250:
261:
793:
737:
42:
1628:
1592:
778:, and asked him in Ukrainian, "Are you Mr. Petliura?" Petliura did not answer but raised his cane. Schwarzbard immediately pulled out a gun and shot him five times. After Petliura fell to the pavement, he shot him twice more. When the police came and asked if he had done the deed, he reportedly said, "I have killed a great assassin." Other sources state that he attempted to fire an eighth shot into Petliura, but his firearm jammed.
1616:
1604:
239:
823:) and testified about the carnage. She never said that Petliura personally participated in the event, but rather some other soldiers who said that they were directed by Petliura. Several former Ukrainian officers testified for the prosecution, including a Red Cross representative who witnessed Semesenko's report to Petliura.
637:, Schwarzbard tried to volunteer as a Red Guard soldier. After many delays, he was finally accepted into an "International Brigade" in June 1919 and began his second revolutionary campaign. The next two months were perhaps the worst of his life. His unit suffered defeat from the combined forces of Petliura and
826:
After a trial lasting eight days the jury acquitted
Schwarzbard. After his acquittal in 1928, Schwartzbard decided to immigrate to the British Mandate of Palestine. The British authorities, however, refused him a visa. In 1933, he traveled the United States where he re-enacted his role in the murder
649:
Armies entered the city, his unit having been wiped out and disbanded. It was in this period, July–August 1919 that
Schwarzbard witnessed first-hand the ruins and human devastation left by pogrom violence—images that would haunt him for the rest of his life. He again managed to take a train back to
474:
to the Jewish family of
Itskhok Shvartsbard and Khaye Vaysberger. His real given name was Sholem. After the proclamation of an order by the Russian Imperial government for all Jews to move out from the region within 50 versts (33 mi) of the border, his family moved to the town of
697:
where he opened a clock-and-watch repair shop. There he was active in the French labor movement as an anarchist, and in 1925 became a French citizen. He was acquainted with prominent anarchist activists who had emigrated from Russia and
Ukraine, including such figures as
811:
The core of
Schwarzbard's defense was to attempt to show that he was avenging the deaths of victims of pogroms, whereas the prosecution (both criminal and civil) tried to show that Petliura was not responsible for the pogroms and that Schwarzbard was a Soviet agent.
650:
Odesa, where he was betrayed by a fellow anarchist to the White forces in control of the city. Before they could catch him, he learned that as a former French soldier, he was entitled to a passage to France. In late
December 1919 he boarded the
574:. The doctors gave him little hope of surviving the wound, but he slowly improved over the next year and a half until he was in good enough shape to return to Russia. His left arm was left virtually useless, and he was awarded the
767:). According to his autobiography, after hearing the news that Petliura had relocated to Paris, Schwarzbard became distraught and started plotting Petliura's assassination. Schwarzbard recognized Petliura from a picture.
483:
region, where he grew up. His three older brothers died as children and his mother died whilst he was a child. In 1900, at an early age of 14 he became an apprentice to a watchmaker, Israel Dik.
827:
on film. In 1937, Schwartzbard traveled to South Africa, where he died in Cape Town on 3 March 1938. In 1967, his remains were disinterred and transported to Israel, where he was reinterred.
434:, and is known for organising Jewish community defense against pogroms in pre-First World War era and Russian Civil War era Ukraine, and for the assassination of Ukrainian nationalist leader
633:. He had himself tried to establish independent anarchist schools, but was willing to work with the Bolsheviks as they increasingly centralized the school system. Hearing news of countless
514:
and Balta prisons. He was released with the general amnesty granted as part of post-revolutionary tsarist "leniency". Fearing further arrests, Schwarzbard fled across the border into
1708:
550:
The day before enlisting, he married his girlfriend of three years, Anna Render, a fellow immigrant from Odesa. On 24 August 1914, Schwarzbard and his brother enlisted in the
1718:
1678:
815:
Both sides brought on many witnesses, including several historians. A notable witness for the defence was Haia
Greenberg (aged 29), a local nurse who survived the
1556:
1723:
1673:
1688:
718:. In Paris Schwarzbard also became a member of the "Union of Ukrainian citizens". He contributed a number of articles to New York's anarchist daily
1713:
116:
254:
1004:
1748:
1296:"The Complicated Cases of Soghomon Tehlirian and Sholem Schwartzbard and Their Influences on Raphaël Lemkin's Thinking About Genocide"
1733:
763:. Sholom Schwarzbard, who had lost his family in the 1919 pogroms, held Symon Petliura responsible for them (see the discussion on
1683:
575:
367:
1477:
1545:
625:
During the occupation and in the chaos that ensued after the
Germans left, Schwarzbard lay low, survived a serious bout of
724:
under the pseudonym "Sholem"—his first name, but also
Yiddish for "peace", a fact he was quite proud of as an avid fan of
1698:
265:
1092:
800:
Schwarzbard was arrested and was put on trial by the Public Court
Committee on 18 October 1927. His defense was led by
1276:
1158:
Belling, V. (2009). "Isaac Ochberg and Sholem Schwartzbard: the Cape Town connection to the pogroms in the Ukraine".
352:
562:, in May 1915. On account of his excellent military record, in early 1915, he was moved to the regular French 363rd
678:
1743:
1300:
792:
1350:
Schur, Anna (2007). "Shades of Justice: The Trial of Sholom Schwartzbard and Dovid Bergelson's Among Refugees".
685:. The names of all fourteen were listed for his trial in 1926 and can be found in the YIVO Schwarzbard Archive.
502:, he was based in Kruti, 30 miles (48 km) north of Balta, where he was employed, in his own words, "fixing
1359:
1201:
760:
770:
On 25 May 1926, at 14:12, by the Gibert bookstore, he approached Petliura, who was walking on Rue Racine near
1728:
630:
1452:
The assassination of Symon Petliura and the trial of Sholem Schwarzbard 1926 -1927: a selection of documents
1663:
566:
and transferred south to the Vosges Forest. While there, he was shot through the left lung, fracturing his
1703:
1658:
1497:"The Anarchist Sage/Der Goen Anarkhist: Rabbi Yankev-Meir Zalkind and Religious Genealogies of Anarchism"
756:
1693:
1582:
1668:
1496:
1459:
1411:
1402:(1969). ""A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian-Jewish Relations, 1917-1921": A Rebuttal".
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950:
555:
393:
330:
1038:
771:
764:
752:
467:
70:
1082:
898:
820:
720:
551:
511:
301:
243:
103:
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526:. There, he was converted to anarchism, a political philosophy, especially the teachings of
1653:
1648:
805:
775:
1121:
8:
1053:
611:
595:
510:
activity while visiting his father in Balta, he was arrested and served a short stint in
335:
308:
279:
1087:. Rutlege Library Editions, RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency. Routledge. pp. 40–41.
602:, he was arrested for communist agitation and was handed over to Russian authorities in
1423:
1387:
1342:
1243:
787:
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in 1919, had moved to Paris in 1924 and was the head of the government-in-exile of the
499:
167:
554:. As a legionnaire, he was sent to the front in November 1914 and participated in the
1531:
1506:
1483:
1473:
1431:
1415:
1391:
1379:
1371:
1319:
1282:
1272:
1268:
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1222:(1969). "A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian-Jewish Relations, 1917-1921".
1207:
1197:
1171:
1163:
1129:
1088:
1030:
1022:
703:
674:
342:
518:, where he lived and worked in a number of cities and towns, including the capital,
1596:
1552:
1463:
1363:
1309:
1183:
816:
619:
591:
443:
404:
384:
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He was demobilized in August 1917 and in September, traveled with his wife to the
1399:
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1187:
1009:
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571:
527:
515:
412:
1314:
1295:
801:
741:
693:
In 1920, disillusioned with the outcome of the revolution, Sholom moved back to
490:
and began agitating for a revolutionary group called "Iskra", likely related to
1632:
1620:
1540:
Three Leaders of Ukrainian Liberation Movement murdered by the Order of Moscow
1535:
1527:
748:
715:
476:
471:
435:
191:
74:
1487:
1435:
1255:
1175:
808:
and Ernesto Bonomini and who also represented the Soviet consulate in France.
1642:
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638:
187:
131:
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1332:
1286:
1468:
1211:
1034:
865:
707:
507:
1455:
902:. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. 2007. p. 191.
804:, a renowned French jurist who had previously defended anarchists such as
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603:
579:
325:
275:
1427:
1247:
655:
646:
1539:
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667:
607:
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watches". A short time after participating in Jewish-run and -manned
487:
431:
427:
177:
99:
864:
Institute for Jewish Research in New York. They were rescued during
1501:
659:
523:
283:
839:
published under the pseudonym "Bal Khaloymes" (master of dreams):
629:
and worked securing facilities and supplies for the newly forming
1265:
Violent justice: how three assassins fought to free Europe's Jews
836:
796:
Memorial plate near Shalom Schwarzbard plate in Avihayil Cemetery
567:
503:
480:
420:
79:
1120:
Szajkowski, Zosa; Pejša, Stanislav; Lutz, Violet, eds. (2019).
682:
663:
634:
626:
519:
463:
439:
66:
41:
1056:[Makhno forbade Schwarzbard from shooting Petliura].
699:
694:
615:
559:
539:
495:
491:
1125:
861:
642:
486:
During his apprenticeship in 1903, he became interested in
423:
1338:
641:, who were uneasy allies at the time. Schwarzbard was in
972:
970:
530:, to which he would remain loyal the rest of his life.
982:
891:
889:
887:
885:
681:, including his most beloved uncle, who was killed in
610:, where he joined and served in the politically mixed
419:; 18 August 1886 – 3 March 1938) was a Russian-French
1580:
967:
918:
906:
426:. He served in the French and Soviet military, was a
398:
1709:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
1101:
1054:"Махно заборонив "Чорній бороді" стріляти у Петлюру"
673:
In the turmoil that transpired in the period of the
1557:"Sholem Schwarzbard: The Jewish Assassin Who Ruled"
1119:
1051:
882:
740:Sholom Schwarzbard speech in the court. Below him,
731:
1719:Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
1334:Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin
1679:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to South Africa
585:
1640:
1551:
999:
997:
614:(1917–1920). Schwarzbard commanded a unit of 90
936:Кульчицький Ю. Симон Петлюра і погроми — С. 139
835:Schwarzbard is the author of numerous books in
688:
1548:"Ukrainian Weekly" article from 6 October 1933
1189:Pogromchik: The Assassination of Simon Petlura
1080:
994:
852:
846:
840:
677:, fourteen members of his family perished in
545:
542:and found work with a series of watchmakers.
1052:Barbaruk-Trypilskyy, Oleksiy (25 May 2006).
860:Sholom Schwarzbard's papers are archived at
1674:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
781:
670:. He was back in Paris by 21 January 1920.
1398:
868:and smuggled from France by the historian
538:In January 1910, at age 23, he settled in
40:
1724:Soviet people of the Ukrainian–Soviet War
1467:
1313:
1081:Alexander, Yonah; Myers, Kenneth (2015).
1074:
1689:French military personnel of World War I
1182:
1107:
988:
976:
924:
912:
791:
735:
16:Russo-French anarchist poet and assassin
1495:Torres, Anna Elena (27 February 2019).
1330:
1218:
1157:
1641:
1494:
1293:
1262:
314:International brigade (Red Army, 1919)
1714:Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
1449:
1349:
944:
942:
851:(At War with Myself, Chicago, 1933),
533:
1122:"Shalom Schwarzbard Papers (RG 85)"
845:(Dreams and Reality, Paris, 1920),
408:
13:
1443:
948:
939:
14:
1760:
1749:Prisoners and detainees of France
1546:"Petlura's Assassin in Hollywood"
1518:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
857:(Over the Year, Chicago, 1934).
732:Assassination of Petliura (1926)
462:Schwarzbard was born in 1886 in
305:363rd Infantry Regiment (France)
259:
248:
237:
1734:Ukrainian expatriates in France
1301:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1294:Jacobs, Steven Leonard (2019).
1151:
1113:
312:Cavalry group of Tiraspol squad
1684:Naturalized citizens of France
1562:Cool People Who Did Cool Stuff
1360:University of California Press
1045:
930:
765:Petliura's role in the pogroms
586:Russian Revolution (1917–1919)
1:
955:(in Ukrainian). pp. 1–12
875:
457:
400:Samuil Isaakovich Shvartsburd
689:Return to France (1920–1927)
645:when both the Ukrainian and
53:Shulem Itskovich Shvartsburd
7:
1315:10.5038/1911-9933.13.1.1594
830:
761:Ukrainian People's Republic
757:Ukrainian National Republic
498:. At the time of the first
417:Samuel 'Sholem' Schwarzbard
399:
381:Samuel "Sholem" Schwarzbard
10:
1765:
1699:People acquitted of murder
1460:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
1450:Engel, David, ed. (2016).
785:
546:First World War and injury
500:Russian Revolution in 1905
389:Самуил Исаакович Шварцбурд
952:Вбивство С. Петлюри i ГПУ
451:
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132:32.3504000°N 34.8721000°E
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88:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1412:Indiana University Press
1368:10.1525/lal.2007.19.1.15
1232:Indiana University Press
782:Schwarzbard trial (1927)
744:, his attorney. Oct 1927
594:, established after the
496:journal of the same name
31:
1331:Johnson, Kelly (2012).
896:"Schwarzbard, Sholem".
842:Troymen un virklekhkeyt
606:. He later traveled to
578:for his courage in the
556:Second Battle of Artois
331:Second Battle of Artois
1744:Yiddish-language poets
1469:10.13109/9783666310270
1263:Imonti, Felix (1994).
853:
848:In krig mit zikh aleyn
847:
841:
797:
772:Boulevard Saint-Michel
751:, who was head of the
745:
468:Bessarabia Governorate
446:under the pen name of
416:
137:32.3504000; 34.8721000
1404:Jewish Social Studies
1224:Jewish Social Studies
1041:on 13 September 2012.
899:Encyclopaedia Judaica
821:Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
795:
739:
721:Freie Arbeiter Stimme
598:. On the French boat
564:régiment d’infanterie
552:French Foreign Legion
302:French Foreign Legion
290:Years of service
1729:Ukrainian anarchists
1352:Law & Literature
1271:: Prometheus Books.
817:pogroms in Proskurov
806:Buenaventura Durruti
776:Latin Quarter, Paris
631:Soviet school system
348:Ukrainian–Soviet War
1664:Anarchist assassins
1555:(24 October 2022).
1084:Terrorism in Europe
679:antisemitic pogroms
596:February Revolution
336:Battle of the Somme
128: /
1704:People from Izmail
1659:20th-century poets
1343:Harvard University
854:Inem loyf fun yorn
798:
788:Schwartzbard trial
746:
618:in the brigade of
534:France (1910–1917)
479:, in the southern
438:in 1926. He wrote
168:Schwartzbard trial
159:Samuel Schwarzbard
25:Sholem Schwarzbard
1694:Jewish anarchists
1532:Yevhen Konovalets
1479:978-3-666-31027-0
1184:Friedman, Saul S.
1021:7 November 1927.
714:and his follower
704:Alexander Berkman
675:Russian Civil War
397:
378:
377:
343:Russian Civil War
217:Isaak Shvartsburd
1756:
1669:Bessarabian Jews
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1553:Margaret Killjoy
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1400:Szajkowski, Zosa
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1099:
1098:
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1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:. Archived from
1005:"Petliura Trial"
1001:
992:
986:
980:
974:
965:
964:
962:
960:
949:Lytvyn, Serhiy.
946:
937:
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928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
903:
893:
856:
850:
844:
620:Grigory Kotovsky
592:Russian Republic
570:and tearing his
453:
410:
409:שלום שװאַרצבאָרד
402:
392:
390:
264:
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219:Khaye Vaysberger
156:Other names
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33:שלום שװאַרצבאָרד
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1444:Further reading
1279:
1204:
1194:Hart Publishing
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907:
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883:
878:
870:Zosa Szajkowski
833:
790:
784:
734:
691:
588:
576:Croix de guerre
572:brachial plexus
548:
536:
528:Peter Kropotkin
516:Austria-Hungary
460:
368:Croix de guerre
359:
353:Capture of Kyiv
313:
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198:Criminal status
184:Criminal charge
151:Bessarabian Jew
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1739:Ukrainian Jews
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1536:Stepan Bandera
1528:Symon Petliura
1520:
1519:External links
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1160:Jewish Affairs
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1094:978-1317449324
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1062:(in Ukrainian)
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993:
991:, p. 107.
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786:Main article:
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749:Symon Petliura
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716:Peter Arshinov
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654:and sailed to
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448:Baal-Khaloymes
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1137:. Retrieved
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255:Russian SFSR
120:32°21′1.44″N
104:South Africa
94:(1938-03-03)
92:3 March 1938
18:
1654:1938 deaths
1649:1886 births
1567:iHeartMedia
1565:(Podcast).
1414:: 184–213.
1234:: 163–183.
753:Directorate
604:Arkhangelsk
452:The Dreamer
326:World War I
276:French Army
209:Anna Render
148:Nationality
135: /
1643:Categories
1572:26 October
1488:1229518836
1436:5547471975
1256:5792300209
1203:0805511628
1176:5878570704
1066:26 October
959:26 October
876:References
656:Marseilles
652:Nicholas I
612:Red Guards
458:Early life
450:(English:
309:Red Guards
307:Petrograd
280:Red Guards
233:Allegiance
71:Bessarabia
59:1886-08-18
1597:Anarchism
1511:2381-5973
1456:Göttingen
1420:0021-6704
1392:144348738
1384:360296795
1376:1535-685X
1362:: 15–43.
1324:1911-0359
1240:0021-6704
1168:0021-6313
1134:970839574
1059:Gazeta.ua
1027:0040-781X
1019:Time Inc.
668:Port Said
608:Petrograd
600:Melbourne
580:World War
512:Proskurov
488:socialism
432:anarchist
428:communist
394:romanized
293:1914–1919
214:Parent(s)
201:Acquitted
178:Anarchism
100:Cape Town
1502:In geveb
1287:31172303
1186:(1976).
1015:New York
831:Writings
660:Istanbul
524:Budapest
284:Red Army
174:Movement
1633:Ukraine
1621:Judaism
1583:Portals
1428:4466502
1269:Amherst
1248:4466501
1212:2306425
1035:1311479
837:Yiddish
774:of the
755:of the
639:Denikin
635:pogroms
568:scapula
558:, near
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664:Beirut
627:typhus
616:sabers
522:, and
520:Vienna
464:Izmail
440:poetry
413:French
370:(1917)
364:Awards
206:Spouse
67:Izmail
1424:JSTOR
1410:(3).
1388:S2CID
1244:JSTOR
1230:(3).
700:Volin
695:Paris
647:White
560:Arras
540:Paris
492:Lenin
477:Balta
78:(now
1574:2022
1507:ISSN
1484:OCLC
1474:ISBN
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1273:ISBN
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1164:ISSN
1141:2020
1130:OCLC
1126:YIVO
1089:ISBN
1068:2022
1031:OCLC
1023:ISSN
1010:Time
961:2022
862:YIVO
666:and
658:via
643:Kyiv
430:and
424:poet
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