Red Army - Knowledge

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the transformation of the standing army into a force deriving its strength from a nation in arms, and, furthermore, the creation of a basis for the support of the coming Socialist Revolution in Europe." Enlistment was conditional upon "guarantees being given by a military or civil committee functioning within the territory of the Soviet Power, or by party or trade union committees or, in extreme cases, by two persons belonging to one of the above organizations." In the event of an entire unit wanting to join the Red Army, a "collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would be necessary." Because the Red Army was composed mainly of peasants, the families of those who served were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work. Some peasants who remained at home yearned to join the Army; men, along with some women, flooded the recruitment centres. If they were turned away, they would collect scrap metal and prepare care-packages. In some cases, the money they earned would go towards tanks for the Army.

1685: 3292:, who was perceived by Stalin as a potential political rival. Officers who remained soon found all of their decisions being closely examined by political officers, even in mundane matters such as record-keeping and field training exercises. An atmosphere of fear and unwillingness to take the initiative soon pervaded the Red Army; suicide rates among junior officers rose to record levels. The purges significantly impaired the combat capabilities of the Red Army. Hoyt concludes "the Soviet defense system was damaged to the point of incompetence" and stresses "the fear in which high officers lived." Clark says, "Stalin not only cut the heart out of the army, he also gave it brain damage." Lewin identifies three serious results: the loss of experienced and well-trained senior officers; the distrust it caused among potential allies especially France; and the encouragement it gave Germany. 94: 2254: 2961:. Even though the Red Army's 29 mechanized corps had an authorized strength of no less than 29,899 tanks by 1941, they proved to be a paper tiger. There were actually only 17,000 tanks available at the time, meaning several of the new mechanized corps were badly under strength. The pressure placed on factories and military planners to show production numbers also led to a situation where the majority of armored vehicles were obsolescent models, critically lacking in spare parts and support equipment, and nearly three-quarters were overdue for major maintenance. By 22 June 1941, there were only 1,475 of the modern T-34s and KV series tanks available to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide enough mass for even local success. To illustrate this, the 3304:

regardless of experience or training. Junior officers were appointed to fill the ranks of the senior leadership, many of whom lacked broad experience. This action in turn resulted in many openings at the lower level of the officer corps, which were filled by new graduates from the service academies. In 1937, the entire junior class of one academy was graduated a year early to fill vacancies in the Red Army. Hamstrung by inexperience and fear of reprisals, many of these new officers failed to impress the large numbers of incoming draftees to the ranks; complaints of insubordination rose to the top of offenses punished in 1941, and may have exacerbated instances of Red Army soldiers deserting their units during the initial phases of the German offensive of that year.

3050: 451: 110: 3034: 1831: 2985: 1818:(RCP (b)) adopted a resolution on the strengthening of the Red Army. It decided to establish strictly organized military, educational and economic conditions in the army. However, it was recognized that an army of 1,600,000 would be burdensome. By the end of 1922, after the Congress, the Party Central Committee decided to reduce the Red Army to 800,000. This reduction necessitated the reorganization of the Red Army's structure. The supreme military unit became corps of two or three divisions. Divisions consisted of three regiments. Brigades as independent units were abolished. The formation of departments' 2403: 1779: 1396: 2542:

captured (total 8,081,100); the losses of the German satellites on the Eastern Front approximated 668,163 KIA/MIA and 799,982 captured (total 1,468,145). Of these 9,549,245, the Soviets released 3,572,600 from captivity after the war, thus the grand total of the Axis losses came to an estimated 5,976,645. Regarding POWs, both sides captured large numbers and had many die in captivity – one recent British figure says 3.6 of 6 million Soviet POWs died in German camps, while 300,000 of 3 million German POWs died in Soviet hands.

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three months, with one month a year thereafter. A regular cadre provided a stable nucleus. By 1925, this system provided 46 of the 77 infantry divisions and one of the eleven cavalry divisions. The remainder consisted of regular officers and enlisted personnel serving two-year terms. The territorial system was finally abolished, with all remaining formations converted to the other cadre divisions, in 1937–1938.

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happiness with machines which would multiply production and reduce hours of labour until everyone would have everything he needed and would work only as much as he wished. Somehow this has not come about, but the Russians still worship machines, and this helped make the Red Army the most highly mechanized in the world, except perhaps the German Army now.

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convenient pretext for the settling of personal vendettas or to eliminate competition by officers seeking the same command. Many army, corps, and divisional commanders were sacked: most were imprisoned or sent to labor camps; others were executed. Among the victims was the Red Army's primary military theorist, Marshal

3122:" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "brigade commissar", "army commissar 2nd rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "engineer 3rd rank", "division engineer"), and for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. 1806:, which put an end to the war. During the Polish Campaign the Red Army numbered some 6.5 million men, many of whom the Army had difficulty supporting, around 581,000 in the two operational fronts, western and southwestern. Around 2.5 million men and women were mobilized in the interior as part of reserve armies. 2476:, which processed more than 4,000,000 people. By 1946, 80% civilians and 20% of POWs were freed, 5% of civilians, and 43% of POWs were re-drafted, 10% of civilians and 22% of POWs were sent to labor battalions, and 2% of civilians and 15% of the POWs (226,127 out of 1,539,475 total) were transferred to the 2141:. Finland ceded 9% of its pre-war territory and 30% of its economic assets to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses on the front were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. The Soviet forces did not accomplish their objective of the total conquest of Finland but did receive territory in 3113:

In 1924 (2 October) "personal" or "service" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, army commander, military district commander, army commissar and equivalent). Service category insignia again consisted of triangles,

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When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, in Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army's ground forces had 303 divisions and 22 separate brigades (5.5 million soldiers) including 166 divisions and brigades (2.6 million) garrisoned in the western military districts. The Axis forces deployed on the

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In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's draconian measures. According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to

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units fought in close co-operation with the Cheka and played an important part in the establishment of Soviet rule and the defeat of counter-revolution. They were always present at the most dangerous points on the battlefield, and were usually the last to withdraw. When retreat was the only option,

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was composed of 518 tanks, all of which were the obsolete T-26, as opposed to the authorized strength of 1,031 newer medium tanks. This problem was universal throughout the Red Army and would play a crucial role in the initial defeats of the Red Army in 1941 at the hands of the German armed forces.

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Under Stalin's campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1930. The 1st Mechanized Brigade consisted of a tank regiment, a motorized infantry regiment, as well as reconnaissance and artillery battalions. From this humble beginning, the Soviets would go on to create the

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trucks and jeeps from the United States began appearing in large numbers in 1942. Until then, the Red Army was often required to improvise or go without weapons, vehicles, and other equipment. The 1941 decision to physically move their manufacturing capacity east of the Ural Mountains kept the main

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In conformity with the spirit of the Pact on neutrality concluded on April 13, 1941, between the U.S.S.R. and Japan, the Government of the U.S.S.R. and the Government of Japan, in the interest of insuring peaceful and friendly relations between the two countries, solemnly declare that the U.S.S.R.

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The significant growth of the Red Army during the high point of the purges may have worsened matters. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million, increasing to almost three times that number by June 1941. The rapid growth of the army necessitated in turn the rapid promotion of officers

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In the mid-1920s, the territorial principle of manning the Red Army was introduced. In each region, able-bodied men were called up for a limited period of active duty in territorial units, which constituted about half the army's strength, each year, for five years. The first call-up period was for

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In 1941, the rapid progress of the initial German air and land attacks into the Soviet Union made Red Army logistical support difficult because many depots (and most of the USSR's industrial manufacturing base) lay in the country's invaded western areas, obliging their re-establishment east of the

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decided to form the Red Army on 28 January 1918. They envisioned a body "formed from the class-conscious and best elements of the working classes." All citizens of the Russian republic aged 18 or older were eligible. Its role being the defense "of the Soviet authority, the creation of a basis for

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of Soviet society. In 1936 and 1937, at the orders of Stalin, thousands of Red Army senior officers were dismissed from their commands. The purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of the "politically unreliable elements," mainly among higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a

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Even in American terms the Soviet defence budget was large. In 1940 it was the equivalent of $ 11,000,000,000, and represented one-third of the national expenditure. Measure this against the fact that the infinitely richer United States will approximate the expenditure of that much yearly only in

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units who committed the rapes. According to professor Oleg Rzheshevsky, "4,148 Red Army officers and many privates were punished for committing atrocities". The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their

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The Soviet forces were apparently unprepared despite numerous warnings from a variety of sources. They suffered much damage in the field because of mediocre officers, partial mobilization, and an incomplete reorganization. The hasty pre-war forces expansion and the over-promotion of inexperienced

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The result was that the Red Army officer corps in 1941 had many inexperienced senior officers. While 60% of regimental commanders had two years or more of command experience in June 1941, and almost 80% of rifle division commanders, only 20% of corps commanders, and 5% or fewer army and military

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Recently declassified data indicated that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Army had 114,300 officers, of whom 11,034 were dismissed. In 1938, the Red Army had 179,000 officers, 56% more than in 1937, of whom a further 6,742 were dismissed. In the highest echelons of the Red Army the

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in January 1942, the high command began to reintroduce rifle corps into its more experienced formations. The total number of rifle corps started at 62 on 22 June 1941, dropped to six by 1 January 1942, but then increased to 34 by February 1943, and 161 by New Year's Day 1944. Actual strengths of

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Most of the money spent on the Red Army and Air Force went for machines of war. Twenty-three years ago when the Bolshevik Revolution took place there were few machines in Russia. Marx said Communism must come in a highly industrialized society. The Bolsheviks identified their dreams of socialist

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At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree on 29 May 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40. To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks

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The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA within the 1937 borders plus 900,000 ethnic Germans and Austrians outside the 1937 border (included in these numbers are men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war) and 3,576,300 men reported

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of 1937, reducing the army's morale and efficiency shortly before the outbreak of the fighting. With over 30,000 of its army officers executed or imprisoned, most of whom were from the highest ranks, the Red Army in 1939 had many inexperienced senior officers. Because of these factors, and high

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While the Imperial Russian Army was being taken apart, "it became apparent that the rag-tag Red Guard units and elements of the imperial army who had gone over the side of the Bolsheviks were quite inadequate to the task of defending the new government against external foes." Therefore, the

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Marshal Mikhail N. Tukhachevski stated that aerial warfare should be 'employed against targets beyond the range of infantry, artillery, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed in mass, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical

3272:, a major purge of the Red Army preceding the Great Purge. According to over 3,000 group cases in Moscow, Leningrad and Ukraine, over 10,000 persons were convicted. In particular, in May 1931, in Leningrad alone over 1,000 persons were executed according to the so-called "Guards Case" ( 2391:), an elite designation denoting superior training, materiel, and pay. Punishment also was used; slackers, malingerers, those avoiding combat with self-inflicted wounds cowards, thieves, and deserters were disciplined with beatings, demotions, undesirable/dangerous duties, and 2808:

was appointed as the Narkom of War Affairs, leaving Dybenko in charge of the Narkom of Marine Affairs and Ovseyenko – the expeditionary forces to the Southern Russia on 28 November 1917. The Bolsheviks also sent out their own representatives to replace front commanders of the

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commitment and morale in the Finnish forces, Finland was able to resist the Soviet invasion for much longer than the Soviets expected. Finnish forces inflicted stunning losses on the Red Army for the first three months of the war while suffering very few losses themselves.

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in the 1920s. Senior and supreme commanders were trained at the Higher Military Academic Courses, renamed the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command in 1925. The 1931 establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. The

1902:"To the Red army, Stalin has dealt a fearful blow. As a result of the latest judicial frameup, it has fallen several cubits in stature. The interests of the Soviet defense have been sacrificed in the interests of the self-preservation of the ruling clique." 2820:

on 3 March 1918, a major reshuffling took place in the Soviet military administration. On 13 March 1918, the Soviet government accepted the official resignation of Krylenko and the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was liquidated. On 14 March 1918,

1730:, the brigades took hostages from the villages of deserters to compel their surrender; one in ten of those returning was executed. The same tactic also suppressed peasant rebellions in areas controlled by the Red Army, the biggest of these being the 2518:(MIA) (most captured). Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in the subsequently liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. This is the 3013:

front-line rifle divisions, authorized to contain 11,000 men in July 1941, were mostly no more than 50% of establishment strengths during 1941, and divisions were often worn down, because of continuous operations, to hundreds of men or even less.

1877:- and army-size unit maneuvers of simultaneous parallel attacks throughout the depth of the enemy's ground forces, inducing catastrophic defensive failure. The deep-battle doctrine relies upon aviation and armor advances with the expectation that 2957:(Defence Ministry, Russian abbreviation NKO) ordered the creation of nine mechanized corps on 6 July 1940. Between February and March 1941, the NKO ordered another twenty to be created. All of these formations were larger than those theorized by 2803:

fled from Russia. On 12 November 1917 the Soviet government appointed Krylenko as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and because of an "accident" during the forceful displacement of the commander-in-chief, Dukhonin was killed on 20 November 1917.

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The slogan "exhortation, organization, and reprisals" expressed the discipline and motivation which helped ensure the Red Army's tactical and strategic success. On campaign, the attached Cheka special punitive brigades conducted summary field

2438:(NKVD military counter-intelligence officers) became a key Red Army figure with the power to condemn to death and to spare the life of any soldier and (almost any) officer of the unit to which he was attached. In 1942, Stalin established the 1474:

reformed and counterattacked – the Red Army repelled Admiral Kolchak's army in June, and the armies of General Denikin and General Yudenich in October. By mid-November the White armies were all almost completely exhausted. In January 1920

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The Council of People's Commissars appointed itself the supreme head of the Red Army, delegating command and administration of the army to the Commissariat for Military Affairs and the Special All-Russian College within this commissariat.

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On the outbreak of war, the Red Army deployed mechanized corps and tank divisions whose development has been described above. The initial German attack destroyed many and, in the course of 1941, virtually all of them, (barring two in the

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wrote: "There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, and that is to create a people's militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people)." At the time, the

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Like Americans, the Russians admire size, bigness, large numbers. They took pride in building a vast army of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every variety of mechanical

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On 22 September 1935 the Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included "Lieutenant" and

3072:, who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. The Party leadership considered political control over the military absolutely necessary, as the army 1599:

one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted

1272:(1,377,400). Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. The official grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. This is the 2841:(RMC) was established as the main military administration under Leon Trotsky, the Narkom of War Affairs. On 6 September 1918 alongside the chief headquarters, the Field Headquarters of RMC was created, initially headed by 133: 3110:, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander" and similar titles. Insignia for these functional titles existed, consisting of triangles, squares and rhombuses (so-called "diamonds"). 1661:(military intelligence) to provide political and military intelligence to Red Army commanders. Trotsky founded the Red Army with an initial Red Guard organization and a core soldiery of Red Guard militiamen and the 2825:

replaced Podvoisky as the Narkom of War Affairs. On 16 March 1918, Pavel Dybenko was relieved from the office of Narkom of Marine Affairs. On 8 May 1918, the All-Russian Chief Headquarters was created, headed by

5485: 1509:(3 March 1918), removing Russia from the First World War. Freed from international obligations, the Red Army confronted an internecine war against a variety of opposing anti-Bolshevik forces, including the 2880: 2760:

announced the surrender of Japan on 15 August. The commanding general of the Kwantung Army ordered a surrender the following day although some Japanese units continued to fight for several more days. A

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Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7(22) The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion

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Only volunteers could join, they had to be aged between 14 and 55 and of fanatic loyalty – communists, idealistic workers and peasants, trade union members and members of the Young Communist League (

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in Lithuania was formed up of a total of 460 tanks; 109 of these were newer KV-1s and T-34s. This corps would prove to be one of the lucky few with a substantial number of newer tanks. However, the

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Purges removed 3 of 5 marshals, 13 of 15 army generals, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, all 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.

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began in June 1918, and opposition to it was violently suppressed. To control the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Red Army soldiery, the Cheka operated special punitive brigades which suppressed

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estimated that there had been 2 million deserters, 1.8 million dead, 5 million wounded and 2 million prisoners. He estimated the remaining troops as numbering 10 million.

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were fielded to employ armor in mass again. By mid-1943, these corps were being grouped together into tank armies whose strength by the end of the war could be up to 700 tanks and 50,000 men.

2943: 3021:). The remnants were disbanded. It was much easier to coordinate smaller forces, and separate tank brigades and battalions were substituted. It was late 1942 and early 1943 before larger 4668:

pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Manchoukuo and Japan pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the Mongolian People's Republic.

3219: 2460:, Red Army officers and soldiers were to "fight to the last" rather than surrender; Stalin stated: "There are no Soviet prisoners of war, only traitors". During and after World War II 5100:, p. 157: 'Red Army soldiers who shot or injured themselves to avoid combat usually were summarily executed, to save the time and money of medical treatment and a court martial'. 3370: 3076:

and understandably feared a military coup. This system was abolished in 1925, as there were by that time enough trained Communist officers to render the counter-signing unnecessary.

7062: 2538:(1,377,400). As many as 8 million of the 34 million mobilized were non-Slavic minority soldiers, and around 45 divisions formed from national minorities served from 1941 to 1943. 2472:. In 1944, they were sent directly to reserve military formations to be cleared by the NKVD. Further, in 1945, about 100 filtration camps were set for repatriated POWs, and other 4935: 3307:

By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty. However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the

3129:(Маршал Советского Союза) rank was introduced on 22 September 1935. On 7 May 1940 further modifications to rationalise the system of ranks were made on the proposal by Marshal 7095: 3815: 2556:

Soviet support system out of German reach. In the later stages of the war, the Red Army fielded some excellent weaponry, especially artillery and tanks. The Red Army's heavy

7474: 7100: 7022: 2875: 1587:). The Bolsheviks occasionally enforced the loyalty of such recruits by holding their families as hostages. As a result of this initiative, in 1918 75% of the officers were 3168:

In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the use of

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enemy. The Red Guard units are brushed aside like flies. We have no power to stay the enemy; only an immediate signing of the peace treaty will save us from destruction."

934: 546: 531: 4125: 3782: 3583: 2904:), which as of 2023 still exist in Russia in this function and under this name. Military commissariats, however, should not be confused with the institution of military 1855: 1261: 806: 327: 5337: 2946:, in 1932. These were tank-heavy formations with combat support forces included so they could survive while operating in enemy rear areas without support from a parent 7459: 5476: 2006:, also known as the "Soviet–Japanese Border War" or the first "Soviet–Japanese War", was a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union and the 3867: 3845: 2530:(CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel. The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic 2348:

with propaganda stressing the defense of Motherland and nation, employing historic exemplars of Russian courage and bravery against foreign aggressors. The anti-Nazi

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Red Army deep operations found their first formal expression in the 1929 Field Regulations and became codified in the 1936 Provisional Field Regulations (PU-36). The

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doctrine, a direct consequence of their experiences in the Polish–Soviet War and in the Russian Civil War. To achieve victory, deep operations envisage simultaneous

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clearing Nazi minefields, et cetera. Given the dangers, the maximum sentence was three months. Likewise, the Soviet treatment of Red Army personnel captured by the

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The Red Army's soldiers, overwhelmingly peasant in origin, received pay but more importantly, their families were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.

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In November 1923, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Affairs.

4609: 3324: 2954: 1684: 5199:: 'It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody.' 4278: 2783:

Military administration after the October Revolution was taken over by the People's Commissariat of War and Marine affairs headed by a collective committee of

1149: 562: 4283:. Vol. 16. London; Oxford: The Central Asian Research Centre in association with the Soviet Affairs Study Group, St. Antony's College. 1968. p. 250 3663: 3352: 2222: 1252:

Up to 34 million soldiers served in the Red Army during World War II, 8 million of which were non-Slavic minorities. Officially, the Red Army lost 6,329,600

7055: 6646: 3157:; the other senior functional ranks ("division commissar", "division engineer", etc.) remained unaffected. The arm or service distinctions remained (e.g., 1458:

January 1919 – November 1919, the advance and retreat of the White armies. Initially the White armies advanced successfully: from the south, under General

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1919 to 1923, residual conflicts. Some peripheral theatres continued to see conflict for two more years, and remnants of the White forces remained in the

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level because, while useful in theory, in the state of the Red Army in 1941, they proved ineffective in practice. Following the decisive victory in the

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in combat. The Axis's numeric superiority rendered the combatants' divisional strength approximately equal. A generation of Soviet commanders (notably

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removed many leading officers from the Red Army, including Tukhachevsky himself and many of his followers, and the doctrine was abandoned. Thus, at the

6199: 2461: 536: 3404: 1064: 3172:, which superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary 5602: 3635: 3596:

Since 75%–80% of all German losses were inflicted on the Eastern Front it follows that the efforts of the western Allies accounted for only 20%–25%

2522:, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million men, including 7.7 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 million 3485: 7048: 6654: 3523:

The Axis forces possessed a 1:1.7 superiority in personnel, despite the Red Army's 174 divisions against the Axis's 164 divisions, a 1.1:1 ratio.

3380: 2434: 1556:, in January–February 1918, January–February 1919, and May–October 1920. Conquered nations were subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union. 603: 6650: 6490: 5546: 5148:: 'Stalin's Directive 227, about the Nazi use of the death penalty and penal units as punishment, ordered Soviet penal battalions established.' 4904: 3714: 3342: 2161:(also known as the "Second Soviet-Finnish War") which was a conflict fought by Finland and Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944. 6390: 2230: 1368:, held on 22 February 1918, Krylenko remarked: "We have no army. The demoralized soldiers are fleeing, panic-stricken, as soon as they see a 4377:

The Cheka Special Punitive Brigades also were charged with detecting sabotage and counter-revolution among Red Army soldiers and commanders.

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military confederations. "Red Army Day", 23 February 1918, has a two-fold historical significance: it was the first day of conscription (in

7469: 1858:, which came to dominate Soviet military planning and operations. By 1 October 1924 the Red Army's strength had diminished to 530,000. The 1440: 774: 99: 5439: 2519: 2034:, disputed the boundaries and accused the other side of border violations. This resulted in a series of escalating border skirmishes and 1273: 242: 231: 5406: 1443:, in which twelve foreign countries supported anti-Bolshevik militias. A series of engagements resulted, involving, amongst others, the 6836: 4927: 1787: 1540:

The Red Army controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic also against independence movements, invading and annexing

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weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000–132,000 deserters to the army.

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War experience prompted changes to the way frontline forces were organized. Following six months of combat against the Germans, the

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peninsula observed a Soviet penal battalion running through a minefield, detonating the mines and clearing a path for the Red Army.

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29,574,900 men in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of this total of 34,401,807 it lost 6,329,600

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of 1941, in which the Germans were able to rout the Soviet defenders partially due to inexperience amongst the Soviet officers.

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was reinstated on 2 April 1936, and became the principal military school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army.

2646:(Soviet secret police) files have revealed that the leadership knew what was happening, but did little to stop it. It was often 4253:. 'Conscription-age (17–40) villagers hid from Red Army draft units; summary hostage executions brought the men out of hiding.' 3788: 3572: 3210: 3185: 1859: 818: 660: 5679: 3941: 2294:

increased mobilization, and by 1 August 1941, despite 46 divisions lost in combat, the Red Army's strength was 401 divisions.

1122: 7454: 6755: 6722: 6703: 6619: 6527: 6508: 6456: 6435: 6371: 6347: 6328: 6309: 6263: 6244: 5664: 5640: 5433: 5327: 5119: 4370: 4119: 3554: 2621: 2106:. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939 – three months after the start of World War II and the 1135: 6554: 4774: 3544: 2253: 5332: 4109: 3875: 3851: 2939: 2765:, the second largest Japanese island, was originally planned to be part of the territory to be taken but it was cancelled. 2762: 2705: 2526:(POW) dead (out of 5.2 million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Officials at the Russian 2003: 1985: 1957: 1929: 1049: 395: 253: 4716: 1591:. By mid-August 1920 the Red Army's former tsarist personnel included 48,000 officers, 10,300 administrators, and 214,000 7449: 2047: 1815: 1802:, in which the Red Army invaded Poland, reaching the central part of the country in 1920, but then suffered a resounding 739: 515: 470: 3094:

as a "heritage of tsarism" in the course of the Revolution. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word

6146: 6119: 6092: 6025: 5802: 5774: 5311: 5284: 5257: 5034: 4574: 4496: 4317: 3756: 3085: 2920:

The Soviet military received ample funding and was innovative in its technology. An American journalist wrote in 1941:

1301:

were mobilized; however, most of them were not equipped with any weapons and had support roles such as maintaining the

929: 769: 698: 613: 485: 379: 226: 143: 4601: 3311:

of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army, and later during the

7136: 6674: 6600: 6581: 6475: 5695: 4546: 3699: 2741: 2631: 2279: 1945: 1328: 801: 497: 400: 4654: 2290:

defeated many Red Army units. The Red Army lost millions of men as prisoners and lost much of its pre-war matériel.

1754:

behind politically unreliable Red Army units, to shoot anyone who retreated without permission. In 1942, during the

3265: 3073: 2979: 2962: 2499: 1666: 1595:. When the civil war ended in 1922, ex-tsarists constituted 83% of the Red Army's divisional and corps commanders. 1588: 1280:(CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel. 1214: 1054: 990: 813: 687: 3655: 3049: 2845:. On the same day the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces was created, and initially assigned to 4510:

The last White stronghold in the Crimea under Pyotr Wrangel, Denikin's successor, was defeated in November 1920 .

4180: 2665:

While the Soviets considered the surrender of Germany to be the end of the "Great Patriotic War", at the earlier

1734:. The Soviets enforced the loyalty of the various political, ethnic, and national groups in the Red Army through 924: 633: 220: 148: 5968: 5707:

Archive, Wilson Center Digital. Wilson Center Digital Archive, digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335.

1707:

The Red Army used special regiments for ethnic minorities, such as the Dungan Cavalry Regiment commanded by the

1399:

Hammer and plough cockade used by the Red Army from 1918 to 1922, when it was replaced by the hammer and sickle.

7262: 6829: 6548: 4972: 3978: 2838: 2774: 2384: 2027: 1622: 1553: 1365: 1356:, commissar for the fleet. Proshyan, Samoisky, Steinberg were also specified as people's commissars as well as 1079: 1029: 734: 724: 6358: 5386: 2042:, and culminated in the Red Army finally achieving a Soviet-Mongolian victory over Japan and Manchukuo at the 7141: 7121: 6889: 3018: 2869: 2831: 2753: 2226: 995: 964: 475: 419: 6191: 7182: 7131: 3261: 2778: 2685: 2275: 2267: 2176: 1502: 1467: 1463: 1276:, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million. Officials at the Russian 1226: 1218: 1010: 442: 138: 17: 2696:, while also being exact three months after the surrender of Germany). It was the largest campaign of the 2121:

had three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many

6917: 3126: 2194: 1953: 1949: 979: 939: 914: 754: 247: 236: 7071: 2784: 2380: 2349: 2283: 2170: 1819: 1549: 1000: 450: 5790:

Sharp, Charles (1995), "Soviet Tank, Mechanized, Motorized Divisions and Tank Brigades of 1940–1942",

2469: 2468:". Of these, by 1944, more than 90% were cleared, and about 8% were arrested or condemned to serve in 7464: 6822: 6280: 6213: 3022: 2198: 2107: 1847: 1715: 1448: 959: 353: 35: 5538: 3622:

Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study

2046:

in September 1939. The Soviet Union and Japan agreed to a ceasefire. Later the two sides signed the

7207: 6411: 3033: 2597: 2243:("Drive towards the East") policy secretly remained in force, culminating on 18 December 1940 with 2233:. These conquests also added to the border the Soviet Union shared with Nazi-controlled areas. For 1795: 1592: 1545: 1357: 713: 708: 703: 412: 2984: 2716:

and local Chinese forces supporting them. The Soviets advanced on the continent into the Japanese

7413: 6912: 4712:Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.): Короли подплава в море червонных валетов 3457: 3431: 3214: 2966: 2697: 2660: 2635: 2557: 2369: 2043: 1995: 1965: 1803: 1635: 1506: 1436: 1297:

had started to collapse. Approximately 23% (about 19 million) of the male population of the

1171: 796: 628: 332: 5247: 4964: 4958: 30:

This article is about the Soviet Army prior to 1946. For Soviet Army between 1946 and 1991, see

7197: 6851: 5373:, Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, December 31, 1946, p. 8. 3385: 3283:

The late 1930s saw purges of the Red Army leadership which occurred concurrently with Stalin's

3158: 3091: 2581: 2473: 2411: 2052: 1936:), the doctrine was not used. Only in the Second World War did deep operations come into play. 1933: 1925: 1412: 6109: 5423: 5301: 7400: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7252: 7028: 6935: 6741: 6136: 6082: 5991:[https://web.archive.org/web/20240705181809/https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/1585/ Archived 5764: 5397: 5024: 3362: 3173: 3162: 3001: 2810: 2674: 2465: 2353: 2039: 1921: 1830: 1799: 1743: 1576: 1373: 1302: 1294: 214: 202: 6809: 5274: 4539:

Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919–1939

4041:, p. 446: 'at the end of the civil war, one-third of Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist 2383:

concept. Exceptionally heroic or high-performing units earned the Guards title (for example

1964:. The Red Army achieved its objectives; it maintained effective control over the Manchurian 1439:

of March 1918 aggravated Russian internal politics. The overall situation encouraged direct

7444: 7257: 7202: 4745: 3312: 3289: 3241: 3161:, marshal of armoured troops). For the most part the new system restored that used by the 2989: 2958: 2689: 2388: 2315: 2246: 1866: 1865:

In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, Soviet military theoreticians – led by Marshal

1747: 1727: 1534: 1341: 847: 6392:

Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization

5231: 4389:

Brovkin, Vladimire (Autumn 1990), "Workers' Unrest and the Bolsheviks' Response in 1919",

2693: 2448:

inmates, Soviet PoWs, disgraced soldiers, and deserters, for hazardous front-line duty as

8: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7192: 7040: 6954: 6906: 6423: 5708: 3917: 3065: 3057: 3005: 2947: 2905: 2609: 2601: 2439: 2376: 2323: 2214: 2213:

shared an extensive border with the USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their

2146: 2138: 2035: 1917: 1763: 1755: 1735: 1564: 1444: 1316: 1191: 1116: 944: 623: 304: 4687: 1621:

In September 1918, the Bolshevik militias consolidated under the supreme command of the

7242: 7126: 7090: 7014: 5596: 4414: 4406: 4172: 3130: 3053: 2800: 2749: 2678: 2605: 2426: 2423: 2402: 2271: 2202: 1961: 1897:, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance." 1778: 1692: 1678: 1568: 1408: 1372:

appear on the horizon, abandoning their artillery, convoys and all war material to the

1005: 4796: 4344:

stayed behind in occupied areas to form clandestine networks and partisan detachments.

2846: 2651:

numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million.

2372:

temporarily ceased, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle.

1646: 1521:, efforts to restore the defeated Provisional Government, monarchists, but mainly the 7423: 7395: 7277: 7272: 7146: 7105: 6964: 6881: 6751: 6745: 6718: 6699: 6670: 6615: 6596: 6577: 6571: 6544: 6523: 6504: 6484: 6471: 6452: 6431: 6403: 6377: 6367: 6343: 6324: 6305: 6288: 6269: 6259: 6240: 6142: 6115: 6088: 6021: 5950: 5770: 5691: 5660: 5636: 5429: 5307: 5280: 5253: 5115: 5030: 4968: 4898: 4570: 4542: 4492: 4418: 4366: 4313: 4309: 4164: 4115: 3708: 3695: 3629: 3550: 3347: 3206: 2854: 2805: 2733: 2625: 2515: 2415: 2392: 2258: 2118: 2111: 1790:

occurred at the same time as the general Soviet move into the areas abandoned by the

1432: 1390: 1345: 1257: 1183: 954: 358: 208: 2700:, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the 2647: 2282:

conducted the defense of the western borders of the USSR. In the first weeks of the

1742:

and regimental levels. The commissars also had the task of spying on commanders for

1395: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7237: 6946: 6767:

Why Stalin's Soldiers Fought: The Red Army's Military Effectiveness in World War II

6664: 5676: 5652: 5001: 4398: 4156: 3933: 3778: 3618:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование 3472: 3273: 3038: 3009: 2853:). The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces existed until April 1924, the end of 2796: 2792: 2666: 2511: 2419: 2375:

To encourage the initiative of Red Army commanders, the CPSU temporarily abolished

2361: 2337: 2311: 2270:

consisted of 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3 million soldiers). Three Fronts, the

2239: 2158: 2087: 2079: 2070: 1878: 1731: 1650: 1626: 1580: 1487: 1452: 1337: 1306: 1253: 873: 842: 265: 3114:

squares and rhombuses, but also rectangles (1 – 3, for categories from K7 to K9).

2576:

The Red Army was financially and materially assisted in its wartime effort by the

2495: 1575:. Simultaneously, Trotsky carried out a mass recruitment of officers from the old 134:

Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

7167: 6734:

Claws of the Bear: The History of the Red Army from the Revolution to the Present

6538: 6015: 5994: 5795: 5715: 5683: 5410: 5131: 4768: 4564: 4486: 4303: 2745: 2701: 2589: 2523: 2365: 2319: 2218: 2186: 2157:

and improved their international reputation, which bolstered their morale in the

2015: 2011: 2007: 1990: 1969: 1711: 1476: 1416: 1222: 4651:"Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact April 13, 1941: Declaration Regarding Mongolia" 2580:. In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to $ 11 2205:

on 1 September 1939. On 30 November, the Red Army also attacked Finland, in the

2181: 1606: 7418: 7227: 7162: 6927: 4710: 4631: 4534: 2850: 2842: 2827: 2729: 2488: 2329: 1882: 1870: 1851: 1751: 1714:. It also co-operated with armed Bolshevik Party-oriented volunteer units, the 1688: 1670: 1654: 1526: 1522: 1428: 1424: 1298: 1289: 172: 6446: 6381: 5589:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

3256:

According to the new data that emerged on the break of the 21st century, The

1881:

offers quick, efficient, and decisive victory. Marshal Tukhachevsky said that

7438: 7267: 7212: 7187: 7177: 7172: 4965:

301 Table C. Comparative Strengths of Combat Forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945

4168: 4160: 3822:(decree), The Council of People's Commissars, 15 January 1918, archived from 3107: 2992:

is considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II.

2788: 2713: 2639: 2577: 2457: 2407: 2307: 2291: 2126: 2114:

deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939.

1839: 1767: 1759: 1723: 1708: 1572: 1514: 1480: 1459: 1353: 1094: 969: 865: 6777:

Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps, 1918–1991

6407: 6273: 5808: 3748: 2630:

Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in

1894: 7247: 6989: 6359:"Appendix 10: Lend-Lease Aircraft to USSR June 22, 1941–September 20, 1945" 5990: 5628: 5539:"Harrowing Memoir: German Woman Writes Ground-Breaking Account of WW2 Rape" 4884: 4149:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918–1920" 3578: 3074:

relied more and more on officers from the pre-revolutionary Imperial period

2884: 2822: 2717: 2507: 2234: 2210: 2099: 2023: 1843: 1696: 1614: 1610: 1560: 1518: 1471: 1312: 1242: 1210: 1203: 1190:. In February 1946, the Red Army (which embodied the main component of the 1179: 1175: 271: 115: 6292: 5568:

Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".

2642:, whose books were banned in 2015 from some Russian schools and colleges, 2568:

armor, but in 1941 most Soviet tank units used older and inferior models.

1893:, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed 7222: 7217: 7003: 6865: 4650: 3284: 3269: 3245: 2670: 2379:, reintroduced formal military ranks and decorations, and introduced the 2299: 2164: 2154: 2130: 2050:

on 13 April 1941, which resolved the dispute and returned the borders to

1913: 1199: 1195: 1182:

to oppose the military forces of the new nation's adversaries during the

1039: 879: 363: 345: 31: 6786:

Stalin's Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army, 1925–1941

1645:). The first chairman was Trotsky, and the first commander-in-chief was 6972: 6795:

The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917–1991

6138:

Securitizing Balance of Power Theory: A Polymorphic Reconceptualization

4888: 4683:Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну: Крестовый поход на Россию 4410: 4111:

Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine

4024:

The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923

3308: 3257: 3190: 2552: 2535: 2483: 2333: 2206: 2065: 1361: 1269: 1187: 1089: 259: 6810:

Red Army Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive

4176: 4148: 3931: 3736:. Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation. pp. 73–80. 2209:

of 1939–1940. By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland,

7232: 5964: 5328:"World War II Allies: U.S. Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union, 1941–1945" 4773:[Предыстория Зимней войны] (in Russian). Военная Литература. 4363:

A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev

3249: 3169: 3150: 3103: 2725: 2721: 2031: 1890: 1700: 1674: 1571:

with traditional army hierarchies and criminalizing dissent with the

1530: 1403:

The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) can be divided into three periods:

1369: 1349: 1320: 1237: 1231: 860: 4928:"Was the Russian Military a Steamroller? From World War II to Today" 4402: 3988: 3497:

8 February became "Soviet Army Day", a national holiday in the USSR.

3236: 3045:", carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in World War II. 2953:

Impressed by the German campaign of 1940 against France, the Soviet

6894: 6814: 4348: 3357: 3198: 3154: 3064:

The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a

2757: 2709: 2584:

in materials ($ 180 billion in the 2020 money value): over 400,000

2531: 2357: 2019: 1973: 1886: 1791: 1498: 1495: 1265: 886: 855: 162: 6111:

National Resilience During War: Refining the Decision-making Model

5130:

clearing minefields; on 28 December 1942, Wehrmacht forces on the

3329:

The Soviet Union expanded its indigenous arms industry as part of

2014:

created a common border between Japanese controlled areas and the

3376:

Military units and formations of the Soviet Union in World War II

3138: 3134: 2142: 2103: 1739: 1600: 1420: 567: 312: 54: 1854:

became head of the Red Army staff, as marking the ascent of the

6399: 5477:"German women break their silence on horrors of Red Army rapes" 4602:"Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)" 3984: 3146: 3142: 3119: 3090:

The early Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional

2997: 2593: 2250:, approved on 3 February 1941, and scheduled for mid-May 1941. 2074:

Red Army soldiers display a captured Finnish banner, March 1940

1825: 1533:

and Moscow), and the first day of combat against the occupying

1246: 6285:

The Soviet High Command 1918–41 – A Military-Political History

5997:

Subversion in the Red Army and the Military Purge of 1937–1938

5831: 5126:

The Wehrmacht and the Soviet Army documented penal battalions

2748:(and Russia had lost to Japan in 1905 in the aftermath of the 2344:

In 1941, the Soviet government raised the bloodied Red Army's

1956:(1934), when it was assisted by White Russian forces, and the 1206:

on 7 May 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

6859: 6340:

Operation Barbarossa : Hitler's invasion of Russia, 1941

5744: 4491:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. p. 1655. 4261: 4259: 3000:

abolished the rifle corps which was intermediate between the

2876:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

2737: 2477: 2444: 2221:. Another consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the 2150: 1874: 1662: 1494:

At the start of the civil war, the Red Army consisted of 299

1044: 5766:

Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind

5688:

Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan

4744:[Фронтовая иллюстрация] (in Russian). Archived from 2638:

were followed by decades of silence. According to historian

2125:. The Red Army, however, had been hindered by Soviet leader 1423:

lands in November 1917 provoked the insurrection of General

6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 5508:"Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out" 4465: 3260:(also known as "Operation Vesna") of 1930–1931 was massive 2938:

first operational-level armored formations in history, the

2643: 2585: 2561: 2396: 2122: 1264:). The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic 68:

28 January 1918 – 25 February 1946

7070: 5891: 4865: 4256: 1726:

and executions of deserters and slackers. Under Commissar

1186:, especially the various groups collectively known as the 5903: 5732: 5175: 5055: 4425: 4048: 3371:

Military units and formations of the Soviet Union by size

3266:

former officers and generals of the Russian Imperial Army

2310:) learned from the defeats, and Soviet victories in the 2175:

Further information on Eastern Front (World War II):

2137:

Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the

6666:

The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations

6302:

Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War

6034: 5720: 5091: 4092:] (in Russian), vol. Second, Moscow, p. 95 3232:

Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

2704:

after almost six years of peace following the 1932–1939

1505:(5–6 January 1918) and the Soviet government signed the 5821: 5819: 5576:(4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916. 5192: 5190: 5067: 5002:"Barbarossa Hitler Stalin: War warnings Stalin ignored" 4566:

Synchronizing Airpower And Firepower in the Deep Battle

4515: 4453: 4214: 4200: 4198: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4034: 4032: 3325:

List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II

3300:

district commanders, had the same level of experience.

3165:

at the conclusion of its participation in World War I.

2169:

Further information on Great Patriotic War (term):

2022:. The Soviets and Japanese, including their respective 5879: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5709:

http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335

4636:

Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

4239:

By 1920, 77 per cent the enlisted ranks were peasants.

1885:

must be "employed against targets beyond the range of

1838:

After four years of warfare, the Red Army's defeat of

1794:

garrisons that were being withdrawn to Germany in the

1501:. The civil war intensified after Lenin dissolved the 6428:

Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945

6171: 5915: 5079: 4853: 3462: 3436: 2925:

1942 after two years of its greatest defence effort.

2223:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

1862:

details the formations of the Red Army in that time.

1640: 1360:

from the Bureau of Commissars. At a joint meeting of

1241:

suffered during the war, and ultimately captured the

1229:, it accounted for 75–80% of the casualties that the 7475:

Soviet units and formations of the Russian Civil War

6647:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

6364:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945

5816: 5473: 5187: 4981: 4960:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

4195: 4060: 4029: 3573:"How we didn't win the war ... but the Russians did" 1944:

The Red Army was involved in armed conflicts in the

6468:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

6448:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

6366:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5172:

The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953

5139: 4766: 3506:The names "Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940" (Russian: 2799:was acting as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief after 2732:which was part of another puppet state) and via an 2673:portion of World War II within three months of the 1979: 1842:in the south in 1920 allowed the foundation of the 1470:. The Whites beat back the Red Army on each front. 6686:The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904–1940 6357: 5756: 5475: 5043: 5022: 4444:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996), Shukman, Harold (ed.), 3571: 2592:(including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386 of which were 2360:, and historical Russian military heroes, such as 7460:Military units and formations established in 1918 6631:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two 5657:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 5303:Hitler's Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted 4679: 3961: 3959: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3405:Uniforms and insignia of the Red Army (1917-1924) 3353:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) 3153:in the Red Army and Flagman 1st rank etc. in the 7436: 6134: 5230:, News from Russia, 13 June 2003, archived from 4686:(in Russian). Военная Литература. Archived from 1773: 6750:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 6655:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 6537:Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (1979), 5500: 3911: 3510:) and "Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940" (Russian: 2514:(KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 2491:, raised above the German Reichstag in May 1945 2237:, the circumstance was no dilemma, because the 1256:(KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 6651:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 6628: 5837: 3956: 3893: 3816:"Appendix 1 – The Scheme for a Socialist Army" 3803: 3727: 3725: 3692:Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik 3343:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war 1642:Revolyutsionny Voyenny Sovyet (Revvoyensoviet) 1178:. The army was established in January 1918 by 106: 90: 7056: 6830: 6402:: US Army Command and General Staff College, 6256:White Death: Russia's War on Finland, 1939–40 5762: 5536: 5530: 5413:, US Army Center of Military History, p. 158. 4957:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995). 4114:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109. 3450: 3438:Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA) 3424: 3197:(cadets) of the Red Army Artillery School in 2688:on 9 August 1945 (three days after the first 2654: 2506:During the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army 1746:. In August 1918, Trotsky authorized General 1567:over the Red Army, replacing the election of 1143: 420: 6087:. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. p. 55. 5601:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5026:Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups 3932:Russian Center of Vexillology and Heraldry. 3755:, vol. 24, Marx 2 Mao, pp. 55–91, 3749:"Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution" 3731: 3634:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 2165:Second World War ("The Great Patriotic War") 1826:Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s 1544:of the former Russian Empire. This included 1441:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6234: 6080: 5358:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) pp. 28, 30, 31 5029:(2nd ed.). Little, Brown. p. 31. 4956: 4844: 4842: 4737: 4265: 3722: 3514:) are often used in Russian historiography. 1939: 243:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 232:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 27:Soviet army and air force from 1918 to 1946 7063: 7049: 6837: 6823: 6595:, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 6536: 6489:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6107: 5909: 5738: 5726: 5306:. U. of Oklahoma Press. pp. 161–162. 5224:"German-Russian Berlin-Karlhorst museum", 5156: 5154: 4915:, London: The Reprint Society, p. 796 4903:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4443: 4220: 4010: 3914:From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander 3713:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3563: 3137:" replaced the senior functional ranks of 2059: 2010:from 1932 to 1939. Japan's expansion into 1782:Anti-Polish Soviet propaganda poster, 1920 1657:. Soon afterwards Trotsky established the 1150: 1136: 427: 413: 311: 6517: 6422: 6189: 6055: 6013: 5939: 5933: 5615:Robert Cecil, "Potsdam and its Legends." 5586: 5097: 4562: 4083: 4007:, Moscow: Progress Publishers, p. 25 4002: 3838: 3602: 3209:the commander cadres were trained at the 2740:. Other Red Army operations included the 1340:was the supreme commander-in-chief, with 6629:Zaloga, Steven; Grandsen, James (1984), 6609: 6465: 6355: 6279: 5921: 5474:Allan Hall in Berlin (24 October 2008). 5382: 5196: 4839: 4521: 4471: 4459: 4431: 4301: 4250: 4237:, Oxford University Press, p. 137, 4095: 4071: 4054: 3965: 3689: 3426:Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА) 3318: 3235: 3213:of the Russian Empire, which became the 3189: 3048: 3032: 2983: 2896:formed regional military commissariats ( 2879: 2600:); 14,015 aircraft (of which 4,719 were 2494: 2482: 2401: 2328: 2252: 2180: 2069: 1989: 1829: 1777: 1683: 1605: 1466:; and from the northwest, under General 1394: 1311: 1305:and the base areas. The Tsarist general 1221:assisted the unconditional surrender of 6590: 6253: 6161: 6017:Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion 5957: 5591:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70. 5160: 5151: 5145: 4999: 4963:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 4871: 4859: 4821: 4708: 4388: 4360: 4305:The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army 4204: 3248:in June 1937. Here in 1920 wearing the 1907:Trotsky on the Red Army purges of 1937. 1511:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine 1407:October 1917 – November 1918, from the 14: 7437: 6715:Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army 6337: 6318: 6299: 6177: 6166:, New York: Vintage Books, p. 489 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5769:. Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 93. 5750: 5587:Norman M., Naimark, Norman M. (1995). 5454: 5299: 5272: 5245: 5181: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5049: 4987: 4910: 4883: 4533: 3865: 3777: 3569: 3542: 3512:Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940 3381:Military districts of the Soviet Union 3186:Military education in the Soviet Union 2889:Central Women's Sniper Training School 2728:(the northeast section of present-day 2612:) and 1.75 million tons of food. 2231:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states 1788:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 7293: 7044: 6818: 6696:The Red Army and the Second World War 6444: 6388: 6258:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 6202:from the original on 25 January 2018. 6114:. Lexington Books. pp. 259–260. 5825: 5794:, vol. I: The Deadly Beginning, 5789: 5249:Introduction to Logistics Engineering 5109: 4799:League of Nations. 14 December 1939. 4146: 4107: 4038: 3666:from the original on 29 February 2020 3615: 3471: 3179: 2677:. This promise was reaffirmed at the 2669:the Soviet Union agreed to enter the 2622:Rape during the occupation of Germany 2302:of experienced officers) favored the 2185:Soviet gun crew in action during the 1762:reintroduced the blocking policy and 6844: 6569: 6084:The Battle of the Tanks: Kursk, 1943 5567: 5561: 5488:from the original on 12 January 2022 5279:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3–12. 4913:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4777:from the original on 7 December 2019 4719:from the original on 1 November 2022 4448:, London: HarperCollins, p. 180 4232: 3899: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3410: 2763:proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido 2744:, which was the Japanese portion of 1958:Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) 1816:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1384: 1170:, was the army and air force of the 396:Military history of the Soviet Union 7470:Military wings of socialist parties 6747:The Collapse of the Soviet Military 6663:Carrere D'Encausse, Helene (1992), 6645:For a more comprehensive list, see 6557:from the original on 15 August 2024 6235:Chamberlain, William Henry (1957), 6141:. Lexington Books. pp. 85–86. 6069:199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad 5792:Soviet Order of Battle World War II 4680:Барышников, ВН; Саломаа, Э (2005). 4657:from the original on 19 August 2017 4630: 4308:. Men-at-arms series. Vol. 1. 4207:Inside Soviet Military Intelligence 4183:from the original on 3 October 2023 3872:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 3268:who had served in the Red Army and 3079: 2694:atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki 2193:In accordance with the Soviet-Nazi 1844:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 24: 6640: 5635:, Stanford University Press, 1954 5580: 5537:Susanne Beyer (26 February 2010). 5518:from the original on 17 April 2009 4938:from the original on 10 April 2019 4715:(in Russian). Военная Литература. 4446:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary 4128:from the original on 22 April 2024 3759:from the original on 26 March 2017 3570:Davies, Norman (5 November 2006), 3508:Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940 3331:Stalin's industrialisation program 3086:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 2708:. The Red Army, with support from 1860:list of Soviet divisions 1917–1945 1653:; in July 1919 he was replaced by 1209:The Red Army provided the largest 380:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 144:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 25: 7486: 6803: 6237:The Russian Revolution: 1917–1921 6164:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 5549:from the original on 1 March 2010 5428:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–. 5403:The War Against Germany And Italy 5340:from the original on 8 April 2023 5208: 5000:Jackson, Patrick (21 June 2011). 4803:from the original on 24 June 2015 4612:from the original on 5 April 2024 3944:from the original on 18 June 2019 3912:Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail (1966), 3746: 3678: 3643: 3586:from the original on 25 July 2021 2891:credited with 59 confirmed kills. 2768: 2742:Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin 2712:forces, overwhelmed the Japanese 1809: 1798:. This merged into the 1919–1921 401:History of Russian military ranks 48:Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия 6612:The Russian Revolution 1917–1921 6206: 6190:Middleton, Drew (21 June 1981). 6183: 6155: 6128: 6101: 6074: 6061: 6007: 5983: 5971:from the original on 3 July 2019 5927: 5783: 5211:Stalin's Russia, Hitlers Germany 3850:, Soviet History, archived from 3391:Field armies of the Soviet Union 3102:instead. The Red Army abandoned 3056:and Red Army's Jewish veterans, 2980:Red Army tactics in World War II 2955:People's Commissariat of Defence 2915: 2706:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 2534:(5,756,000), followed by ethnic 2528:Central Defense Ministry Archive 2286:(as it is known in Russia), the 2201:on 17 September 1939, after the 2004:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1986:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1980:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1278:Central Defense Ministry Archive 1268:(5,756,000), followed by ethnic 1215:European theatre of World War II 1110: 449: 108: 92: 53: 5965:"Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга" 5701: 5670: 5646: 5622: 5609: 5467: 5442:from the original on 4 May 2024 5416: 5391: 5376: 5361: 5352: 5333:United States Embassy in Russia 5320: 5293: 5266: 5239: 5217: 5202: 5166: 5103: 5016: 4993: 4950: 4920: 4877: 4827: 4815: 4789: 4760: 4731: 4702: 4673: 4643: 4624: 4594: 4555: 4527: 4488:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 4477: 4437: 4382: 4354: 4295: 4271: 4244: 4226: 4140: 4101: 4077: 4016: 3996: 3971: 3925: 3905: 3859: 3771: 3517: 3500: 3491: 3478: 2863: 2615: 2545: 2048:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1968:, and successfully installed a 1462:; from the east, under Admiral 1225:. During its operations on the 1164:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 149:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 46:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 6698:, Cambridge University Press, 6323:, University Press of Kansas, 6319:——— (2005), 6304:, University Press of Kansas, 4833: 4741:Танки в Зимней войне 1939–1940 4569:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 4280:Situating Central Asian review 3740: 3549:. Haus Publishing. p. 2. 3536: 3443: 3417: 3396:Army corps of the Soviet Union 3244:, who was executed during the 3211:Nicholas General Staff Academy 3176:uses largely the same system. 3133:: the ranks of "General" and " 2839:Revolutionary Military Council 2775:Revolutionary Military Council 2385:1st Guards Special Rifle Corps 2368:, appeared. Repression of the 2257:Salute to the Red Army at the 1623:Revolutionary Military Council 1517:, the anti-White and anti-Red 1479:'s First Cavalry Army entered 1366:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1329:Council of People's Commissars 1202:" – which in turn became the 388:History of the Soviet Military 227:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 13: 1: 6897: 6890:Army of the Tsardom of Russia 6868: 6684:Harrison, Richard W. (2001), 6576:, Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 6384:– via Internet Archive. 5633:Japan's Decision to Surrender 4848: 3787:, Marxists FR, archived from 3023:tank formations of corps size 3019:Transbaikal Military District 2870:Formations of the Soviet Army 2754:invasion of the Kuril Islands 2571: 1774:Polish–Soviet War and prelude 1415:. The Bolshevik government's 1213:in the Allied victory in the 1065:Political abuse of psychiatry 644:Congress of People's Deputies 185:6,437,755 (Russian Civil War) 7455:Military of the Soviet Union 6769:, University Press of Kansas 6688:, University Press of Kansas 6540:The Armed Forces of the USSR 6410:, 66027–6900, archived from 5368:Lend-Lease Shipments: World 4767:Александр Широкорад (2001). 4541:, Cornell University Press, 3987:: FST Anitsa, archived from 3530: 3028: 2779:Council of Labor and Defense 2692:and the same day the second 2686:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2456:was especially harsh. Per a 2177:Eastern Front (World War II) 1846:in December 1922. Historian 1503:Russian Constituent Assembly 1468:Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich 1464:Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak 1451:, and the pro-Bolshevik Red 1319:unit of the Vulkan factory, 443:Politics of the Soviet Union 372:Ranks of the Soviet Military 139:Council of Labor and Defense 7: 6918:Toy army of Peter the Great 6633:, London: Arms & Armour 6389:House, Jonathan M. (1984), 5460:Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: 5252:. CRC Press. pp. 1–6. 5023:John Hughes-Wilson (2012). 4797:"Expulsion of the U.S.S.R." 4563:Lauchbaum, R. Kent (2015). 4337:Chasti osobogo naznacheniya 4086:Grazhdanskaya Voina 1918–21 3868:"1917: Red Guard into Army" 3473:[ˈkrasnəjəˈarmʲɪjə] 3463: 3437: 3336: 3127:Marshal of the Soviet Union 2690:atomic bombing of Hiroshima 2340:by the Red Army in May 1945 2153:. The Finns retained their 2028:Mongolian People's Republic 1954:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 1950:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 1850:sees 1 February 1924, when 1641: 1631:Революционный Военный Совет 1554:Ukrainian People's Republic 604:Central Executive Committee 10: 7491: 7450:Military history of Russia 6644: 6466:Overmans, Rüdiger (2000), 6445:Overy, R. J. (2004), 6338:Glantz, David M. (2011) , 6227: 6192:"Hitler's Russian Blunder" 5838:Zaloga & Grandsen 1984 5763:Knickerbocker, HR (1941). 5300:Stolfi, Russel HS (1993). 4911:Shirer, William L (1962), 4770:Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. 4361:Daniels, Robert V (1993), 4302:Khvostov, Mikhail (1995). 4233:Read, Christopher (1996), 3916:, Vezey, Vladimir transl, 3322: 3229: 3183: 3083: 2977: 2973: 2873: 2867: 2785:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko 2772: 2658: 2655:Soviet–Japanese War (1945) 2619: 2174: 2171:Great Patriotic War (term) 2168: 2063: 1983: 1388: 1379: 1283: 288:Chief of the General Staff 59:Red Army headgear insignia 29: 7388: 7353: 7323: 7286: 7155: 7114: 7083: 7013: 6988: 6963: 6945: 6926: 6880: 6850: 6591:Tolstoy, Nikolai (1981), 6543:, Boulder, CO: Westview, 6518:Schofield, Carey (1991), 6499:Schofield, Carey (1991), 6470:(in German), Oldenbourg, 6300:Glantz, David M. (1998), 6135:Ilai Z. Saltzman (2012). 6014:Rappaport, Helen (1999). 5682:24 September 2015 at the 5464:, Fischer, Frankfurt 2005 3511: 3507: 3451: 3425: 3277: 3225: 2837:On 2 September 1918, the 2422:after being decorated by 2261:, London in February 1943 2117:The Soviet forces led by 2108:Soviet invasion of Poland 1716:Forces of Special Purpose 1630: 1593:non-commissioned officers 1449:Polish 5th Rifle Division 1425:Alexey Maximovich Kaledin 1166:, often shortened to the 960:Material balance planning 661:1989 Legislative election 286: 281: 195: 188:34,476,700 (World War II) 178: 168: 157: 126: 83: 64: 52: 45: 36:Red Army (disambiguation) 7208:Maritime Group of Forces 6793:Reese, Roger R. (2000), 6784:Reese, Roger R. (1996), 6775:Reese, Roger R. (2005), 6765:Reese, Roger R. (2011), 6732:Moynahan, Brian (1989), 6694:Hill, Alexander (2017), 6610:Williams, Beryl (1987), 6254:Edwards, Robert (2006), 5989:Whitewood, Peter (2015) 5714:11 November 2020 at the 4769: 4740: 4711: 4682: 4205:Suvorov, Viktor (1984), 4108:Reese, Roger R. (2023). 3732:Il'Enkov, S. A. (2001). 3690:Erlikman, Vadim (2004), 3333:in the 1920s and 1930s. 3060:in Jerusalem, 9 May 2017 2736:the northern portion of 2675:end of the war in Europe 2500:Monument to the Red Army 2098:) was a war between the 1994:Soviet tanks during the 1940:Chinese–Soviet conflicts 1796:aftermath of World War I 1546:three military campaigns 1542:newly independent states 1358:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich 775:Administrator of Affairs 7414:Zemland Group of Forces 6913:Army of Peter the Great 6713:Isby, David C. (1988), 6430:, New York: Macmillan, 6239:, New York: Macmillan, 6218:Encyclopædia Britannica 6214:"Into the war: 1940–45" 6196:New York Times Magazine 5276:IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–73 5273:Zaloga, Steven (2011). 5246:Taylor, G. Don (2010). 4147:Figes, Orlando (1990). 3934:"символы Красной Армии" 3215:Frunze Military Academy 2849:(and from July 1919 to 2818:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2684:The Red Army began the 2370:Russian Orthodox Church 2352:was conflated with the 2298:officers (owing to the 2199:Red Army invaded Poland 2197:of 23 August 1939, the 2195:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2060:Winter War with Finland 2044:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 1996:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 1966:Chinese Eastern Railway 1814:The XI Congress of the 1744:political incorrectness 1579:, who were employed as 1507:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1437:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1172:Russian Soviet Republic 1117:Soviet Union portal 629:Soviet of Nationalities 333:Strategic Rocket Forces 7198:Moscow Line of Defence 6852:Principality of Moscow 6520:Inside the Soviet Army 6501:Inside the Soviet Army 6356:Hardesty, Von (1991). 6162:Bullock, Alan (1993), 6003:, 67 (1). pp. 102–122. 5954:magazine, no. 11, 2003 5910:Scott & Scott 1979 5739:Scott & Scott 1979 5727:Scott & Scott 1979 5690:, Belknap Press, 2006 5110:Toppe, Alfred (1998), 4709:Ковалев, Эрик (2006). 4221:Scott & Scott 1979 4161:10.1093/past/129.1.168 4011:Scott & Scott 1979 4003:Lototskiy, SS (1971), 3747:Lenin, Vladmir Ilich, 3694:(in Russian), Moscow, 3253: 3202: 3159:general of the cavalry 3061: 3046: 2993: 2935: 2892: 2887:was a graduate of the 2564:tanks outclassed most 2503: 2492: 2432:At the same time, the 2429: 2399:punitive detachments. 2341: 2262: 2229:in June–July 1940 and 2190: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2075: 2053:status quo ante bellum 1999: 1934:Imperial Japanese Army 1930:major border conflicts 1926:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 1904: 1835: 1783: 1704: 1618: 1400: 1374:triumphantly advancing 1323: 1303:lines of communication 1060:Ideological repression 950:Science and technology 34:. For other uses, see 6936:Imperial Russian Army 6342:, The History Press, 6287:, London: MacMillan, 5753:, p. 717 note 5. 5619:46.3 (1970): 455–465. 5617:International Affairs 5570:International Affairs 5462:Befreier und Befreite 5114:, Diane, p. 28, 4893:, Boston, p. 654 4485:"Russian Civil War". 4209:, New York: Macmillan 4090:The Civil War 1918–21 4084:Efimov, N (c. 1928), 3938:www.vexillographia.ru 3543:Renton, Dave (2004). 3363:Soviet Signals Troops 3319:Weapons and equipment 3239: 3230:Further information: 3220:General staff Academy 3193: 3163:Imperial Russian Army 3052: 3036: 2987: 2944:45th Mechanized Corps 2922: 2883: 2868:Further information: 2816:After the signing of 2811:Russian Imperial Army 2795:. At the same time, 2659:Further information: 2498: 2486: 2458:1941 Stalin directive 2405: 2354:Patriotic War of 1812 2332: 2256: 2225:, carried out by the 2184: 2073: 2064:Further information: 2040:Battle of Lake Khasan 2038:, including the 1938 1993: 1984:Further information: 1922:Battle of Lake Khasan 1916:of 1937–1939 and the 1900: 1834:Soviet officers, 1938 1833: 1781: 1687: 1609: 1577:Imperial Russian Army 1525:of several different 1413:World War I armistice 1398: 1389:Further information: 1315: 1295:Imperial Russian Army 1219:invasion of Manchuria 493:Collective leadership 221:Mongolia intervention 7203:Moscow Reserve Front 6522:, London: Headline, 6503:, London: Headline, 6424:Merridale, Catherine 6398:, Fort Leavenworth, 6081:Lloyd Clark (2011). 4738:М. Коломиец (2001). 4365:, UPNE, p. 70, 4235:From Tsar to Soviets 3290:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3242:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2990:Battle of Stalingrad 2963:3rd Mechanized Corps 2906:political commissars 2898:voyennyy komissariat 2734:amphibious operation 2610:Bell P-63 Kingcobras 2602:Bell P-39 Airacobras 2389:6th Guards Tank Army 2377:political commissars 2247:Operation Barbarossa 2036:punitive expeditions 1867:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1748:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1736:political commissars 1728:Yan Karlovich Berzin 1679:enemies of the state 1535:Imperial German Army 1342:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 1174:and, from 1922, the 1070:Political repression 1035:Censorship of images 765:First Deputy Premier 503:Presidential Council 237:Sino-Soviet conflict 7193:Moscow Defence Zone 6955:Russian Army (1917) 6907:New Order Regiments 6593:Stalin's Secret War 6570:Shaw, John (1979), 6108:Eyal Lewin (2012). 6001:Europe-Asia Studies 5993:5 July 2024 at the 5900:, pp. 217–230. 5184:, pp. 600–602. 5064:, pp. 292–295. 4874:, pp. 272–273. 4653:. Yale Law School. 4474:, pp. 102–107. 3918:Progress Publishers 3878:on 27 December 2013 3866:Siegelbaum, Lewis. 3854:on 27 December 2013 3660:encyclopedia.mil.ru 3656:"soviet casualties" 3066:political commissar 2698:Soviet–Japanese War 2681:held in July 1945. 2661:Soviet–Japanese War 2606:Douglas A-20 Havocs 2588:and trucks; 12,000 2520:official total dead 2350:Great Patriotic War 2324:Operation Bagration 2284:Great Patriotic War 2215:non-aggression pact 2139:Moscow Peace Treaty 2092:finska vinterkriget 1924:in 1938 and in the 1918:1941 Red Army Purge 1756:Great Patriotic War 1718:from 1919 to 1925. 1445:Czechoslovak Legion 1288:In September 1917, 1274:official total dead 1198:) was renamed the " 1192:Soviet Armed Forces 1085:Suppressed research 1075:Population transfer 945:New Economic Policy 624:Soviet of the Union 594:Congress of Soviets 305:Soviet Armed Forces 7031:1992–present 7015:Russian Federation 6573:Red Army Resurgent 5811:on 15 October 2004 5409:6 May 2017 at the 5234:on 11 October 2009 4690:on 6 November 2008 4312:. pp. 15–16. 4153:Past & Present 3940:. Vexillographia. 3624:] (in Russian) 3262:Soviet repressions 3254: 3203: 3180:Military education 3098:and used the word 3062: 3054:Benjamin Netanyahu 3047: 2994: 2893: 2801:Alexander Kerensky 2750:Russo-Japanese War 2679:Potsdam Conference 2504: 2493: 2430: 2342: 2263: 2245:Directive No. 21, 2191: 2076: 2000: 1962:Northwestern China 1836: 1784: 1705: 1693:Kliment Voroshilov 1619: 1409:October Revolution 1401: 1324: 819:Procurator General 807:Military Collegium 354:Air Defence Forces 254:First Japanese War 7432: 7431: 7409: 7408: 7384: 7383: 7349: 7348: 7319: 7318: 7038: 7037: 6965:Russian Civil War 6882:Tsardom of Russia 6757:978-0-300-07469-7 6724:978-0-7106-0352-4 6705:978-1-1070-2079-5 6621:978-0-631-15083-1 6529:978-0-7472-0418-3 6510:978-0-7472-0418-3 6458:978-0-393-02030-4 6437:978-0-312-42652-1 6417:on 1 January 2007 6373:978-1-56098-071-1 6349:978-0-7524-6070-3 6330:978-0-7006-1353-3 6311:978-0-7006-0879-9 6265:978-0-297-84630-7 6246:978-0-6910-0814-1 5936:, pp. 67–70. 5677:Tsuyoshi Hasegawa 5665:978-0-14-100146-3 5641:978-0-8047-0460-1 5514:. 15 April 2009. 5435:978-1-85109-770-8 5121:978-0-7881-7080-5 5076:, pp. 61–62. 4434:, pp. 38–39. 4372:978-0-87451-616-6 4310:Osprey Publishing 4121:978-0-8061-9356-4 4057:, pp. 31–34. 3968:, pp. 72–73. 3902:, pp. 86–87. 3847:Seventeen Moments 3779:Wollenberg, Erich 3556:978-1-904341-62-8 3484:15 January 1918 ( 3461: 3435: 3411:Explanatory notes 3348:Soviet war crimes 3240:Red Army Marshal 3043:Immortal regiment 2855:Russian Civil War 2832:Alexander Svechin 2806:Nikolai Podvoisky 2626:Soviet war crimes 2516:missing in action 2474:displaced persons 2464:went to special " 2393:summary execution 2338:capture of Prague 2326:proved decisive. 2259:Royal Albert Hall 2119:Semyon Timoshenko 2112:League of Nations 1970:pro-Soviet regime 1946:Republic of China 1800:Polish–Soviet War 1639: 1625:of the Republic ( 1581:military advisors 1391:Russian Civil War 1385:Russian Civil War 1346:Nikolai Podvoisky 1258:missing in action 1184:Russian Civil War 1160: 1159: 1102: 1101: 955:Era of Stagnation 897: 896: 782: 781: 670: 669: 576: 575: 547:General Secretary 532:Central Committee 437: 436: 296: 295: 248:Xinjiang invasion 215:Polish–Soviet War 209:Russian Civil War 16:(Redirected from 7482: 7465:Disbanded armies 7386: 7385: 7351: 7350: 7321: 7320: 7291: 7290: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7023:CIS Armed Forces 6947:Russian Republic 6902: 6899: 6873: 6870: 6845:Armies of Russia 6839: 6832: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6760: 6742:Odom, William E. 6736: 6727: 6708: 6689: 6679: 6634: 6624: 6605: 6586: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6532: 6513: 6494: 6488: 6480: 6461: 6440: 6418: 6416: 6397: 6385: 6361: 6352: 6333: 6314: 6295: 6276: 6249: 6222: 6221: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6078: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6032: 6031: 6011: 6005: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5955: 5946:Операция «Весна» 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5814: 5812: 5807:, archived from 5804:Red army studies 5799: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5705: 5699: 5674: 5668: 5659:, Penguin, 2001 5653:Richard B. Frank 5650: 5644: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5600: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5420: 5414: 5402: 5395: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209:Overy, Richard, 5206: 5200: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4932:War on the Rocks 4924: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4902: 4894: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4606:www.marxists.org 4598: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4328: 4326: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4275: 4269: 4266:Chamberlain 1957 4263: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4155:(129): 168–211. 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4036: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3874:. 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5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4934:. 6 July 2016. 4926: 4925: 4921: 4896: 4895: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4748:on 20 July 2012 4742: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4632:Lin, Hsiao-ting 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4403:10.2307/2499983 4387: 4383: 4373: 4359: 4355: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4203: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4037: 4030: 4022:Richard Pipes, 4021: 4017: 4005:The Soviet Army 4001: 3997: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3926: 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Masanchi 1671:anti-communists 1665:secret police. 1647:Jukums Vācietis 1589:former tsarists 1419:of traditional 1417:nationalization 1393: 1387: 1382: 1286: 1262:mostly captured 1156: 1127: 1123:Other countries 1111: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1015: 907: 899: 898: 870: 834: 824: 823: 792: 784: 783: 718: 680: 672: 671: 586: 578: 577: 572: 518: 516:Communist Party 508: 507: 466: 433: 350: 299: 277: 191: 153: 122: 109: 107: 93: 91: 75: 71: 69: 60: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7488: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7258:Transcaucasian 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 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6094:978-0802195104 6093: 6073: 6060: 6056:Merridale 2007 6033: 6027:978-1576070840 6026: 6006: 5982: 5956: 5938: 5934:Schofield 1991 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5888:, p. 189. 5878: 5876:, p. 179. 5866: 5864:, p. 117. 5854: 5852:, p. 220. 5842: 5840:, p. 126. 5830: 5815: 5798:, pp. 2–3 5782: 5776:978-1417992775 5775: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5700: 5669: 5645: 5621: 5608: 5579: 5560: 5545:. Spiegel.de. 5529: 5499: 5466: 5453: 5434: 5415: 5390: 5375: 5360: 5351: 5319: 5313:978-0806125817 5312: 5292: 5286:978-1780961392 5285: 5265: 5259:978-1420088571 5258: 5238: 5216: 5201: 5186: 5174: 5165: 5150: 5138: 5120: 5102: 5098:Merridale 2007 5090: 5088:, p. 181. 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5036:978-1472103840 5035: 5015: 4992: 4980: 4973: 4949: 4919: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4838: 4826: 4822:Bullock (1993) 4814: 4788: 4759: 4730: 4701: 4672: 4642: 4623: 4593: 4576:978-1786256034 4575: 4554: 4547: 4535:Habeck, Mary R 4526: 4524:, p. 167. 4514: 4498:978-1593394929 4497: 4476: 4464: 4462:, p. 101. 4452: 4436: 4424: 4397:(3): 350–373, 4381: 4371: 4353: 4319:978-1855326088 4318: 4294: 4270: 4268:, p. 131. 4255: 4243: 4225: 4213: 4194: 4139: 4120: 4100: 4076: 4059: 4047: 4028: 4015: 3995: 3991:on 4 June 2008 3983:(in Russian), 3970: 3955: 3924: 3904: 3892: 3858: 3837: 3802: 3770: 3739: 3721: 3700: 3677: 3642: 3601: 3562: 3555: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3516: 3499: 3490: 3477: 3442: 3415: 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1126: 1125: 1119: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 987: 984: 983: 975: 974: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 940:Kosygin reform 937: 935:Five-Year Plan 932: 930:Consumer goods 927: 919: 918: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 894: 893: 892: 891: 890: 876: 871: 869: 868: 863: 858: 852: 850: 845: 835: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 816: 814:People's Court 811: 810: 809: 799: 793: 790: 789: 786: 785: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 770:Deputy Premier 767: 759: 758: 750: 749: 748: 747: 742: 737: 729: 728: 720: 719: 717: 716: 711: 706: 701: 699:Official names 695: 692: 691: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 668: 667: 666: 665: 664: 663: 658: 648: 647: 639: 638: 637: 636: 631: 626: 618: 617: 614:Supreme Soviet 609: 608: 607: 606: 598: 597: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 573: 571: 570: 565: 560: 554: 551: 550: 542: 541: 540: 539: 534: 529: 519: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 489: 488: 486:Vice President 483: 473: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 455: 454: 446: 445: 435: 434: 432: 431: 424: 417: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 398: 390: 389: 385: 384: 383: 382: 374: 373: 369: 368: 367: 366: 361: 356: 351: 349: 348: 343: 337: 335: 330: 322: 321: 317: 316: 308: 307: 297: 294: 293: 290: 284: 283: 279: 278: 276: 275: 269: 263: 257: 251: 245: 240: 234: 229: 224: 218: 212: 206: 205:(Feb–Mar 1918) 199: 197: 193: 192: 190: 189: 186: 182: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 130: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 104: 87: 85: 81: 80: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7487: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7030: 7029:Ground Forces 7027: 7025:1991–93 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006:1946–92 7005: 7002: 7000:1922–46 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6981:1918–22 6980: 6977: 6975:1918–23 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909:1648–98 6908: 6905: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6676:0-465-09818-5 6672: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6614:, Blackwell, 6613: 6608: 6604: 6602:0-03-047266-0 6598: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6583:0-8094-2520-3 6579: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6479: 6477:3-486-56531-1 6473: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451:, WW Norton, 6450: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6180:, p. 58. 6179: 6174: 6165: 6158: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6104: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6058:, p. 70. 6057: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5922:Erickson 1962 5918: 5912:, p. 13. 5911: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5882: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5828:, p. 96. 5827: 5822: 5820: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5741:, p. 12. 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5696:0-674-01693-9 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5425:Women and War 5419: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5383:Hardesty 1991 5379: 5372: 5364: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5197:Overmans 2000 5193: 5191: 5183: 5178: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5003: 4996: 4990:, p. 15. 4989: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4914: 4906: 4900: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4885:Hitler, Adolf 4880: 4873: 4868: 4862:, p. 18. 4861: 4856: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4669: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4558: 4550: 4548:0-8014-4074-2 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4522:Erickson 1962 4518: 4511: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4480: 4473: 4472:Erickson 1962 4468: 4461: 4460:Erickson 1962 4456: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4432:Erickson 1962 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391:Slavic Review 4385: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4298: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251:Williams 1987 4247: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4208: 4201: 4199: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4096:Erickson 1962 4091: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4072:Williams 1987 4068: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4055:Erickson 1962 4051: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3966:Erickson 1962 3962: 3960: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3920:, p. 232 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3889: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3701:5-93165-107-1 3697: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3520: 3503: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3452:Красная армия 3449:Russian: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3423:Russian: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3386:Soviet fronts 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092:officer corps 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2916:Mechanization 2913: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789:Pavel Dybenko 2786: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:Kwantung Army 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640:Antony Beevor 2637: 2636:wartime rapes 2633: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2604:, 2,908 were 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:United States 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2425: 2424:Field Marshal 2421: 2417: 2414:with General 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2322:and later in 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:Georgy Zhukov 2305: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Eastern Front 2260: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:Nazi invasion 2200: 2196: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127:Joseph Stalin 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024:client states 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998:, August 1939 1997: 1992: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856:general staff 1853: 1849: 1848:John Erickson 1845: 1841: 1840:Pyotr Wrangel 1832: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760:Joseph Stalin 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:court-martial 1719: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:death penalty 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Nestor Makhno 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481:Rostov-on-Don 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Anton Denikin 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370:German helmet 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:Pavel Dybenko 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227:Eastern Front 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1108: 1107: 1096: 1095:Soviet Empire 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 986: 985: 982: 981: 977: 976: 971: 970:War communism 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 917: 916: 912: 911: 903: 902: 889: 888: 884: 883: 882: 881: 877: 875: 872: 867: 866:Khrushchevism 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 839: 838: 833: 828: 827: 820: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 804: 803: 802:Supreme Court 800: 798: 795: 794: 788: 787: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 757: 756: 752: 751: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 731: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 694: 693: 690: 689: 685: 684: 676: 675: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 641: 640: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 611: 610: 605: 602: 601: 600: 599: 596: 595: 591: 590: 582: 581: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 553: 552: 549: 548: 544: 543: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 517: 512: 511: 504: 501: 499: 498:State Council 496: 494: 491: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 457: 456: 452: 448: 447: 444: 441: 440: 430: 425: 423: 418: 416: 411: 410: 408: 407: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 392: 391: 387: 386: 381: 378: 377: 376: 375: 371: 370: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:General Staff 326: 325: 324: 323: 319: 318: 314: 310: 309: 306: 303: 302: 298:Military unit 291: 289: 285: 280: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 244: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 198: 194: 187: 184: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 167: 164: 160: 156: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 129: 125: 117: 105: 101: 89: 88: 86: 82: 67: 63: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7243:Southeastern 7137:Southwestern 7127:Northwestern 7091:Northwestern 7075: 6997: 6990:Soviet Union 6978: 6794: 6785: 6776: 6766: 6746: 6733: 6714: 6695: 6685: 6665: 6630: 6611: 6592: 6572: 6559:, retrieved 6539: 6519: 6500: 6467: 6447: 6427: 6412:the original 6391: 6363: 6339: 6320: 6301: 6284: 6255: 6236: 6217: 6208: 6195: 6185: 6173: 6163: 6157: 6137: 6130: 6110: 6103: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6063: 6020:. ABC-CLIO. 6016: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5985: 5973:. Retrieved 5959: 5949: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5809:the original 5803: 5791: 5785: 5765: 5758: 5746: 5734: 5729:, p. 5. 5722: 5703: 5687: 5672: 5656: 5648: 5632: 5629:Robert Butow 5624: 5616: 5611: 5588: 5582: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5551:. Retrieved 5542: 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5511: 5502: 5490:. Retrieved 5481: 5469: 5461: 5456: 5444:. Retrieved 5424: 5418: 5398: 5393: 5378: 5367: 5363: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5331: 5322: 5302: 5295: 5275: 5268: 5248: 5241: 5232:the original 5226: 5219: 5210: 5204: 5177: 5168: 5161:Tolstoy 1981 5146:Tolstoy 1981 5141: 5127: 5125: 5112:Night Combat 5111: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5025: 5018: 5006:. Retrieved 4995: 4983: 4959: 4952: 4940:. Retrieved 4931: 4922: 4912: 4889: 4879: 4872:Edwards 2006 4867: 4860:Edwards 2006 4855: 4834:Glanz (1998) 4829: 4817: 4805:. Retrieved 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4762: 4750:. Retrieved 4746:the original 4733: 4721:. Retrieved 4704: 4692:. Retrieved 4688:the original 4675: 4666: 4659:. Retrieved 4645: 4638:, p. 58 4635: 4626: 4614:. Retrieved 4605: 4596: 4589:importance.' 4587: 4580:. Retrieved 4565: 4557: 4538: 4529: 4517: 4509: 4502:. Retrieved 4487: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4445: 4439: 4427: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4376: 4362: 4356: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4323:. Retrieved 4304: 4297: 4285:. Retrieved 4279: 4273: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4223:, p. 8. 4216: 4206: 4185:. Retrieved 4152: 4142: 4130:. Retrieved 4110: 4103: 4098:, p. 33 4089: 4085: 4079: 4050: 4042: 4023: 4018: 4013:, p. 3. 4004: 3998: 3989:the original 3979: 3973: 3946:. Retrieved 3937: 3927: 3913: 3907: 3895: 3887: 3880:. Retrieved 3876:the original 3871: 3861: 3852:the original 3846: 3840: 3828:, retrieved 3824:the original 3820:The Red Army 3819: 3793:, retrieved 3789:the original 3784:The Red Army 3783: 3773: 3761:, retrieved 3752: 3742: 3733: 3691: 3668:. Retrieved 3659: 3621: 3617: 3595: 3588:, retrieved 3579:Sunday Times 3577: 3565: 3545: 3538: 3519: 3502: 3493: 3480: 3445: 3419: 3328: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3282: 3255: 3204: 3194: 3174:Russian Army 3167: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3069: 3063: 3015: 2995: 2959:Tukhachevsky 2952: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2885:Roza Shanina 2864:Organization 2859: 2836: 2823:Leon Trotsky 2815: 2782: 2718:puppet state 2683: 2664: 2648:rear echelon 2629: 2616:Wartime rape 2575: 2565: 2549: 2546:Shortcomings 2540: 2505: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2442:composed of 2433: 2431: 2374: 2345: 2343: 2303: 2296: 2287: 2280:Southwestern 2272:Northwestern 2264: 2244: 2238: 2235:Adolf Hitler 2211:Nazi Germany 2192: 2136: 2116: 2100:Soviet Union 2077: 2051: 2001: 1943: 1911: 1905: 1901: 1864: 1837: 1813: 1785: 1758:(1941–1945) 1720: 1706: 1697:Leon Trotsky 1667:Conscription 1620: 1615:Demyan Bedny 1611:Leon Trotsky 1597: 1584: 1561:Leon Trotsky 1558: 1548:against the 1539: 1519:Green armies 1493: 1472:Leon Trotsky 1435:region. 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