261:(about 16.5 feet or 5-m) high, which was made of logs as thick as oxen. They were driven into the ground so close together that they touched one another. Other beams, longer and not so thick, were placed crosswise on the outside and inside and attached with split canes and strong cords. On top they were daubed with a great deal of mud packed down with long straw, which mixture filled all the cracks and open spaces between the logs and their fastenings in such a manner that it really looked like a wall finished with a mason's trowel. At intervals of fifty paces around this enclosure, were towers capable of holding seven or eight men who could fight in them. The lower part of the enclosure, to 'the height of an estado' (5.55 feet), was full of loopholes for shooting arrows at those on the outside. The
321:, Biedma, and Garcilaso, respectively; with another 48 or more Spaniards dying from their wounds within days following the battle. According to Garcilaso, "Most of the dead were women" who had followed their husbands, sweethearts, and others, to witness their glorious victory over the Castilians. As for the Indian leader Tascalusa, neither he nor his body was ever found, and if he did perish in the burning city, his body would have been "burned beyond recognition." In the "five centuries" of warfare between the Red man and the White man, the battle of Mabila was the first of the bloodiest battles ever fought on the North American continent.
222:, where supplies would be waiting. A native messenger was sent ahead to Mabila. When Tuskaloosa arrived with the first group of Spaniards, he asked the Spanish people to leave the settlement and territory. A fight broke out between a soldier and a native, and many warriors emerged from hiding in houses and began shooting arrows at the Spaniards. The Spaniards fled, leaving their possessions inside the fortress. The conflict that resulted is called the Battle of Mabila. Armed with guns, the Spaniards eventually burned down the village and killed most of the warriors.
249:
172:
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strokes, when many, dashing headlong into the flaming houses, were smothered, and, heaped one upon another, burned to death. They who perished there were in all two thousand five hundred, a few more or less: of the
Catholics there fell two hundred... Of the living, one hundred and fifty (150) Catholics had received seven hundred wounds...
299:
The
Spaniards barely escaped from the well-fortified town. The Indians closed the gates and "beating their drums, they raised flags, with great shouting." De Soto determined to attack the town, and in the battle that followed, Elvas records: "The Indians fought with so great spirit that they, many
307:
breaking in upon the
Indians and beating them down, they fled out of the place, the cavalry and infantry driving them back through the gates, where losing the hope of escape, they fought valiantly; and the Catholics getting among them with cutlasses, they found themselves met on all sides by their
287:
to cover the approaches. Upon arriving at Mabila, the
Spaniards knew something was amiss. The population of the town was almost exclusively male- young warriors and men of status. There were several women, but no children. The Spaniards also noticed the palisade had been recently strengthened, and
316:
and
Garcilaso say seven and forty-five horses died in the battle, respectively. The exact count of Indian dead is not known, but Spanish accounts at the time estimated that between 2,500 and 3,000 Indians had been killed by the raging fires within the city's walls. Spanish killed in action were
296:, "seized him by the cloak of marten-skins that he had on, drew it off over his head, and left it in his hands; whereupon, the Indians all beginning to rise, he gave him a stroke with a cutlass, that laid open his back, when they, with loud yells, came out of the houses, discharging their bows."
291:
When the
Spaniards reached the town of Mabila, ruled by one of Tuskaloosa's vassals, the Chief asked de Soto to allow him to remain there. When de Soto refused, Tuskaloosa warned him to leave the town, then withdrew to another room, and refused to talk further. A lesser chief was asked to
288:
that all trees, bushes, and weeds, had been cleared from outside the settlement for the length of a crossbow shot. Outside the palisade, they saw an older warrior in a field, who was seen exhorting younger warriors, and leading them in mock skirmishes and military exercises.
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The
Spaniards suffered their greatest losses of the De Soto Expedition during the battle at Mabila, but the Mississippians suffered even more grievous losses. De Soto had demanded supplies, bearers, and women from the powerful
300:
times, drove our people back out of the town. The struggle lasted so long that many
Catholics, weary and very thirsty, went to drink at a pond nearby, tinged with the blood of the killed, and returned to the combat."
282:
On
October 18, 1540, de Soto and the expedition arrived at Mabila, a heavily fortified village situated on a plain. It had a wooden palisade encircling it, with bastions placed so that archers could shoot their
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that indicate that they have found the historical province of Mabila, although not the town itself. They theorize that the town site is within a few miles of their excavations.
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had only two gates, one on the east and the other on the west. In the middle of the pueblo, was a spacious plaza around which were the largest and most important houses.
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In 1540 Chief
Tuskaloosa arranged for more than 2,500 native warriors to be concealed at Mabila, prepared to attack a large party of foreign invaders in the
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Elvas noted later that four hundred hogs, and twelve horses died in the conflagration. But other contempary authors Ranjel-
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A Voyage Long and Strange: On the Trail of Vikings, Conquistadors, Lost Colonists, and Other Adventurers in Early America
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The walled compound of Mabila, one of many encountered by the Spaniards in their exploration, was enclosed in a thick
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at his home village and asked him for supplies, Tuskaloosa advised them to travel to another of his towns, known as
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279:, when they met him at his main town. He said they needed to go to another settlement, and took them to Mabila.
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238:, to appear as a solid wall. The fortress was defended by Muskogee warriors, who shot arrows or threw stones.
141:, as influenced by Spanish or French transliterations) was a small fortress town known to the paramount chief
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wall, 16.5-ft (5-m) high. It was made from wide tree trunks tied with cross-beams and covered with mud/straw
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either 22, 18, 25, 20, or 82 based upon the contemporary chroniclers of the time Ranjel-Oviedo, Elvas,
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439:. That secondary source had a strong influence on the formation of the text generally known as the
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Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
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149:. The exact location has been debated for centuries, but southwest of present-day
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Fortress town of the Mississippian culture destroyed by the Spanish Empire in 1540
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Artist's impression of Mabila: note walls appear solid (stuccoed tree trunks).
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415:"Mystery solved? Alabama researchers close in on pivotal battle site"
191:
331:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
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3182:
3044:
2829:
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729:
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427:
The single primary source about DeSoto's expedition was written by
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De Soto had his men set fire to the town, then by Elvas's account,
203:
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intercede, but he would not. One of the Spaniards, according to
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1832:
1702:
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235:
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651:
431:. Another account, usually described as that of DeSoto's aide
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2035:
1781:
1311:
1173:
3473:
Former Native American populated places in the United States
3325:
435:, survives only partially in a summary history written by
460:
History, Historiography, and Discovery in the Southeast
257:...on a very fine plain and had an enclosure three
605:Hernando De Soto, A Savage Quest in the Americas.
493:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 234–238.
3439:
2384:
486:
206:; Mabila is in the green circle at lower left.
2370:
637:
610:Sylvia Flowers, "DeSoto's Expedition", U.S.
607:(1996) University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
565:
372:Sylvia Flowers, "DeSoto's Expedition", U.S.
145:in 1540, in a region of present-day central
559:
2377:
2363:
644:
630:
2885:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
480:
247:
170:
3448:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
3440:
2358:
625:
368:
366:
464:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
437:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
388:
386:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
29:Spanish colonization of the Americas
3356:Norse colonization of North America
269:
13:
3453:Native American history of Alabama
660:Mississippian and related cultures
447:" and, in turn, on the writing of
14:
3484:
3458:Spanish conquests in the Americas
421:
383:
343:
245:described the town of Mabila as:
653:
457:The Hernando de Soto Expedition:
225:
3376:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2294:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
566:Tony Horwitz (April 27, 2009).
550:
676:Timeline of Mississippi valley
541:
532:
523:
514:
407:
241:Based on the earlier sources,
1:
1876:Grand Village of the Illinois
597:
3341:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3291:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1653:Grand Village of the Natchez
466:30.3, Winter 1999, webpage:
164:territory: Spanish explorer
7:
2725:Bandelier National Monument
2599:List of Mississippian sites
2386:Pre-Columbian North America
671:List of Mississippian sites
324:
10:
3489:
3145:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2750:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2459:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
572:. Macmillan. p. 239.
3414:
3386:Three Sisters agriculture
3241:
3173:
2705:
2434:
2392:
2321:
2210:
2142:
2074:
2013:
2006:
1959:
1831:
1820:
1750:
1601:
1558:
1490:
1198:
1072:
984:
903:
830:
693:
684:
666:
178:'s route in what is now
107:
94:
77:
60:
34:
26:
21:
3468:Native American genocide
2925:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2484:Buttermilk Creek complex
1588:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
336:
3125:Town Creek Indian Mound
3095:Sierra de San Francisco
2950:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2218:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2114:Long-nosed god maskette
1994:SunWatch Indian Village
1941:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
1802:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
529:Duncan p. 382, 390, 518
487:Charles Hudson (1998).
2780:Coso Rock Art District
2667:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2570:List of Hopewell sites
1969:Alligator Effigy Mound
1583:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1535:Leon-Jefferson culture
931:Caborn-Welborn culture
310:
267:
253:
207:
78:Commanders and leaders
3188:Arlington Springs Man
3030:Portsmouth Earthworks
698:and Upper Mississippi
612:National Park Service
374:National Park Service
305:
255:
251:
174:
162:Mississippian culture
108:Casualties and losses
72:Chiefdom of Tuskalusa
3396:Transoceanic contact
3286:Container Revolution
2860:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2825:Etowah Indian Mounds
2257:Earth/fertility cult
1961:Fort Ancient culture
845:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
831:Lower Ohio River and
817:Steed-Kisker culture
449:Garcilaso de la Vega
243:Garcilaso de la Vega
168:and his expedition.
100:around 600 Spaniards
3316:Green Corn Ceremony
3130:Turkey River Mounds
2920:Lake Jackson Mounds
2740:Blue Spring Shelter
2262:Green Corn Ceremony
1822:Upper Mississippian
1772:Blue Spring Shelter
1492:Fort Walton culture
946:Hovey Lake District
429:Hernández de Biedma
417:. 14 November 2021.
392:Related spellings:
3401:Underwater panther
3075:Rosenstock Village
2945:Marmes Rockshelter
2930:L'Anse aux Meadows
2344:de Soto Expedition
2309:Underwater panther
2155:Central Algonquian
1866:Fisher Mound Group
1510:Apalachee Province
1477:Waddells Mill Pond
473:2009-03-17 at the
445:Gentleman of Elvas
254:
208:
3435:
3434:
3427:Pre-Columbian era
3228:Spirit Cave mummy
3025:Plum Bayou Mounds
2935:Lynch Quarry Site
2454:Ancient Beringian
2352:
2351:
2317:
2316:
2002:
2001:
1618:Atchafalaya Basin
1560:Pensacola culture
1525:Fort Walton Mound
1417:Punk Rock Shelter
1377:Mouse Creek phase
1200:South Appalachian
1194:
1193:
1073:Central and Lower
1014:Castalian Springs
1004:Brentwood Library
904:Middle Ohio River
757:Emerald Acropolis
614:, 2007, webpage:
603:Duncan, David E.
579:978-0-312-42832-7
500:978-0-8203-2062-5
455:. (see review of
376:, 2007, webpage:
120:
119:
56:
55:
22:Battle of Mávilla
3480:
3371:Projectile point
3208:Leanderthal Lady
3135:Upward Sun River
3110:Stallings Island
3100:Shell ring sites
3050:Recapture Canyon
2965:Moorehead Circle
2810:El Fin del Mundo
2795:Cueva de la Olla
2601:
2588:Maritime Archaic
2572:
2402:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2119:Mill Creek chert
2109:Duck River cache
2011:
2010:
1829:
1828:
1593:Pensacola people
1387:Muscogee (Creek)
1227:Bell Field Mound
941:Hovey Lake-Klein
895:Wickliffe Mounds
870:Rowlandton Mound
787:Lunsford-Pulcher
691:
690:
658:
657:
646:
639:
632:
623:
622:
591:
590:
588:
586:
563:
557:
554:
548:
545:
539:
536:
530:
527:
521:
518:
512:
511:
509:
507:
484:
478:
453:Florida del Inca
425:
419:
418:
411:
405:
390:
381:
370:
277:Chief Tuskaloosa
270:Battle of Mabila
212:Hernando de Soto
166:Hernando de Soto
84:Hernando de Soto
42:October 18, 1540
36:
35:
19:
18:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3422:Genetic history
3410:
3264:Ceremonial pipe
3237:
3218:Minnesota Woman
3175:
3169:
2990:Ocmulgee Mounds
2970:Morrison Mounds
2915:Kolomoki Mounds
2905:Kimball Village
2765:Candelaria Cave
2707:
2701:
2682:Suwannee Valley
2617:Old Cordilleran
2597:
2568:
2436:
2430:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2353:
2348:
2334:Clarksdale bell
2313:
2299:Stone box grave
2240:Ceremonial pipe
2206:
2165:Mobilian Jargon
2138:
2070:
1998:
1955:
1823:
1816:
1753:
1746:
1604:
1597:
1554:
1486:
1432:Rucker's Bottom
1222:Beaverdam Creek
1202:
1190:
1074:
1068:
1029:Hiwassee Island
986:
980:
971:Welborn Village
899:
860:Millstone Bluff
833:Confluence area
832:
826:
822:Sugarloaf Mound
762:Emmons Cemetery
697:
695:American Bottom
686:
680:
662:
652:
650:
600:
595:
594:
584:
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475:Wayback Machine
426:
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413:
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408:
391:
384:
371:
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52:
51:Mavila, Alabama
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3353:
3348:
3346:Mound Builders
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Medicine wheel
3328:
3323:
3321:Horned Serpent
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
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3097:
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3067:
3062:
3060:Roberts Island
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Old Stone Fort
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Moaning Cavern
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Kincaid Mounds
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Cuarenta Casas
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Bluefish Caves
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2706:Archaeological
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Caloosahatchee
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Caborn-Welborn
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2435:Archaeological
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2339:Mound Builders
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:Related topics
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2287:Village bundle
2279:
2274:
2272:Platform mound
2269:
2267:Horned Serpent
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2134:Stone statuary
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Leo Petroglyph
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Moccasin Bluff
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Gentleman Farm
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Carcajou Point
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:Caddoan Mounds
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Dauphin Island
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Bussell Island
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Beasley Mounds
996:
990:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
907:
905:
901:
900:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
850:Kincaid Mounds
847:
842:
836:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:Horseshoe Lake
764:
759:
754:
752:Dickson Mounds
749:
744:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
712:
707:
701:
699:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
673:
667:
664:
663:
649:
648:
641:
634:
626:
620:
619:
608:
599:
596:
593:
592:
578:
558:
556:Duncan p. 384
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
499:
479:
433:Rodrigo Ranjel
420:
406:
382:
341:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
326:
323:
271:
268:
227:
224:
188:North Carolina
184:South Carolina
155:Marengo County
151:Selma, Alabama
125:(also spelled
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
69:
67:Habsburg Spain
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3485:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Falcon dancer
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:Miscellaneous
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Melbourne Man
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:La Brea Woman
3201:
3199:
3198:Kennewick Man
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Serpent Mound
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Pueblo Bonito
3038:
3036:
3035:Poverty Point
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Pinson Mounds
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Painted Bluff
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Horr's Island
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Effigy Mounds
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Crystal River
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2697:Weeden Island
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Safety Harbor
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Poverty Point
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Paleo-Indians
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:Mississippian
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:Sacred bundle
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:Wulfing cache
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:Copper plates
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Three Sisters
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Little barley
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Serpent Mound
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1951:Summer Island
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1754:Mississippian
1749:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1605:Mississippian
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Corbin–Tucker
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Roods Landing
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Moccasin Bend
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Hoojah Branch
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1204:Mississippian
1201:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:Menard-Hodges
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1064:Swallow Bluff
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
985:Tennessee and
983:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
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868:
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863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Marshall Site
853:
851:
848:
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837:
835:
829:
823:
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815:
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723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
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702:
700:
696:
692:
689:
687:Mississippian
683:
677:
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669:
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661:
656:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
627:
624:
617:
613:
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601:
581:
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571:
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562:
553:
547:Duncan p. 388
544:
538:Duncan p. 387
535:
526:
520:Duncan p. 519
517:
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246:
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239:
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233:
226:Fortress town
223:
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177:
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64:
59:
49:
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45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3406:Water glyphs
3361:Oasisamerica
3351:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3311:Folsom point
3301:Effigy mound
3281:Clovis point
3249:Aridoamerica
3150:Wickiup Hill
3105:Spiro Mounds
3085:Salmon Ruins
3080:Russell Cave
2875:Helen Blazes
2870:Grimes Point
2850:Fort Juelson
2840:Fort Ancient
2815:El Vallecito
2775:Chaco Canyon
2715:Angel Mounds
2677:Steed-Kisker
2627:Paleo-Arctic
2549:Glacial Kame
2534:Fort Ancient
2426:Post-Classic
2397:
2329:Chevron bead
2235:Burial mound
2129:Shell gorget
2097:Spiro plates
2092:Rogan plates
1911:Knoll Spring
1886:Hartley Fort
1846:Beattie Park
1730:Transylvania
1568:Bottle Creek
1530:Lake Jackson
1412:Pisgah phase
1351:
1342:Little Egypt
1292:Garden Creek
1277:Dallas phase
1164:Tipton phase
1142:Nodena phase
1039:Mound Bottom
1024:Fewkes Group
1009:Brick Church
911:Angel Mounds
777:Kuhn Station
772:John Chapman
604:
583:. Retrieved
568:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
504:. Retrieved
489:
482:
463:
459:
456:
452:
440:
423:
409:
401:
397:
393:
311:
306:
302:
298:
290:
281:
273:
256:
240:
229:
219:
209:
159:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:2,500-3,000?
61:Belligerents
3391:Thunderbird
3259:Black drink
3223:Peñon woman
3160:Winterville
3140:Velda Mound
3120:Taos Pueblo
3015:Parkin Park
3000:Orwell site
2985:Nodena site
2880:Holly Bluff
2855:Four Mounds
2845:Fort Center
2770:Casa Grande
2720:Anzick site
2612:Monongahela
2539:Fort Walton
2514:Coles Creek
2479:Belle Glade
2464:Anishinaabe
2304:Thunderbird
2230:Black drink
2082:Emmons mask
2026:Chenopodium
2014:Agriculture
1936:Plum Island
1891:Hotel Plaza
1740:Winterville
1720:Scott Place
1658:Holly Bluff
1578:Fort Walton
1332:Lamar phase
1186:Walls phase
1082:Belle Meade
1075:Mississippi
1019:Dunbar Cave
921:Annis Mound
916:Angel phase
890:Ware Mounds
885:Twin Mounds
735:Ramey state
720:Monks Mound
200:Mississippi
3442:Categories
3336:Metallurgy
3296:Eden point
3193:Buhl Woman
3065:Rock Eagle
3055:River Styx
2980:Mummy Cave
2975:Moundville
2955:Mesa Verde
2940:Marksville
2687:Tchefuncte
2647:Plaquemine
2583:Las Palmas
2499:Calf Creek
2494:Cades Pond
2041:Marshelder
1926:Oak Forest
1896:Hoxie Farm
1710:Pocahontas
1603:Plaquemine
1540:Letchworth
1472:Town Creek
1407:Park Mound
1372:Moundville
1357:Mandeville
1347:Long Swamp
1307:Jere Shine
1159:Quigualtam
1107:Chucalissa
994:Backusburg
987:Cumberland
976:Yankeetown
961:Slack Farm
936:Ellerbusch
840:Adams site
747:Cloverdale
616:NPS-DeSoto
598:References
378:NPS-DeSoto
216:Tuskaloosa
214:first met
143:Tuskaloosa
103:over 3,000
89:Tuskaloosa
3381:Stickball
3070:Rock Hawk
2900:Key Marco
2692:Troyville
2672:St. Johns
2657:Red Ocher
2416:Formative
2170:Muskogean
2143:Languages
2056:Sunflower
1916:Mero site
1851:Blood Run
1505:Apalachee
1452:Summerour
1392:Nacoochee
1149:Owl Creek
1044:Riverview
1034:Link Farm
926:Bone Bank
880:Turk Site
875:Towosahgy
740:Woodhenge
192:Tennessee
3269:Chanunpa
3254:Ballgame
3233:Vero man
3183:Anzick-1
3155:Windover
3115:SunWatch
3045:Rassawek
2865:Glenwood
2755:Brewster
2607:Mogollon
2578:La Jolla
2564:Hopewell
2524:Deptford
2437:cultures
2277:Red Horn
2245:Chanunpa
2223:Northern
2211:Religion
2192:Timucuan
2160:Cherokee
1946:Schwerdt
1906:Juntunen
1881:Griesmer
1824:cultures
1777:Bluffton
1663:Jaketown
1628:Fitzhugh
1482:Wilbanks
1462:Tomotley
1437:Savannah
1402:Ocmulgee
1382:Mulberry
1317:Joe Bell
1237:Biltmore
1232:Bessemer
1097:Campbell
1059:Old Town
865:Orr-Herl
802:Orendorf
797:Mitchell
730:Mound 72
725:Mound 34
710:Big Eddy
585:March 3,
506:March 3,
471:Archived
443:of the "
402:Mauvilla
325:See also
285:longbows
232:stuccoed
204:Arkansas
139:Mauvilla
95:Strength
47:Location
27:Part of
3463:Choctaw
3418:Related
3276:Chunkey
3176:remains
3165:Wupatki
3005:Paquime
2895:Huápoca
2760:Cahokia
2730:Bastian
2637:Patayan
2559:Hohokam
2544:Fremont
2519:ComondĂş
2474:Baytown
2469:Avonlea
2449:Alachua
2421:Classic
2411:Archaic
2399:Periods
2252:Chunkey
2197:Tunican
2175:Natchez
2150:Caddoan
2124:Pottery
2075:Artwork
2066:Tobacco
2046:Pumpkin
2007:Culture
1861:Fifield
1792:Gahagan
1767:Belcher
1752:Caddoan
1735:Venable
1698:Natchez
1683:Mazique
1638:Fosters
1633:Flowery
1623:Emerald
1500:Anhaica
1457:Taskigi
1422:Rembert
1397:Nikwasi
1362:McMahan
1337:Liddell
1212:Adamson
1122:Janet's
1112:Denmark
1087:Boone's
1049:Sellars
956:Prather
715:Cahokia
705:Aztalan
441:Relaçam
398:Mavilla
259:estados
196:Alabama
180:Georgia
147:Alabama
135:Maubila
131:Mavilla
2835:Folsom
2800:Cutler
2735:Benson
2622:Oneota
2554:Glades
2529:Folsom
2509:Clovis
2406:Lithic
2187:Siouan
2180:Taensa
2051:Squash
1974:Clover
1833:Oneota
1807:Keller
1797:Hughes
1762:Battle
1703:Taensa
1688:Medora
1678:Mangum
1673:Julice
1668:Jordan
1515:Cayson
1447:Sixtoe
1442:Shiloh
1352:Mabila
1287:Etowah
1267:Citico
1257:Chiaha
1252:Chauga
1169:Tunica
1154:Parkin
1137:Nodena
1132:Murphy
1102:Carson
951:Murphy
807:Sleeth
792:McCune
782:Larson
685:Middle
576:
497:
394:Mavila
319:Cañete
314:Oviedo
263:pueblo
236:stucco
220:Mabila
176:DeSoto
127:Mavila
123:Mabila
3366:Piasa
3174:Human
2805:Eaker
2708:sites
2642:Plano
2444:Adena
2202:Yuchi
2036:Maize
2021:Beans
1979:Dodge
1931:Palos
1901:Huber
1841:Anker
1812:Spiro
1782:Caddo
1715:Routh
1648:Glass
1643:Ghost
1545:Velda
1467:Toqua
1327:Lamar
1312:Joara
1302:Irene
1272:Coosa
1262:Chota
1242:Blair
1217:Avery
1179:Yazoo
1174:Koroa
1117:Eaker
1054:Obion
812:Starr
468:SIU-G
337:Notes
294:Elvas
210:When
137:, or
3326:Kiva
1725:Sims
1693:Mott
1613:Anna
1322:King
1282:Dyar
1092:Boyd
966:Tolu
587:2012
574:ISBN
508:2012
495:ISBN
202:and
39:Date
2830:Eva
1550:Yon
462:in
451:'s
113:200
3444::
477:).
400:,
396:,
385:^
345:^
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
133:,
129:,
2378:e
2371:t
2364:v
645:e
638:t
631:v
618:.
589:.
510:.
404:.
380:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
