766:
36:
375:
753:
years the number of people with a written active knowledge of the language has shrunk to about 2% of native speakers, according to a recent survey. On the other hand, the same survey showed
Piedmontese is still spoken by over half the population, alongside Italian. Authoritative sources confirm this result, putting the figure between 2 million and 3 million speakers out of a population of 4.2 million people. Efforts to make it one of the official languages of the
425:
295:
5089:
5987:
281:
752:
The last decade has seen the publication of learning materials for schoolchildren, as well as general-public magazines. Courses for people already outside the education system have also been developed. In spite of these advances, the current state of
Piedmontese is quite grave, as over the last 150
841:
A morphological variation that sharply divides east and west is the indicative imperfect conjugation of irregular verbs. In the east, the suffix ava/iva is used, while in the west asìa/isìa is used. The groups are also distinguished by differing conjugation of the present simple of the irregular
748:
In 2004, Piedmontese was recognised as
Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament, although the Italian government has not yet recognised it as such. In theory, it is now supposed to be taught to children in school, but this is happening only to a limited extent.
838:. Although this development is shared partially (in the case of the infinitive time) also by most of the western dialects, including the Turin one, that is the most spoken dialect of western piedmontese (and also of the whole piedmontese language).
799:
The variants can be detected in the variation of the accent and variation of words. It is sometimes difficult to understand a person that speaks a different
Piedmontese from the one you are used to, as the words or accents are not the same.
788:
Eastern which in turn is divided into south-eastern (Astigiano, Roero, Monregalese, High
Montferrat, Langarolo, Alessandrino) and north-eastern (Low Montferrat, Biellese, Vercellese, Valsesiano).
691:
During the
Renaissance, the oldest Piedmontese literary work of secular character, are the works of Zan Zòrs Alion, poet of the duchy of Montferrat, the most famous work being the opera Jocunda.
5020:
3033:
to quite a large extent. Variation includes not only departures from the literary grammar, but also a wide variety in dictionary entries, as different regions maintain words of
5025:
1687:, and then shift of nasalization from the vowel to /n/ with development of the /ŋn/ cluster, and subsequent dropping of (/'buna/> /'bũna/> /'buŋna/ > /'buŋa/).
3041:
origin, as well as differences in native
Romance terminology. Words imported from various languages are also present, while more recent imports tend to come from
4702:
673:
4547:
4779:
4589:
704:
Literary
Piedmontese developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, but it did not gain literary esteem comparable to that of French or Italian, other
5045:
1673:
of or is also present to make some consonant clusters easier to pronounce (ex. novod, "nephew" , > > , this feature is also present in
8240:
4821:
4859:
The
Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language. Volume 1: Historical Introduction, Phonology
2868:
so-called verbal pronouns for subjects, which give a
Piedmontese verbal complex the following form: (subject) + verbal pronoun + verb, as in
5132:
5077:
3081:. It kept many conservative features that Piedmontese abandoned over time. The language never became as large in terms of words as larger
6351:
432:
1704:: NOCTEM > neuit ; LACTEM > làit . Some dialects have reached the more advanced stage, with palatalization of to (for example
5548:
5055:
4650:
Approvazione da parte del Senato del Disegno di Legge che tutela le minoranze linguistiche sul territorio nazionale - Approfondimenti
820:
A typical eastern features is as allophone of : in word end, at the end of infinitive time of the verb, like in to read and to be (
4561:
1661:
i.e., weakening or dropping of unstressed pro-tonic and post-tonic vowels: /me'luŋ/ > /mə'luŋ/ > /m'luŋ/, same happens in
659:, where many immigrants from Piedmont settled. The Piedmontese language is also spoken in some states of Brazil, along with the
6802:
5794:
6734:
5281:
6537:
6532:
3017:Ë sound when consonantal clusters arise that are not permitted by the phonological system. So 'seven stars' is pronounced
6476:
6364:
6317:
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.
2139:
2063:
1943:
1505:
1489:
455:
6637:
6527:
5333:
4761:
4633:
1736:
Latin /k/-/g/ before front vowels, became post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, then /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ due to typical
6752:
2501:
2408:
2097:
5103:
7591:
4744:
522:
79:
57:
1743:, later /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ became fricatives: /s/ and /z/: CINERE > sënner; CENTUM > sent; GINGIVA > zanziva.
765:
50:
7651:
5070:
4792:
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International
2948:
2394:
1885:
1323:
815:
645:
regional government but is considered a dialect rather than a separate language by the Italian central government.
4699:
688:, dating from the 12th century, a document devoted to the education of the Knights Templar stationed in Piedmont.
8273:
6939:
6544:
6344:
5647:
5223:
4735:, a Piedmontese basic language course and conversation guide, published by Assimil Italia (the Italian branch of
4671:; R. Capello, C. Comòli, M.M. Sánchez Martínez, R.J.M. Nové; Regione Piemonte/Gioventura Piemontèisa; Turin, 2001
2085:
1977:
1753:
1580:
1372:
445:
8278:
7739:
7640:
2131:
1985:
1605:
7610:
5037:: features online Piedmontese courses for Italian, French, English, and Spanish speakers with drills and tests
4647:
365:
8268:
7547:
7225:
3069:. Some survivors knew the language but as of 2015, the language had gone extinct. It had many loanwards from
2370:
2161:
1587:
1347:
812:
4921:
2420:
2123:
1955:
1791:
1655:, i.e., dropping of all of the unstressed vowels at word end, except /a/, which is usually centralized to .
1401:
1379:
347:
20:
7674:
7077:
2951:
2933:
2546:
2538:
2480:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2244:
2240:
1640:
8115:
7553:
6522:
6451:
5063:
4098:
3134:
2173:
1917:
1843:
1612:
1550:
24:
4593:
7836:
7408:
6843:
6401:
6337:
5850:
5439:
1897:
1851:
1817:
1723:
1628:
1498:
1253:
1246:
5085:
7423:
7335:
6944:
6785:
6500:
6429:
6411:
6394:
6389:
6379:
5663:
5172:
4103:
3139:
2886:
The interrogative form, which adds an enclitic interrogative particle at the end of the verbal form (
2499:
2464:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2185:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2151:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2109:
2095:
2083:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2041:
2033:
2021:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1975:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1915:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1875:
1861:
1849:
1841:
1829:
1815:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1737:
1684:
1557:
1408:
599:
194:
174:
8128:
8032:
6905:
6853:
6632:
6580:
5929:
5920:
5325:
3014:
2991:
The existence of the third Piedmontese vowel Ë, which is very short (close to the vowel in English
2104:
2009:
1566:
359:
44:
7496:
7087:
7041:
6922:
6895:
6834:
6771:
6717:
6424:
6384:
6089:
6074:
5860:
5768:
5625:
5502:
5305:
2998:
The absence of the phonological contrast that exists in Italian between short (single) and long (
2466:
1877:
1863:
1831:
1701:
1670:
1666:
1287:
1280:
1264:
202:
189:
164:
7092:
8214:
7430:
6848:
6794:
6446:
6215:
6132:
6047:
5855:
5565:
4922:"A linguistic sketch of Judeo-Piedmontese and what it tells us about Piedmontese Jews' origins"
1214:
575:
207:
61:
5041:
Piemunteis.it - Online resources about piedmontese language: poems, studies, audio, free books
8246:
8191:
7997:
7992:
7645:
7623:
7514:
7442:
7265:
6927:
6690:
6278:
6127:
5631:
5474:
5271:
2332:
2259:
is voiced between vowels, at the end of words, immediately before nasal/voiced consonants.
2035:
1997:
1931:
1909:
1514:/v/ is realized as labio-velar between /a/ and /u/ and as or when in word-final position.
1481:
1467:
1435:
1428:
7910:
6878:
5597:
4525:
2875:
The bound form of verbal pronouns, which can be connected to dative and locative particles (
8196:
7970:
7586:
7559:
7485:
7345:
7144:
7072:
7018:
6981:
6964:
6122:
6099:
5730:
5684:
5425:
2432:
2382:
2153:
1717:
1444:
1298:
808:
The Eastern Piedmontese group is more phonologically evolved than its western counterpart.
754:
678:
540:
7980:
7393:
6461:
6024:
6016:
5537:
5124:
5108:
3070:
1729:
The Latin unvoiced occlusive /p/, /t/, /k/, are voiced (becoming /b/, /d/, /g/), and then
8:
7681:
7573:
7541:
7535:
7156:
7116:
7082:
6910:
6674:
6069:
6030:
5774:
5420:
5253:
5228:
4151:
3187:
2917:
1658:
1643:/ are in stressed syllables and as when in unstressed position and at end of the word.
1359:
1306:
694:
In the 1500s and 1600s, there were several pastoral comedies with parts in Piedmontese.
7944:
7377:
7052:
6986:
6204:
5751:
5529:
4128:
3164:
404: Areas where Piedmontese is spoken alongside other languages (Occitan, Arpitan and
395:
8186:
7915:
7771:
7729:
7695:
7689:
7579:
7522:
7479:
7462:
7200:
7193:
7029:
6817:
6758:
6614:
6602:
6481:
6419:
6056:
5865:
5815:
5412:
5403:
5389:
5207:
5152:
5093:
4990:
4815:
4793:
4123:
3159:
3054:
2999:
2622:
2618:
2043:
1451:
1209:
835:
829:
253:
7964:
6456:
4533:
732:
The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the
671:
The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the
339:
8143:
8122:
8042:
8002:
7861:
7789:
7783:
7707:
7599:
7509:
7450:
7362:
7320:
7121:
7067:
6873:
6858:
6829:
6812:
6722:
6685:
6654:
6642:
6561:
6549:
6466:
6441:
6435:
6360:
6329:
6209:
6199:
6191:
6117:
6007:
5937:
5906:
5893:
5884:
5829:
5823:
5808:
5654:
5592:
5574:
5480:
5456:
5379:
5352:
5338:
5310:
5261:
5238:
5128:
5116:
5112:
4951:
4773:
4740:
4529:
4156:
4108:
3192:
3144:
2023:
1752:
Piedmontese is written with a modified Latin alphabet. The letters, along with their
1594:
1394:
1336:
1273:
1221:
591:
567:
409:
184:
7985:
6954:
6932:
5677:
5638:
5488:
5046:
Piemontese basic lexicon (several dialects) at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
4615:
451:
374:
8096:
8086:
8071:
8059:
7975:
7924:
7888:
7866:
7853:
7847:
7776:
7765:
7669:
7634:
7618:
7467:
7455:
7388:
7352:
7340:
7308:
7233:
7205:
7178:
7008:
7003:
6991:
6971:
6959:
6900:
6807:
6764:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6659:
6590:
6574:
6471:
5948:
5802:
5744:
5723:
5707:
5700:
5691:
5617:
5466:
5448:
5358:
5292:
5286:
5276:
5189:
5181:
5156:
5144:
4982:
4941:
4933:
4551:
4146:
4141:
4118:
4113:
3182:
3177:
3154:
3149:
3082:
3074:
3062:
2941:
2937:
2900:
The existence of three affirmative interjections (that is, three ways to say yes):
1713:
1709:
1674:
1204:
1199:
832:
737:
685:
649:
611:
607:
587:
583:
571:
551:
481:
413:
405:
391:
212:
169:
7871:
7821:
4681:
8180:
8166:
8047:
7949:
7939:
7883:
7734:
7722:
7662:
7657:
7472:
7401:
7383:
7357:
7330:
7260:
7217:
7129:
7110:
7062:
6949:
6915:
6868:
6863:
6585:
6517:
6489:
6283:
6264:
6234:
6182:
6163:
6079:
5955:
5781:
5670:
5587:
5582:
5542:
5511:
5148:
5015:
4706:
4133:
3169:
3078:
1733:
and usually drop: FORMICAM > formìa; APRILEM > avril, CATHÉDRA > careja.
1662:
1459:
1422:
1226:
603:
563:
156:
120:
7183:
4669:
Piemontèis d'amblé - Avviamento Modulare alla conoscenza della Lingua piemontese
352:
8231:
8138:
8133:
8054:
7934:
7896:
7628:
7188:
7134:
7104:
6996:
6680:
6608:
6554:
6270:
6146:
6109:
6094:
5942:
5901:
5737:
5243:
5233:
5199:
5140:
5050:
3030:
1233:
817:
for example the westerns , , and (milk, all and old) in the east are , and .
660:
579:
7277:
4759:
8262:
8173:
8076:
8064:
7796:
7504:
7161:
7099:
6595:
6239:
6168:
6155:
6084:
5962:
5519:
5136:
5120:
5010:
4955:
3066:
1726:
of and : Latin CLARUS > ciàr , "light", GLANDIA > gianda "nut".
1532:
1365:
1312:
1239:
7955:
7815:
7255:
7210:
6289:
6064:
5992:
5266:
4556:
2522:
2514:
1740:
1694:
1680:
137:
4937:
4506:
2893:
The absence of ordinal numerals higher than 'sixth', so that 'seventh' is
323:
8017:
8010:
7747:
7313:
6297:
5160:
4700:
Knowledge and Usage of the Piedmontese Language in Turin and its Province
2973:
1544:
1527:
7282:
4946:
7325:
7295:
7287:
7243:
7238:
6888:
6647:
5607:
5344:
4973:
Zallio, A. G. (1927). "The Piedmontese Dialects in the United States".
4511:
1620:
1537:
709:
4994:
8091:
7929:
7271:
6566:
5384:
4920:
Duberti, Nicola; Milano, Maria Teresa; Miola, Emanuele (2015-11-01).
4654:[Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament]
4585:
4538:
2111:
2071:
1574:
811:
The words that in the west end with jt, jd or t in the east end with
653:
631:
332:
316:
7717:
1690:
Development of vowels /ø/ and /y/ from and of Latin, respectively.
424:
7876:
7712:
7528:
6976:
6824:
5714:
4986:
4618:[University-level course material - physics and calculus].
3038:
3029:
Piedmontese has a number of varieties that may vary from its basic
1730:
1705:
792:
705:
642:
627:
615:
595:
559:
463:
300:
133:
125:
8081:
431:
Piedmontese was classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO
19:"Piedmontese" and "Piemontese" redirect here. For other uses, see
7700:
7565:
7303:
6727:
6712:
6244:
5760:
5315:
5300:
4543:
3086:
1652:
717:
619:
459:
129:
2335:
are used to regularly represent specific sounds as shown below.
7902:
7248:
7171:
7151:
6883:
5602:
5029:
4760:
E. Allasino, C. Ferrer, E. Scamuzzi, T. Telmon (October 2007).
4524:
3042:
3034:
2872:'I go'. Verbal pronouns are absent only in the imperative form.
2865:
713:
701:, a comedy by Giovan Battista Tan-na d'Entraive was published.
656:
623:
381:
511:
490:
390: Areas where Piedmontese is spoken (municipalities where
7166:
7139:
5088:
4839:. The dialects of Italy: London: Routledge. pp. 237–244.
3097:
Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English:
2860:
Some of the characteristics of the Piedmontese language are:
2513:
All other combinations of letters are pronounced as written.
782:
778:
721:
635:
286:
179:
110:
5040:
5034:
4879:
Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti
4739:, the leading French producer of language courses) in 2006.
712:
in Piedmontese has never ceased to be produced: it includes
3058:
558:) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in
499:
462:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4714:, a Turin-based market research company on behalf of the
4748:
3089:, and it never developed a standardized writing system.
6359:
4768:. Istituto di Ricerche Economiche e Sociali Piemonte.
4718:
party in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament in 2003
4658:. Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte. 15 December 1999.
4636:. Consiglio regionale del Piemonte. 30 November 1999.
523:
514:
502:
484:
7051:
5982:
508:
493:
487:
256:
566:. Although considered by most linguists a separate
505:
496:
4919:
4634:"Atti del Consiglio - Mozioni e Ordini del Giorno"
4548:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1700:Latin groups of occlusives and become -, as in
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
855:
849:
843:
570:, in Italy it is often mistakenly regarded as an
545:
534:
8260:
6015:
4590:"Per la Consulta il piemontese non è una lingua"
2969:The existence of an S-C combination pronounced .
2962:), for which an alveolar S sound (as in English
630:(some municipalities in the westernmost part of
4805:
773:Piedmontese is divided into three major groups
16:Gallo-Italic language spoken in Piedmont, Italy
6345:
5928:
5071:
2320:before dental consonants and between vowels,
6154:
4904:
4778:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
803:
8241:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2292:Before consonants and at the end of words,
408:) and areas of linguistic transition (with
7824:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
6352:
6338:
5078:
5064:
4820:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4640:
4580:
4578:
1756:equivalent, are shown in the table below.
423:
373:
4945:
4806:Brero, Camillo; Bertodatti, Remo (2000).
4684:[Piedmontese courses at School].
4555:
2984:), which usually precedes a vowel, as in
598:), which would make it part of the wider
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
5411:
5019:) is being considered for deletion. See
4731:F. Rubat Borel, M. Tosco, V. Bertolino.
2324:( by some speakers) at the end of words.
764:
433:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
43:This article includes a list of general
5892:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4725:
4575:
1646:
574:. It is linguistically included in the
456:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8261:
4972:
3057:, a dialect spoken by the Piedmontese
777:Western which include the dialects of
539:
398:presence is only de jure are included)
6333:
5059:
4926:Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4834:
4786:
4692:
4608:
4584:
3092:
2215:
2213:
380:Piedmontese language distribution in
4856:
4843:
4753:
4674:
4662:
4534:"Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard"
3048:
769:Geographical variants of piedmontese
760:
29:
3065:, when most were killed during the
3002:) consonants, for example, Italian
13:
8245:Languages between parentheses are
5254:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
4966:
4885:
4876:
4865:
4808:Grammatica della lingua piemontese
2855:
2210:
600:western group of Romance languages
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
8290:
8125:(unknown further classification)
5035:Cultural Association "Nòste Rèis"
5023:to help reach a consensus. ›
5002:
4907:Repertorio Etimologico Piemontese
2103:
1683:of vowels in front of /n/, as in
1627:
1611:
1604:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1466:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1407:
1400:
1378:
1371:
1346:
1322:
1297:
1286:
1279:
1263:
1252:
1245:
795:region in north-western Piedmont.
743:
736:, when it was extremely close to
684:, when it was extremely close to
5985:
5104:Historical linguistic minorities
5087:
4532:; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
2949:voiceless postalveolar fricative
708:used in Piedmont. Nevertheless,
480:
293:
279:
34:
6311:
5051:Omniglot's entry on Piedmontese
4913:
4828:
4799:
4682:"Arbut - Ël piemontèis a scòla"
4564:from the original on 2023-10-29
2492:
2303:
2286:
2262:
2250:
2197:
8249:of the language on their left.
8119:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
4626:
4616:"Tàula ëd Matemàtica e Fìsica"
4518:
4500:
1708:dialect and ), as happens in
652:Piedmontese has spread in the
614:. It is spoken in the core of
1:
5008:
4686:www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net
4493:
3314:salir, sallir, ixir, salldre
3053:A variety of Piedmontese was
1189:
666:
641:It has some support from the
3111:Occitano- and Ibero-Romance
2897:'the one which makes seven'.
2529:) and breaks diphthongs, so
1618:
1542:
1184:
21:Piedmontese (disambiguation)
7:
8116:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
4905:Cornagliotti, Anna (2015).
4794:ISO 639-3, pms (Piemontese)
2296:represents the velar nasal
2279:in open syllables and just
1747:
860:(to give, to go, to stay).
828:. eastern , ) and at words
25:Piemontese (disambiguation)
10:
8295:
7818:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
6844:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
6638:Central−Southern Calabrian
5851:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
5334:Central-Southern Calabrian
3264:agafar, agarrar, replegar
3105:Gallo-Italic and Venetian
2928:, as in Occitan, or maybe
2552:
2545:is pronounced separately,
2506:in some Italian loanwords.
755:Turin 2006 Winter Olympics
727:
18:
8223:
8207:
8158:
8107:
8031:
7835:
7808:
7757:
7609:
7495:
7441:
7422:
7373:
7040:
6793:
6784:
6745:
6625:
6510:
6499:
6410:
6372:
6257:
6227:
6190:
6181:
6145:
6108:
6055:
6046:
6006:
6002:
5980:
5919:
5883:
5841:
5793:
5664:Comasco-Lecchese dialects
5616:
5573:
5564:
5528:
5510:
5501:
5465:
5447:
5438:
5402:
5370:
5324:
5252:
5216:
5198:
5180:
5171:
5167:
5100:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
2966:) is usually substituted.
2517:marks stress (except for
2484:
2474:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1624:
1603:
1592:
1573:
1526:
1517:
1480:
1458:
1421:
1358:
1305:
1232:
1196:
873:
870:
804:Eastern and western group
442:
422:
372:
358:
346:
330:
314:
309:
269:
264:
247:
153:
143:
116:
106:
99:
94:
7126:North American dialects
6633:Extreme Southern Italian
5021:templates for discussion
4762:"Le Lingue del Piemonte"
3308:sortir, sal(h)ir, eissir
791:Canavese, spoken in the
6545:Central−Northern Latian
5224:Central-Northern Latian
4857:Hull, Geoffrey (2017).
4066:manyana, deman, maitín
2525:to distinguish it from
1667:Gallo-Romance languages
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
856:
850:
844:
724:, and scientific work.
697:In the Baroque period,
546:
535:
64:more precise citations.
8274:Gallo-Italic languages
6849:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
5856:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
5648:Bustocco and Legnanese
4796:Retrieved 13 June 2012
4733:Il Piemontese in Tasca
4716:Riformisti per l'Ulivo
4557:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
2890:'Do you want to...?'])
2521:which is marked by an
770:
602:, which also includes
576:Gallo-Italic languages
555:
444:This article contains
8279:Languages of Piedmont
7336:Poitevin–Saintongeais
6279:Italian Sign Language
6228:Other German dialects
5371:Other Italo-Dalmatian
4938:10.1515/zrp-2015-0072
3857:Mrs. (Misses/Missus)
768:
541:[pjemʊŋˈtɛjz]
149:2,000,000 (2012)
8269:Piedmontese language
7145:St. Marys Bay French
6669:Neapolitan–Calabrese
5731:Southwestern Lombard
5026:Piedmontese language
4835:Parry, Mair (1997).
4766:www.ires.piemonte.it
4620:digilander.libero.it
3282:coger, tomar, pillar
2108:/ or (semivocalic),
1718:Brazilian Portuguese
1697:: SERRARE > saré.
1647:Phonological process
7497:Galician–Portuguese
6523:Central Marchigiano
6031:Vaccarizzo Albanian
4526:Hammarström, Harald
3690:moriziego, moricec
3013:The existence of a
2972:The existence of a
2947:The absence of the
2908:, as in Italian);
2558:
2060:, or (semivocalic)
864:
757:were unsuccessful.
271:Recognised minority
7911:Catalan Ribagorçan
7758:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
7030:Judaeo-Piedmontese
6940:Bustocco–Legnanese
6735:Northern Calabrian
5866:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5842:Other Gallo-Italic
5094:Languages of Italy
4705:2006-02-07 at the
4530:Haspelmath, Martin
4528:; Forkel, Robert;
3687:ratpenat, moricec
3279:prendere, pigliare
3093:Lexical comparison
3045:and from Italian.
2557:
863:
771:
734:sermones subalpini
674:sermones subalpini
618:, in northwestern
254:Judaeo-Piedmontese
8256:
8255:
8232:extinct languages
8154:
8153:
7831:
7830:
7790:Navarro-Aragonese
7675:Peruvian Ribereño
7600:Judaeo-Portuguese
7515:Galician–Asturian
7418:
7417:
7409:Old Gallo-Romance
7363:Wisconsin Walloon
6780:
6779:
6753:Dalmatian Romance
6361:Romance languages
6327:
6326:
6306:
6305:
6253:
6252:
6210:Southern Bavarian
6177:
6176:
6141:
6140:
6133:Triestine Serbian
6042:
6041:
6017:Arbëresh language
5978:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5915:
5914:
5879:
5878:
5632:Brianzöö dialects
5560:
5559:
5497:
5496:
5434:
5433:
5398:
5397:
4877:Rohlfs, Gerhard.
4710:, carried out by
4491:
4490:
4166:dominica/domigna
3681:signàpola/nòtoła
3267:agafar, replegar
3108:Occitano-Romance
3055:Judeo-Piedmontese
3049:Judeo-Piedmontese
2936:, French and Old
2853:
2852:
2488:
2487:
2193:
2192:
1848:or (semivocalic)
1669:. In some cases,
1637:
1636:
1512:
1511:
1397:
1368:
1339:
1315:
1276:
1242:
1182:
1181:
761:Regional variants
661:Venetian language
547:lenga piemontèisa
470:
469:
452:rendering support
448:phonetic symbols.
90:
89:
82:
8286:
7777:Judaeo-Aragonese
7766:Andalusi Romance
7619:Amazonic Spanish
7456:Western Asturian
7439:
7438:
7378:Franco-Provençal
7049:
7048:
6945:Comasco–Lecchese
6803:Emilian–Romagnol
6791:
6790:
6591:Regional Italian
6581:Italo-Australian
6508:
6507:
6430:Megleno-Romanian
6354:
6347:
6340:
6331:
6330:
6318:
6315:
6292:
6273:
6218:
6188:
6187:
6152:
6151:
6053:
6052:
6033:
6013:
6012:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5926:
5925:
5890:
5889:
5832:
5818:
5811:
5795:Emilian–Romagnol
5784:
5777:
5763:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5657:
5650:
5641:
5634:
5571:
5570:
5551:
5530:Franco-Provençal
5508:
5507:
5483:
5445:
5444:
5440:Occitano-Romance
5409:
5408:
5361:
5347:
5326:Extreme Southern
5295:
5190:Regional Italian
5178:
5177:
5169:
5168:
5125:Franco-Provençal
5092:
5091:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5057:
5056:
4998:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4932:(4): 1042–1064.
4917:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4769:
4757:
4751:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4596:on March 1, 2012
4592:. Archived from
4582:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4522:
4516:
4515:(19th ed., 2016)
4504:
3737:escuela, escola
3202:cadrega/ careja
3123:Eastern Romance
3117:Italo-Dalmatian
3100:
3099:
3083:Jewish languages
3063:Second World War
2953:
2934:Franco-Provençal
2895:col che a fà set
2883:'I say to him').
2864:The presence of
2559:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2157:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2089:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2047:
2039:
2027:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1981:
1967:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1921:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1881:
1867:
1855:
1847:
1835:
1821:
1803:
1795:
1759:
1758:
1642:
1631:
1615:
1608:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1522:
1521:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1470:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1411:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1375:
1364:
1350:
1335:
1326:
1311:
1301:
1290:
1283:
1272:
1267:
1256:
1249:
1238:
1194:
1193:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
865:
862:
859:
853:
847:
682:
650:Italian diaspora
549:
543:
538:
530:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
479:
436:
427:
403:
389:
377:
368:
342:
326:
319:
299:
297:
296:
285:
283:
282:
273:language in
258:
159:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8219:
8203:
8181:Pannonian Latin
8167:African Romance
8150:
8103:
8034:
8027:
7965:Judeo-Provençal
7838:
7827:
7804:
7753:
7663:Chilean Chilote
7605:
7491:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7414:
7402:Moselle Romance
7369:
7218:Missouri French
7179:Franco-Ontarian
7054:
7043:
7036:
6776:
6741:
6718:Southern Latian
6621:
6586:Maltese Italian
6518:Central Italian
6502:
6495:
6490:Common Romanian
6406:
6390:Italo-Dalmatian
6368:
6358:
6328:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6288:
6269:
6249:
6235:Austrian German
6223:
6214:
6173:
6164:Calabrian Greek
6137:
6104:
6090:Natisone Valley
6075:Inner Carniolan
6038:
6029:
5998:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5970:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5911:
5875:
5843:
5837:
5828:
5814:
5807:
5789:
5780:
5773:
5769:Eastern Lombard
5759:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5653:
5646:
5637:
5630:
5626:Western Lombard
5612:
5556:
5547:
5524:
5493:
5479:
5461:
5430:
5394:
5372:
5366:
5357:
5343:
5320:
5306:Southern Latian
5291:
5272:Castelmezzanese
5248:
5212:
5194:
5163:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5024:
5005:
4975:American Speech
4969:
4967:Further reading
4964:
4963:
4918:
4914:
4903:
4886:
4875:
4866:
4855:
4844:
4833:
4829:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4791:
4787:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4754:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4707:Wayback Machine
4697:
4693:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4583:
4576:
4567:
4565:
4523:
4519:
4505:
4501:
4496:
3373:cadere, cascare
3293:to go/come out
3270:prendre/acrapar
3241:scaun, catedră
3095:
3051:
2858:
2856:Characteristics
2555:
2511:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2329:
2328:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:, respectively.
2218:
2211:
2202:
2198:
1750:
1738:Western Romance
1685:Western Romance
1649:
1639:Allophones of /
1520:
1216:
1208:
1192:
1187:
806:
763:
746:
730:
676:
669:
572:Italian dialect
564:Northwest Italy
528:
524:
483:
477:
476:
450:Without proper
438:
437:
430:
418:
417:
401:
399:
387:
364:
338:
322:
315:
305:
294:
292:
289:
280:
278:
274:
272:
265:Official status
243:
195:Western Romance
175:Latino-Faliscan
160:
157:Language family
155:
146:
145:Native speakers
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:Northwest Italy
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8292:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8243:
8234:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8120:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8052:
8051:
8050:
8039:
8037:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8007:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7932:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7905:
7900:
7897:Judaeo-Catalan
7893:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7864:
7856:
7843:
7841:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7819:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7769:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7652:Latin American
7648:
7643:
7631:
7629:Judaeo-Spanish
7626:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7556:
7551:
7544:
7532:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7465:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7447:
7445:
7436:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7360:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7280:
7275:
7258:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7124:
7119:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7046:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7022:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6942:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6898:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6799:
6797:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6772:Judaeo-Italian
6769:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6640:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6514:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6432:
6427:
6425:Istro-Romanian
6422:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6373:Major branches
6370:
6369:
6365:classification
6357:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:Italian Hebrew
6261:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:South Tyrolean
6207:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6110:Serbo-Croatian
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6021:
6019:
6010:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5930:Rhaeto-Romance
5923:
5921:Rhaeto-Romance
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5812:
5799:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5727:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5704:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5622:
5620:
5614:
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5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
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5555:
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5471:
5469:
5463:
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5460:
5459:
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5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
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5204:
5202:
5196:
5195:
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5192:
5186:
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5175:
5165:
5164:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5004:
5003:External links
5001:
5000:
4999:
4987:10.2307/452803
4968:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4912:
4884:
4864:
4842:
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4131:
4126:
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4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
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4079:
4076:
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4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4042:
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4035:
4032:
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4026:
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4020:
4017:
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4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
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3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
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3911:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3897:
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3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
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3811:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
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3770:
3767:
3764:
3760:
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3756:
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3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:chauve-souris
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
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3550:
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3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:nombre/numéro
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
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3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:Ibero-Romance
3118:
3115:
3114:Gallo-Romance
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3094:
3091:
3050:
3047:
3027:
3026:
3011:
2996:
2989:
2970:
2967:
2945:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2873:
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2850:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
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2823:
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2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
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2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
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2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
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2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
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2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
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2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
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2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
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2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2509:
2508:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2416:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2302:
2285:
2261:
2249:
2209:
2203:Always before
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2169:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2119:
2116:
2093:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2051:
2048:
2031:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1951:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1839:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1678:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
992:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
945:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
898:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
875:
872:
869:
805:
802:
797:
796:
789:
786:
762:
759:
745:
744:Current status
742:
729:
726:
699:El Cont Piolèt
668:
665:
580:Northern Italy
562:, a region of
468:
467:
454:, you may see
440:
439:
429:
428:
420:
419:
400:
386:
378:
370:
369:
362:
356:
355:
350:
344:
343:
336:
328:
327:
320:
312:
311:
310:Language codes
307:
306:
304:
303:
277:
275:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
260:
259:
249:
245:
244:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
163:
161:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
118:
114:
113:
108:
107:Native to
104:
103:
97:
96:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8291:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8216:
8215:Proto-Romance
8213:
8212:
8210:
8208:Reconstructed
8206:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8174:British Latin
8171:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
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8132:
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8124:
8121:
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8113:
8112:
8110:
8106:
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8078:
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8061:
8058:
8057:
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8040:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8020:
8019:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7993:Vivaro-Alpine
7991:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7923:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7834:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7799:
7798:
7797:Old Navarrese
7794:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7647:
7646:Equatoguinean
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7427:
7421:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7100:Frainc-Comtou
7098:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7039:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6896:Judeo-Italian
6894:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:Castelmezzano
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6596:Swiss Italian
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:Transylvanian
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6436:Daco-Romanian
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6385:Italo-Western
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6348:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6314:
6310:
6299:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6156:Italiot Greek
6153:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Slavomolisano
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5983:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Judeo-Italian
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5840:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Gallo-Romance
5500:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5475:Vivaro-Alpine
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5173:Italo-Romance
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5006:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4981:(12): 501–4.
4980:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4928:(in German).
4927:
4923:
4916:
4909:(in Italian).
4908:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4881:(in Italian).
4880:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4860:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4817:
4810:. Torino: Ed.
4809:
4802:
4795:
4789:
4781:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4745:88-86968-54-X
4742:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:segunda-feira
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3940:verano, estío
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:senhora, dona
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3810:Mr. (Mister)
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:bat (animal)
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:maçana, poma
3595:
3593:poma, maçana
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:cayer, caire
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3343:droché/tombé
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:sortir/salyir
3316:
3313:
3311:sortir/eixir
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:surtì/seurte
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:prene, agafar
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2312:is generally
2311:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Gallo-Romance
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
950:
947:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
910:
907:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
878:
877:
867:
866:
861:
858:
852:
846:
839:
837:
834:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
813:
809:
801:
794:
790:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:
774:
767:
758:
756:
750:
741:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
695:
692:
689:
687:
683:
680:
675:
664:
662:
658:
655:
651:
646:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
542:
537:
532:
531:
519:
474:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
447:
441:
434:
426:
421:
415:
411:
407:
397:
393:
384:
383:
376:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
354:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
318:
313:
308:
302:
291:
290:
288:
276:
268:
263:
255:
252:
251:
250:
246:
220:
217:
216:
215:–Piedmontese?
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
204:
203:Gallo-Romance
201:
200:
199:Gallo-Iberian
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:Italo-Western
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:Indo-European
162:
158:
152:
148:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
8236:
8227:
8179:
8172:
8165:
8114:
8016:
8009:
7971:Languedocien
7963:
7956:Judeo-Gascon
7954:
7895:
7846:
7816:Barranquenho
7795:
7788:
7764:
7746:
7688:
7650:
7633:
7624:Extremaduran
7598:
7572:
7558:
7546:
7534:
7527:
7484:
7443:Asturleonese
7407:
7400:
7358:West Walloon
7346:Saintongeais
7294:
7270:
7266:Anglo-Norman
7224:
7157:Newfoundland
7117:Jersey Legal
7109:
7024:
7017:
6982:Southwestern
6965:Vallassinese
6854:Gallo-Picene
6795:Gallo-Italic
6757:
6673:
6668:
6607:
6573:
6488:
6434:
6313:
6290:Sinte Romani
6100:Torre Valley
6048:South Slavic
5993:Italy portal
5870:
5685:Vallassinese
5566:Gallo-Italic
5102:
5014:
4978:
4974:
4947:11585/646734
4929:
4925:
4915:
4906:
4878:
4858:
4836:
4830:
4807:
4801:
4788:
4765:
4755:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4720:(in Italian)
4715:
4711:
4698:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4649:
4642:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4594:the original
4566:. Retrieved
4537:
4520:
4510:
4502:
4390:quinta-feira
4343:quarta-feira
4095:Piedmontese
4025:aujourd'hui
3943:verão, estio
3763:wood (land)
3675:ràttopenûgo
3672:ratavolòira
3652:travagghiari
3549:nombre, nom
3379:cair, tombar
3376:caer, tumbar
3355:caire/tombar
3305:isìr/sortir
3285:pegar, tomar
3252:pigiâ/ciapà
3131:Piedmontese
3096:
3052:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3006:'fairy' and
3003:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2929:
2925:
2924:(from Latin
2921:
2913:
2912:(from Latin
2909:
2905:
2904:(from Latin
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2879:'there is',
2876:
2869:
2859:
2583:piedmontese
2577:piedmontese
2571:piedmontese
2565:piedmontese
2542:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2515:Grave accent
2512:
2494:
2330:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2288:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2204:
2199:
1751:
1741:assibilation
1724:Palatization
1695:degemination
1693:Consonantal
1681:Nasalization
1665:, and other
1638:
1513:
840:
825:
821:
819:
810:
807:
798:
772:
751:
747:
733:
731:
703:
698:
696:
693:
690:
672:
670:
647:
640:
472:
471:
443:
379:
360:Linguasphere
331:
218:
208:Gallo-Italic
138:Aosta Valley
100:
76:
67:
48:
8192:Campidanese
8018:Old Catalan
8011:Old Occitan
7748:Old Spanish
7682:Rioplatense
7486:Old Leonese
7314:Cotentinais
7278:Guernésiais
7201:Frenchville
7194:New England
7073:Bourbonnais
7025:Piedmontese
7019:Old Lombard
6911:Bergamasque
6835:Sammarinese
6298:Wenzhounese
6123:Montenegrin
6070:Gail Valley
5871:Piedmontese
5775:Bergamasque
5421:Campidanese
5262:Beneventano
5229:Marchigiano
5161:Wenzhounese
5009:‹ The
4507:Piedmontese
4437:sexta-feira
4296:terça-feira
3849:senhor, seu
3702:pipistrello
3693:rata volage
3649:travailler
3402:casa/meison
3249:pijé/ciapé
3019:set ëstèile
3010:'done (F)'.
2980:in English
2974:velar nasal
2958:in English
2498:Represents
1482:Approximant
677: [
654:Argentinian
648:Due to the
533:; autonym:
473:Piedmontese
458:instead of
219:Piedmontese
95:Piedmontese
62:introducing
8263:Categories
8239:indicates
8197:Logudorese
7730:Philippine
7696:Andalusian
7690:Peninsular
7580:Estremenho
7536:Portuguese
7463:Cantabrian
7296:Law French
7288:Sercquiais
7122:Meridional
7083:Champenois
7078:Burgundian
6889:Tabarchino
6879:Monégasque
6818:Parmigiano
6675:Neapolitan
6648:Manduriano
6615:Florentine
6482:Wallachian
6452:Bukovinian
5816:Parmigiano
5608:Tabarchino
5598:Monégasque
5426:Logudorese
5345:Manduriano
5208:Florentine
4749:assimil.it
4712:Euromarket
4568:2023-10-29
4512:Ethnologue
4494:References
4416:divendres
4304:Wednesday
4152:Portuguese
4013:uèi/ancuei
3951:yesterday
3705:murciélago
3684:ratapenada
3678:papastrel
3643:treballar
3640:treballar
3637:trabalhar
3581:méia/póma
3390:ca/meison
3188:Portuguese
3061:until the
3015:prosthetic
2976:(like the
2954:(like the
2918:Portuguese
2870:(mi) i von
2819:sent e un
2695:sinchsent
2683:quatordes
2663:sinquanta
2360:IPA value
2352:IPA value
2344:IPA value
2283:in closed.
2239:represent
1781:IPA value
1773:IPA value
1765:IPA value
1190:Consonants
995:he/she/it
710:literature
667:Literature
626:), and in
556:piemontese
536:piemontèis
353:Piemontese
101:piemontèis
45:references
8247:varieties
8230:indicate
8187:Sardinian
8144:Triestine
8092:Sursilvan
8003:Mentonasc
7981:Provençal
7930:Auvergnat
7916:Valencian
7872:Mallorcan
7862:Algherese
7837:Occitano-
7784:Navarrese
7772:Aragonese
7708:Castilian
7611:Castilian
7587:Uruguayan
7560:Brazilian
7523:Minderico
7517:/Eonavian
7480:Mirandese
7394:Valdôtain
7380:/Arpitan
7321:Orléanais
7272:Auregnais
7256:Mayennais
7206:Louisiana
7088:Ardennais
7068:Berrichon
6874:Intemelio
6830:Forlivese
6813:Bolognese
6759:Dalmatian
6723:Tarantino
6686:Benevento
6643:Salentino
6603:Sassarese
6567:Gallurese
6550:Romanesco
6503:Dalmatian
6467:Moldavian
6462:Maramureș
6420:Aromanian
6057:Slovenian
5907:Triestine
5844:languages
5830:Forlivese
5809:Bolognese
5655:Legnanese
5593:Intemelio
5538:Valdôtain
5481:Mentonasc
5457:Algherese
5413:Sardinian
5404:Sardinian
5390:Sassarese
5385:Gallurese
5373:languages
5339:Salentino
5311:Tarantino
5282:Cosentino
5239:Romanesco
5153:Sardinian
4956:1865-9063
4816:cite book
4586:La Stampa
4539:Glottolog
4469:dessandro
4463:dissabte
4445:Saturday
4428:viènniri
4425:vendredi
4413:divendres
4351:Thursday
4346:miercuri
4340:miércoles
4337:mercoledì
4331:mercredi
4325:miercres
4322:dimecres
4313:mercordé
4205:duminică
4193:rumìnica
4190:dimanche
4181:diumenge
4175:doménega
4172:dumenica
4169:dumenega
4138:Sicilian
4124:Aragonese
4045:tomorrow
4022:enqu'houè
4016:avui/hui
3837:monsieur
3699:taddarita
3661:trabalhar
3646:travalyér
3634:travajar
3628:travagiâ
3605:muma/mela
3276:pigghiàri
3174:Sicilian
3160:Aragonese
3071:Provencal
3067:Holocaust
3025:'stars').
2930:hoc illud
2888:Veus-to…?
2799:neuvsent
2689:sessanta
2669:quatsent
2637:quaranta
1671:prothesis
1366:voiceless
1360:Fricative
1313:voiceless
1307:Affricate
1240:voiceless
1185:Phonology
706:languages
632:Lomellina
578:group of
478:English:
412:and with
406:Alemannic
366:51-AAA-of
333:Glottolog
317:ISO 639-3
70:June 2012
8123:Venetian
8097:Vallader
8087:Surmiran
8060:Cadorino
8043:Friulian
7976:Limousin
7945:Béarnese
7907:Western
7889:Northern
7877:Menorcan
7867:Balearic
7858:Eastern
7854:dialects
7713:Castrapo
7670:Peruvian
7641:dialects
7574:European
7542:dialects
7529:Portugis
7510:Galician
7451:Asturian
7389:Savoyard
7341:Poitevin
7309:Cauchois
7283:Jèrriais
7130:Canadian
7009:Varesino
7004:Ticinese
6992:Novarese
6987:Cremunés
6977:Ossolano
6972:Milanese
6960:Lecchese
6928:Brianzöö
6859:Ligurian
6825:Romagnol
6706:Arianese
6701:Irpinian
6696:Cilentan
6660:Pantesco
6655:Sicilian
6626:Southern
6562:Corsican
6538:Macerata
6533:Fabriano
6472:Oltenian
6442:dialects
6402:Southern
6200:Cimbrian
6192:Bavarian
6118:Croatian
6025:Arbëresh
6008:Albanian
5949:Cadorino
5938:Friulian
5894:Venetian
5885:Venetian
5824:Romagnol
5752:Cremunés
5745:Novarese
5724:Varesino
5715:Ossolano
5708:Ticinese
5701:Milanese
5692:Lecchese
5575:Ligurian
5380:Corsican
5359:Pantesco
5353:Sicilian
5293:Arianese
5287:Irpinian
5277:Cilentan
5234:Marinese
5133:Germanic
5129:Friulian
5117:Croatian
5109:Albanian
5011:template
4837:Piedmont
4774:cite web
4703:Archived
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