4138:
780:
374:
1041:
434:
1104:
731:
2864:
3762:
1066:
674:
on
Lombard and neighboring Gallo-Italic languages since the Germanic Lombards did not impose their language by law on the Gallo-Roman population, but they rather acquired the Gallo-Italic language from the local population. Lombardic left traces, mostly in lexicon and phonetics, without Germanicising
1106:
1110:
1109:
1105:
736:
735:
732:
770:
situation. The most reliable predictor was found to be the speaker's age. Studies have found that young people are much less likely to speak
Lombard as proficiently as their grandparents. In some areas, elderly people are more used to speaking Lombard than Italian even though they know both.
1111:
737:
1108:
1077:
are generally better preserved and more vital than in Italy. No negative feelings are associated with the use of
Lombard in everyday life, even with complete strangers. Some radio and television programmes, particularly comedies, are occasionally broadcast by the
734:
757:
Lombard-speakers became a rarity as time went by, but a small minority may still be uncomfortable speaking
Standard Italian. Surveys in Italy find that all Lombard-speakers also speak Italian, and their command of both two languages varies according to their
2212:
between
Lombard and Italian has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now used mostly in informal domains. According to
2217:, Piedmontese and Lombard are respectively spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers. Those are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially or systematically taught in schools.
643:. However, that influence was not homogeneous since idioms of different areas were influenced by previous linguistic substrata, and each area was marked by a stronger or weaker Latinisation or the preservation of ancient Celtic characteristics.
2207:
Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the
Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont and in Switzerland.
1082:
in
Lombard. Moreover, it is common for people to answer in Lombard in spontaneous interviews. Even some television advertisements have been broadcast in Lombard. The major research institution working on Lombard dialects is in
2644:
Brevini, Franco - Lo stile lombardo: la tradizione letteraria da
Bonvesin da la Riva a Franco Loi / Franco Brevini - Pantarei, Lugan - 1984 (Lombard style: literary tradition from Bonvesin da la Riva to Franco Loi
1056:
Standard
Italian is widely used in Lombard-speaking areas. However, the status of Lombard is quite different in the Swiss and Italian areas and so the Swiss areas have now become the real strongholds of Lombard.
612:
and culturally and linguistically
Celticised the Ligures. The Celtic substratum of modern Lombard and the neighbouring languages of Northern Italy is self-evident and so the Lombard language is classified as a
1095:, a governmental (cantonal) institution); there is no comparable institution in Italy. In December 2004, it released a dictionary in five volumes, covering all Lombard varieties spoken in the Swiss areas.
1107:
733:
2685:
6/2003, p. 195-298 (Società Storica Alta Valtellina: Bormio, 2003). A comprehensive description of a unified set of writing rules for all the Lombard varieties of Switzerland and Italy, with
710:
do not recognize Lombard-speakers as a linguistic minority. In Italy, that is the same as for most other minority languages, which have been for a long time incorrectly classed as corrupted
2641:
Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Atlas of languages: the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York 2003, Facts On File. p. 40.
600:. However, available information about the ancient language and its influence on modern Lombard is extremely vague and limited. That is in sharp contrast to the influence left by the
2411:
1754:
1429:
975:, the native Lombard variety of the area, has now almost completely been superseded by Italian from the heavy influx of migrants from other parts of Italy (especially from
2692:
Tamburelli, M. (2014). Uncovering the 'hidden' multilingualism of Europe: an Italian case study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 252-270.
2389:
2498:
Produzione e circolazione del libro a Brescia tra Quattro e Cinquecento: atti della seconda Giornata di studi "Libri e lettori a Brescia tra Medioevo ed età moderna"
1833:
1127:
A certain revival of the use of Lombard has been observed in the last decade. The popularity of modern artists singing their lyrics in Lombard dialects (in Italian
1119:
Today, in most urban areas of Italian Lombardy, people under 40 years old speak almost exclusively Italian in their daily lives because of schooling and
4126:
4104:
2097:
1131:, the best known of such artists being Davide Van de Sfroos) is also a relatively-new but growing phenomenon involving the Swiss and the Italian areas.
942:
1822:
714:. However, Lombard and Italian belong to different subgroups of the Romance language family, and Lombard's historical development is not related to
938:
2648:
Glauco Sanga: La lingua Lombarda, in Koiné in Italia, dalle origini al 500 (Koinés in Italy, from the origin to 1500), Lubrina publisher, Bèrghem.
2820:
6155:
2372:
2001:
1969:
1937:
897:
have some peculiarities of their own and some traits in common with Eastern Lombard but should be considered Western. Also, dialects from the
2198:
921:
are closer to Western Lombard than to Piedmontese. Alternatively, following the traditional classification, the varieties spoken in parts of
2907:
2852:
4266:
441:
3323:
2830:
2808:
2778:
2709:
Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale, (Studies in Lombard language and literature) Pisa: Giardini, 1983
2133:
1886:
2756:
2111:
4119:
4717:
3569:
2514:
2416:
749:
spoke only Lombard, as "Italian" was merely a literary language, and most Italians were not able to read or write. After the
4649:
3056:
2386:
2230:
4452:
4447:
2732:
This Lombard language association website is a place where you can learn Lombard through texts and audio visual materials.
807:
Traditionally, the Lombard dialects have been classified into the Eastern, Western, Alpine and Southern Lombard dialects.
4391:
4279:
4092:
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.
2501:
Valentina Grohovaz (Brescia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) 4 marzo 2004. Published by "Vita e Pensiero" in 2006,
1414:
463:
4552:
4442:
4134:
3108:
2768:
4667:
2740:
1436:
2878:
1025:. The koiné is similar to Milanese and the varieties of the neighbouring provinces on the Italian side of the border.
967:, for their literary works. The Lombard variety with the oldest literary tradition (from the 13th century) is that of
6203:
5506:
4112:
2825:
2506:
2192:
2042:
5566:
2845:
2630:
2613:
2397:
1357:
1300:
863:
2177:"Assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of endangered languages: a case of study from Italy"
4854:
4459:
4259:
3422:
2998:
2686:
2163:
Identifier: LMO - Language(s) Name: Lombard - Status: Active - Code set: 639-3 - Scope: Individual - Type: Living
1694:
Two repeating orthographic vowels are separated by a dash to prevent them from being confused with a long vowel:
1596:
1344:
453:
6198:
6193:
5654:
5555:
1838:
1818:
1740:
1621:
1400:
5525:
364:
5462:
5140:
1603:
1381:
1325:
831:
2784:
2750:
1724:
1653:
1628:
1612:
1508:
1351:
1293:
659:
5589:
4992:
2568:
occurs in most areas of the language but may overlap in usage with , as they both share the same trigram (
2305:
1734:
1730:
1710:
1706:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1032:, a theatrical work in early Eastern Lombard, written by Galeazzo dagli Orzi (1492–?) presumably in 1554.
6188:
6030:
5468:
4437:
4366:
2838:
2479:
1637:
1568:
1524:
941:, and those spoken in southern Lombardy such as in Pavia, Lodi, Cremona and Mantova can be classified as
5751:
5323:
4758:
4316:
4252:
4223:
3625:
3214:
2184:
1408:
1235:
1228:
954:
811:
2860:
6183:
5338:
5250:
4859:
4700:
4415:
4344:
4326:
4309:
4304:
4294:
3438:
2947:
1769:
1759:
1738:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1575:
1522:
1506:
1488:
1486:
1374:
1318:
1079:
265:
189:
169:
2799:
of this site is Italian, and some of the interviews are in Italian rather than in Ticinese Lombard).
2461:
2443:
6043:
5947:
4820:
4768:
4547:
4495:
4142:
3704:
3695:
3100:
2679:«Una proposta di grafia unificata per le varietà linguistiche lombarde: regole per la trascrizione»
1584:
1123:
broadcasts in Italian. However, in rural areas, Lombard is still vital and used alongside Italian.
843:
750:
358:
5411:
5002:
4956:
4837:
4810:
4749:
4686:
4632:
4339:
4299:
3864:
3849:
3635:
3543:
3400:
3277:
3080:
2802:
1265:
1258:
1244:
859:
792:
671:
296:
291:
197:
184:
159:
5007:
6129:
5345:
4763:
4709:
4361:
3990:
3907:
3822:
3630:
3340:
2672:
The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language
2209:
1764:
614:
569:
260:
202:
130:
2496:
2176:
6161:
6106:
5912:
5907:
5560:
5538:
5429:
5357:
5180:
4842:
4605:
4233:
4161:
4053:
3902:
3406:
3249:
3046:
2653:
Letteratura dialettale milanese. Itinerario antologico-critico dalle origini ai nostri giorni
2235:
2134:"Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana - CDE (DECS) - Repubblica e Cantone Ticino"
1453:
1195:
1188:
1074:
593:
526:
5825:
4793:
3372:
2075:
6111:
5885:
5501:
5474:
5400:
5260:
5059:
4987:
4939:
4933:
4896:
4879:
4228:
3897:
3874:
3645:
3505:
3459:
3200:
1784:
1274:
1202:
1136:
914:
902:
667:
404:
208:
5895:
5308:
4376:
3799:
3791:
3312:
2899:
2883:
2158:
997:
is a comprehensive denomination for the Lombard varieties that are spoken in Swiss canton
8:
5596:
5488:
5456:
5450:
5071:
5031:
4997:
4825:
4589:
3844:
3805:
3549:
3195:
3028:
3003:
2590:
2555:
2536:
1827:
1774:
964:
855:
851:
847:
577:
5859:
5292:
4967:
4901:
4197:
3979:
3526:
3304:
1894:
6101:
5830:
5686:
5644:
5610:
5604:
5494:
5437:
5394:
5377:
5115:
5108:
4944:
4732:
4673:
4529:
4517:
4396:
4334:
3831:
3640:
3590:
3187:
3178:
3164:
2982:
2927:
2868:
2702:
Stephen A. Wurm: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001,
2366:
1995:
1963:
1931:
1210:
906:
839:
815:
651:
647:
530:
20:
5879:
4371:
2083:
874:) are Western, and both Western and Eastern varieties are found in the Italian areas.
350:
6058:
6037:
5957:
5917:
5776:
5704:
5698:
5622:
5514:
5424:
5365:
5277:
5235:
5036:
4982:
4788:
4773:
4744:
4727:
4637:
4600:
4569:
4557:
4476:
4464:
4381:
4356:
4350:
4275:
4244:
3984:
3974:
3966:
3892:
3782:
3712:
3681:
3668:
3659:
3604:
3598:
3583:
3429:
3367:
3349:
3255:
3231:
3154:
3127:
3113:
3085:
3036:
3013:
2903:
2891:
2887:
2510:
2502:
2188:
2079:
2034:
1799:
1779:
835:
823:
684:
663:
537:
519:
412:
179:
5900:
4869:
4847:
3452:
3413:
3263:
675:
the local language in its structure and so Lombard preserved its Romance structure.
459:
6011:
6001:
5986:
5974:
5890:
5839:
5803:
5781:
5768:
5762:
5691:
5680:
5584:
5549:
5533:
5382:
5370:
5303:
5267:
5255:
5223:
5148:
5120:
5093:
4923:
4918:
4906:
4886:
4874:
4722:
4679:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4574:
4505:
4489:
4386:
4191:
4171:
3723:
3577:
3519:
3498:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3241:
3223:
3133:
3067:
3061:
3051:
2964:
2956:
2931:
2919:
2792:
2425:
2101:
994:
988:
827:
819:
753:, Standard Italian arose throughout Italy and Lombard-speaking Switzerland, wholly-
715:
711:
688:
609:
510:
408:
400:
392:
164:
5786:
5736:
2712:
A cura di Pierluigi Beltrami, Bruno Ferrari, Luciano Tibiletti, Giorgio D'Ilario:
6095:
6081:
5962:
5864:
5854:
5798:
5649:
5637:
5577:
5572:
5387:
5316:
5298:
5272:
5245:
5175:
5132:
5044:
5025:
4977:
4864:
4830:
4783:
4778:
4500:
4432:
4404:
4058:
4039:
4009:
3957:
3938:
3854:
3730:
3556:
3445:
3362:
3357:
3317:
3286:
2923:
2803:
UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. Potentially endangered languages
2772:
2393:
2030:
1873:
1794:
1665:
1514:
1467:
1049:
1045:
796:
523:
151:
5098:
373:
6146:
6053:
6048:
5969:
5849:
5811:
5543:
5103:
5049:
5019:
4911:
4595:
4523:
4469:
4045:
3921:
3884:
3869:
3717:
3676:
3512:
3018:
3008:
2974:
2915:
2787:, some video and audio documents (interviews, recordings, etc. of writers from
1471:
960:
779:
719:
628:
605:
541:
396:
307:
5192:
2053:
2025:, municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between
6177:
6088:
5991:
5979:
5711:
5419:
5076:
5014:
4510:
4166:
4014:
3943:
3930:
3859:
3737:
3294:
2911:
2895:
2765:
1924:
One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups
1151:
The following tables show the sounds that are used in all Lombard dialects.
894:
871:
565:
552:
and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of
5870:
5730:
5170:
5125:
4207:
4202:
4156:
4064:
3839:
3767:
3041:
2796:
2202:
2106:
1669:
1518:
959:
Lacking a standard language, authors in the 13th and 14th language created
878:
788:
624:
533:
515:
314:
255:
2735:
2729:
2412:"Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: a dialectometric approach"
1040:
1009:
used by speakers of local dialects (particularly those diverging from the
334:
5932:
5925:
5662:
5228:
4137:
4072:
2935:
2429:
1140:
1088:
1013:
itself) when they communicate with speakers of other Lombard dialects of
898:
890:
707:
545:
270:
100:
74:
5197:
2766:
Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca
2719:
Sanga, Glauco. 1984. Dialettologia Lombarda. University of Pavia. 346pp.
2018:
5240:
5210:
5202:
5158:
5153:
4803:
4562:
3382:
3119:
2667:
2214:
2058:
1789:
1120:
1084:
882:
783:
Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria
692:
2814:
6006:
5844:
5186:
4481:
3159:
2088:
2026:
1688:
767:
763:
759:
343:
327:
250:
5632:
2634:
2617:
1044:
Detailed geographic distribution of Lombard dialects Legend: L01 –
650:
also left strong traces in modern Lombard, as it was the variety of
631:("Gaul, this side of the mountains") by the Romans, and much of the
596:
that has left a mark on the Lombard language is that of the ancient
433:
5791:
5627:
5443:
4891:
4739:
3489:
2805:, where Lombard is classified as a potentially endangered language.
2304:[The Milanese melting pot of many languages] (in Italian).
1022:
984:
972:
934:
926:
910:
754:
746:
655:
557:
553:
549:
471:
105:
95:
90:
5996:
1006:
5615:
5480:
5218:
4642:
4627:
4019:
3535:
3090:
3075:
2663:
2093:
1673:
1018:
922:
918:
886:
636:
632:
597:
467:
115:
658:(or Longobards), who settled in Northern Italy, which is called
5817:
5163:
5086:
5066:
4798:
3377:
2788:
2703:
2301:
2074:
2022:
1852:
1755:
Diachronics of plural inflection in the Gallo-Italian languages
1139:, an exclave of Italy that is surrounded by Swiss territory on
1014:
998:
980:
976:
930:
867:
696:
573:
561:
391: Areas where Lombard is spoken alongside other languages (
120:
2821:
Lombard basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
2745:
1028:
There is extant literature in other varieties of Lombard like
893:(Brescia) and the four Lombard valleys of the Swiss canton of
16:
Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy
5081:
5054:
2863:
2659:
2284:
2282:
2269:
2267:
1864:
Modern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography.
968:
703:
640:
618:
601:
581:
440:
Lombard is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO
174:
69:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2751:
Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino
2279:
2264:
1889:[Dialectal Lexicon of Italian Switzerland (LSI)],
1065:
470:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
627:
shaped the dialects spoken in the area, which was called
2361:] (in Italian) (Second ed.). Laterza, Berkeley.
2243:
1988:
Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy
421: Areas of influence of Lombard (Tridentine dialect)
1687:"gone"), but Eastern varieties normally use only short
862:. All varieties spoken in the Swiss areas (both in the
4274:
2817:
website dedicated to the Lombard language (in English)
2809:
VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana
2683:
Bollettino della Società Storica dell’Alta Valtellina
4966:
3757:
2396:
by the Italian institute for national statistics. (
19:For the extinct 6th-century Germanic language, see
2610:San Giorgio su Legnano - storia, società, ambiente
2098:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1887:"Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana (LSI)"
2697:I quatter Vangeli de Mattee, March, Luca E Gioann
6175:
3790:
2779:LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana
2409:
2136:[Vocabulary of Swiss Italian dialects].
1956:Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages
2201:from the original on 21 April 2017 – via
987:) during the rapid industrialization after the
508:, depending on the orthography; pronunciation:
1052:; L03 – Southern Lombard; L04 – Alpine Lombard
4260:
4120:
3703:
2846:
2674:, 2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis Editions, 2017.
2410:Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018).
2336:Die Ausgliederung der romanischen Sprachräume
1682:
1676:
1093:CDE – Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia
639:of the Lombard language have their origin in
503:
497:
491:
485:
54:
48:
42:
36:
3929:
2624:
2333:
2288:
2273:
2181:Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages
617:(from the ancient Roman name for the Celts,
6156:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2670:, University of Sydney, 1982; published as
2658:G. Hull: "The linguistic Unity of Northern
2159:"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO"
1080:Swiss Italian-speaking broadcasting company
540:that are spoken by millions of speakers in
403:) and areas of linguistic transition (with
5739:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
4267:
4253:
4127:
4113:
2853:
2839:
2486:(in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.
2468:(in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.
2450:(in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.
2371:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2340:The spin-off of the Romance language areas
2174:
2000:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1936:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
810:The varieties of the Italian provinces of
432:
372:
2759:Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana.
2607:
2258:
2105:
365:& 51-AAA-od 51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od
3186:
2352:
2323:. Marcator Working Papers. Vol. 14.
2321:Regional and Minority Languages in Italy
1102:
1064:
1039:
778:
729:
442:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
379:Lombard language distribution in Europe:
3667:
2318:
2308:from the original on 24 September 2017.
2302:"Il milanese crogiuolo di tanti idiomi"
2175:Jones, Mary C.; Soria, Claudia (2015).
1985:
1953:
1921:
1891:Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia
877:The varieties of the Alpine valleys of
560:, and in Switzerland in the cantons of
464:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6176:
2013:
2011:
1073:In the Swiss areas, the local Lombard
662:after them, and in other parts of the
509:
4248:
4108:
2834:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2549:
2526:
2417:Digital Scholarship in the Humanities
2228:
1981:
1979:
1949:
1947:
1917:
1915:
426:Areas of uncertain diffusion of Ladin
2355:Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita
2114:from the original on 29 October 2023
2084:"Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard"
1115:A Lombard-speaker, recorded in Italy
2543:
2520:
2359:Linguistic history of unified Italy
2151:
2008:
745:Historically, the vast majority of
687:that is structurally separate from
385: Areas where Lombard is spoken
13:
6160:Languages between parentheses are
3029:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
2716:- Varesina Grafica Editrice, 1970.
2575:
2222:
2168:
2082:; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023).
2047:
1976:
1944:
1912:
1879:
1846:
1517:, the last sound is often further
14:
6215:
6040:(unknown further classification)
2723:
2342:] (in German). Bern: Francke.
1652:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1452:
1435:
1413:
1399:
1380:
1373:
1350:
1343:
1324:
1317:
1299:
1292:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1060:
774:
568:. The language is also spoken in
4136:
3760:
2879:Historical linguistic minorities
2862:
2736:Lombard language digital library
700:Red Book on Endangered Languages
654:that was spoken by the Germanic
556:and the extreme western side of
4086:
2826:Lombard Wiktionary in incubator
2562:
2490:
2472:
2454:
2436:
2403:
2379:
2346:
2327:
2312:
2294:
1867:
1858:
576:by Lombard immigrants from the
538:cluster of homogeneous dialects
6164:of the language on their left.
6034:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
2126:
2068:
1819:Classical Milanese orthography
1812:
1:
1954:Moseley, Christopher (2007).
1905:
1154:
963:, a mixed language including
948:
2689:transcriptions and examples.
2482:[Southern Lombard].
2446:[Lombard language].
2233:[lombard dialects].
1893:(in Italian), archived from
1146:
802:
712:regional dialects of Italian
7:
6031:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
2757:Repubblica e Cantone Ticino
2608:Agnoletto, Attilio (1992).
1748:
1098:
725:
522:. It is characterized by a
511:[lũˈbaːrt,lomˈbart]
10:
6220:
5733:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
4759:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
4553:Central−Southern Calabrian
3626:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
3109:Central-Southern Calabrian
2746:Learn Lombard Italian site
2625:D'Ilario, Giorgio (2003).
2601:
2464:[Alpine Lombard].
2185:Cambridge University Press
1069:The LSI, published in 2004
955:Western Lombard literature
952:
762:position as well as their
587:
18:
6138:
6122:
6073:
6022:
5946:
5750:
5723:
5672:
5524:
5410:
5356:
5337:
5288:
4955:
4708:
4699:
4660:
4540:
4425:
4414:
4325:
4287:
4216:
4180:
4149:
4032:
4002:
3965:
3956:
3920:
3883:
3830:
3821:
3781:
3777:
3755:
3694:
3658:
3616:
3568:
3439:Comasco-Lecchese dialects
3391:
3348:
3339:
3303:
3285:
3276:
3240:
3222:
3213:
3177:
3145:
3099:
3027:
2991:
2973:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2875:
2785:RTSI: Acquarelli popolari
2334:von Wartburg, W. (1950).
1760:Emilian-Romagnol language
1591:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1446:
1390:
1334:
1281:
1218:
1183:
1164:
678:
548:. These include most of
450:
431:
371:
357:
341:
325:
320:
304:
285:
243:
148:
138:
83:
62:
35:
30:
6204:Languages of Switzerland
5041:North American dialects
4548:Extreme Southern Italian
4143:Languages of Switzerland
1805:
1035:
751:Italian economic miracle
718:, which is derived from
683:Lombard is considered a
4460:Central−Northern Latian
2999:Central-Northern Latian
2706:Publishing, p. 29.
2064:(subscription required)
1986:Coluzzi, Paolo (2007).
1922:Minahan, James (2000).
1834:New Lombard Orthography
1683:
1677:
1005:is the Western Lombard
846:, and the provinces of
795:, which belongs to the
793:Gallo-Romance languages
787:Lombard belongs to the
672:linguistic superstratum
670:. Lombardic acted as a
534:linguistic superstratum
504:
498:
492:
486:
144:3.8 million (2002)
55:
49:
43:
37:
4764:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
3631:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
3423:Bustocco and Legnanese
2587:Dialettologia Lombarda
2585:Sanga, Glauco (1984).
2552:Dialettologia Lombarda
2550:Sanga, Glauco (1984).
2529:Dialettologia Lombarda
2527:Sanga, Glauco (1984).
2480:"Lombardo meridionale"
2210:Mutual intelligibility
2107:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
1765:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1116:
1070:
1053:
784:
742:
666:after the fall of the
452:This article contains
6199:Languages of Piedmont
6194:Languages of Lombardy
5251:Poitevin–Saintongeais
4054:Italian Sign Language
4003:Other German dialects
3146:Other Italo-Dalmatian
2771:22 April 2006 at the
2353:De Mauro, T. (1970).
2236:Enciclopedia Treccani
2229:Bonfadini, Giovanni.
2039:Brasilian Bergamasque
1770:La Spezia–Rimini Line
1135:Lombard is spoken in
1114:
1068:
1043:
937:can be considered as
791:(Cisalpine) group of
782:
740:
615:Gallo-Italic language
594:linguistic substratum
527:linguistic substratum
5060:St. Marys Bay French
4584:Neapolitan–Calabrese
4181:Major dialect groups
3506:Southwestern Lombard
2741:Learn Lombard online
2627:Dizionario legnanese
2535:] (in Italian).
2533:Lombard dialectology
2319:Coluzzi, P. (2004).
1876:unified orthography.
1785:Piedmontese language
1729:, respectively, and
915:province of Vercelli
903:Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
668:Western Roman Empire
5412:Galician–Portuguese
4438:Central Marchigiano
3806:Vaccarizzo Albanian
2714:Canzoniere Lombardo
2635:IT\ICCU\MIL\0625963
2629:. Artigianservice.
2618:IT\ICCU\CFI\0249761
2593:. pp. 283–285.
2591:University of Pavia
2558:. pp. 283–285.
2556:University of Pavia
2539:. pp. 283–285.
2537:University of Pavia
2231:"lombard, dialects"
2076:Hammarström, Harald
1897:on 23 November 2005
1775:Languages of Europe
1539:
1161:
1160:Consonant phonemes
917:), and the city of
578:Province of Bergamo
6189:Languages of Italy
5826:Catalan Ribagorçan
5673:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
4945:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4855:Bustocco–Legnanese
4650:Northern Calabrian
4150:Official languages
3641:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3617:Other Gallo-Italic
2869:Languages of Italy
2677:Jørgen G. Bosoni:
2430:10.1093/llc/fqx041
2392:2010-07-04 at the
2080:Haspelmath, Martin
2078:; Forkel, Robert;
1537:
1159:
1117:
1071:
1054:
1001:(Tessin), and the
870:and the Canton of
785:
743:
648:Lombardic language
608:and brought their
21:Lombardic language
6171:
6170:
6147:extinct languages
6069:
6068:
5746:
5745:
5705:Navarro-Aragonese
5590:Peruvian Ribereño
5515:Judaeo-Portuguese
5430:Galician–Asturian
5333:
5332:
5324:Old Gallo-Romance
5278:Wisconsin Walloon
4695:
4694:
4668:Dalmatian Romance
4276:Romance languages
4242:
4241:
4224:Swiss-German Sign
4102:
4101:
4081:
4080:
4028:
4027:
3985:Southern Bavarian
3952:
3951:
3916:
3915:
3908:Triestine Serbian
3817:
3816:
3792:Arbëresh language
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3690:
3689:
3654:
3653:
3407:Brianzöö dialects
3335:
3334:
3272:
3271:
3209:
3208:
3173:
3172:
2651:Claudio Beretta:
2515:978-88-343-1332-9
2462:"Lombardo alpino"
2444:"Lingua lombarda"
2183:. Cambridge, UK:
2062:(18th ed., 2015)
2035:Leiden University
1800:Venetian language
1780:Ligurian language
1666:Western varieties
1662:
1661:
1464:
1463:
1424:
1396:
1368:
1340:
1312:
1287:
1254:
1224:
1137:Campione d'Italia
1112:
832:Monza and Brianza
741:A Lombard speaker
738:
685:minority language
664:Italian Peninsula
604:, who settled in
592:The most ancient
520:Romance languages
518:group within the
514:) belongs to the
478:
477:
460:rendering support
456:phonetic symbols.
6211:
6184:Lombard language
5692:Judaeo-Aragonese
5681:Andalusi Romance
5534:Amazonic Spanish
5371:Western Asturian
5354:
5353:
5293:Franco-Provençal
4964:
4963:
4860:Comasco–Lecchese
4718:Emilian–Romagnol
4706:
4705:
4506:Regional Italian
4496:Italo-Australian
4423:
4422:
4345:Megleno-Romanian
4269:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4141:
4140:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4090:
4067:
4048:
3993:
3963:
3962:
3927:
3926:
3828:
3827:
3808:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3701:
3700:
3665:
3664:
3607:
3593:
3586:
3570:Emilian–Romagnol
3559:
3552:
3538:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3409:
3346:
3345:
3326:
3305:Franco-Provençal
3283:
3282:
3258:
3220:
3219:
3215:Occitano-Romance
3184:
3183:
3136:
3122:
3101:Extreme Southern
3070:
2965:Regional Italian
2953:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2900:Franco-Provençal
2867:
2866:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2762:
2638:
2621:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2524:
2518:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2407:
2401:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1831:
1816:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1713:tend to be back
1712:
1708:
1686:
1680:
1672:is contrastive (
1656:
1640:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1587:
1578:
1571:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1456:
1439:
1422:
1417:
1403:
1394:
1384:
1377:
1366:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1321:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1162:
1158:
1132:
1113:
1030:La masséra da bé
989:Second World War
943:Southern Lombard
858:are dialects of
739:
716:Standard Italian
660:Greater Lombardy
625:Roman domination
610:Celtic languages
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
482:Lombard language
444:
436:
420:
390:
384:
376:
367:
353:
337:
330:
310:
266:Old Gallo-Italic
154:
58:
52:
46:
40:
28:
27:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6134:
6118:
6096:Pannonian Latin
6082:African Romance
6065:
6018:
5949:
5942:
5880:Judeo-Provençal
5753:
5742:
5719:
5668:
5578:Chilean Chilote
5520:
5406:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5329:
5317:Moselle Romance
5284:
5133:Missouri French
5094:Franco-Ontarian
4969:
4958:
4951:
4691:
4656:
4633:Southern Latian
4536:
4501:Maltese Italian
4433:Central Italian
4417:
4410:
4405:Common Romanian
4321:
4305:Italo-Dalmatian
4283:
4273:
4243:
4238:
4212:
4176:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4063:
4044:
4024:
4010:Austrian German
3998:
3989:
3948:
3939:Calabrian Greek
3912:
3879:
3865:Natisone Valley
3850:Inner Carniolan
3813:
3804:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3745:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3686:
3650:
3618:
3612:
3603:
3589:
3582:
3564:
3555:
3548:
3544:Eastern Lombard
3534:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3405:
3401:Western Lombard
3387:
3331:
3322:
3299:
3268:
3254:
3236:
3205:
3169:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3118:
3095:
3081:Southern Latian
3066:
3047:Castelmezzanese
3023:
2987:
2969:
2938:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2795:varieties (the
2773:Wayback Machine
2760:
2726:
2655:- Hoepli, 2003.
2604:
2599:
2598:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2548:
2544:
2525:
2521:
2517:(Google Books).
2495:
2491:
2484:Lingua Lombarda
2478:
2477:
2473:
2466:Lingua Lombarda
2460:
2459:
2455:
2448:Lingua Lombarda
2442:
2441:
2437:
2408:
2404:
2394:Wayback Machine
2384:
2380:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2317:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2244:
2227:
2223:
2195:
2187:. p. 130.
2173:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1836:
1825:
1823:Scriver Lombard
1817:
1813:
1808:
1795:Romance plurals
1751:
1538:Vowel phonemes
1535:
1515:Eastern Lombard
1468:Eastern Lombard
1157:
1149:
1129:rock dialettale
1126:
1103:
1101:
1063:
1050:Eastern Lombard
1046:Western Lombard
1038:
957:
951:
860:Eastern Lombard
844:Western Lombard
805:
797:Western Romance
777:
730:
728:
681:
590:
458:Without proper
446:
445:
439:
427:
422:
418:
416:
388:
386:
382:
363:
349:
333:
326:
311:
306:
297:Eastern Lombard
292:Western Lombard
281:
246:
239:
190:Western Romance
170:Latino-Faliscan
155:
152:Language family
150:
141:
140:Native speakers
79:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6217:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6149:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5954:
5952:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5820:
5815:
5812:Judaeo-Catalan
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5779:
5771:
5758:
5756:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5567:Latin American
5563:
5558:
5546:
5544:Judaeo-Spanish
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5362:
5360:
5351:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5190:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5039:
5034:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4687:Judaeo-Italian
4684:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4429:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4347:
4342:
4340:Istro-Romanian
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4288:Major branches
4285:
4284:
4280:classification
4272:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4217:Sign languages
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:Italian Hebrew
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:South Tyrolean
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3885:Serbo-Croatian
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3705:Rhaeto-Romance
3698:
3696:Rhaeto-Romance
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2782:
2776:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2724:External links
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2675:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2622:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2589:(in Italian).
2574:
2561:
2554:(in Italian).
2542:
2519:
2489:
2471:
2453:
2435:
2424:(2): 442–455.
2402:
2378:
2345:
2326:
2311:
2293:
2278:
2263:
2261:, p. 120.
2259:Agnoletto 1992
2242:
2221:
2193:
2167:
2150:
2125:
2067:
2046:
2033:. A thesis of
2007:
1975:
1943:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1878:
1866:
1857:
1845:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1472:Pavese dialect
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1100:
1097:
1062:
1061:In Switzerland
1059:
1037:
1034:
1003:Ticinese koiné
961:Franco-Lombard
953:Main article:
950:
947:
939:Alpine Lombard
804:
801:
776:
775:Classification
773:
727:
724:
680:
677:
629:Cisalpine Gaul
606:Northern Italy
589:
586:
570:Santa Catarina
542:Northern Italy
484:(native name:
476:
475:
462:, you may see
448:
447:
438:
437:
429:
428:
417:
387:
381:
377:
369:
368:
361:
355:
354:
347:
339:
338:
331:
323:
322:
321:Language codes
318:
317:
312:
308:Writing system
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
294:
287:
283:
282:
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
249:
247:
244:
241:
240:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
158:
156:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
131:Santa Catarina
124:
123:
118:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
85:
81:
80:
78:
77:
72:
66:
64:
63:Native to
60:
59:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6216:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6131:
6130:Proto-Romance
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:Reconstructed
6121:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6089:British Latin
6086:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:Vivaro-Alpine
5906:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5712:Old Navarrese
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5561:Equatoguinean
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5342:
5336:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Frainc-Comtou
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:Judeo-Italian
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Castelmezzano
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4511:Swiss Italian
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Transylvanian
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:Daco-Romanian
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:Italo-Western
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4089:
4085:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3931:Italiot Greek
3928:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Slavomolisano
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3758:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Judeo-Italian
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Gallo-Romance
3275:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:Vivaro-Alpine
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Italo-Romance
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2695:NED Editori:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:88-343-1332-1
2504:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2291:, p. 29.
2290:
2289:D'Ilario 2003
2285:
2283:
2276:, p. 28.
2275:
2274:D'Ilario 2003
2270:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2239:(in Italian).
2238:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:9781316352410
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1737:may merge to
1726:
1718:
1705:Western long
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1490:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:provinces of
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
800:
799:subdivision.
798:
794:
790:
781:
772:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:The Germanic
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:and southern
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
483:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
455:
449:
443:
435:
430:
425:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
380:
375:
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
329:
324:
319:
316:
313:
309:
303:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
284:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:Proto-Romance
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:
252:
248:
242:
216:
213:
212:
210:
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:Gallo-Romance
196:
195:
194:Gallo-Iberian
193:
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:Italo-Western
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
161:
160:Indo-European
157:
153:
147:
143:
137:
132:
129:
128:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
65:
61:
57:
51:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
6151:
6142:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6029:
5931:
5924:
5886:Languedocien
5878:
5871:Judeo-Gascon
5869:
5810:
5761:
5731:Barranquenho
5710:
5703:
5679:
5661:
5603:
5565:
5548:
5539:Extremaduran
5513:
5487:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5442:
5399:
5358:Asturleonese
5322:
5315:
5273:West Walloon
5261:Saintongeais
5209:
5185:
5181:Anglo-Norman
5139:
5072:Newfoundland
5032:Jersey Legal
5024:
4932:
4897:Southwestern
4880:Vallassinese
4815:
4769:Gallo-Picene
4710:Gallo-Italic
4672:
4588:
4583:
4522:
4488:
4403:
4349:
4234:Italian Sign
4208:Swiss German
4187:
4088:
4065:Sinte Romani
3875:Torre Valley
3823:South Slavic
3768:Italy portal
3460:Vallassinese
3392:
3341:Gallo-Italic
2877:
2797:metalanguage
2761:(in Italian)
2713:
2696:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2652:
2626:
2609:
2586:
2569:
2564:
2551:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2497:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2421:
2415:
2405:
2381:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2296:
2234:
2224:
2206:
2203:Google Books
2180:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2087:
2070:
2057:
2049:
2038:
1987:
1955:
1923:
1895:the original
1890:
1881:
1869:
1860:
1855:orthography.
1848:
1814:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1681:"to go" and
1670:vowel length
1663:
1519:debuccalized
1465:
1391:Approximant
1174:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1092:
1072:
1055:
1029:
1027:
1010:
1002:
993:
958:
889:) and upper-
879:Valchiavenna
876:
809:
806:
789:Gallo-Italic
786:
760:geographical
744:
699:
682:
645:
623:
591:
516:Gallo-Italic
481:
479:
451:
423:
378:
359:Linguasphere
342:
256:Vulgar Latin
214:
203:Gallo-Italic
125:
111:Switzerland
110:
25:
6107:Campidanese
5933:Old Catalan
5926:Old Occitan
5663:Old Spanish
5597:Rioplatense
5401:Old Leonese
5229:Cotentinais
5193:Guernésiais
5116:Frenchville
5109:New England
4988:Bourbonnais
4940:Piedmontese
4934:Old Lombard
4826:Bergamasque
4750:Sammarinese
4229:French Sign
4073:Wenzhounese
3898:Montenegrin
3845:Gail Valley
3646:Piedmontese
3550:Bergamasque
3196:Campidanese
3037:Beneventano
3004:Marchigiano
2936:Wenzhounese
2730:Far Lombard
1958:. New York.
1926:. Westport.
1837: [
1826: [
1141:Lake Lugano
1089:Switzerland
1021:or Italian
899:Piedmontese
891:Valcamonica
755:monolingual
708:Switzerland
702:. However,
546:Switzerland
466:instead of
405:Piedmontese
271:Old Lombard
245:Early forms
209:Piedmontese
101:South Tyrol
75:Switzerland
6178:Categories
6154:indicates
6112:Logudorese
5645:Philippine
5611:Andalusian
5605:Peninsular
5495:Estremenho
5451:Portuguese
5378:Cantabrian
5211:Law French
5203:Sercquiais
5037:Meridional
4998:Champenois
4993:Burgundian
4804:Tabarchino
4794:Monégasque
4733:Parmigiano
4590:Neapolitan
4563:Manduriano
4530:Florentine
4397:Wallachian
4367:Bukovinian
3591:Parmigiano
3383:Tabarchino
3373:Monégasque
3201:Logudorese
3120:Manduriano
2983:Florentine
2815:in_lombard
2668:PhD thesis
2215:Ethnologue
2143:8 November
2138:www4.ti.ch
2118:29 October
2059:Ethnologue
2017:Spoken in
1906:References
1790:Pierre Bec
1721:and lower
1709:and short
1689:allophones
1556:Unrounded
1335:Fricative
1282:Affricate
1173:(Palato-)
1155:Consonants
1121:television
1085:Bellinzona
965:Old French
949:Literature
895:Graubünden
883:Valtellina
872:Graubünden
842:belong to
693:Ethnologue
566:Graubünden
6162:varieties
6145:indicate
6102:Sardinian
6059:Triestine
6007:Sursilvan
5918:Mentonasc
5896:Provençal
5845:Auvergnat
5831:Valencian
5787:Mallorcan
5777:Algherese
5752:Occitano-
5699:Navarrese
5687:Aragonese
5623:Castilian
5526:Castilian
5502:Uruguayan
5475:Brazilian
5438:Minderico
5432:/Eonavian
5395:Mirandese
5309:Valdôtain
5295:/Arpitan
5236:Orléanais
5187:Auregnais
5171:Mayennais
5121:Louisiana
5003:Ardennais
4983:Berrichon
4789:Intemelio
4745:Forlivese
4728:Bolognese
4674:Dalmatian
4638:Tarantino
4601:Benevento
4558:Salentino
4518:Sassarese
4482:Gallurese
4465:Romanesco
4418:Dalmatian
4382:Moldavian
4377:Maramureș
4335:Aromanian
3832:Slovenian
3682:Triestine
3619:languages
3605:Forlivese
3584:Bolognese
3430:Legnanese
3368:Intemelio
3313:Valdôtain
3256:Mentonasc
3232:Algherese
3188:Sardinian
3179:Sardinian
3165:Sassarese
3160:Gallurese
3148:languages
3114:Salentino
3086:Tarantino
3057:Cosentino
3014:Romanesco
2928:Sardinian
2367:cite book
2089:Glottolog
2027:Treviglio
1996:cite book
1964:cite book
1932:cite book
1702:"horse".
1505:merge to
1485:merge to
1339:voiceless
1286:voiceless
1223:voiceless
1175:alveolar
1170:Alveolar
1147:Phonology
1075:varieties
803:Varieties
536:and is a
531:Lombardic
411:and with
393:Alemannic
344:Glottolog
328:ISO 639-3
251:Old Latin
6038:Venetian
6012:Vallader
6002:Surmiran
5975:Cadorino
5958:Friulian
5891:Limousin
5860:Béarnese
5822:Western
5804:Northern
5792:Menorcan
5782:Balearic
5773:Eastern
5769:dialects
5628:Castrapo
5585:Peruvian
5556:dialects
5489:European
5457:dialects
5444:Portugis
5425:Galician
5366:Asturian
5304:Savoyard
5256:Poitevin
5224:Cauchois
5198:Jèrriais
5045:Canadian
4924:Varesino
4919:Ticinese
4907:Novarese
4902:Cremunés
4892:Ossolano
4887:Milanese
4875:Lecchese
4843:Brianzöö
4774:Ligurian
4740:Romagnol
4621:Arianese
4616:Irpinian
4611:Cilentan
4575:Pantesco
4570:Sicilian
4541:Southern
4477:Corsican
4453:Macerata
4448:Fabriano
4387:Oltenian
4357:dialects
4317:Southern
4192:Ticinese
3975:Cimbrian
3967:Bavarian
3893:Croatian
3800:Arbëresh
3783:Albanian
3724:Cadorino
3713:Friulian
3669:Venetian
3660:Venetian
3599:Romagnol
3527:Cremunés
3520:Novarese
3499:Varesino
3490:Ossolano
3483:Ticinese
3476:Milanese
3467:Lecchese
3350:Ligurian
3155:Corsican
3134:Pantesco
3128:Sicilian
3068:Arianese
3062:Irpinian
3052:Cilentan
3009:Marinese
2908:Germanic
2904:Friulian
2892:Croatian
2884:Albanian
2793:Ticinese
2769:Archived
2390:Archived
2306:Archived
2199:Archived
2112:Archived
2019:Botuverá
1990:. Berne.
1853:Ticinese
1749:See also
1674:Milanese
1559:Rounded
1548:Central
1099:In Italy
1048:; L02 –
1023:Lombardy
1019:Grigioni
995:Ticinese
985:Campania
973:Milanese
935:Grigioni
927:Trentino
913:valley (
911:Valsesia
768:economic
747:Lombards
726:Speakers
695:and the
691:by both
656:Lombards
652:Germanic
558:Trentino
554:Piedmont
550:Lombardy
472:Help:IPA
413:Venetian
351:lomb1257
286:Dialects
207:Lombard–
106:Trentino
96:Piedmont
91:Lombardy
6143:Italics
6044:Chipilo
5987:Romansh
5950:Romance
5948:Rhaeto-
5913:Gardiol
5865:Landese
5855:Aranese
5840:Occitan
5799:Central
5763:Catalan
5754:Romance
5655:Creoles
5650:Saharan
5638:Murcian
5616:Llanito
5573:Chilean
5550:Spanish
5507:Creoles
5481:Mineiro
5463:African
5388:Riberan
5383:Leonese
5348:Iberian
5341:Romance
5268:Walloon
5241:Paydret
5219:Augeron
5159:Vosgien
5154:Gaumais
5149:Lorrain
5141:Creoles
5104:Muskrat
5050:Acadian
4978:Angevin
4968:Langues
4959:Romance
4865:Comasco
4838:Western
4831:Cremish
4821:Eastern
4816:Lombard
4784:Genoese
4779:Brigasc
4723:Emilian
4701:Western
4680:Istriot
4643:Vastese
4628:Molisan
4490:Italian
4426:Central
4372:Crișana
4327:Eastern
4310:Western
4295:Eastern
4188:Lombard
4172:Romansh
4167:Italian
4020:Yiddish
3980:Mòcheno
3855:Istrian
3578:Emilian
3557:Cremish
3536:Spasell
3446:Comasco
3393:Lombard
3363:Genoese
3358:Brigasc
3324:Cellese
3242:Occitan
3224:Catalan
3091:Vastese
3076:Molisan
2992:Central
2957:Italian
2932:Slovene
2920:Occitan
2888:Catalan
2699:- 2002.
2664:Rhaetia
2602:Sources
2094:Leipzig
2054:Lombard
1874:Eastern
1423:lateral
1395:central
1167:Labial
923:Sondrio
919:Tortona
887:Sondrio
856:Cremona
852:Brescia
848:Bergamo
689:Italian
637:grammar
633:lexicon
598:Ligures
588:Origins
505:lombart
499:lumbart
493:lumbard
487:lombard
468:Unicode
409:Emilian
407:, with
401:Romansh
215:Lombard
180:Romance
126:Brazil
116:Grisons
56:lombart
50:lumbart
44:lumbard
38:lombard
31:Lombard
6074:Others
6054:Talian
6049:Fiuman
6023:Others
5963:Fornes
5901:Niçard
5850:Gascon
5818:Patuet
5724:Others
5633:Castúo
5339:Ibero-
5299:Faetar
5246:Picard
5176:Norman
5164:Welche
5087:Magoua
5077:Quebec
5067:Brayon
5026:French
5008:Rémois
4957:Gallo-
4912:Pavese
4870:Laghée
4848:Canzés
4799:Royasc
4661:Others
4596:Barese
4524:Tuscan
4470:Sabino
4443:Ancona
4416:Italo-
4198:Romand
4162:German
4157:French
4059:Romani
4040:Hebrew
4033:Others
4015:Walser
3958:German
3870:Resian
3731:Fornes
3677:Fiuman
3513:Pavese
3453:Laghée
3414:Canzés
3378:Royasc
3318:Faetar
3295:Aostan
3287:French
3264:Niçard
3042:Barese
3019:Sabino
2975:Tuscan
2924:Romani
2896:French
2789:Ticino
2704:UNESCO
2633:
2616:
2513:
2505:
2387:report
2191:
2037:about
2023:Brazil
1545:Front
1533:Vowels
1447:Trill
1367:voiced
1311:voiced
1253:voiced
1184:Nasal
1179:Velar
1015:Ticino
999:Ticino
981:Sicily
977:Apulia
971:, but
931:Ticino
909:, the
907:Novara
868:Ticino
864:Canton
840:Mantua
816:Varese
720:Tuscan
697:UNESCO
679:Status
574:Brazil
562:Ticino
529:and a
524:Celtic
419:
389:
383:
165:Italic
121:Ticino
87:Italy
84:Region
5997:Putèr
5992:Jauer
5980:Nones
5970:Ladin
5469:Asian
5126:Houma
5099:Métis
5082:Joual
5055:Chiac
5020:Gallo
4970:d'oïl
4362:Banat
4203:Sinte
3944:Griko
3922:Greek
3860:Karst
3738:Nones
3718:Ladin
2916:Ladin
2912:Greek
2791:) in
2681:, in
2660:Italy
2531:[
2398:ISTAT
2385:2006
2357:[
2338:[
2031:Crema
2021:, in
1841:]
1830:]
1806:Notes
1743:]
1739:[
1727:]
1723:[
1719:]
1715:[
1700:ca-àl
1684:andaa
1564:High
1551:Back
1527:]
1523:[
1513:. In
1511:]
1507:[
1491:]
1487:[
1219:Stop
1036:Usage
1011:koiné
1007:koiné
969:Milan
836:Pavia
824:Lecco
812:Milan
764:socio
704:Italy
641:Latin
619:Gauls
602:Celts
582:Italy
580:, in
397:Ladin
315:Latin
175:Latin
70:Italy
6152:Bold
5737:Caló
5420:Fala
5346:West
3840:Brda
2662:and
2511:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2373:link
2189:ISBN
2145:2022
2120:2023
2029:and
2002:link
1970:link
1938:link
1832:and
1733:and
1707:/aː/
1678:andà
1654:a aː
1645:Low
1604:ø øː
1597:e eː
1592:Mid
1585:u uː
1576:y yː
1569:i iː
1501:and
1495:/ts/
1493:and
1481:and
1475:/dz/
1470:and
983:and
933:and
905:and
881:and
854:and
838:and
828:Lodi
820:Como
706:and
635:and
564:and
480:The
399:and
2687:IPA
2631:SBN
2614:SBN
2570:oeu
2426:doi
2102:doi
2056:at
1839:lmo
1828:lmo
1735:/ɛ/
1731:/e/
1711:/ø/
1698:in
1696:a-a
1664:In
1629:(œ)
1521:to
1503:/ʃ/
1499:/s/
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