1901:
architecture of the
Congress, these meetings are also referred to as the "Metternich congress" or "Metternich system". Under Metternich as the Austrian foreign minister, other congresses would meet to resolve European foreign affairs. These included the Congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Carlsbad (1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), and Verona (1822). The Metternich congresses aimed to maintain the political equilibrium among the European powers and prevent revolutionary efforts. These meetings also aimed to resolve foreign issues and disputes without resorting to violence. By means of these meetings and by allying the Austrian Empire with other European powers whose monarchs had a similar interest in preserving conservative political direction, Metternich was able to establish the Austrian Empire's influence on European politics. Also, because Metternich used the fear of revolutions among European powers, which he also shared, he was able to establish security and predominance of the Habsburgs in Europe.
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3252:"Vor dem Jahr 1848 is das Kaisertum Österreich verfassungsrechtlich als ein monarchischer Einheitsstaat auf differenziert föderalistischer Grundlage zu sehen, wobei die besondere Stelung Ungarns im Rahmen dieses Gesamtstaates stets offenkundig war. Eine weitere Differenzierung der föderalistischen Grundlage erfolgte ab 1815 durch die Zugehörigkeit eines teiles des Kaisertums zum Deutschen Bund." "Before 1848 the Austrian Empire can be regarded in constitutional law as a unitary monarchy on a differentiated federalistic basis, whereby the special position of Hungary within the framework of this federal entity was always evident. A further differentiation of the federalistic position followed from 1815 through the affiliation of a part of the empire to the German federation."
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3625:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 19. Jänner 1853, womit die Allerhöchsten Entschließungen über die Einrichtung und Amtswirksamkeit der Bezirksämter, Kreisbehörden und Statthaltereien, über die Einrichtung der Gerichtsstellen und das Schema der systemisirten Gehalte und Diätenclassen, sowie über die Ausführung der Organisirung für die Kronländer Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit Krakau, Bukowina, Salzburg, Tirol mit Vorarlberg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Görz, Gradiska und Istrien mit Triest, Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, Siebenbürgen, die serbische Wojwodschaft mit dem Banate, kundgemacht werden"
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1933:: the Austrian Empire fought no wars nor did it undergo any radical internal reforms. However, it was also thought of as a period of economic growth and prosperity in the Austrian Empire. The population of Austria rose to 37.5 million by 1843. Urban expansion also occurred and the population of Vienna reached 400,000. During the Metternich era, the Austrian Empire also maintained a stable economy and reached an almost balanced budget, despite having a major deficit following the Napoleonic Wars.
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the title of
Emperor of Austria for all the Erblande of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch's new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary
1871:'s foreign policy. He also had a major influence in European politics. He was known for his strong conservative views and approach in politics. Metternich's policies were strongly against revolution and liberalism. In his opinion, liberalism was a form of legalized revolution. Metternich believed that
1718:) under Francis and his predecessors. By contrast, the Austrian Empire was legally a single state, although the overarching structure and the status of its component lands at first stayed much the same as they had been under the composite monarchy. This was especially demonstrated by the status of the
3240:
From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum
Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty's three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország, Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated ........ In 1804, Emperor Franz assumed
1912:
Metternich operated very freely with regard to foreign policy under
Emperor Francis I's reign. Francis died in 1835. This date marks the decline of Metternich's influence in the Austrian Empire. Francis' heir was his son Ferdinand I, but he suffered from health issues. Ferdinand's accession preserved
1908:
revolts in
Austrian north Italy and in the German states were forcibly crushed. At home, he pursued a similar policy to suppress revolutionary and liberal ideals. He employed the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which used strict censorship of education, press and speech to repress revolutionary and liberal
1925:
forced
Metternich's resignation. Metternich is remembered for his success in maintaining the status quo and the Habsburg influence in international affairs. No Habsburg foreign minister following Metternich held a similar position within the empire for such a long time nor held such a vast influence
2374:. Thanks to his efforts, Austria was seen as the senior partner with Prussia keeping watch over Germany as a whole. Further, Metternich opposed the weakening of France in the years after Napoleon, and viewed the new monarchy in Paris as an effective tool in keeping Russia at bay. From 1815 to 1848,
2298:
and
Commander in Chief of the Austrian army. Endowed with the enlarged powers, he reformed the Austrian Army to preparedness for another war. Johann Philipp von Stadion, the foreign minister, personally hated Napoleon due to an experience of confiscation of his possessions in France by Napoleon. In
2358:
exerting a large degree of influence over foreign policy in the
Austrian Empire, a matter nominally decided by the Emperor. Metternich initially supported an alliance with France, arranging the marriage between Napoleon and Francis I's daughter, Marie-Louise; however, by the 1812 campaign, he had
1962:
From March 1848 through
November 1849, the Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements, most of which were of a nationalist character. Besides that, liberal and even socialist currents resisted the empire's longstanding conservatism. Although most of the revolution plans failed, some changes
1900:
and also into Italy. Due to the
Congress of Vienna in 1815, Austria was the leading member of the German Confederation. Following the Congress, the major European powers agreed to meet and discuss resolutions in the event of future disputes or revolutions. Because of Metternich's main role in the
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for almost ten years. This severely overburdened the Austrian economy, making the war greatly unpopular. Emperor Francis I therefore refused to join any further war against Napoleon for a long time. On the other hand, Francis I continued to intrigue for the possibility of revenge against France,
1875:
was the only proper system of government. This notion influenced his anti-revolutionary policy to ensure the continuation of the Habsburg monarchy in Europe. Metternich was a practitioner of balance-of-power diplomacy. His foreign policy aimed to maintain international political equilibrium to
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steered Austria Imperial foreign policy, and indeed the mood of Europe, and managed to keep peace on the continent despite the growing liberal and radical movements inside most major powers. His resignation in 1848, forced by moderates in the court, and
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2367:—and the rise of liberalism equated to his political downfall. The result was that the Austrian Empire was seen as one of the great powers after 1815, but also as a reactionary force and an obstacle to national aspirations in Italy and Germany.
193:
1722:, a country that had never been a part of the Holy Roman Empire and which had always been considered a separate realm – a status that was affirmed by Article X, which was added to Hungary's constitution in 1790 and described the state as a
1659:
for himself and his successors, thereby becoming Francis I of Austria. This new title and state were created to safeguard his dynasty's imperial status as he foresaw either the end of the Holy Roman Empire, or the eventual accession of
2197:
2399:, and, while not going to war, was supportive of the Anglo-French coalition. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859
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in the streets, may have caused the spread of the revolutions throughout the monarchy. It is stipulated that Metternich's departure emboldened liberal factions in Austria and Hungary, but this cannot be confirmed for certain.
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with Denmark in 1864, Holstein came under Austrian administration, and Schleswig and Lauenburg under Prussian administration. But the internal difficulties continued. Diets replaced the parliament in 17 provinces, the
1793:. In practice this meant the dissolution of the long-lived Holy Roman Empire and a reorganization under a Napoleonic model of the German states. Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception.
2274:
suffered from wartime expenditures and its international position was significantly undermined, the humiliating Treaty of Pressburg provided plenty of time to strengthen the army and economy. Moreover, the ambitious
3651:"Verordnung des Ministeriums des Inneren vom 12. Mai 1851, wodurch in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 12. Mai 1851 die Organisirung politischen Verwaltung im Großfürstenthume Siebenbürgen kundgemacht wird"
2269:
Austrian unwillingness to join the Third Coalition was overcome by British subsidies, but the Austrians withdrew from the war yet again after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz. Although the Austrian
1913:
the Habsburg dynastic succession, but he was not capable of ruling. The leadership of the Austrian Empire was transferred to a state council composed of Metternich, Francis I's brother Archduke Louis, and
2350:
in 1809), Austria played a decisive part in the overthrow of Napoleon in the campaigns of 1813–14. It participated in a second invasion of France in 1815, and put an end to Murat's regime in south Italy.
1823:
in 1807, having been occupied several times since 1801, but Britain remained at war with France and no treaty was signed recognising their annexation. His claims were later settled by the creation of the
191:
2167:
was adopted. By this act, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria as two separate entities joined on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The frequent abbreviation
3703:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 1. Februar 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der serbischen Woiwodschaft und des Temeser Banates"
3256:
Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts
192:
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from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, but the actual consequence of the Imperial Recess, along with the French occupying the
3960:
1750:
The French victories encouraged rulers of certain imperial territories to ally themselves with the French and assert their formal independence from the Empire. On 10 December 1805,
3011:
2066:. This exile undermined Borovský's health and he died soon afterwards. This affair earned Bach a very bad reputation among Czechs and subsequently led to the strengthening of the
3677:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 4. Juni 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung des Großfürstenthumes Siebenbürgen"
2266:
entering into a secret military agreement with the Russian Empire in November 1804. This convention was to assure mutual cooperation in the case of a new war against France.
1728:. Hungary's affairs remained administered by its own institutions (King and Diet) as they had been beforehand; thus no Imperial institutions were involved in its government.
213:
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2175:, "Imperial and Royal") does not refer to that dual monarchy but originated in 1745, when the "royal" part referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary. However, during
1648:
in the same month and various Holy Roman states becoming allied with or against France, was the end of the empire. Taking this significant change into consideration,
1789:, Slovakia) on 26 December 1805, in which he recognised these new titles and ceded large amounts of territory to Napoleon's German allies and the French Satellite
2039:
control over education and family life. This period in the history of the Austrian Empire would become known as the era of neo-absolutism, or Bach's absolutism.
1804:
put an end to the Holy Roman Empire. On 6 August 1806, Francis proclaimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him.
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Administratively, most of the crown lands excluding Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Transylvania, Lombardy–Venetia and the Military Frontier were divided into
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on 2 December 1805. Francis was forced into negotiations with the French from 4 to 6 December 1805, which concluded with an armistice on 6 December 1805.
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3598:"Kaiserliche Entschließung vom 26. Juni 1849, wodurch die Grunzüge für die Organisation der Politischen Verwaltungs-Behörden genehmiget werden"
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3402:"History of Austria, Austria in the Age of Metternich." History of Austria, Austria in the Age of Metternich. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 March 2015.
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dominated Austrian foreign policy from 1804 to 1815. The Austrian army was one of the most formidable forces the French had to face. After
1498:
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1585:—as Regnum Independens—was administered by its own institutions separately from the rest of the empire. After Austria was defeated in the
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largely dictated policy in Austria and Hungary. Bach centralized administrative authority for the Austrian Empire, but he also endorsed
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During this time, Metternich was able to maintain an elaborate balance between Prussia, the lesser German states, and Austria in the
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1896:. The Austrian Empire also gained new territories from the Congress of Vienna, and its influence expanded to the north through the
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in 1815. The Austrian Empire was the main beneficiary from the Congress of Vienna and it established an alliance with Britain,
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was accelerated by French intervention in the Empire in September 1805. On 20 October 1805, an Austrian army led by General
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Austria-Hungary issued military stamps for use in occupied regions, with the text "K.u.K. Feldpost" or K.u.K. Militärpost.
1732:
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was remarkable, and he became not only the premier statesman in Europe but the virtual ruler of the Empire until 1848—the
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realised the inevitability of Napoleon's downfall and took Austria to war against France. Metternich's influence at the
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Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
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2307:, located in Paris, called for careful advance in the case of the war against France. The defeat of French army at the
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793:
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a standing army of soldiers, a sitting army of office holders, a kneeling army of priests and a fawning army of sneaks
1979:
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Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864, by Edwin Mueller, 1961.
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1672:. Initially Francis II/I continued to hold both titles but abdicated the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
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Tuncer, Huner. "Metternich and the Modern Era." Arts–Culture. Daily News, 6 September 1996. Web. 24 March 2015.
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became Foreign Minister in 1809. He also held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848, under both
1743:. The French victory resulted in the capture of 20,000 Austrian soldiers and many cannons. Napoleon's army won
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However, Bach's relaxed ideological views (apart from the neo-absolutism) led to a great rise in the 1850s of
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Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
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This article is about the Habsburg realm between 1804 and 1867. For the Habsburg realms more generally, see
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signed a peace treaty with France on 5 April 1795, Austria was forced to carry the main burden of war with
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Imperial standard of the Austrian Empire with the medium coat of arms (used until 1915 for Austria-Hungary)
2191:
Imperial standard of the Austrian Empire with the lesser coat of arms (used until 1915 for Austria-Hungary)
1983:
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constituted a single land with disaggregated provincial and military administration, and representation.
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in Spain on 27 July 1808 triggered the war. On 9 April 1809, an Austrian force of 170,000 men attacked
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in 1851 (re-divided in 1854); the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was also divided into
2435:
1844:, succeeded as King of Hanover, thus ending the personal union with Great Britain that dated to 1714.
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was established, comprising 16 sovereigns and countries. This confederation, under French influence,
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1566:, except for a period between 1809 and 1813, when Austria was first allied with Napoleon during the
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Sofka, James R. "Metternich's Theory of European Order: A Political Agenda for 'Perpetual Peace'."
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2908:(in today's France, Germany and Switzerland) had already been lost in the 1805 Peace of Pressburg.
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2334:—and consequently lost territory throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (the Treaties of
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In her capacity as leader of the German Confederation, Austria participated with volunteers in the
2016:
1539:, while geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the
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until the latter's dissolution in 1806. It continued fighting against Napoleon throughout the
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a brief attempt was made to introduce modern-style political districts (in addition to the
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The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary
3272:, In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557
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Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. New York: Viking, 1963. Print.
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Merchant ensign from 1786 until 1869 and naval and war ensign from 1786 until 1915 (
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duties were abolished, and peasants were emancipated from their feudal obligations.
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preserve the Habsburgs' power and influence in international affairs. Following the
1531:. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the
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Napoleon's great adversaries: the Archduke Charles and the Austrian army, 1792–1814
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in 1853/54 instead instituted a system which delegated the responsibilities of the
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4985:
4708:
4298:
4085:
4012:
3998:
3190:
3117:
2905:
2534:
2522:
2455:
2254:
2125:
2119:
1909:
concepts. Metternich also used a wide-ranging spy network to dampen down unrest.
1877:
1759:
1594:
1563:
1261:
1218:
946:
919:
609:
271:
267:
255:
119:
35:
6203:
3828:(1976). "Nobility and Military Careers: The Habsburg Officer Corps, 1740–1914".
6724:
6719:
6682:
6657:
6640:
6551:
6536:
6507:
6465:
6313:
6273:
6268:
6223:
6149:
6109:
6099:
6089:
5904:
5783:
5677:
5544:
5426:
5287:
5093:
5053:
4990:
4783:
4481:
3893:
Sked, Alan. "Explaining the Habsburg Empire, 1830–90." in Pamela Pilbeam, ed.,
3806:
The World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22
2396:
2047:
1889:
1837:
1816:
1755:
1711:
1532:
1474:
821:
337:
333:
307:
275:
263:
3017:
The 'hauskrone' of Rudolph II, later the imperial crown of the Austrian Empire
2106:
removed Lombardy, except for the part east of the Mincio river, the so-called
1593:
was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form
1578:, which reaffirmed the empire as one of the great powers of the 19th century.
6824:
6805:
6692:
6487:
6460:
6433:
6411:
6389:
6156:
6139:
6124:
5968:
5921:
5909:
5835:
5727:
5601:
5596:
5571:
5453:
5206:
5122:
5117:
5024:
4702:
4323:
3933:
3857:
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1968). "The Austrian Army in the Age of Metternich".
2939:
2486:
2474:
2327:
2078:
1740:
1317:
717:
701:
6233:
6213:
3961:
The empire of Austria; its rise and present power (Third millennium library)
6697:
6438:
6428:
6394:
6323:
6318:
6245:
6035:
6017:
5978:
5973:
5953:
5948:
5820:
5813:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5687:
5625:
5606:
5591:
5527:
4251:
4214:
3772:
Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683–1867
3740:
3572:"Najnovije doba hrvatske povjesti (R. Horvat)/Prelom s Ugarskom – Wikizvor"
3236:
Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions
3122:
1524:
1165:
1087:
960:
547:
2980:
In the course of the post-1848 reforms Transylvania was also divided into
2152:
pressed for autonomy, and Venetia was attracted by the now unified Italy.
6416:
6401:
6250:
5963:
5872:
5862:
5788:
5436:
5431:
2388:
2286:
2176:
2020:
1905:
531:
516:
346:
3942:
3819:
3731:(Vol. 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016.
2035:) party, which culminated in the concordat of August 1855 that gave the
6443:
6260:
6134:
6094:
6027:
4927:
4003:
3878:
3849:
3270:
Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel
2538:
2443:
1833:
1786:
1775:
1678:
1625:
1574:. Austria and its allies emerged victorious in the war, leading to the
1155:
1133:
2415:
2403:, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy; and in the 1866
1836:
as Kings of Hanover. Succession could only be in the male line, so on
6333:
6104:
5988:
5958:
5739:
5613:
5404:
4610:
4328:
3901:
3521:
1805, Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition
3283:"Maximilian I | Duke and Elector of Bavaria (1573-1651) | Britannica"
2107:
1829:
1327:
1141:
374:
350:
3841:
1819:; Hanover and Lauenburg were incorporated into the French satellite
5734:
5517:
5475:
5414:
4241:
4224:
4146:
3870:
3000:
German was the primary language of higher education in the empire.
2098:. Austria was defeated in the 1859 armed conflict. The Treaties of
1664:
as Holy Roman Emperor, who had earlier that year adopted the title
1661:
1551:
1137:
1105:
1095:
712:
4824:
3815:
The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse
3717:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
3691:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
3665:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
2233:
5647:
5576:
5532:
5387:
5297:
4219:
4177:
2510:
2258:
2140:). But most nationalities of the monarchy remained dissatisfied.
1964:
1963:
were made; significant lasting reforms included the abolition of
1885:
1621:
1373:
1091:
1057:
369:
362:
5448:
5480:
5355:
4229:
2407:, with the loss of its influence in most German-speaking land.
2271:
2168:
2063:
2055:
1807:
The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was not recognized by
1778:
on 12 December. Each of these new states became French allies.
1762:, proclaimed himself king, followed by the Duke of Württemberg
1696:
1099:
695:
245:
1971:
said to implement a constitution throughout the whole Empire.
6114:
4202:
2833:
2128:, also known as "February Patent", created a House of Lords (
1145:
1077:
3413:"Ferdinand (I) | Biography, Reign, & Facts | Britannica"
3238:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 6,
2977:('office districts'), a system which persisted until 1867.
1943:
and the monarchs of Austria, Prussia, and Russia after the
5324:
3101:
Military districts in Hungarian part of the Empire in 1850
2450:, including the local government reorganizations from the
3761:
For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918
3389:
3387:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
2163:
of 1866 and the German Confederation was dissolved, the
1554:'s declaration of the First French Empire, unifying all
218:
The Austrian Empire in 1815, with the boundaries of the
2816:), from 1849, merged into Hungary and Slavonia in 1860
2439:
Ethnographic composition of the Austrian Empire in 1855
1710:, which had until then been legally separate realms in
3915:
The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918
3384:
3361:
3359:
3318:
The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918
2294:
Archduke Charles of Austria served as the Head of the
2027:
and abandoned public trials. He later represented the
1929:
Historians generally consider the Metternich era as a
1863:. The period of 1815–1848 is also referred to as the "
1558:
under one central government. It remained part of the
1527:
from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the
3629:ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online
3602:ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online
3323:
2283:
never abandoned the goal of further war with France.
3089:
Double-headed eagle at the Ministry of War in Vienna
2826:
autonomous entity 1848/49, not officially recognized
2544:
Gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol mit dem Lande Vorarlberg
2303:, agreed with Stadion's efforts to begin a new war.
1570:
and later neutral during the first few weeks of the
34:. For the Habsburg realm between 1867 and 1918, see
3356:
1967:, cancellation of censorship and a promise made by
3342:The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs: 1814–1918
1612:Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
3707:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3681:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3655:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3474:"February Patent | Austrian history | Britannica"
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
2054:. Prisons were full of political prisoners, like
1867:". During this period, Metternich controlled the
6822:
2938:'), an administrative division introduced under
2419:The Austrian Empire, between 1816 and 1859 (the
3437:
3377:
3375:
3207:Germany Since 1789: A Nation Forged and Renewed
1840:'s accession to the British throne, her uncle,
3534:The Role of Metternich in Undermining Napoleon
3301:
2778:; restored to Hungary in 1822; to Croatia 1849
2354:The latter period of Napoleonic Wars featured
2094:allied itself with France for the conquest of
1741:defeated by French armies near the city of Ulm
6911:1867 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire
6901:States and territories disestablished in 1867
5340:
4810:
4162:
4126:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
3981:
2808:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
1492:
1285:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I
6797:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
3721:
3372:
3150:
2987:
2981:
2963:
2957:
2947:
2927:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2697:
2685:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2526:
2514:
2504:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2135:
2129:
2062:who was forcibly expatriated (1851–1855) to
1880:, Metternich was the chief architect of the
1694:
1676:
1636:) was declared, which reduced the number of
173:
111:
3895:Themes in Modern European History 1830–1890
3794:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918
3622:Gesetz vom 19. Jänner 1853, RGBl. 10/1853:
2765:
1723:
1684:
6906:1804 establishments in the Austrian Empire
6896:States and territories established in 1804
5347:
5333:
4817:
4803:
4169:
4155:
3988:
3974:
3856:
3824:
3595:Gesetz vom 26. Juni 1849, RGBl. 295/1849:
3441:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
3201:
2042:The pillars of the so-called Bach system (
1958:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
1923:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
1815:(formally Brunswick-Lüneburg) and Duke of
1499:
1485:
228:
212:
3800:
3539:
662:698,700 km (269,800 sq mi)
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
3956:Austrian Army during the Napoleonic Wars
2813:Woiwodschaft Serbien und Temescher Banat
2770:under Hungary from 1779; part of French
2434:
2426:
2414:
2285:
2232:
1994:
1973:
1935:
54:This article includes a list of general
6621:
4121:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3253:
2604:Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca
2599:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
2299:addition, the third wife of Francis I,
14:
6823:
3932:
3233:
3077:Postage stamp depicting Franz Joseph I
2480:Erzherzogtum Österreich unter der Enns
2446:of the Austrian Empire after the 1815
2245:, and other European diplomats at the
2015:in 1852, the Minister of the Interior
1951:
234:Greatest extent of the Austrian Empire
5328:
4798:
4150:
3969:
3906:Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation
3766:
3545:
3536:(University of Illinois Press, 1948).
3463:Mueller 1961, Historical Data, p. H5.
3453:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
3344:. Chicago: Rand Mcnally, 1969. Print.
3258:, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, p. 45
3159:
3113:Former countries in Europe after 1815
2431:The Austrian Empire, in 1866 and 1867
1781:Francis II agreed to the humiliating
4176:
3912:
3900:
3812:
3791:
2410:
1921:of the Austrian Empire. The liberal
1733:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
571:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
40:
3897:(Routledge, 2002) pp. 141–176.
3550:. London: Allen Lane. p. 433.
3431:
3127:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
2942:in the 18th century. Following the
2492:Erzherzogtum Österreich ob der Enns
2165:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
1628:(1801–1803). On 24 March 1803, the
1591:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
906:Federation of the Seven Communities
24:
6841:States of the German Confederation
4826:States of the German Confederation
4421:Western European broadleaf forests
4101:Grand Principality of Transylvania
3783:The Habsburg Empire: A New History
3752:
3125:for the Austrian Empire after the
2898:) merged into Transylvania in 1853
2796:Grand Principality of Transylvania
2789:Lombardo-Venezianisches Königreich
2687:Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien
2058:nationalist journalist and writer
1616:Changes shaping the nature of the
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Empire in Europe from 1804 to 1867
25:
6922:
3949:
3065:Postage stamp depicting Francis I
2391:, Austria maintained a policy of
2228:
1990:
1847:
1706:) comprised all the lands of the
1620:took place during conferences in
4849:
4096:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
4041:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
4011:
3997:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2904:The old Habsburg possessions of
2756:City of Fiume with its territory
2682:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
2318:Despite military defeats of the
2208:
2196:
2184:
1809:George III of the United Kingdom
1468:
1280:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
1209:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
1056:
999:
985:
968:
951:
937:
912:
898:
884:
870:
864:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
856:
842:
828:
814:
800:
786:
772:
758:
744:
189:
152:
138:
45:
6851:Former countries in the Balkans
3695:
3669:
3643:
3616:
3589:
3564:
3526:
3513:
3500:
3491:
3466:
3457:
3405:
3396:
3347:
3320:. London: Longman, 1989. Print.
3041:Growth of the Habsburg Monarchy
2890:Transylvanian Military Frontier
5176:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
4376:Alps conifer and mixed forests
3450:New International Encyclopedia
3444:"Bach, Alexander, Baron"
3275:
3262:
3246:
3227:
3195:
3184:
3161:[ˌkaɪzɐtuːmˈøːstəʁaɪç]
3139:
2301:Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
13:
1:
4131:Imperial Free City of Trieste
3929:detailed contemporary account
3178:
2611:Imperial Free City of Trieste
2305:Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
2113:
2013:Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg
1926:on European foreign affairs.
1785:, signed in Pressburg (today
1745:another victory at Austerlitz
1634:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
1605:
1546:The empire was proclaimed by
493:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
176:Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser
3709:(in German). 1 February 1854
3631:(in German). 19 January 1853
2995:
2559:), subdivided in 1849/1850:
1811:who was also the Elector of
892:Principality of Transylvania
7:
6861:Former monarchies of Europe
5354:
4349:Military history of Austria
4339:Allied-administered Austria
4056:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3106:
3029:The crown jewels of Austria
2866:Slavonian Military Frontier
2801:Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen
2784:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2639:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
2322:—especially the Battles of
2290:The Austrian Empire in 1812
2134:) and a House of Deputies (
10:
6927:
6836:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
3209:(2nd ed.). New York:
3003:
2895:Siebenbürger Militärgrenze
2854:Croatian Military Frontier
2281:Johann Philipp von Stadion
2173:Kaiserliche und Königliche
2117:
1955:
1915:Count Franz Anton Kolowrat
1798:Confederation of the Rhine
1640:from 81 to only 3 and the
1609:
1600:
1515:, officially known as the
1303:Republic of German-Austria
1111:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy
933:North German Confederation
29:
6790:
6742:
6259:
5663:
5362:
5311:
5280:
5253:
5220:
5146:
5113:
5106:
5044:
4999:
4963:
4956:
4910:
4894:
4858:
4847:
4833:
4756:
4674:
4601:
4592:
4535:
4526:
4447:
4438:
4366:
4357:
4188:
4021:
3859:Journal of Modern History
3604:(in German). 26 June 1849
3532:Josephine Bunch Stearns,
2871:Slawonische Militärgrenze
1774:, was given the title of
1015:
723:
711:
683:
673:
666:
656:
649:
645:
632:
619:
606:
593:
580:
567:
557:
553:
543:
528:
513:
503:
499:
486:
473:
469:
459:
455:
443:
431:
419:
415:
405:
380:
368:
325:
251:
241:
227:
211:
168:
134:
129:
105:
6876:19th century in Slovakia
6871:19th century in Slovenia
4371:Administrative divisions
4319:Federal State of Austria
4116:Princely County of Tyrol
3792:Kann, Robert A. (1980).
3683:(in German). 4 June 1854
3657:(in German). 12 May 1851
3548:Crimea: The Last Crusade
3132:
2859:Kroatische Militärgrenze
2535:Princely County of Tyrol
2046:) were, in the words of
2017:Baron Alexander von Bach
1919:first Minister-President
1374:Second Austrian Republic
1323:Federal State of Austria
184:God Save Emperor Francis
6891:19th century in Hungary
6886:19th century in Bohemia
6881:19th century in Austria
4406:Pannonian mixed forests
4309:First Austrian Republic
3943:excerpt and text search
3820:excerpt and text search
3546:Figes, Orlando (2010).
3369:60.01 (1998): 115. Web.
3254:Zeilner, Franz (2008),
2878:Banat Military Frontier
2468:Erzherzogtum Österreich
2068:Czech national movement
2060:Karel Havlíček Borovský
2003:with his troops at the
1917:, who later became the
1737:Karl Mack von Leiberich
1550:in 1804 in response to
1529:realms of the Habsburgs
1369:Allied-occupied Austria
1308:First Austrian Republic
396:Constitutional monarchy
75:more precise citations.
4279:Siege of Vienna (1529)
4259:Margraviate of Austria
4111:Margraviate of Moravia
3921:Steed, Henry Wickham.
3826:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3367:The Review of Politics
3234:Laszlo, Péter (2011),
3151:
3147:Kaiserthum Oesterreich
3146:
2988:
2982:
2964:
2958:
2952:), but the reforms of
2948:
2928:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2766:
2761:Stadt Fiume mit Gebiet
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2698:
2686:
2672:
2660:
2656:Margraviate of Moravia
2648:
2628:Markgrafschaft Istrien
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2527:
2515:
2505:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2291:
2250:
2136:
2130:
2086:First War of Schleswig
2023:policies that reduced
2008:
1987:
1969:Ferdinand I of Austria
1948:
1941:Karl von Schwarzenberg
1853:Klemens von Metternich
1724:
1695:
1677:
1633:
1171:Margraviate of Austria
780:Electorate of Salzburg
480:Klemens von Metternich
174:
112:
6866:19th century in Italy
6767:Medieval great powers
4106:Margraviate of Istria
3923:The Hapsburg monarchy
2883:Banater Militärgrenze
2661:Markgrafschaft Mähren
2623:Margraviate of Istria
2547:), subdivided in 1861
2438:
2430:
2418:
2289:
2237:Metternich alongside
2236:
2037:Roman Catholic Church
1998:
1977:
1939:
1821:Kingdom of Westphalia
1796:On 12 July 1806, the
1666:Emperor of the French
1646:Electorate of Hanover
1638:ecclesiastical states
252:Common languages
160:Imperial coat of arms
6777:European colonialism
6762:Ancient great powers
4938:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4933:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4426:World Heritage Sites
4269:Archduchy of Austria
4066:Archduchy of Austria
3813:Okey, Robin (2002).
3506:Gunther Rothenberg,
3497:Mueller 1961, p. H6.
3203:Williamson, David G.
3152:Kaisertum Österreich
3053:Vereinstaler of 1866
2792:), lost in 1859/1866
2749:Königreich Slawonien
2713:Königreich Dalmatien
2702:), split off in 1850
2528:Herzogtum Steiermark
2463:Archduchy of Austria
2372:German Confederation
2159:was defeated in the
2126:Constitution of 1861
2025:freedom of the press
1984:Hungarian Revolution
1898:German Confederation
1752:Maximilian IV Joseph
1675:This new empire or "
1668:and established the
1642:free imperial cities
1556:Habsburg possessions
1257:German Confederation
1242:Archduchy of Austria
766:Archduchy of Austria
675:• 1843 estimate
610:Constitution adopted
559:• Proclamation
220:German Confederation
113:Kaisertum Österreich
6772:Modern great powers
5138:Waldeck and Pyrmont
4660:freedom of religion
4247:Ostrogothic Kingdom
4061:Kingdom of Slavonia
4036:Kingdom of Dalmatia
3913:Sked, Alan (2001).
3510:(Indiana UP, 1982).
3340:Jelavich, Barbara.
2944:revolutions of 1848
2830:Banat of Temeschwar
2744:Kingdom of Slavonia
2737:Königreich Kroatien
2708:Kingdom of Dalmatia
2673:Herzogtum Schlesien
2556:Königreich Illyrien
2452:Revolutions of 1848
2405:Austro-Prussian War
2401:Franco-Austrian War
2365:Year of revolutions
2161:Austro-Prussian War
2011:After the death of
2005:Battle of Solferino
1952:Revolutions of 1848
1931:period of stability
1783:Treaty of Pressburg
1670:First French Empire
1587:Austro-Prussian War
1572:Sixth Coalition War
1541:First French Empire
1236:Early modern period
1116:Ostrogothic Kingdom
850:Kingdom of Slavonia
623:Austro-Prussian War
18:The Austrian Empire
4570:Telecommunications
4314:Austrian Civil War
4294:Congress of Vienna
4289:March Constitution
4208:Kingdom of Noricum
4076:Duchy of Carinthia
4051:Kingdom of Illyria
4046:Kingdom of Hungary
4031:Kingdom of Croatia
4026:Kingdom of Bohemia
3781:Judson, Pieter M.
3759:Bassett, Richard.
3478:www.britannica.com
3417:www.britannica.com
3287:www.britannica.com
3211:Palgrave Macmillan
3149:, modern spelling
2962:among subordinate
2776:Kingdom of Illyria
2772:Illyrian Provinces
2732:Kingdom of Croatia
2720:Kingdom of Hungary
2699:Herzogtum Bukowina
2644:Kingdom of Bohemia
2563:Duchy of Carinthia
2551:Kingdom of Illyria
2519:) of Upper Austria
2506:Herzogtum Salzburg
2448:Congress of Vienna
2441:
2433:
2425:
2393:hostile neutrality
2361:Congress of Vienna
2292:
2251:
2247:Congress of Vienna
2033:Klerikalabsolutist
2009:
1988:
1949:
1904:Under Metternich,
1894:Quadruple Alliance
1882:Congress of Vienna
1828:which was held by
1826:Kingdom of Hanover
1725:Regnum Independens
1720:Kingdom of Hungary
1716:composite monarchy
1657:Emperor of Austria
1655:created the title
1650:Holy Roman Emperor
1583:Kingdom of Hungary
1576:Congress of Vienna
1568:invasion of Russia
1475:Austria portal
1351:National Socialism
1224:Duchy of Carinthia
1176:House of Babenberg
1082:Kingdom of Noricum
1017:1: Territories of
836:Kingdom of Croatia
794:Kingdom of Hungary
636:Compromise of 1867
584:Congress of Vienna
461:Minister-President
6816:
6815:
6738:
6737:
6703:Polish–Lithuanian
5878:Gurjara-Pratihara
5322:
5321:
5276:
5275:
5202:
5189:
5102:
5101:
5046:Ernestine duchies
4792:
4791:
4752:
4751:
4588:
4587:
4522:
4521:
4514:Political parties
4467:Foreign relations
4434:
4433:
4344:History of Vienna
4274:Habsburg monarchy
4198:Hallstatt culture
4144:
4143:
4136:Military Frontier
4091:Duchy of Salzburg
4081:Duchy of Carniola
4071:Duchy of Bukovina
3576:hr.wikisource.org
3557:978-0-7139-9704-0
3220:978-1-137-35004-6
2921:Military Frontier
2842:Military Frontier
2820:Serbian Vojvodina
2725:Königreich Ungarn
2694:Duchy of Bukovina
2649:Königreich Böhmen
2575:Duchy of Carniola
2568:Herzogtum Kärnten
2501:Duchy of Salzburg
2421:Military Frontier
2411:Constituent lands
2330:, Austerlitz and
2263:Napoleonic France
2050:, four "armies":
1999:Austrian Emperor
1980:Battle of Komárom
1945:Battle of Leipzig
1873:absolute monarchy
1869:Habsburg monarchy
1865:Age of Metternich
1772:Margrave of Baden
1768:Charles Frederick
1708:Habsburg monarchy
1618:Holy Roman Empire
1560:Holy Roman Empire
1517:Empire of Austria
1509:
1508:
1333:Ostmark (Austria)
1204:Holy Roman Empire
1199:House of Habsburg
1181:Privilegium Minus
1128:Early Middle Ages
1073:Hallstatt culture
1030:
1029:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
925:
924:
878:Duchy of Bukovina
752:Holy Roman Empire
538:House of Deputies
475:• 1821–1848
445:• 1848–1916
433:• 1835–1848
421:• 1804–1835
390:Absolute monarchy
205:
107:Empire of Austria
101:
100:
93:
32:Habsburg monarchy
16:(Redirected from
6918:
6846:Christian states
6619:
6618:
6284:Austro-Hungarian
5984:Chagatai Khanate
5349:
5342:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5246:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5213:
5212:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5166:Reuss-Lobenstein
5162:
5161:
5133:Schaumburg-Lippe
5111:
5110:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5037:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5001:Anhalt (Ascania)
4982:
4961:
4960:
4853:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4772:
4765:
4599:
4598:
4533:
4532:
4445:
4444:
4364:
4363:
4264:Duchy of Austria
4171:
4164:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4016:
4015:
4002:
4001:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3941:
3918:
3909:
3890:
3853:
3830:Military Affairs
3818:
3809:
3802:Kissinger, Henry
3797:
3775:
3747:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3382:
3379:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3321:
3314:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3143:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2961:
2951:
2933:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2769:
2767:Corpus separatum
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2701:
2689:
2675:
2668:Duchy of Silesia
2663:
2651:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2530:
2518:
2508:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2309:Battle of Bailén
2277:Archduke Charles
2212:
2200:
2188:
2139:
2137:Abgeordnetenhaus
2133:
2096:Lombardy–Venetia
2075:economic freedom
2044:Bachsches System
1791:Kingdom of Italy
1766:on 11 December.
1727:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1624:(1797–1799) and
1501:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1417:Military history
1402:Economic history
1363:Post-war Austria
1214:Duchy of Austria
1161:Frankish Kingdom
1060:
1050:
1032:
1031:
1003:
1002:
995:Kingdom of Italy
989:
988:
972:
971:
955:
954:
941:
940:
929:
928:
916:
915:
902:
901:
888:
887:
874:
873:
860:
859:
846:
845:
832:
831:
818:
817:
808:Kingdom of Italy
804:
803:
790:
789:
776:
775:
762:
761:
748:
747:
741:
740:
725:
724:
508:Imperial Council
359:Eastern Catholic
355:Eastern Orthodox
232:
216:
207:
206:
187:
179:
156:
142:
124:
123:
115:
103:
102:
96:
89:
85:
82:
76:
71:this article by
62:inline citations
49:
48:
41:
21:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6831:Austrian Empire
6821:
6820:
6817:
6812:
6801:American Empire
6786:
6782:African empires
6734:
6617:
6309:Central African
6255:
6073:Romano-Germanic
5659:
5393:Middle Assyrian
5366:
5358:
5353:
5323:
5318:
5307:
5272:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5192:
5191:
5179:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5156:Reuss-Ebersdorf
5142:
5098:
5088:
5080:
5078:Gotha-Altenburg
5072:
5064:
5062:Coburg-Saalfeld
5056:
5040:
5035:
5027:
5019:
5011:
4995:
4980:
4952:
4948:Weimar-Eisenach
4923:Hesse-Darmstadt
4906:
4890:
4854:
4845:
4829:
4823:
4793:
4788:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4748:
4739:Public holidays
4734:National anthem
4670:
4611:Austrian people
4584:
4518:
4430:
4353:
4299:Austria-Hungary
4284:Austrian Empire
4237:Germanic tribes
4184:
4175:
4145:
4140:
4086:Duchy of Styria
4017:
4010:
4008:Austrian Empire
3996:
3994:
3952:
3947:
3917:(2nd ed.).
3842:10.2307/1986702
3796:(2nd ed.).
3768:Evans, R. J. W.
3755:
3753:Further reading
3750:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3544:
3540:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3419:. 15 April 2024
3411:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3324:
3315:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3289:. 13 April 2024
3281:
3280:
3276:
3268:József Zachar,
3267:
3263:
3251:
3247:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3200:
3196:
3191:October Diploma
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3118:Austria-Hungary
3109:
3102:
3099:
3090:
3087:
3078:
3075:
3066:
3063:
3054:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3030:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3006:
2998:
2968:
2906:Further Austria
2774:from 1809 then
2580:Herzogtum Krain
2523:Duchy of Styria
2456:October Diploma
2413:
2381:revolutionaries
2255:Napoleonic Wars
2231:
2224:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2192:
2189:
2122:
2120:Austria-Hungary
2116:
1993:
1960:
1954:
1878:Napoleonic Wars
1850:
1842:Ernest Augustus
1760:Duke of Bavaria
1703:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1630:Imperial Recess
1614:
1608:
1603:
1595:Austria-Hungary
1564:Napoleonic Wars
1513:Austrian Empire
1505:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:Austria-Hungary
1252:Austrian Empire
1247:Habsburg empire
1237:
1229:
1228:
1219:Duchy of Styria
1194:
1186:
1185:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1026:
1000:
986:
969:
952:
947:Austria-Hungary
938:
920:Duchy of Warsaw
913:
899:
885:
871:
857:
843:
829:
815:
801:
787:
773:
759:
745:
707:
676:
659:
638:
625:
615:20 October 1860
612:
599:
597:1848 Revolution
586:
573:
560:
534:
519:
489:
476:
446:
434:
422:
401:
345:
341:
332:
237:
235:
223:
222:in dotted lines
190:
188:
181:
180:
164:
163:
162:
157:
149:
148:
143:
125:
117:
110:
108:
97:
86:
80:
77:
67:Please help to
66:
50:
46:
39:
36:Austria-Hungary
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6924:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6856:Former empires
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5665:Post-classical
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5464:Middle Kingdom
5461:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5420:Neo-Babylonian
5417:
5412:
5410:Old Babylonian
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5196:
5183:
5173:
5163:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5107:Principalities
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:Hildburghausen
5083:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5050:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Climate change
4448:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:German Austria
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
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4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4018:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3950:External links
3948:
3946:
3945:
3934:Taylor, A.J.P.
3930:
3919:
3910:
3898:
3891:
3871:10.1086/240187
3865:(2): 155–165.
3854:
3836:(4): 182–186.
3822:
3810:
3798:
3789:
3779:
3764:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3737:978-1317118442
3720:
3694:
3668:
3642:
3615:
3588:
3563:
3556:
3538:
3525:
3519:Robert Goetz,
3512:
3499:
3490:
3465:
3456:
3430:
3404:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3355:
3346:
3322:
3300:
3274:
3261:
3245:
3226:
3219:
3213:. p. 14.
3194:
3182:
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3177:
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3120:
3115:
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2753:
2741:
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2703:
2679:
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2665:
2653:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2584:
2572:
2548:
2532:
2520:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2412:
2409:
2296:Council of War
2230:
2229:Foreign policy
2227:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2183:
2118:Main article:
2115:
2112:
2048:Adolf Fischhof
1992:
1991:The Bach years
1989:
1956:Main article:
1953:
1950:
1849:
1848:Metternich era
1846:
1838:Queen Victoria
1817:Saxe-Lauenburg
1756:prince-elector
1712:personal union
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1537:United Kingdom
1533:Russian Empire
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Rail transport
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1365:
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1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:Interwar years
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
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1191:
1188:
1187:
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1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
991:
990:
983:
981:Transleithania
974:
973:
966:
957:
956:
949:
943:
942:
935:
926:
923:
922:
917:
909:
908:
903:
895:
894:
889:
881:
880:
875:
867:
866:
861:
853:
852:
847:
839:
838:
833:
825:
824:
822:Bohemian Crown
819:
811:
810:
805:
797:
796:
791:
783:
782:
777:
769:
768:
763:
755:
754:
749:
737:
736:
731:
721:
720:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
699:
693:
687:
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
653:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
633:
630:
629:
626:
620:
617:
616:
613:
607:
604:
603:
600:
594:
591:
590:
587:
581:
578:
577:
574:
568:
565:
564:
563:11 August 1804
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
544:Historical era
541:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
523:House of Lords
520:
514:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
497:
496:
490:
487:
484:
483:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
450:Franz Joseph I
447:
444:
441:
440:
435:
432:
429:
428:
423:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
400:
399:
393:
386:
384:
378:
377:
372:
366:
365:
334:Roman Catholic
327:
323:
322:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
225:
224:
217:
209:
208:
166:
165:
158:
151:
150:
144:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
109:
106:
99:
98:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6923:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6819:
6807:
6806:Soviet empire
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:Miscellaneous
6789:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
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6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
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6661:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
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6592:
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6587:
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6504:
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6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:German Empire
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6130:Turco-Persian
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5268:Sondershausen
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5241:
5238:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5208:
5207:Reuss-Schleiz
5205:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5188:(Junior Line)
5184:
5177:
5174:
5167:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Liechtenstein
5121:
5119:
5118:Hesse-Homburg
5116:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5076:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:Grand duchies
4909:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Ethnic groups
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Austrofascism
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3440:
3439:Gilman, D. C.
3434:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2940:Maria Theresa
2937:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:Militärgrenze
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:), 1815–1850
2507:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2487:Upper Austria
2485:
2481:
2476:
2475:Lower Austria
2473:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2423:is not shown)
2422:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2346:in 1806, and
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:Austrian army
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:Austrian army
2153:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:(1848–1850).
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Frederick III
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:The fall and
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:of 1866, the
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:multinational
1518:
1514:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Austrofascism
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:Early history
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1014:
998:
996:
993:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
975:
967:
965:
963:
959:
958:
950:
948:
945:
944:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
921:
918:
911:
910:
907:
904:
897:
896:
893:
890:
883:
882:
879:
876:
869:
868:
865:
862:
855:
854:
851:
848:
841:
840:
837:
834:
827:
826:
823:
820:
813:
812:
809:
806:
799:
798:
795:
792:
785:
784:
781:
778:
771:
770:
767:
764:
757:
756:
753:
750:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
714:
713:ISO 3166 code
710:
703:
702:Vereinsthaler
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
686:
682:
678:
672:
669:
665:
661:
655:
652:
648:
644:
641:30 March 1867
640:
637:
631:
627:
624:
618:
614:
611:
605:
602:13 March 1848
601:
598:
592:
588:
585:
579:
576:6 August 1806
575:
572:
566:
562:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
527:
524:
521:
518:
512:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
485:
481:
478:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
451:
448:
442:
439:
436:
430:
427:
424:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
385:
383:
379:
376:
373:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
231:
226:
221:
215:
210:
185:
178:
177:
171:
167:
161:
155:
147:
141:
133:
128:
121:
114:
104:
95:
92:
84:
81:December 2021
74:
70:
64:
63:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6818:
6557:Contemporary
6407:Indo-Persian
6395:Nazi Germany
6339:Contemporary
6278:
6241:Vijayanagara
6140:Great Seljuk
6051:Thessalonica
5979:Golden Horde
5619:Carthaginian
5398:Neo-Assyrian
5383:Neo-Sumerian
5244:(until 1850)
5234:(until 1850)
5222:Hohenzollern
5211:(until 1848)
5201:(Elder Line)
5199:Reuss-Greiz
5170:(until 1824)
5160:(until 1824)
5089:(until 1826)
5081:(until 1826)
5070:Coburg-Gotha
5065:(until 1826)
5036:(until 1847)
5028:(until 1863)
5020:(until 1863)
4902:Hesse-Kassel
4840:
4694:Coat of arms
4684:Architecture
4651:Prostitution
4621:Demographics
4499:Legal system
4477:Human rights
4457:Constitution
4283:
4252:East Francia
4007:
3937:
3922:
3914:
3905:
3894:
3862:
3858:
3833:
3829:
3814:
3805:
3793:
3782:
3771:
3760:
3741:Google Books
3728:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3706:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3680:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3654:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3628:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3601:
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3575:
3566:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3477:
3468:
3459:
3448:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3416:
3407:
3398:
3366:
3349:
3341:
3317:
3316:Sked, Alan.
3291:. Retrieved
3286:
3277:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3206:
3197:
3186:
3141:
3123:Cisleithania
2999:
2979:
2925:
2910:
2903:
2823:
2516:Salzachkreis
2454:to the 1860
2442:
2386:
2369:
2353:
2336:Campo Formio
2317:
2293:
2268:
2252:
2220:
2216:
2172:
2154:
2142:
2123:
2090:
2083:
2072:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2010:
2001:Franz Joseph
1961:
1928:
1911:
1903:
1892:forming the
1859:and his son
1851:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1780:
1749:
1730:
1674:
1615:
1580:
1545:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1462:
1345:World War II
1251:
1166:East Francia
978:
964:Cisleithania
961:
734:Succeeded by
733:
728:
658:• Total
628:14 June 1866
548:19th century
488:• 1867
342:
329:
183:
169:
87:
78:
59:
6145:Khwarezmian
6078:Carolingian
5883:Rashtrakuta
5587:Shaishunaga
5486:Hellenistic
5469:New Kingdom
5459:Old Kingdom
5281:Free cities
5255:Schwarzburg
5240:Sigmaringen
5193:(from 1848)
5186:Reuss-Gera
5180:(1824-1848)
5073:(from 1826)
5057:(from 1826)
5012:(from 1863)
4981:(from 1839)
4895:Electorates
4886:Württemberg
4828:(1815–1866)
4646:Pornography
4636:Health care
4540:Agriculture
4494:LGBT rights
4487:enforcement
4004:Crown lands
2969: [
2966:Amtsbezirke
2911:From 1850,
2444:Crown lands
2389:Crimean War
2387:During the
2223:until 1918)
2177:World War I
2100:Villafranca
2077:. Internal
2021:reactionary
1982:during the
1906:nationalist
1861:Ferdinand I
1525:great power
1274:World War I
1193:Middle Ages
1047:History of
729:Preceded by
704:(1857–1867)
698:(1804–1857)
589:8 June 1815
532:Lower house
517:Upper house
504:Legislature
438:Ferdinand I
398:(1860–1867)
392:(1804–1860)
347:Lutheranism
343:Minorities:
236:(1846–1859)
73:introducing
6825:Categories
6715:Portuguese
6596:Revival Le
6586:Vietnamese
6229:Later Tran
6199:Vietnamese
6095:Singhasari
6083:Holy Roman
5707:Bulgarian
5643:Satavahana
5614:Phoenician
5550:Achaemenid
5511:Indo-Greek
5491:Macedonian
5405:Babylonian
5263:Rudolstadt
4928:Luxembourg
4714:Literature
4509:Parliament
4472:Government
4391:Ecoregions
3902:Sked, Alan
3179:References
3157:pronounced
2919:, and the
2592:Küstenland
2539:Vorarlberg
2513:District (
2376:Metternich
2356:Metternich
2348:Schönbrunn
2243:Talleyrand
2239:Wellington
2155:After the
2150:Hungarians
2145:second war
2143:After the
2131:Herrenhaus
2114:After 1859
2029:Absolutist
1834:William IV
1787:Bratislava
1776:Grand Duke
1679:Kaiserthum
1653:Francis II
1626:Regensburg
1610:See also:
1606:Foundation
1548:Francis II
1432:Liberalism
1156:Carantania
1134:Marcomanni
679:37,500,000
668:Population
382:Government
370:Demonym(s)
56:references
6708:Couronian
6346:Ethiopian
6334:Manchukuo
6289:Brazilian
6135:Ghaznavid
6105:Srivijaya
6056:Trebizond
6041:Byzantine
6023:North Sea
6018:Norwegian
6006:Almoravid
5989:Ilkhanate
5959:Majapahit
5932:Muromachi
5841:Solomonic
5826:Ethiopian
5740:Caliphate
5673:Aragonese
5501:Ptolemaic
5315:partially
5293:Frankfurt
5230:Hechingen
5094:Meiningen
5054:Altenburg
4991:Lauenburg
4968:Brunswick
4943:Oldenburg
4641:Languages
4626:Education
4580:Transport
4550:Companies
4462:Elections
4401:Mountains
4386:Districts
4359:Geography
4329:Anschluss
4215:Roman Era
3887:143628536
2996:Education
2344:Pressburg
2342:in 1801,
2340:Luneville
2338:in 1797,
2108:Mantovano
1857:Francis I
1830:George IV
1632:(German:
1523:European
1328:Anschluss
1313:Civil War
1142:Baiuvarii
1088:Roman Era
426:Francis I
351:Calvinist
330:Majority:
326:Religion
316:Ukrainian
276:Ruthenian
260:Hungarian
130:1804–1867
6688:Japanese
6651:Scottish
6631:American
6623:Colonial
6552:Imperial
6520:Moroccan
6456:Japanese
6434:Afsharid
6293:Burmese
6279:Austrian
6234:Later Le
6209:Early Le
6194:Venetian
6120:Tiwanaku
6033:Hellenic
5996:Moroccan
5927:Kamakura
5917:Japanese
5900:Saffarid
5853:Georgian
5767:Chalukya
5745:Rashidun
5735:Calakmul
5703:Bruneian
5582:Haryanka
5560:Sasanian
5555:Parthian
5506:Bactrian
5496:Seleucid
5476:Goguryeo
5454:Egyptian
5388:Assyrian
5378:Akkadian
5369:Colonies
5017:Bernburg
4973:Holstein
4859:Kingdoms
4779:Category
4656:Religion
4606:Abortion
4565:Taxation
4504:Military
4440:Politics
4242:Rugiland
4225:Pannonia
4182:articles
3936:(1941).
3904:(2008).
3804:(1955).
3770:(2006).
3205:(2016).
3145:German:
3107:See also
2917:Slavonia
2824:de facto
2587:Littoral
2395:towards
2221:de facto
2092:Sardinia
1802:de facto
1662:Napoleon
1552:Napoleon
1535:and the
1519:, was a
1464:Timeline
1447:Hinduism
1407:Football
1138:Lombards
1106:Rugiland
1096:Pannonia
1038:a series
1036:Part of
684:Currency
375:Austrian
338:official
304:Friulian
300:Venetian
292:Romanian
284:Croatian
6755:largest
6750:Empires
6730:Swedish
6725:Spanish
6720:Russian
6683:Italian
6658:Chinese
6646:English
6641:British
6636:Belgian
6611:Vietnam
6601:Tay son
6547:Tsarist
6542:Russian
6537:Ottoman
6503:Dzungar
6498:Khoshut
6471:Mexican
6466:Maratha
6449:Pahlavi
6429:Safavid
6424:Iranian
6351:Haitian
6314:Chinese
6274:Ashanti
6246:Wagadou
6172:Eastern
6167:Western
6150:Timurid
6110:Tibetan
6100:Songhai
6090:Serbian
6011:Almohad
6001:Idrisid
5905:Samanid
5895:Tahirid
5890:Iranian
5868:Kannauj
5848:Genoese
5784:Chinese
5777:Eastern
5772:Western
5760:Fatimid
5755:Abbasid
5750:Umayyad
5723:Burmese
5683:Ayyubid
5678:Angevin
5648:Xianbei
5636:Eastern
5631:Western
5577:Magadha
5540:Iranian
5533:Xiongnu
5518:Hittite
5427:Chinese
5415:Kassite
5364:Ancient
5356:Empires
5298:Hamburg
4978:Limburg
4957:Duchies
4881:Hanover
4871:Bavaria
4866:Prussia
4841:Austria
4834:Empires
4763:Outline
4724:Museums
4699:Cuisine
4676:Culture
4594:Society
4575:Tourism
4545:Banking
4528:Economy
4334:Ostmark
4220:Noricum
4190:History
4178:Austria
4006:of the
3925:(1919)
3879:1876727
3850:1986702
3787:excerpt
3785:(2016)
3763:(2016).
3581:15 June
3523:(2005).
3004:Gallery
2936:circles
2913:Croatia
2728:) with
2690:) with
2511:Salzach
2324:Marengo
2313:Bavaria
2259:Prussia
2217:de jure
2079:customs
1965:serfdom
1886:Prussia
1813:Hanover
1688:
1622:Rastatt
1601:History
1412:Cricket
1092:Noricum
1049:Austria
1023:Bohemia
1019:Austria
634:•
621:•
608:•
595:•
582:•
569:•
530:•
515:•
482:(first)
407:Emperor
363:Judaism
320:Yiddish
312:Italian
296:Lombard
288:Serbian
280:Slovene
242:Capital
170:Anthem:
69:improve
6693:Mongol
6678:German
6673:French
6663:Danish
6606:Dainam
6581:Tongan
6569:Somali
6564:Sokoto
6530:'Alawi
6508:Kalmyk
6488:Mongol
6481:Second
6461:Korean
6412:Mughal
6402:Indian
6385:German
6378:Second
6368:French
6361:Second
6297:Second
6269:Afghan
6261:Modern
6187:Kyrgyz
6182:Uighur
6177:Second
6157:Turkic
6125:Toltec
6061:Epirus
6046:Nicaea
5969:Mongol
5922:Yamato
5858:Huetar
5716:Second
5653:Rouran
5602:Shunga
5597:Maurya
5572:Kushan
5545:Median
5523:Hunnic
5481:Harsha
5303:Lübeck
5288:Bremen
5033:Köthen
5025:Dessau
5009:Anhalt
4986:Nassau
4876:Saxony
4784:Portal
4689:Cinema
4560:Mining
4555:Energy
4416:States
4411:Rivers
4381:Cities
4230:Raetia
4180:
3927:online
3885:
3877:
3848:
3777:online
3735:
3713:5 July
3687:5 July
3661:5 July
3635:5 July
3608:5 July
3554:
3483:28 May
3423:28 May
3293:6 June
3217:
2989:Kreise
2983:Kreise
2959:Kreise
2949:Kreise
2930:Kreise
2616:Triest
2397:Russia
2332:Wagram
2272:budget
2249:, 1815
2169:K.u.K.
2104:Zürich
2064:Brixen
2007:, 1859
1986:, 1849
1947:, 1813
1890:Russia
1888:, and
1754:, the
1697:Kaiser
1442:Cinema
1396:Vienna
1386:Topics
1100:Raetia
1040:on the
696:Thaler
691:Gulden
495:(last)
465:
411:
272:Polish
268:Slovak
256:German
246:Vienna
172:
120:German
116:
58:, but
6743:Lists
6698:Omani
6668:Dutch
6574:Isaaq
6525:Saadi
6493:Oirat
6476:First
6444:Qajar
6373:First
6356:First
6329:China
6302:Third
6162:First
6115:Tikal
6066:Morea
6036:Roman
5954:Latin
5949:Khmer
5944:Kanem
5910:Buyid
5836:Zagwe
5831:Aksum
5821:Chola
5728:First
5711:First
5698:Bornu
5693:Benin
5688:Aztec
5626:Roman
5607:Gupta
5592:Nanda
5528:White
5148:Reuss
5128:Lippe
4918:Baden
4770:Index
4744:Sport
4729:Music
4719:Media
4666:Women
4616:Crime
4396:Lakes
4203:Celts
3883:S2CID
3875:JSTOR
3846:JSTOR
3744:PT196
3133:Notes
2973:]
2834:Banat
2537:with
2056:Czech
1452:Islam
1437:Music
1427:Radio
1151:Avars
1146:Suebi
1078:Celts
1025:only.
651:Area
308:Ladin
264:Czech
6513:Bogd
6439:Zand
6417:Sikh
6324:Qing
6319:Ming
6251:Wari
6219:Tran
6204:Dinh
5974:Yuan
5964:Mali
5873:Pala
5863:Inca
5814:Yuan
5804:Song
5799:Liao
5794:Tang
5567:Kush
5449:Dʿmt
4709:Flag
4703:wine
3733:ISBN
3715:2023
3689:2023
3663:2023
3637:2023
3610:2023
3583:2019
3552:ISBN
3485:2024
3425:2024
3295:2024
3215:ISBN
2954:Bach
2279:and
2253:The
2124:The
2102:and
2031:(or
1978:The
1832:and
1758:and
1739:was
1701:-dom
1685:lit.
1581:The
1511:The
1392:Jews
1021:and
146:Flag
6591:Mac
6028:Oyo
5937:Edo
5809:Jīn
5789:Sui
5442:Jin
5437:Han
5432:Qin
4482:Law
3867:doi
3838:doi
2764:),
2328:Ulm
1714:(a
1683:" (
6827::
6224:Ho
6214:Ly
3881:.
3873:.
3863:40
3861:.
3844:.
3834:40
3832:.
3739:.
3705:.
3679:.
3653:.
3627:.
3600:.
3574:.
3476:.
3447:.
3415:.
3386:^
3374:^
3358:^
3325:^
3303:^
3285:.
3155:,
2992:.
2971:de
2934:('
2915:,
2850:)
2822:,
2595:)
2471:)
2458::
2326:,
2315:.
2241:,
2219:,
2110:.
2070:.
1770:,
1597:.
1543:.
1144:-
1140:-
1136:-
1098:-
1094:-
718:AT
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
5371:)
5367:(
5348:e
5341:t
5334:v
4818:e
4811:t
4804:v
4705:)
4701:(
4662:)
4658:(
4170:e
4163:t
4156:v
3989:e
3982:t
3975:v
3940:.
3908:.
3889:.
3869::
3852:.
3840::
3817:.
3808:.
3774:.
3746:.
3639:.
3612:.
3585:.
3560:.
3487:.
3427:.
3297:.
3223:.
2892:(
2886:)
2880:(
2874:)
2868:(
2862:)
2856:(
2844:(
2836:)
2832:(
2810:(
2804:)
2798:(
2786:(
2758:(
2752:)
2746:(
2740:)
2734:(
2722:(
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2676:)
2670:(
2664:)
2658:(
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2646:(
2631:)
2625:(
2619:)
2613:(
2607:)
2601:(
2589:(
2583:)
2577:(
2571:)
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2477:(
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1500:e
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1394:(
1102:)
1090:(
1084:)
1080:(
979:∟
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340:)
336:(
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122:)
118:(
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