 7077:. McFarland & Company. p. 62. 6991: 6743: 6725: 4759:World map of the five major ocean gyres 4492:became a reference upon the arrival of 4102:'s 1646 engraving of the conquistadors 3007:), and established a fishing colony on 2923:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 2270:(1443–1481), surnamed the African, the 1926:and his fleet reached the mouth of the 1336:in search of slaves along the coast of 911:to claim it. Their fellow conquistador 714:The two most famous conquistadors were 364:and others. For southwestern Colombia, 13537: 11114: 8420: 8293: 8211: 7317:Pearce, Francis Barrow (30 May 2017). 7316: 7310: 5086:(white) and its eastwards rivals, the 4782:Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago 4738: 4729: 4720: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4212: 4090: 3458:expanded from the small limits of the 3341:. After the Iberian Union period, the 3181:in 1567, and to the northwest, taking 2967:, claiming these lands as part of the 2488:Roman Catholic Church in Kongo kingdom 2320:On 7 May 1487, two Portuguese envoys, 2068:had earlier been named by Villalobos. 2018:worked in Maluku among the peoples of 1883:route through the Southeast, 1539–1542 1804:. They continued through Coahuila and 1177: 789:keeper, King or Emperor, deserter and 414:. Conquistadors in the service of the 13386: 11886: 11242: 11113: 11009: 11008: 10132: 10010: 9725: 9584: 9552: 9489: 9426: 9341: 9264: 9204: 9118: 9107: 8879: 8878: 8840: 8827: 8734: 8707:De Indis et de Iure Belli Relectiones 8551:Jonathan Yardley (5 September 2004). 8322:Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo 7888:. p. 6 – via Google Books. 7841:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 464. 7291: 7102:Gates, Louis; Anthony Appiah (1999). 7095: 6404: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6061:European colonization of the Americas 5627:, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Florida, Mexico) 5351:(United States, 1527–1536, 1540–1542) 4609: 3642:cocoliztli epidemic from 1545 to 1548 3599:and the Spaniards first explored the 3479:John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 3400:. Philip was married to his relative 3396:for 60 years under Sebastian's uncle 3318:In the 1690s, gold was discovered by 2635:, where he was well received by King 1385:in Spain, and in North Africa, under 248:in 1492, the Spanish, usually led by 190:[kõkiʃtɐˈðoɾɨʃ,kõkistɐˈdoɾis] 188: 179: 13580:Spanish colonization of the Americas 9442:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8934:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 8804: 8571: 8525: 8388: 8099: 8090: 8057: 7835:Bailey Bailey Wallys Diffie (1977). 7718:(6). Blackwell Publishing: 347–355. 7640: 7525:, Liverpool University Press, 1994, 7274:Zanzibar: Its History and Its People 7072: 6463: 6162: 6142:. New York: Routledge. p. 112. 5481:(Venezuela and Colombia, 1537–1539). 4646:adding citations to reliable sources 4613: 4434:adding citations to reliable sources 4401: 4017:of about eight counsellors. Emperor 3760:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 3654:University of California at Berkeley 2509:. The period of European contact of 1300:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 828:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 316:and sailing the Pacific to northern 308:. Other conquistadors took over the 278:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 37:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 12338:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 11145:Indochristian painting in New Spain 9265: 8785:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 8691:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 8336:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library 8141: 8052:Whether several diseases from "the 7641:Cole, Juan Ricardo (28 June 2002). 7447:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 135. 6746:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 6715:. Cambridge University Press. 2011. 6636:. Compass Point Books. p. 52. 5611:(Chile 1583–1592, Panamá 1592–1604) 5451:(Perú, 1535–1540; Chile, 1550–1552) 5375:(Argentina and Paraguay, 1535–1556) 5256:(Canary Island, Colombia 1509–1536) 4834:The knowledge of wind patterns and 4531:Iberian ship development, 1400–1600 4374: 3165:, from 1555 to 1567, the so-called 2991:rights to the inner islands of the 2975:(with other Europeans) in 1473, to 2426:reached Anjadir, Kannut, Kochi and 2002:ordered an expedition led by friar 1977:Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition 1856:as a guide in search of the fabled 1347:of gold in the area of what is now 730:. They were second cousins born in 520:' first voyage there and the first 13: 13330:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 12309:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 11537: 11270:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 10112:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 9585: 8866: 8716:. Stanford University Press, 1964. 8659: 8453:"Tomo I. Capítulo XXXIV, pág. 256" 8230:Cook, S. F.; Borah, W. W. (1963). 8196: 7129: 6992:Crowley, Roger (1 December 2015). 6657:Bolivia & Main Cities / Potosí 6199: 3682:Francisco de Orellana monument in 3219:(capital Mauritsstad, present-day 3173:, from 1612 to 1614 the so-called 2725:. In 1513 while trying to conquer 2676:Fort of Our Lady of the Conception 2651:was based. Earlier expeditions by 1910:explored the western coastline of 1816:. Later they were enslaved by the 1564:Governorate of the Río de la Plata 1558:, established in 1527 next to the 1373:'s family. In 1519 Dávila founded 1099:After his father's death in 1479, 928:'s orders. In 1541, supporters of 885:National Museum of the Viceroyalty 205:. Conquistadors sailed beyond the 14: 13596: 12321:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 12292:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 9342: 9205: 9086:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 8127:. 9 February 2011. Archived from 7414:Chandra Richard De Silva (2009). 7181:Stirling, Rose (10 August 2011). 6603:Juan de Sámano (9 October 2009). 6407:Journal of Latin American Studies 6166:50 Battles That Changed the World 5661:People in the service of Portugal 5363:(Ecuador and Colombia, 1533–1536) 4989:in Majorca, and Italian-Majorcan 3436:English-Spanish wars of 1585–1604 3055:to administer the entire colony, 2901:. Their main African base was in 1485:In early 1536, the Adelantado of 1455:, but became governor in 1527 of 13496: 13481: 13466: 13451: 13436: 13362: 12314:Archaeological sites in Colombia 12287:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 11317: 11197:Criollos in the colonial society 11125:Spanish missions in the Americas 10247:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 8634: 8601: 8580: 8519: 8370: 8357: 8287: 8252: 8238: 8223: 8190: 8164: 8154: 8135: 6458:Journal das Ciências Matemáticas 6045: 6031: 6017: 5299:Juan Vásquez de Coronado y Anaya 5163: 5148: 5129: 5102: 5071: 5059: 5044: 4742: gyre 4683: 4618: 4406: 3914:Latin America, was inscribed on 3726:, and wonderful kingdoms of the 3349:Iberian Union period (1580–1640) 3014: 2955:and the north Atlantic coast of 2916: 1848:, survived and escaped to reach 979:The Emperor commissioned bishop 799:was a Portuguese settler in the 135: 73: 12297:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 11224:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 9108: 8780:. University of Michigan Press. 8723:, Routledge, London/ New York, 8685:Chasteen, John Charles (2001). 8113: 8070: 8046: 8041:The Grand Strategy of Philip II 8033: 8024: 8015: 8003: 7994: 7985: 7976: 7967: 7949: 7931: 7922: 7901: 7877: 7855: 7806: 7699: 7686: 7634: 7515: 7383:K. M. De Silva (January 1981). 7333: 7248:. 4 August 2009. Archived from 7242:"The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles" 7234: 7214: 7196: 7174: 7149: 7123: 7110: 7066: 7049:. Ayer Publishing. p. 48. 7038: 7019:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa 7010: 6985: 6958: 6927: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6861: 6843:"Balleneros vascos en Islandia" 6835: 6826: 6796: 6787: 6778: 6752: 6719: 6713:Latin America in Colonial Times 6705: 6669: 6650: 6623: 6596: 6587: 6568: 6549: 6540: 6515: 6450: 6441: 6398: 6378: 6358: 6340: 5623:(Multiple campaigns 1502–1530, 5369:(Peru, Argentina, 16th century) 5294:Juan Roque (Zape Confraternity) 3776:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda 3663: 3161:tried to settle in present-day 2886:The Portuguese first landed in 2741:island. In 1521, a force under 2472:Cidade de Congo de São Salvador 2168:History of Portugal (1415–1578) 1389:intervening in the Conquest of 9553: 9276:Captaincy General of Guatemala 8984:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 8705:de Vitoria, Francisco (2006). 8532:. North Point Press. pp. 8485:Espino López, Antonio (2012). 8365:Historia General de las Indias 7558:Merle Calvin Ricklefs (1993). 6971:. translated by. AuthorHouse. 6288: 6239: 6173: 6156: 6131: 6117: 6110:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 6097: 5575:(Peru and Colombia, 1521–1543) 5427:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 5417:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 5183:People in the service of Spain 5156:Conquest of the Canary Islands 4933:Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus 4870: 4524: 4171:conquest of the Canary Islands 3772:Historia General de las Indias 3446:From 1580 to 1670 mostly, the 3085:The Portuguese victory at the 1425:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 1330:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 1127:by Spain rendered desirable a 940:was killed by his subordinate 919:from the lands known today as 511:, Viceroy of Portuguese India. 284:. From the territories of the 1: 13241:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 12302:Archaeological sites in Chile 11175:General Archive of the Indies 10436:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 10107:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 10092:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 9041:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 8994:War of the Spanish Succession 8959:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 8773:. Cambridge University Press. 8504:10.18800/historica.201202.001 7814:"John Cabot's voyage of 1498" 7132:"Proof of Spanish discovery?" 6934:Cogswell, Philip Jr. (1977). 6675:Abad de Santillán, pp. 96–140 6187:. A&E Television Networks 6090: 5278:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 4955:, and three islands he names 4397: 4285:used in expeditions and guard 3358:Battle of Cartagena de Indias 2701:To enforce a trade monopoly, 1986:The viceroy of New Spain Don 1900:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 1834:Alonso del Castillo Maldonado 1542:arrived again to the renamed 1248:, which was founded in 1515. 1196:, which the Spaniards called 1162:The known means of measuring 1071:Throughout the 15th century, 1068:, its first overseas colony. 565: 21:Conquistador (disambiguation) 13335:Mesoamerican writing systems 13292: 12331:Archaeological sites in Peru 10133: 9247:Captaincy General of Yucatan 9177:Union with Holy Roman Empire 9156:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 9071:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 8801:. Syracuse University Press. 8797:Varon Gabai, Rafael (2013). 8765:. London: A. & C. Black. 8666:Cervantes, Fernando (2021). 8553:"A Dog's History of America" 8344:Real Academia de la Historia 8248:(in Spanish). 12 March 2021. 7299:The East Africa Protectorate 6748:. Stanford University Press. 6730:. Stanford University Press. 6460:, xxxi.147–176, Lisbon, 1881 4585:ship. It had a high rounded 4581:or nau was a three- or four- 4021:was already using the term " 3952:Bronze equestrian statue of 3920:Memory of the World Register 3439:interests in Japan, Africa ( 3199:In the 1620s and 1630s, the 3169:episode, and in present-day 2815:, Simão Afonso Bisigudo and 2678:), the Portuguese Castle on 2290:(1481–1495) the fortress of 1503:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 1497:, a city founded in 1525 by 1343:After receiving notice from 1095:Birth of the Spanish Kingdom 852:meets with the Inca emperor 726:who led the conquest of the 541:spread of Old World diseases 344:was conquered by licentiate 233:. They brought much of the " 7: 13231:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 10011: 9727:Administrative subdivisions 8924:War of the League of Cognac 8794:. Rowman & Littlefield. 8776:Mignolo, Walter D. (1996). 8761:Kirkpatrick, F. A. (1934). 8363:Francisco López de Gómara. 8259:Hammond, George P. (1940). 7585:Patit Paban Mishra (2010). 7495:Donald Obeyesekere (1999). 7227:(Wed 21 March 2007) – (see 6630:Somervill, Barbara (2005). 6010: 5647:Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez 5551:Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi 5345:, 1508, Florida, 1513–1521) 5008:With his son, cartographer 4390:in Almanach Perpetuum, 1496 4152: 3686:, point of departure (from 3543:Aztecs dying of smallpox (" 3375:, defeated Portugal at the 3326:(General Mines) in current 3268:who had been banned by the 3087:Second Battle of Guararapes 2981:Newfoundland of the Codfish 2252:The gold brought home from 1872:in present-day New Mexico. 1830:Andrés Dorantes de Carranza 1595:Francisco de Borja y Aragón 1118: 641:and Colombia. The Venetian 465: 10: 13601: 13257:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 13160:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 10441:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 10426:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 10328:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 9490: 9226:), Western United States ( 9119: 8989:Portuguese Restoration War 8787:. Oxford University Press. 8763:The Spanish Conquistadores 8529:A Dog's History of America 8300:HathiTrust Digital Library 8265:HathiTrust Digital Library 7955:Skidmore, pp. 30, 32. 7861:Mount Allison University, 7696:, Chicago University Press 7498:Outlines of Ceylon History 7441:Jude Lal Fernando (2013). 7047:The Great Age of Discovery 6996:. New York: Random House. 6887:Axelrod and Phillips, p. 4 6126:Gold: The California Story 5529:(United States, 1539–1542) 5385:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 5357:(United States, 1524–1527) 5349:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 5280:(United States, 1540–1542) 5248:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 5090:routes of 1498–1640 (blue) 4554:triangular sails allowing 4528: 4265: 4254:'s use of firearms in the 4217: 4188: 3930: 3867: 3339:1494 Treaty of Tordesillas 3089:, ended Dutch presence in 2920: 2458: 2165: 1616:North America colonization 1533:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 1511:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 1415:to explore northward, and 1242:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 1123:The 1492 discovery of the 1012: 866:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 842:wrote about the Americas. 619:strait that bears his name 346:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 18: 13515: 13428: 13358: 13300: 13291: 13211: 13134: 13109: 13080: 13055: 13030: 13005: 12980: 12949: 12924: 12899: 12868: 12831: 12806: 12769: 12738: 12713: 12684: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12660: 12655: 12482:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 12267: 12099: 11956: 11920: 11858: 11785: 11703: 11620: 11611: 11581: 11504: 11474: 11444: 11413: 11406: 11355: 11326: 11315: 11276: 11209:Slavery in Spanish Empire 11120: 11109: 11015: 11004: 10902: 10796: 10789: 10674: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10496:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 10406: 10275: 10237:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 10199: 10143: 10139: 10128: 10097:Barcelona Trading Company 10064: 10021: 10017: 10006: 9910: 9862:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 9832: 9774: 9736: 9732: 9721: 9672: 9631: 9595: 9591: 9580: 9559: 9496: 9437: 9369:Venezuela, part of Guyana 9348: 9271: 9222:, Central United States ( 9211: 9125: 9114: 9103: 8954:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 8939:Expulsion of the Moriscos 8885: 8874: 8834: 8829:Links to related articles 8783:Restall, Matthew (2003). 8296:"The Seven Golden Cities" 8261:"Coronado's Seven Cities" 7657:– via Google Books. 7468:C. Gaston Perera (2007). 6942:Oregon Historical Society 6906:J. Michael Francis, PhD, 6744:Restall, Matthew (2003). 6726:Restall, Matthew (2009). 6419:10.1017/s0022216x00023750 5904:Lopo Soares de Albergaria 5688:André Furtado de Mendonça 5373:Domingo Martínez de Irala 5288:New Mexico, United States 5230:, El Salvador 1523–1527, 5116:, successfully defending 5095: 4256:Spanish civil war in Peru 4104:García Hurtado de Mendoza 4002:Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca 3768:Francisco López de Gómara 3696:The Travels of Marco Polo 3434:, England or France. The 3379:, beating the young king 2965:Newfoundland and Labrador 2594:Giovanni Battista Ramusio 2298:, or Can, discovered the 2107:in what later became the 1365:, Governor of the Island 767:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza 598:physicians, and scribes. 438:who led conquests across 432:Portuguese-speaking world 13369:Civilizations portal 12326:Cultural periods of Peru 11150:Quito painting tradition 11140:Cusco painting tradition 10501:García López de Cárdenas 10491:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 10398:Felipe González de Ahedo 10318:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 8895:Conquest of the Americas 7907:Boxer, pp. 100–101. 7788:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 7758:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 7712:The Geographical Journal 7668:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 7591:. ABC-CLIO. p. 50. 7192:– via Stuff.co.nz. 6868:Cabeza de, Vaca (1542). 6685:Matthew Restall (2009). 6387:Conquest in the Americas 5643:(Philippines, 1565–1576) 5579:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 5455:Diego Hernández de Serpa 5367:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 5200:Alonso Fernández de Lugo 5088:Portuguese India Armadas 4915:of Majorca produced the 4124:of a mestizo man by the 4054:Spanish Colonial America 3927:Financing and governance 3648:The American researcher 3638:viral haemorrhagic fever 3517:Portuguese expeditions. 3483:Dutch West India Company 3371:, contemporary of Queen 3290:Dutch West India Company 3279:Moses Raphael de Aguilar 3235:Dutch West India Company 3201:Dutch West India Company 3146:, the Grande River, the 2935:); Vaz Dourado, c. 1576. 2465:Portuguese India Armadas 2353:reached India. In 1500, 1916:García López de Cárdenas 1894:, for whom is named the 1706:In 1524, the Portuguese 1222:After first landing on " 456:Filipe de Brito e Nicote 181:[koŋkistaˈðoɾes] 13263:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 12109:Mesoamerican chronology 10935:Comuneros (New Granada) 10712:Balearic Islands (1558) 10431:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 10358:Ruy López de Villalobos 10313:Miguel López de Legazpi 10227:García de Toledo Osorio 9091:Western Sahara conflict 9081:Independence of Morocco 9021:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 8964:Piracy in the Caribbean 8949:French Wars of Religion 8790:Seed, Patricia (1998). 8735:Innes, Hammond (2002). 8648:, (1625, vol. 2, pt. 2 8613:Esmeraldo de situ Orbis 8449:de las Casas, Bartolomé 8326:José Amador de los Ríos 8273:2027/mdp.39015024850227 7647:. Bloomsbury Academic. 7588:The History of Thailand 7271:Ingrams, W. H. (1967). 6784:Barkham (1984), p. 515. 6662:6 December 2008 at the 6456:J. de Andrade Corvo in 6371:4 February 2009 at the 6138:Vanhanen, Tatu (1997). 5874:João Fernandes Lavrador 5819:Fernão Pires de Andrade 5748:Diogo Lopes de Sequeira 5683:Constantino of Braganza 5631:Miguel López de Legazpi 5557:, Guatemala, 1696–1697) 5553:, count of Lizárraga, ( 5501:Hernán Venegas Carrillo 5361:Sebastián de Belalcázar 5355:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 5254:Pedro Fernández de Lugo 5084:Spanish treasure fleets 4849:atmospheric circulation 4778:Trindade and Martim Vaz 3880:, circa 1650; restored. 3831:in present-day Brazil, 3782:or Boyuca mentioned by 3774:of 1551. Then in 1575, 3706:on the "Western Nile" ( 3535:Disease in the Americas 3505:, Rio Grande do Norte, 3377:Battle of Ksar El Kebir 2999:(possibly reaching the 2949:João Fernandes Lavrador 2882:), seen from the inside 2132:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 2109:municipality of Ternate 2054:Miguel López de Legazpi 2039:Miguel López de Legazpi 2012:Ruy López de Villalobos 1908:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 1517:, and establishing the 1491:Pedro Fernández de Lugo 1047:Early Portuguese period 913:Sebastián de Belalcázar 661:, was Fernando Consag, 458:who led conquests into 260:using colonies such as 11966:Archaeological periods 11180:Colonial Spanish Horse 10854:Colonia del Sacramento 10077:Spanish treasure fleet 9654:Royal Decree of Graces 8805:Wood, Michael (2000). 8609:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 8458:Historia de las Indias 8294:Farnum, Mabel (1943). 8083:5 October 2012 at the 8000:Bueno, pp. 80–81. 7386:A History of Sri Lanka 7183:"Ancient facts unfold" 7161:The New Zealand Herald 6793:Rafnsson (2006), p. 4. 6264:10.3201/eid1112.050501 6215:Colonial Latin America 6163:Weir, William (2018). 5919:Martim Afonso de Sousa 5703:António Raposo Tavares 5698:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 5649:(Mexico, 17th century) 5593:(Argentina, 1534–1537) 5457:(Venezuela, 1510–1570) 5445:(Uruguay 16th century) 4953:Saint Brendan's Island 4908: 4888: 4543: 4391: 4326:in battle against the 4286: 4275: 4227: 4149: 4129: 4114: 4036: 3964: 3945: 3911:1755 Lisbon earthquake 3881: 3702:", the kingdom of the 3691: 3548: 3474: 3427: 3361: 3294:John Maurice of Nassau 3275:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca 3270:Portuguese Inquisition 3227:John Maurice of Nassau 3155: 3140:António Raposo Tavares 3094: 3037:Martim Afonso de Sousa 3024: 2977:Terra Nova do Bacalhau 2936: 2883: 2819:. On the return trip, 2698: 2687: 2414: 2406: 2346: 2213: 2205: 2197: 2176:Portuguese discoveries 2162:Portuguese exploration 2127: 2119:in Mexico and Manila. 2095: 2049: 2004:García Jofre de Loaísa 1988:Diego García Sarmiento 1952: 1884: 1858:Seven Cities of Cibola 1797: 1749:was the leader of the 1742: 1653: 1637: 1597: 1576: 1536: 1519:New Kingdom of Granada 1482: 1444: 1408: 1294: 1219: 1206:Saint Catherine Parish 1101:Ferdinand II of Aragón 1043: 1033: 892: 857: 759:Bartolomé de Las Casas 699: 645:was Sebastián Caboto, 578: 512: 500: 485: 65: 47: 13269:List of Conquistadors 13156:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 12567:Quebrada de Humahuaca 11986:Caddoan Mississippian 11591:European colonization 10338:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 10298:Juan Sebastián Elcano 9613:Council of the Indies 8974:Spanish–Moro conflict 8944:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 8904:Treaty of Tordesillas 8809:. London: BBC Books. 7991:Skidmore, p. 34. 7973:Skidmore, p. 36. 7919:Skidmore, p. 27. 7869:19 April 2021 at the 6896:Lankford, pp. 100–101 6072:List of conquistadors 5869:João Álvares Fagundes 5854:João Afonso de Aveiro 5773:Cristóvão de Mendonça 5678:Phillippe de Oliveira 5668:Afonso de Albuquerque 5655:(Colombia, 1536–1539) 5653:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón 5615:Martín Ruiz de Gamboa 5599:(Colombia, 1529–1539) 5587:(Colombia, 1536–1550) 5563:(Colombia, 1521–1543) 5561:Juan de Céspedes Ruiz 5535:(Colombia, 1536–1544) 5517:Francisco de Orellana 5503:(Colombia, 1536–1544) 5333:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 4894: 4878: 4568:Caravela Annunciation 4538: 4382: 4369:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 4281: 4273: 4252:Francisco de Carvajal 4225: 4143: 4120: 4098: 4031: 4023:Council of the Indies 3970:Council of the Indies 3951: 3940: 3933:Council of the Indies 3907:Treaty of Tordesillas 3875: 3829:Santa Catarina island 3752:Antonio de Montezinos 3736:Francisco de Orellana 3681: 3592:to these infections. 3542: 3468: 3422: 3356: 3138: 3084: 3072:Diogo Álvares Correia 3022: 2985:João Álvares Fagundes 2941:Treaty of Tordesillas 2930: 2870: 2757:penetrated as far as 2715:Afonso de Albuquerque 2693: 2673: 2657:Afonso de Albuquerque 2615:Afonso de Albuquerque 2517:of the expedition of 2412: 2401: 2359:Afonso de Albuquerque 2342: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2125: 2086: 2036: 1966:Juan Bautista de Anza 1948: 1878: 1796:expedition, 1540–1542 1791: 1732: 1643: 1623: 1593: 1574:Francisco de Villagra 1572: 1531: 1473: 1440: 1401:Francisco de Orellana 1399: 1369:was descended from a 1289: 1216:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 1214: 1133:Treaty of Tordesillas 1039: 1020: 1001:another searcher for 997:, explorer of Chile, 882: 848: 694: 657:was Wenceslao Linck, 629:in 1592. German-born 573: 506: 491: 477:and his explorers in 473: 436:Afonso de Albuquerque 320:. From 1532 to 1572, 55:Afonso de Albuquerque 53: 31: 13236:Francisco de Montejo 13164:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 12277:Andean civilizations 12204:Shaft tomb tradition 11309:Solutrean hypothesis 11135:Mesoamerican Codices 10859:Comuneros (Paraguay) 10697:Siege of Castelnuovo 10283:Christopher Columbus 10102:Consulate of the Sea 10082:Casa de Contratación 9673:Titles and positions 9066:Spanish–American War 9056:Liberal constitution 8899:Asia and the Pacific 8402:on 18 September 2008 8021:Calmon, p. 294. 7612:Robert Kerr (1824). 7541:Rogers, Clifford J. 7363:Thondaman Foundation 7277:. Psychology Press. 6940:. Portland, Oregon: 6503:on 25 September 2010 6477:on 26 September 2010 6471:"History of Jamaica" 6252:Emerging Infect. Dis 6181:"Ferdinand Magellan" 5999:Tristão Vaz Teixeira 5959:Pedro Álvares Cabral 5954:Paulo Dias de Novais 5934:Nuno Álvares Pereira 5879:João Gonçalves Zarco 5824:Francisco de Almeida 5708:Domingos Jorge Velho 5585:Juan de Sanct Martín 5581:(Florida, 1565–1567) 5545:Francisco de Aguirre 5533:Gonzalo García Zorro 5475:(Yucatán, 1539–1546) 5469:(Yucatán, 1527–1546) 5467:Francisco de Montejo 5449:Jerónimo de Alderete 5226:(Mexico, 1519–1521, 5082:started in 1568 and 5078:The Manila-Acapulco 5028:needles in vessels. 5022:Manuel I of Portugal 4642:improve this section 4519:Pedro Álvares Cabral 4470:celestial navigation 4430:improve this section 4340:specifically trained 3887:Island of California 3878:Island of California 3844:on the hills of the 3673:Seven Cities of Gold 3630:cocoliztli epidemics 3545:The Florentine Codex 3489:, Saint Thomas, and 3452:Dutch–Portuguese War 3432:Dutch–Portuguese War 3251:São Luís de Maranhão 3029:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2993:Gulf of St. Lawrence 2909:to go to India. The 2719:diplomatic relations 2643:was sent to conquer 2633:Kingdom of Ayutthaya 2582:Manuel I of Portugal 2551:Pedro Lopes de Sousa 2523:Francisco de Almeida 2496:João III of Portugal 2486:was established the 2355:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2302:in 1482 and reached 1773:, the party reached 1710:, who had sailed in 1670:Seven Cities of Gold 1660:to the northwest of 1552:department of Potosí 1077:tradable commodities 1073:Portuguese explorers 1060:of Portugal, son of 780:Toribio de Benavente 518:Christopher Columbus 509:Francisco de Almeida 493:Christopher Columbus 326:subduing this empire 242:Christopher Columbus 13202:Manco Inca Yupanqui 12507:Manteño-Huancavilca 11976:Ancestral Puebloans 11690:Trinidad and Tobago 10864:Cartagena de Indias 10486:Diego de Mazariegos 10456:Pere Fages i Beleta 10323:Sebastián de Ocampo 9804:Provincias Internas 9776:Captaincies General 9690:Municipal president 9659:School of Salamanca 9430:Spanish East Indies 9409:Misiones Orientales 9281:Spanish West Indies 9245:, Central America ( 9192:Pyrénées-Orientales 9145:Union with Portugal 9036:Napoleonic invasion 9016:War of Jenkins' Ear 8739:. London: Penguin. 8646:Hakluytus Posthumus 8557:The Washington Post 8526:Derr, Mark (2004). 8382:www.keyshistory.org 8178:on 3 September 2011 8148:Scientific American 8131:on 30 October 2020. 7946:Boxer, p. 102. 7928:Boxer, p. 101. 7724:1919GeogJ..54..347A 7614:"Conquest of India" 7359:"Sri Lanka History" 6611:on 18 December 2012 6394:on 28 October 2009. 6328:on 23 November 2010 5989:Pero Vaz de Caminha 5889:João Vaz Corte-Real 5834:Henry the Navigator 5778:Lourenço de Almeida 5718:Fernão Mendes Pinto 5673:Jerónimo de Azevedo 5609:Alonso de Sotomayor 5497:(Panama, 1506–1511) 5335:(Panamá, 1510–1519) 5319:Rodrigo de Bastidas 5274:, 1528, Peru, 1530) 5190:Cristopher Columbus 4981:It is thought that 4972:Henry the Navigator 4921:Lanceloto Malocello 4821:Saint Helena Island 4786:Fernando de Noronha 4213:Weapons and animals 4175:conquest of Navarre 4091:Military advantages 4011:Consejo de Castilla 3997:los Reyes Católicos 3889:refers to a famous 3720:Zuni-Cibola Complex 3623:Recently developed 3495:Seventeen Provinces 3364:In 1578, the Saadi 3307:on the bank of the 2973:João Vaz Corte-Real 2793:Mascarenhas Islands 2737:, and sheltered at 2519:Lourenço de Almeida 2437:became part of the 2276:Cabo Santa Caterina 2078:Spanish East Indies 1924:Hernando de Alarcón 1906:in central Kansas. 1741:'s later wanderings 1630:Santervás de Campos 1499:Rodrigo de Bastidas 1465:Viceroyalty of Peru 1413:Gil González Dávila 1178:Spanish exploration 1058:Henry the Navigator 836:Juan de Castellanos 824:Pedro Cieza de León 813:Gerónimo de Aguilar 350:Rodrigo de Bastidas 312:after crossing the 306:Spanish East Indies 225:, establishing new 13414:Indigenous peoples 13325:Columbian exchange 13315:Portal:Mesoamerica 12467:La Tolita (Tumaco) 12282:Indigenous peoples 12021:Hopewell tradition 11948:Indigenous peoples 11850:In popular culture 11601:Columbian exchange 11596:Population history 11327:Mythology/Religion 11160:Academia Antártica 11115:Other civil topics 10481:Pánfilo de Narváez 10383:Sebastián Vizcaíno 10348:Andrés de Urdaneta 10308:Juan Ponce de León 10293:Ferdinand Magellan 10267:Bernardo de Gálvez 10166:Indian auxiliaries 9664:Trial of residence 9644:Laws of the Indies 9428:Asia and Oceania ( 9289:Dominican Republic 8142:Stecker, Tiffany. 8030:Bueno, p. 86. 7982:Boxer, p. 110 7937:Boxer, p. 108 7898:Boxer, p. 98. 7210:on 5 January 2015. 6916:on 4 February 2021 6814:on 27 October 2010 6322:"CDC Yellow Fever" 6113:. Merriam-Webster. 5914:Luís Vaz de Torres 5597:Antonio de Lebrija 5569:(Chile, 1540–1552) 5485:Pánfilo de Narváez 5339:Juan Ponce de León 5311:(Perú, 1524–1535, 5175:Brazilian interior 5037:Fernão Vaz Dourado 4923:sponsored by King 4909: 4897:Fernão Vaz Dourado 4889: 4851:and the effect of 4706:North Atlantic 4699:North Atlantic 4692:North Atlantic 4610:Winds and currents 4544: 4392: 4342:for battle. These 4287: 4276: 4228: 4150: 4130: 4115: 4112:Rodrigo de Quiroga 4037: 4033:Philip II of Spain 4007:Council of Castile 3965: 3946: 3882: 3692: 3597:Francisco Coronado 3549: 3475: 3428: 3398:Philip II of Spain 3362: 3175:France Équinoxiale 3167:France Antarctique 3156: 3095: 3025: 3009:Cape Breton Island 2937: 2907:Mozambique Channel 2884: 2857:Ferdinand Magellan 2699: 2688: 2531:Sinhalese kingdoms 2444:Edward Bonaventure 2415: 2407: 2347: 2282:; in 1471 Arzila ( 2214: 2206: 2198: 2136:Sebastián Vizcaíno 2128: 2096: 2062:Philip II of Spain 2050: 2000:Charles I of Spain 1953: 1892:Antonio de Mendoza 1885: 1879:A map showing the 1798: 1755:Tampa Bay, Florida 1751:Narváez expedition 1743: 1735:Narváez expedition 1712:Ferdinand Magellan 1674:Francisco de Ulloa 1666:Juan Ponce de León 1658:undiscovered lands 1654: 1638: 1626:Juan Ponce de León 1598: 1577: 1540:Juan Díaz de Solís 1537: 1483: 1445: 1409: 1363:Pedro Arias Dávila 1357:Diego de Velasquez 1307:Juan Díaz de Solís 1295: 1281:Pánfilo de Narváez 1251:After he pacified 1220: 1172:Treaty of Zaragoza 1044: 1034: 999:Alonso de Alvarado 893: 858: 718:who conquered the 700: 631:Nikolaus Federmann 579: 526:Ferdinand Magellan 513: 501: 486: 481:searching for the 402:, the interior of 66: 48: 13560:Portuguese Empire 13532: 13531: 13526: 13525: 13510: 13509: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13350:Pre-Columbian art 13286: 13285: 13280:Francisco Pizarro 13246:Pedro de Alvarado 12562:Pucará de Tilcara 11880: 11879: 11781: 11780: 11577: 11576: 11500: 11499: 11470: 11469: 11289:Pre-Columbian era 11236: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11105: 11104: 11010:Spanish conquests 11000: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10785: 10784: 10466:Pedro de Alvarado 10451:Gaspar de Portolà 10446:Pedro de Valdivia 10421:Francisco Pizarro 10373:Nicolás de Ovando 10368:Alonso de Ercilla 10343:Alonso de Salazar 10176:Ships of the line 10124: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10002: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9548: 9547: 9505:Northern Africa ( 9501:Equatorial Guinea 9485: 9484: 9422: 9421: 9337: 9336: 9260: 9259: 9251:Spanish Caribbean 9224:Spanish Louisiana 9200: 9199: 9135:Crown of Castille 9099: 9098: 9076:Spanish Civil War 9051:Adams–Onís Treaty 9031:Nootka Convention 8979:Thirty Years' War 8969:Eighty Years' War 8890:Catholic Monarchs 8880:Timeline–immersed 8816:978-0-563-48706-7 8746:978-0-14-139122-9 8737:The Conquistadors 8731:, pp. 17–32. 8729:978-0-415-63987-3 8712:Gibson, Charles. 8698:978-0-393-97613-7 8677:978-1-101-98126-9 8572:Stannard, David. 8543:978-0-86547-631-8 8435:978-84-500-3860-6 8109:. Madrid: Taurus. 8058:Goodling, Stacy. 8039:Geoffrey Parker. 7848:978-0-8166-0782-2 7692:Lach, DF. (1994) 7654:978-1-86064-736-9 7627:978-0-665-47799-7 7598:978-0-313-34091-8 7571:978-0-8047-2194-3 7508:978-81-206-1363-8 7481:978-955-1266-77-6 7454:978-3-643-90428-7 7427:978-0-7546-0186-9 7400:978-0-520-04320-6 7347:on 16 March 2010. 7284:978-0-7146-1102-0 7252:on 3 October 2013 7136:www.Teara.govt.nz 7119:History of Brazil 7028:978-0-521-86746-7 7003:978-0-8129-9400-1 6978:978-1-4567-7542-1 6965:Fish, S. (2011). 6951:978-0-87595-054-9 6944:. pp. 9–10. 6698:978-0-8047-4983-1 6643:978-0-7565-1061-9 6296:"Fiebre amarilla" 6224:978-0-19-064240-2 6169:. Permuted Press. 5924:Miguel Corte-Real 5839:Gaspar Corte-Real 5829:Francisco Álvares 5788:Diogo de Azambuja 5738:Pedro Mascarenhas 5713:Francisco Barreto 5617:(Chile 1552–1590) 5605:(Chile 1599–1617) 5567:Pedro de Valdivia 5507:Cristóbal de Olid 5479:Nicolás Federmann 5473:Juan de la Cámara 5439:(Perú, 1532–1560) 5413:(Perú, 1532–1536) 5381:(Perú, 1532–1542) 5244:(Perú, 1509–1535) 5242:Francisco Pizarro 5224:Pedro de Alvarado 4925:Dinis of Portugal 4861:return of the sea 4678: 4677: 4670: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4146:Francisco Pizarro 4108:Pedro de Villagra 3954:Francisco Pizarro 3943:Santiago de Chile 3941:1541 founding of 3848:, in present-day 3730:and women called 3712:Fountain of Youth 3301:Amazon rainforest 3207:in 1628. In 1629 3188:The Dutch sacked 3118:Manuel da Nóbrega 3116:priests, Fathers 2969:Portuguese Empire 2899:Mascarene islands 2783:, Mauritius, and 2713:, were seized by 2665:Francisco Barreto 2641:Pedro Mascarenhas 2586:Francisco Álvares 2574:Eleni of Ethiopia 2563:guerrilla warfare 2484:Afonso I of Kongo 2439:Portuguese Empire 2334:Cape of Good Hope 2292:São Jorge da Mina 2140:Martín de Aguilar 2064:, after whom the 1950:Nicolás de Ovando 1938:, while the name 1779:Mississippi River 1624:The conquistador 1523:Santafé de Bogotá 1453:Pedro de los Ríos 1442:Pedro de Alvarado 1421:explore Guatemala 1417:Pedro de Alvarado 1309:, discovered the 1257:Nicolás de Ovando 1204:, in present-day 1137:Pope Alexander VI 1041:Francisco Pizarro 995:Pedro de Valdivia 981:Pedro de la Gasca 974:Blasco Núñez Vela 960:and suppress the 917:Pedro de Alvarado 897:Francisco Pizarro 850:Francisco Pizarro 724:Francisco Pizarro 659:Ferdinand Konščak 643:Sebastiano Caboto 483:Fountain of Youth 322:Francisco Pizarro 314:Isthmus of Panama 244:' arrival in the 207:Iberian Peninsula 59:Portuguese Empire 39:and expanded the 13592: 13550:Christianization 13500: 13485: 13470: 13455: 13440: 13431: 13430: 13407: 13400: 13393: 13384: 13383: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13289: 13288: 13275:Spanish Conquest 13252:Spanish Conquest 13227:Spanish Conquest 13216:Spanish Conquest 12658: 12657: 11907: 11900: 11893: 11884: 11883: 11618: 11617: 11535: 11534: 11411: 11410: 11353: 11352: 11321: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11240: 11239: 11111: 11110: 11077:Chibchan Nations 11006: 11005: 10975:Santiago de Cuba 10834:Guadalupe Island 10794: 10793: 10521: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10476:Diego de Almagro 10353:Antonio de Ulloa 10257:Ambrosio Spinola 10252:Pedro de Zubiaur 10222:Alfonso d'Avalos 10212:Antonio de Leyva 10156:Army of Flanders 10141: 10140: 10130: 10129: 10019: 10018: 10008: 10007: 9734: 9733: 9723: 9722: 9593: 9592: 9582: 9581: 9550: 9549: 9523:Peñón of Algiers 9487: 9486: 9424: 9423: 9339: 9338: 9262: 9261: 9244: 9202: 9201: 9116: 9115: 9105: 9104: 9026:Seven Years' War 8999:Queen Anne's War 8876: 8875: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8838: 8837: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8766: 8750: 8702: 8681: 8653: 8638: 8632: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8569: 8563: 8560: 8547: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8506: 8482: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8374: 8368: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8215:, H. F. (1983). 8209: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8174:. Archived from 8168: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8097: 8088: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8062:. Archived from 8050: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8028: 8022: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7992: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7965: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7908: 7905: 7899: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7881: 7875: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7785: 7774: 7773: 7755: 7744: 7743: 7703: 7697: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7555: 7549: 7539: 7533: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7343:. Archived from 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7314: 7308: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7238: 7232: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7206:. Archived from 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7127: 7121: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6849:on 13 April 2012 6845:. Archived from 6839: 6833: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6810:. Archived from 6800: 6794: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6741: 6732: 6731: 6728:The Black Middle 6723: 6717: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6600: 6594: 6591: 6585: 6575:Clendinnen, Inga 6572: 6566: 6556:Clendinnen, Inga 6553: 6547: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6524:The Human Record 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6390:. Archived from 6382: 6376: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6350:. Archived from 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6324:. Archived from 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6302:on 18 March 2012 6298:. Archived from 6292: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6210: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6135: 6129: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6101: 6077:Price revolution 6055: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 5994:Tristão da Cunha 5974:Pero de Barcelos 5969:Pero de Alenquer 5813:Fernão Magalhães 5798:Francisco Serrão 5743:Duarte Fernandes 5733:Jorge de Menezes 5728:António de Abreu 5603:Alonso de Ribera 5591:Pedro de Mendoza 5527:Hernando de Soto 5495:Diego de Nicuesa 5461:Juan de Grijalva 5443:Sebastián Caboto 5437:Hernando Pizarro 5309:Diego de Almagro 5167: 5152: 5137:Gonzalo Guerrero 5133: 5106: 5075: 5063: 5048: 4991:Angelino Dulcert 4913:Angelino Dulcert 4881:Angelino Dulcert 4825:Tristan da Cunha 4813:Falkland Islands 4805:Ascension Island 4774:Bissagos Islands 4751: 4743: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4673: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4622: 4614: 4494:João de Santarém 4461: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4410: 4402: 4375:Nautical science 4320:Spanish Mastiffs 4311:Spanish war dogs 4100:Alonso de Ovalle 4075:, seamen of the 4013:), and formed a 3989:Native Americans 3827:Shipwrecked off 3788:Gulf of Honduras 3690:) to the Amazon. 3616:, the father of 3586:Epidemic disease 3460:Tordesilhas Line 3249:on the south to 3159:French colonists 3122:José de Anchieta 3102:Governor-General 3053:Governor-General 2821:Francisco Serrão 2817:Francisco Serrão 2813:António de Abreu 2787:, naming it the 2629:Duarte Fernandes 2603:against a joint 2576:sent ambassador 2559:Danture campaign 2555:Kingdom of Kandy 2507:Portuguese India 2461:Portuguese India 2422:since 1498 when 2227:Hanseatic league 2225:, Italy and the 2180:Age of Discovery 2172:Portuguese India 1783:Galveston Island 1475:Diego de Almagro 1449:Diego de Almagro 1432:Hernando de Soto 1429:Governor of Cuba 1379:conquest of Peru 1353:governor of Cuba 1345:Juan de Grijalva 1277:Juan de Grijalva 1198:Isla de Santiago 1189:Sevilla la Nueva 1105:Kingdom of Spain 930:Diego Almagro II 926:Hernando Pizarro 905:Diego de Almagro 805:Gonzalo Guerrero 663:Amerigo Vespucci 655:Wenceslaus Linck 647:Georg von Speyer 627:Washington state 623:Vancouver Island 575:Hernando de Soto 524:of the world by 522:circumnavigation 416:Portuguese Crown 382:Hispanic America 362:Pedro de Heredia 203:Age of Discovery 192: 187: 183: 178: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 134: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 109: 106: 103: 98: 97: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 13600: 13599: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13589: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13491: 13486: 13476: 13471: 13461: 13456: 13446: 13441: 13424: 13411: 13381: 13372: 13363: 13361: 13354: 13296: 13287: 13277: 13266: 13260: 13254: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13218: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13173:Quemuenchatocha 13171: 13162: 13158: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13102: 12971: 12880: 12854: 12843: 12790:Human Sacrifice 12787: 12779:Human Sacrifice 12776: 12750: 12723:Mayan Languages 12651: 12263: 12095: 11952: 11933:Genetic history 11916: 11911: 11881: 11876: 11854: 11777: 11699: 11613: 11607: 11583: 11573: 11533: 11496: 11466: 11440: 11402: 11351: 11340:List of deities 11322: 11313: 11272: 11267: 11237: 11228: 11204:Old inquisition 11116: 11101: 11011: 10984: 10940:Trinidad (1797) 10910:La Noche Triste 10898: 10894:San Juan (1797) 10844:San Juan (1595) 10781: 10670: 10510:Notable battles 10505: 10471:Martín de Ursúa 10402: 10333:Alonso de Ojeda 10303:Juan de la Cosa 10288:Pinzón brothers 10271: 10242:John of Austria 10217:Martín de Goiti 10195: 10135: 10116: 10060: 10013: 9994: 9906: 9902:Terra Australis 9897:Río de la Plata 9842:Castilla de Oro 9828: 9770: 9766:Río de la Plata 9728: 9709: 9668: 9627: 9623:Santa Hermandad 9587: 9568: 9564:Terra Australis 9555: 9544: 9511:Spanish Morocco 9492: 9481: 9472:Northern Taiwan 9433: 9418: 9389:Río de la Plata 9344: 9333: 9267: 9266:Central America 9256: 9238: 9207: 9196: 9140:Crown of Aragon 9121: 9110: 9095: 9011:Bourbon Reforms 8881: 8870: 8865: 8830: 8817: 8747: 8699: 8678: 8662: 8660:Further reading 8657: 8656: 8639: 8635: 8625:Decadas de Asia 8606: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8570: 8566: 8544: 8524: 8520: 8483: 8474: 8463: 8461: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8319: 8315: 8292: 8288: 8257: 8253: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8228: 8224: 8210: 8206: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8140: 8136: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8098: 8091: 8085:Wayback Machine 8075: 8071: 8066:on 10 May 2008. 8051: 8047: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7882: 7878: 7871:Wayback Machine 7860: 7856: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7786: 7777: 7770: 7756: 7747: 7732:10.2307/1779411 7704: 7700: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7556: 7552: 7540: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7315: 7311: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7219: 7215: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7128: 7124: 7115: 7111: 7106:. p. 1105. 7100: 7096: 7085: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6932: 6928: 6919: 6917: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6766:on 5 April 2015 6758: 6757: 6753: 6742: 6735: 6724: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6664:Wayback Machine 6655: 6651: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6573: 6569: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6403: 6399: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6373:Wayback Machine 6363: 6359: 6354:on 17 May 2008. 6346: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6258:(12): 1848–53. 6244: 6240: 6225: 6211: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6118: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6039:Portugal portal 6037: 6032: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6008: 5979:Pero da Covilhã 5763:Bartolomeu Dias 5758:Antão Gonçalves 5753:António de Noli 5663: 5658: 5641:Juan de Salcedo 5541:, (Chile, 1541) 5489:Spanish Florida 5463:(Yucatán, 1518) 5379:Gonzalo Pizarro 5260:Pedro de Candia 5218:Baja California 5185: 5178: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5144: 5134: 5125: 5107: 5098: 5091: 5076: 5067: 5064: 5055: 5049: 4983:Jehuda Cresques 4883:(1339) showing 4873: 4817:Príncipe Island 4762: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4674: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4639: 4623: 4612: 4533: 4527: 4462: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4427: 4411: 4400: 4377: 4283:Spanish Mastiff 4268: 4258:prefigured the 4250:. In the 1540s 4220: 4215: 4191: 4155: 4093: 4073:Pinzón brothers 4015:Junta de Indias 3935: 3929: 3903:primary sources 3870: 3822:Agulhas current 3806:precious metals 3728:Ten Lost Tribes 3666: 3537: 3521:Spanish Formosa 3456:Colonial Brazil 3424:Álvaro de Bazán 3406:King of England 3369:Ahmad al-Mansur 3351: 3309:Rio de la Plata 3223:) was founded. 3017: 2925: 2919: 2777:Diogo Rodrigues 2775:The Portuguese 2755:Estevão da Gama 2743:António Correia 2647:, where Sultan 2469:In west Africa 2467: 2459:Main articles: 2457: 2389:São Tomé Island 2330:Bartolomeu Dias 2326:Afonso de Paiva 2322:Pero da Covilhã 2190: 2166:Main articles: 2164: 2146:in present-day 2074:Pacific Islands 2058:Luís de Velasco 1996: 1912:Alta California 1887:The viceroy of 1826:Native American 1716:New York Harbor 1618: 1544:Río de la Plata 1507:Magdalena River 1273:Diego Velázquez 1185: 1180: 1147:drawn from the 1121: 1097: 1087:was brought to 1049: 1015: 970:another brother 966:Gonzalo Pizarro 942:Lope de Aguirre 874:Francisco Garay 791:Native American 595:Catholic clergy 586:. Their units ( 568: 468: 374:Río de la Plata 358:Juan de la Cosa 354:Alonso de Ojeda 290:Central America 254:colonial empire 185: 176: 153: 138: 129: 128: 100: 94: 76: 72: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13598: 13588: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13575:Spanish Empire 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13523: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13508: 13507: 13494: 13492: 13479: 13477: 13464: 13462: 13449: 13447: 13434: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13410: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13387: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13284: 13283: 13272: 13249: 13224: 13213: 13209: 13208: 13187: 13166: 13153: 13136: 13135:Notable Rulers 13132: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13107: 13106: 13104:Neo-Inca State 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13028: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12947: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12875: 12870: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12849: 12838: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12804: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12782: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12745: 12740: 12736: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12323: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12273: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12105: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11962: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11910: 11909: 11902: 11895: 11887: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11874: 11867: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11789: 11787: 11786:Related topics 11783: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11626: 11624: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11587: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11560: 11559: 11549: 11543: 11541: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11508: 11502: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11448: 11446: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11417: 11415: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11383:Medicine wheel 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11359: 11357: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11330: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11294:Classification 11291: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11266: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11243: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11107: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11020:Canary Islands 11016: 11013: 11012: 11002: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10874:Túpac Amaru II 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10819:Bogotá savanna 10816: 10811: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10727:Spanish Armada 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10621:White Mountain 10618: 10616:Cape Celidonia 10613: 10611:English Armada 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10527: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10412: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10388:Juan Fernández 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10363:Diego Columbus 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10191:Army of Africa 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10171:Spanish Armada 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10137: 10136: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10072:Manila galleon 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10027: 10025: 10015: 10014: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9916: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9780: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9730: 9729: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9589: 9588: 9586:Administration 9578: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9507:Western Sahara 9503: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9405:Banda Oriental 9386: 9372: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9220:Coastal Alaska 9212: 9209: 9208: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9112: 9111: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8872: 8871: 8868:Spanish Empire 8864: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8841: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8822: 8821: 8815: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8758: 8751: 8745: 8732: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8697: 8682: 8676: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8642:Samuel Purchas 8633: 8621:João de Barros 8600: 8591: 8579: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8542: 8518: 8493:(in Spanish). 8472: 8440: 8434: 8413: 8387: 8369: 8367:, second part. 8356: 8313: 8286: 8251: 8237: 8222: 8204: 8197:Dobyns, H. F. 8189: 8163: 8153: 8134: 8112: 8089: 8069: 8045: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8002: 7993: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7964:Boxer, p. 100. 7957: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7876: 7854: 7847: 7827: 7805: 7798: 7775: 7768: 7745: 7698: 7685: 7678: 7660: 7653: 7633: 7626: 7604: 7597: 7577: 7570: 7550: 7534: 7514: 7507: 7487: 7480: 7460: 7453: 7433: 7426: 7406: 7399: 7375: 7350: 7332: 7309: 7290: 7283: 7263: 7233: 7213: 7195: 7173: 7148: 7122: 7109: 7094: 7083: 7065: 7055: 7037: 7027: 7009: 7002: 6984: 6977: 6957: 6950: 6926: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6860: 6834: 6825: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6751: 6733: 6718: 6704: 6697: 6677: 6668: 6649: 6642: 6622: 6595: 6586: 6567: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6514: 6497:"Spanish Town" 6488: 6462: 6449: 6440: 6397: 6377: 6357: 6339: 6313: 6287: 6238: 6223: 6198: 6172: 6155: 6148: 6130: 6116: 6105:"conquistador" 6095: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6053:History portal 6042: 6028: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5964:Pedro Teixeira 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5929:Nicolau Coelho 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Álvaro Martins 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5693:João de Castro 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5628: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5514: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5424: 5414: 5408: 5401:Diego de Ordaz 5398: 5392: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5336: 5330: 5316: 5306: 5296: 5291: 5281: 5275: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5221: 5207: 5204:Canary Islands 5197: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5145: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5124:attack in 1541 5112:was a Spanish 5108: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5077: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5043: 4931:island, named 4917:portolan chart 4901:Torre do Tombo 4872: 4869: 4865:Manila galleon 4857:"volta do mar" 4801:Annobón Island 4766:meteorological 4755: 4754: 4746: 4740:South Atlantic 4689: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4626: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4575:merchant ships 4529:Main article: 4526: 4523: 4511:Abraham Zacuto 4490:Southern Cross 4464: 4463: 4414: 4412: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4388:Abraham Zacuto 4376: 4373: 4267: 4264: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4190: 4187: 4154: 4151: 4092: 4089: 3985:Laws of Burgos 3974:Spanish Empire 3931:Main article: 3928: 3925: 3869: 3866: 3862:Paraguay River 3814:ocean currents 3795:Walter Raleigh 3694:Books such as 3665: 3662: 3605:Cabeza de Vaca 3536: 3533: 3531:to defend it. 3501:, Pernambuco, 3414:dynastic union 3350: 3347: 3266:Sephardic Jews 3253:in the north. 3241:, the port of 3179:Rio de Janeiro 3163:Rio de Janeiro 3144:Paraguay River 3124:, who founded 3100:was the third 3049:Madeira Island 3016: 3013: 2921:Main article: 2918: 2915: 2637:Ramathibodi II 2456: 2453: 2385:Álvaro Caminha 2371:Persian Strait 2272:Gulf of Guinea 2261:mathematicians 2246:Constantinople 2163: 2160: 2016:Francis Xavier 2008:Maluku Islands 1995: 1992: 1928:Colorado River 1854:Marcos de Niza 1747:Cabeza de Vaca 1739:Cabeza de Vaca 1646:Cabeza de Vaca 1617: 1614: 1556:Sancti Spiritu 1487:Canary Islands 1459:in Nicaragua. 1313:formed by the 1261:Diego Columbus 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1120: 1117: 1096: 1093: 1048: 1045: 1014: 1011: 938:Pedro de Ursúa 870:Diego Columbus 862:Bishop Fonseca 771:Gaspar da Cruz 755:Francis Xavier 753:, for example 600:India Catalina 567: 564: 467: 464: 340:, home of the 173:conquistadores 41:Spanish Empire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13597: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13545:Conquistadors 13543: 13542: 13540: 13521: 13520: 13514: 13505: 13504: 13503:South America 13499: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13473:North America 13469: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13454: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13439: 13433: 13432: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13408: 13403: 13401: 13396: 13394: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13371: 13370: 13357: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13290: 13281: 13276: 13273: 13270: 13264: 13258: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13221:Hernán Cortés 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13137: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13054: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13029: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13004: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12948: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12923: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12898: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12884: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12867: 12864: 12861: 12858: 12853: 12850: 12847: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12791: 12786: 12783: 12780: 12775: 12772: 12768: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12754: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12659: 12654: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12315: 12312: 12311: 12310: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12269:South America 12266: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12091:Weeden Island 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12066:Poverty Point 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12031:Mississippian 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11958:North America 11955: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11928:Paleo-Indians 11926: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11908: 11903: 11901: 11896: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11705:South America 11702: 11696: 11695:United States 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11622:North America 11619: 11616: 11612:Modern groups 11610: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11580: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11475:South America 11473: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11412: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11398:Turtle Island 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356:North America 11354: 11348: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11325: 11320: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11284:Paleo-Indians 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11264: 11259: 11257: 11252: 11250: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11155:Tapada limeña 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11119: 11112: 11108: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11007: 11003: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10747:Montes Claros 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10687:Vienna (1529) 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10416:Hernán Cortés 10414: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10408:Conquistadors 10405: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10378:Juan de Ayala 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10232:Duke of Savoy 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10131: 10127: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10031:Dollar (Peso) 10029: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 10005: 9991: 9990:Santo Domingo 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9867:New Andalusia 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9814:Santo Domingo 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9738:Viceroyalties 9735: 9731: 9724: 9720: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9579: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9551: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9488: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9343:South America 9340: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9263: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9228:Spanish Texas 9225: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9206:North America 9203: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9187:Franche-Comté 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9117: 9113: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8857: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8833: 8826: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8807:Conquistadors 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8669: 8664: 8663: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8598:Meliá (p. 45) 8595: 8588: 8583: 8575: 8568: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8422:Ortega, Ángel 8417: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8366: 8360: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8247: 8241: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8200: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8101:Mann, Charles 8096: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8042: 8036: 8027: 8018: 8011: 8006: 7997: 7988: 7979: 7970: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7934: 7925: 7916: 7914: 7904: 7895: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7831: 7815: 7809: 7801: 7799:0-333-57689-6 7795: 7791: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7771: 7769:0-333-57689-6 7765: 7761: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7689: 7681: 7679:0-333-57689-6 7675: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7637: 7629: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7554: 7548: 7547:Angelfire.com 7544: 7538: 7532: 7531:0-85323-229-6 7528: 7524: 7518: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7491: 7483: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7464: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7302: 7300: 7294: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7184: 7177: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7120: 7113: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7084:0-7864-1565-7 7080: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7058: 7056:0-8337-2523-8 7052: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7005: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6961: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6930: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6902: 6893: 6884: 6878:Chap's II-III 6875: 6871: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6790: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6747: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6708: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6681: 6672: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6653: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6626: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6583:0-521-37981-4 6580: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6564:0-521-37981-4 6561: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6535: 6533:0-618-37040-4 6529: 6525: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6151: 6149:0-415-14405-1 6145: 6141: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6043: 6040: 6029: 6026: 6015: 6005: 6004:Vasco da Gama 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Paulo da Gama 5942: 5940: 5939:Nuno da Cunha 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5899:Tomé de Sousa 5897: 5895: 5894:Jorge Álvares 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:Gonçalo Velho 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5573:Jorge Robledo 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5395:Juan de Garay 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5284:Juan de Oñate 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234:, 1533–1535, 5233: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216:, 1518–1522, 5215: 5211: 5210:Hernán Cortés 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5114:conquistadora 5111: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5052:Iberian Union 5047: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4941:Fuerteventura 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4868: 4867:trade route. 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4844:oceanic gyres 4841: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4794:Elobey Grande 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770:oceanographic 4767: 4757: 4750: 4686: 4672: 4669: 4661: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4627:This section 4625: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4539:A Portuguese 4537: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515:Vasco da Gama 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4498:Pedro Escobar 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486:cane of Jacob 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4460: 4457: 4449: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4415:This section 4413: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4363:, the son of 4362: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4351:Ponce de Leon 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4210: 4208: 4207:Vasco da Gama 4204: 4199: 4197: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4179:Hernán Cortés 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4123: 4122:Shrunken head 4119: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4061:Welser family 4057: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3879: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3833:Aleixo Garcia 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784:Juan de Solis 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3708:Sénégal River 3705: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:Elmina Castle 3484: 3480: 3472: 3471:Iberian Union 3467: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3394:Iberian Union 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3343:Eastern Strip 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231:Nassau-Siegen 3228: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3152:Madeira River 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3128:in 1532, and 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3057:Tomé de Sousa 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3015:South America 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939:Based on the 2934: 2929: 2924: 2917:North America 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:Banda Islands 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:Bab al-Mandab 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2680:Hormuz Island 2677: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Battle of Diu 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521:, the son of 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2424:Vasco da Gama 2421: 2420:Malabar Coast 2411: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351:Vasco da Gama 2345: 2344:Vasco da Gama 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2315:Kongo kingdom 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:El Adelantado 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962:Yuma Crossing 1958: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1936:Río del Tizón 1933: 1932:Melchior Díaz 1929: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:Codex Mendoza 1893: 1890: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Nueva Vizcaya 1803: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:Apalachee Bay 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745:The Spaniard 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1724:Diego Ribeiro 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Estêvão Gomes 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605:Juan Valiente 1602: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493:, arrived to 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1387:Pedro Navarro 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1319:Uruguay River 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1293: 1292:Codex Mendoza 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:Hernán Cortés 1019: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954: 949: 948: 943: 939: 935: 934:Jorge Robledo 931: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:El Adelantado 898: 890: 886: 881: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 855: 851: 847: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797: 792: 788: 783: 781: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:Hernán Cortés 712: 710: 706: 698: 693: 689: 687: 686:María Estrada 682: 680: 676: 670: 668: 667:Aleixo Garcia 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615:Ioánnis Fokás 612: 607: 605: 601: 596: 591: 589: 585: 576: 572: 563: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 510: 505: 498: 494: 490: 484: 480: 476: 475:Ponce de León 472: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 420:South America 417: 413: 409: 405: 404:North America 401: 397: 396:Amazon Jungle 393: 389: 387: 386:Hispanosphere 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 324:succeeded in 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:Pacific Ocean 299: 295: 294:United States 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 274:Hernán Cortés 271: 267: 263: 262:Santo Domingo 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 182: 174: 168: 132: 124: 70: 69:Conquistadors 64: 60: 57:expanded the 56: 52: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33:Hernán Cortés 30: 26: 22: 13517: 13495: 13480: 13465: 13450: 13435: 13360: 13293: 13143:Moctezuma II 13100:Inca history 13025:Andean Music 12969:Architecture 12964:Architecture 12959:Architecture 12954:Architecture 12950:Architecture 12944:Gender Roles 12689:Tenochtitlan 12612:Timoto–Cuica 12607:Tierradentro 12392:Casma–Sechin 12124:Chalcatzingo 11869: 11862: 11584:colonization 11388:The red road 11378:Medicine man 11373:Great Spirit 11130:Architecture 11025:The Americas 10889:Newfoundland 10879:Túpac Katari 10869:Cuerno Verde 10804:Tenochtitlan 10636:Valenciennes 10407: 10393:Luis Fajardo 10262:Blas de Lezo 10207:Duke of Alba 10087:Spanish Road 9925:Buenos Aires 9834:Governorates 9603:Ayuntamiento 9596:Organization 9061:Carlist Wars 8909:Italian Wars 8806: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8754: 8736: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8687: 8667: 8645: 8636: 8627:(1552: I.16 8624: 8612: 8603: 8594: 8582: 8573: 8567: 8556: 8528: 8521: 8494: 8490: 8462:. 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Retrieved 6184: 6175: 6165: 6158: 6139: 6133: 6124: 6119: 6108: 6099: 6081: 6066:Libertadores 6025:Spain portal 5949:Nuno Tristão 5884:João Infante 5859:João da Nova 5808:Fernão do Pó 5637:, 1565–1572) 5621:Juan Garrido 5523:, 1541–1543) 5521:Amazon River 5513:, 1523–1524) 5491:, 1527–1528) 5411:Juan Pizarro 5391:, 1511–1519) 5329:, 1500–1527) 5315:, 1535–1537) 5290:, 1598–1608) 5238:, 1540–1541) 5220:, 1532–1536) 5206:, 1492–1496) 5196:, 1492–1504) 5171:Bandeirantes 5113: 5030: 5018:Miller Atlas 5010:Jorge Reinel 5007: 4995:Pedro Reinel 4980: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4944: 4937:Forte Vetura 4936: 4932: 4927:. It showed 4910: 4879:Portolan of 4860: 4856: 4833: 4829:Sargasso Sea 4809:Bioko Island 4798:Elobey Chico 4763: 4664: 4655: 4640:Please help 4628: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4545: 4485: 4467: 4452: 4443: 4428:Please help 4416: 4393: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4304: 4288: 4229: 4200: 4192: 4183:Tenochtitlan 4156: 4131: 4085: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4035:(1527–1598). 4014: 4010: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3966: 3900: 3891:cartographic 3883: 3854:Huayna Cápac 3826: 3803: 3792: 3771: 3747: 3743: 3740:Amazon River 3738:reached the 3700:Prester John 3693: 3670: 3667: 3664:Mythic lands 3650:Henry Dobyns 3647: 3622: 3614:Huayna Capac 3594: 3582:yellow fever 3550: 3519: 3515: 3476: 3448:Bandeirantes 3445: 3429: 3416:with Spain. 3390:Aviz dynasty 3385:Abu Abdallah 3363: 3336: 3324:Minas Gerais 3317: 3298: 3285: 3283: 3255: 3225: 3198: 3187: 3157: 3148:Mamoré River 3096: 3076: 3068:João Ramalho 3061: 3026: 3001:Bay of Fundy 2987:was granted 2980: 2976: 2938: 2893: 2885: 2845: 2774: 2763: 2711:Persian Gulf 2700: 2622: 2613: 2598: 2589: 2567: 2545:(1593), and 2533:, including 2504: 2481: 2470: 2468: 2443: 2432: 2416: 2383: 2348: 2332:crossed the 2319: 2308: 2275: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2231: 2215: 2184:Bandeirantes 2158:of silver). 2156: 2152: 2129: 2097: 2051: 2020:Ambon Island 1997: 1985: 1974: 1970: 1954: 1939: 1935: 1921: 1886: 1860:, preceding 1821: 1817: 1814:Gulf Islands 1799: 1744: 1720:Hudson River 1705: 1701:right whales 1689:Newfoundland 1678: 1655: 1610: 1603: 1599: 1585:Juan Garrido 1582: 1578: 1560:Paraná River 1538: 1484: 1461: 1446: 1411:Dávila sent 1410: 1407:in 1541–1542 1405:Amazon River 1361: 1342: 1332:sailed from 1327: 1323:Paraná River 1304: 1296: 1250: 1231: 1221: 1202:Spanish Town 1197: 1187: 1186: 1169: 1161: 1151:Pole to the 1129:delimitation 1122: 1113: 1109: 1098: 1070: 1050: 1031:Tenochtitlan 1002: 984: 978: 951: 945: 900: 894: 859: 794: 784: 763:Eusebio Kino 736: 720:Aztec Empire 713: 701: 697:Tenochtitlan 683: 671: 651:Eusebio Kino 635:conquistador 634: 611:Hispanicised 608: 592: 587: 580: 561: 543:, including 536: 534: 530: 514: 444:Persian Gulf 390: 300:sailing the 286:Aztec Empire 282:Moctezuma II 239: 231:trade routes 172: 68: 67: 63:Indian Ocean 25: 13206:Túpac Amaru 13190:Manco Cápac 13139:Moctezuma I 13050:Agriculture 13045:Agriculture 13040:Agriculture 13031:Agriculture 12974:Road System 12863:Mathematics 12728:Muysc Cubun 12582:San Agustín 12532:Monte Verde 12209:Teotihuacan 12101:Mesoamerica 11996:Coles Creek 11981:Anishinaabe 11938:Archaeology 11793:Ethnobotany 11650:El Salvador 11552:Visual arts 11421:Cosmovision 11407:Mesoamerica 11368:Fifth World 11334:Mythologies 11299:Archaeology 11277:Pre-history 11097:Philippines 11062:El Salvador 10682:Capo d'Orso 10566:St. Quentin 10541:Rome (1527) 10200:Strategists 9950:Guadalajara 9877:New Navarre 9872:New Castile 9857:La Luisiana 9809:Puerto Rico 9799:Philippines 9756:New Granada 9446:Philippines 9407:(Uruguay), 9403:(Bolivia), 9353:New Granada 9293:Puerto Rico 9239: [ 9109:Territories 8929:Encomiendas 8587:Roger Smith 8497:(2): 7–48. 8406:14 December 8378:"Fontaneda" 6870:La relación 6770:19 February 6123:Mary Hill, 5793:Diogo Gomes 5635:Philippines 5539:Inés Suárez 5343:Puerto Rico 5194:West Indies 5158:(1402–1496) 5110:Inés Suárez 5080:trade route 5054:(1581–1640) 4871:Cartography 4840:trade winds 4827:Island and 4589:with large 4525:Ship design 4482:cross-staff 4260:volley fire 4194:bandits in 4167:Granada War 4135:Reconquista 4052:because in 4041:concessions 4025:" in 1519. 4000:designated 3978:Inquisition 3876:Map of the 3842:Inca Empire 3838:Chaco Plain 3818:trade winds 3799:the Guianas 3734:. In 1542, 3704:White Queen 3558:chicken pox 3473:(1580–1640) 3381:Sebastian I 3373:Elizabeth I 3328:Mato Grosso 3217:New Holland 3132:, in 1554. 3126:São Vicente 3005:Minas Basin 2997:Nova Scotia 2733:inside the 2609:Arabian Sea 2500:slave trade 2311:Congo River 2066:Philippines 2047:Philippines 1968:'s (1774). 1868:village of 1850:Mexico City 1495:Santa Marta 1367:La Española 1228:the Bahamas 1062:King João I 1027:La Malinche 962:encomiendas 899:dispatched 889:Tepotzotlan 840:Pedro Simón 832:Diego Durán 821:chroniclers 747:Franciscans 732:Extremadura 728:Inca Empire 452:East Africa 448:East Indies 412:Mexico City 310:Inca Empire 296:, and from 280:, ruled by 270:Puerto Rico 246:West Indies 186:Portuguese: 61:across the 13539:Categories 13177:Tisquesusa 13151:Cuauhtémoc 13147:Cuitláhuac 12477:Lauricocha 12447:Gran Chaco 12437:Cupisnique 12422:Chinchorro 12397:Chachapoya 12387:Caral–Supe 12229:Tlaxcaltec 12219:Teuchitlán 12134:Chupícuaro 12061:Plum Bayou 12056:Plaquemine 12026:Marksville 11991:Chichimeca 11835:Philosophy 11640:Costa Rica 11614:by country 11445:Variations 11436:World tree 11393:Totem pole 11363:Arborglyph 10767:Somosierra 10757:Manila Bay 10631:Nördlingen 10571:Gravelines 10051:Columnario 10023:Currencies 9940:Concepción 9912:Audiencias 9887:New Toledo 9852:La Florida 9685:Corregidor 9649:Papal bull 9554:Antarctica 9462:Micronesia 8919:Golden Age 8670:. Viking. 8615:(c. 1507, 8464:18 October 8182:8 February 6853:30 January 6615:10 October 6233:1015274908 6191:3 December 6091:References 5909:Luís Pires 5864:João Grego 5803:Dinis Dias 5625:Hispaniola 5303:Costa Rica 5120:against a 5014:Lopo Homem 4595:forecastle 4398:Navigation 4356:Becerrillo 4322:and other 4315:sheep dogs 4300:California 4296:New Mexico 4244:arquebuses 4196:Al-Andalus 3601:Rio Grande 3562:diphtheria 3547:" 1540–85) 3305:Sacramento 3258:Pernambuco 3243:Pernambuco 3229:prince of 3150:, and the 3033:brazilwood 2961:Corte-Real 2945:John Cabot 2903:Mozambique 2872:Fort Jesus 2797:Portuguese 2745:conquered 2653:Diogo Dias 2477:Portuguese 2365:in India, 2361:conquered 2304:Cape Cross 2111:. Spanish 2037:Statue of 1981:New Mexico 1846:Estevanico 1802:Gulf Coast 1763:Nuevo León 1759:Tamaulipas 1662:Hispaniola 1644:Statue of 1634:Valladolid 1315:confluence 1253:Hispaniola 1233:Adelantado 1157:Cape Verde 838:and friar 743:Carmelites 739:Dominicans 584:arquebuses 566:Background 537:vice versa 336:. Central 199:Portuguese 13422:continent 13198:Atahualpa 13194:Pachacuti 13169:Nemequene 13035:Chinampas 12857:Astronomy 12846:Astronomy 12826:Mythology 12821:Mythology 12816:Mythology 12811:Mythology 12807:Mythology 12637:Wankarani 12627:Tuncahuán 12517:Marajoara 12472:Las Vegas 12358:Atacameño 12254:Xochipala 12194:Purépecha 12154:Epi-Olmec 12144:Cuicuilco 12086:Troyville 12076:St. Johns 11830:Movements 11825:Languages 11773:Venezuela 11718:Argentina 11680:Nicaragua 11660:Guatemala 11655:Greenland 11347:Religions 11072:Nicaragua 11050:Guatemala 10960:Pichincha 10945:Chacabuco 10884:Pensacola 10829:Mataquito 10809:Cajamarca 10790:New World 10762:Trafalgar 10666:Alhucemas 10546:Landriano 10531:Comuneros 10517:Old World 10461:Joan Orpí 10181:Royalists 9955:Guatemala 9882:New Spain 9819:Venezuela 9794:Guatemala 9751:New Spain 9746:Columbian 9639:Exequatur 9539:Cape Juby 9393:Argentina 9216:New Spain 9150:Gibraltar 8914:Habsburgs 8623:, in his 8559:(Review). 8513:258861207 8491:Historica 8424:(1980) , 8324:(1851) . 8054:New World 7368:22 August 6874:The Story 6435:145787038 6427:0022-216X 5984:Pero Dias 5844:Gil Eanes 5783:Diogo Cão 5768:Cadamosto 5431:Nicaragua 5405:Venezuela 5228:Guatemala 5003:wind rose 4999:Diogo Cão 4945:Vegi Mari 4929:Lanzarote 4911:In 1339, 4885:Lanzarote 4658:July 2012 4629:does not 4591:aftcastle 4503:Ephemeris 4474:astrolabe 4446:July 2012 4417:does not 4384:Ephemeris 4365:Becerillo 4324:Molossers 4292:Argentina 4240:crossbows 4181:besieged 4019:Charles V 3858:San Pedro 3724:El Dorado 3636:name for 3625:tree-ring 3618:Atahualpa 3570:influenza 3320:explorers 3205:Piet Heyn 3185:in 1615. 3130:São Paulo 3098:Mem de Sá 2953:Greenland 2895:Mauritius 2848:mercenary 2789:Mascarene 2785:Rodrigues 2766:Guangzhou 2631:, to the 2515:explorers 2349:In 1498, 2306:in 1486. 2296:Diogo Cão 2234:Silk Road 2130:In 1542, 2052:In 1564, 2043:Cebu City 1998:In 1525, 1922:In 1540, 1889:New Spain 1840:Moroccan 1836:, and an 1733:Route of 1328:In 1517, 1305:In 1516, 1224:Guanahani 1164:longitude 1153:Antarctic 1125:New World 1009:in June. 1003:El Dorado 986:Audiencia 947:El Dorado 854:Atahualpa 809:Chactemal 803:Indians. 801:Tupinambá 793:warrior. 679:Languedoc 675:Galicians 639:Venezuela 604:Malintzin 557:New World 549:influenza 400:Patagonia 370:Argentina 258:Caribbean 235:New World 13294:See also 13212:Conquest 13185:Zoratama 12852:Calendar 12841:Calendar 12836:Calendar 12832:Calendar 12801:Religion 12796:Religion 12785:Religion 12774:Religion 12770:Religion 12759:Numerals 12753:Numerals 12714:Language 12694:Multiple 12632:Valdivia 12617:Tiwanaku 12577:Saladoid 12572:Quimbaya 12462:Kuhikugu 12442:Diaguita 12432:Chorrera 12249:Veraguas 12244:Veracruz 12224:Tlatilco 12036:Mogollon 11943:Cultures 11921:Americas 11864:Category 11820:Identity 11803:Iroquois 11798:Cherokee 11763:Suriname 11753:Paraguay 11738:Colombia 11665:Honduras 11645:Dominica 11582:European 11557:Painting 11519:Colombia 11431:Religion 11426:Creation 11304:Genetics 11082:Colombia 11067:Honduras 10980:Asomante 10965:Ayacucho 10955:Carabobo 10930:Curalaba 10707:Ceresole 10601:Gembloux 10561:Mühlberg 10276:Mariners 10134:Military 10056:Doubloon 10041:Maravedí 9985:Santiago 9892:Paraguay 9618:Germania 9458:Caroline 9413:Malvinas 9397:Paraguay 9357:Colombia 9299:Trinidad 9166:Sardinia 9006:Bourbons 8451:(1875). 8125:NBC News 8103:(2006). 8081:Archived 8043:, (2000) 7867:Archived 7820:12 April 7321:. Dutton 7307:format). 7246:AISH.com 7166:18 April 6660:Archived 6369:Archived 6332:13 March 6282:16485469 6011:See also 5511:Honduras 5323:Colombia 5268:Colombia 5266:, 1527, 5118:Santiago 4961:Capraria 4957:Primaria 4853:Coriolis 4842:and the 4836:currents 4599:bowsprit 4507:latitude 4478:quadrant 4361:Leoncico 4344:war dogs 4307:mastiffs 4153:Strategy 3958:Trujillo 3610:smallpox 3590:immunity 3554:smallpox 3286:Nordeste 3209:Suriname 3194:Salvador 3183:São Luís 3171:São Luís 3106:Salvador 3045:João III 2989:donatary 2837:Javanese 2799:annexed 2695:Nagasaki 2624:A Famosa 2580:to King 2543:Sitawaka 2541:(1593), 2537:(1591), 2492:Manuel I 2435:Zanzibar 2393:Príncipe 2268:Afonso V 2223:Flanders 2144:Coos Bay 2117:Acapulco 2113:galleons 1964:include 1940:Colorado 1902:reached 1862:Coronado 1838:enslaved 1822:Capoques 1794:Coronado 1781:near to 1767:Coahuila 1718:and the 1697:bowheads 1685:Labrador 1481:1535–37. 1371:converso 1321:and the 1145:meridian 1119:Treaties 991:New Laws 958:New Laws 953:converso 796:Caramuru 709:nobility 621:between 588:compañia 545:smallpox 495:and his 466:Conquest 384:and the 378:Paraguay 338:Colombia 276:led the 250:hidalgos 227:colonies 211:Americas 177:Spanish: 45:Americas 35:led the 13488:Oceania 13458:Eurasia 13416:of the 13181:Tundama 13110:Peoples 13095:History 13090:History 13085:History 13081:History 13075:Cuisine 13070:Cuisine 13065:Cuisine 13060:Cuisine 13056:Cuisine 12914:Warfare 12909:Warfare 12904:Warfare 12900:Warfare 12894:Society 12889:Economy 12878:Society 12873:Society 12869:Society 12739:Writing 12733:Quechua 12718:Nahuatl 12685:Capital 12622:Toyopán 12602:Tairona 12512:Mapuche 12427:Chiripa 12402:Chancay 12373:Cañaris 12348:Amotape 12343:El Abra 12259:Zapotec 12239:Totonac 12214:Tepanec 12199:Quelepa 12169:Mezcala 12159:Huastec 12129:Cholula 12119:Capacha 12114:Acolhua 12071:Sinagua 12046:Patayan 12016:Hohokam 12006:Fremont 11840:Studies 11768:Uruguay 11743:Ecuador 11723:Bolivia 11670:Jamaica 11569:Writers 11564:Artists 11524:Ecuador 11506:Culture 11487:Mapuche 11214:Asiento 11185:Mustang 11045:Yucatán 11040:Chiapas 10920:Tucapel 10752:Passaro 10702:Algiers 10692:Preveza 10661:Tetouan 10656:Vitoria 10646:Bitonto 10586:Antwerp 10581:Lepanto 10536:Bicocca 10012:Economy 9935:Charcas 9930:Caracas 9824:Yucatán 9695:Regidor 9680:Alcalde 9608:Cabildo 9515:Tripoli 9454:Mariana 9401:Charcas 9377:(Peru, 9361:Ecuador 9324:Bonaire 9319:Curazao 9304:Jamaica 9232:Florida 8611:in his 8349:15 July 8328:(ed.). 8308:2690209 8281:2651957 7740:1779411 7720:Bibcode 7225:Reuters 6920:5 April 6306:9 March 6273:3367635 6185:History 5433:, 1524) 5423:, 1517) 5421:Yucatán 5407:, 1532) 5272:Ecuador 5122:Mapuche 5033:Ptolemy 5026:compass 4965:Canaria 4790:Corisco 4733:Pacific 4724:Pacific 4650:removed 4635:sources 4579:carrack 4556:luffing 4548:caravel 4541:caravel 4438:removed 4423:sources 4353:called 4266:Animals 4248:dragoon 4242:, with 4218:Weapons 4203:Mombasa 4189:Tactics 3896:Amazons 3868:Secrecy 3860:on the 3850:Bolivia 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