2544:, criticisms of the offense-defense balance are based on two misunderstandings. First, the sameness or difference of offensive weapons compared with defensive weapons does not impact the offense-defense balance itself. Offense-defense theory assumes that both parties in conflict will use those weapons that suit their strategy and goals. Second, whether both states involved in the conflict have some common weapons between them is the wrong question to ask in seeking to understand the offense-defense balance. Instead, critics should focus on the influence or net effect of weapons used in the conflict. According to Glaser, "Distinguishability should be defined by comparative net assessment" or the comparison of the balance of offense-defense when both sides use weapons versus when neither side is using weapons.
48:
2496:. If the partner does not participate in the war fully, it will endanger the security of its ally. For example, in World War I, to the alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany, according to Waltz, did this: "If Austria-Hungary marched, Germany had to follow: the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire would have left Germany alone in the middle of Europe". On the other side, if "France marched, Russia had to follow; a German victory over France would be a defeat for Russia. And so it was all around the vicious circle, because the defeat or defection of a major alliance would have shaken the balance, each alliance partner would have shaken the balance, each state was constrained to adjust its strategy".
2533:
as geography and prevailing technology". According to Wendt because the security dilemma is the result of one state's interaction with another, a state can adopt policies which hinder the security dilemma. Glaser blames Wendt for "exaggerating the extent to which structural realism calls for competitive policies and, therefore, the extent to which it leads to security dilemmas". Glaser argues that though offensive realists presume that in an international system a state has to compete for power, the security dilemma is a concept mainly used by defensive realists and according to defensive realists it is beneficial for nations to cooperate under certain circumstances.
2448:
that is only building its defenses is advantageous, the other states might prefer to take an aggressive stance, which will "make the situation unstable". In such situation, an arms race may become a strong possibility. Robert Jervis gives the example of
Germany and Britain before World War I. "Much of the behaviour in this period was the product of technology and beliefs that magnified the security dilemma". In that example, strategists believed that offense would be more advantageous than defense, but that ultimately turned out to not be the case. Competition on nuclear weapons construction between the United States and the Soviet Union, during the
2348:
In other words, defensive realism contends that security can be balanced in some cases and that the security dilemma is escapable. While offensive realists do not disagree, they do not agree fully with the defensive view instead contending that if states can gain an advantage over other states then they will do so. In short, since states want to maximize their power in this anarchic system and since states cannot trust one another, the security dilemma is inescapable.
3828:
2032:) is when the increase in one state's security (such as increasing its military strength) leads other states to fear for their own security (because they do not know if the security-increasing state intends to use its growing military for offensive purposes). Consequently, security-increasing measures can lead to tensions, escalation or conflict with one or more other parties, producing an outcome which no party truly desires; a political instance of the
2336:, "Uncertainty about the intentions of other states is unavoidable, which means that states can never be sure that other states do not have offensive intentions to go along with their offensive capabilities". According to Mearsheimer, though achieving hegemony by any state is not likely in today's international system, there is no such thing as a status quo and "the world is condemned to perpetual great power competition".
2436:
effective deterrence policies are those that decrease the expected utility of using force while not reducing the expected utility of the status quo; optimally deterrent policies would even increase the utility of not using the force." It is more likely that deterrence will succeed if the attacker finds deterrence threat "credible" and a credible deterrence threat might not necessarily be a military threat.
2305:
intensive because states will be more distrustful of each other and be more encouraged to take preemptive offensive actions. In situations where the defense has the advantage, security-seeking states can afford to focus strictly on their defense without as much fear of being attacked. Security-seeking states can also signal benign intentions without adversely affecting their own security.
2525:, "Security dilemmas are not given by anarchy or nature" but, rather, are "a social structure composed of intersubjective understandings in which states are so distrustful that they make worst-case assumptions about each other's intentions". Jennifer Mitzen mirrors Wendt's critique, arguing that the security dilemma can be caused and maintained by the pursuit for
2464:, under a security dilemma there are two reasons that alliances will form. First, a state that is dissatisfied with the amount of security it has forms alliances in order to bolster its security. Second, a state is in doubt about the reliability of existing allies in coming to its aid, and thus decides to court another ally or allies. According to
2301:", survival is the main motivation of states. States are distrustful of other states' intentions and as a consequence always try to maximize their own security. The security dilemma explains why security-seeking (as opposed to non-security seeking) states could end up in conflict, even though they have benign intentions.
2447:
According to Robert Jervis, since the world is anarchic, a state might, for defensive purposes, build its military capability. However, since states are not aware of each other's intentions, other states might interpret a defensive buildup as offensive; if so and if offensive action against the state
2396:
The spiral model identifies the next step in reasoning about states' behavior after identifying the intensity of the security dilemma. In particular, under given circumstances of the security dilemma, what steps might a threatened state take to derive advantage by attacking first. In other words, the
2387:
Where offensive and defensive behavior are distinguishable and defense has advantage, the security dilemma has little or no intensity, and the environment is "doubly safe". Since there is little danger of offensive action by other states, a state would be able to expend some of its defense budget and
2536:
Another mode of criticism of the security dilemma concept is to question the validity of the offence-defense balance. Since weapons of offense and of defense are the same, how can the distinction between the two be connected with a state's intentions? As a result, critics have questioned whether the
2347:
with a stronger state to obtain a guarantee of security against offensive action by an enemy state. On the other hand, Mearsheimer and other offensive realists argue that anarchy encourages all states to always increase their own power because one state can never be sure of other states' intentions.
2532:
Glaser argues that Wendt mischaracterised the security dilemma. "Wendt is using the security dilemma to describe the result of states' interaction whereas Jervis and the literature he has spawned use the security dilemma to refer to a situation created by the material conditions facing states, such
2379:
Where offensive and defensive behavior are not distinguishable but defense has an advantage, the security dilemma is "intense" in explaining states' behaviour but not as intense as in the first case. In such situation, a state might be able to increase its security without being a threat to other
2308:
Defensive realists often regard the success of the United States in World War I as being a result of the defensive approach taken by the United States. Had the United States taken an offensive stance, defensive realists argue that the United States would not have been secure. The conclusion from
2435:
Under some circumstances attempts at deterrence can "backfire" when a potential attacker misinterprets the state's deterrence measures as a "prelude to offensive measures". In such cases the security dilemma can arise generating perceptions of a "first strike advantage". According to Huth "most
2392:
According to Jervis, the technical capabilities of a state and its geographical position are two essential factors in deciding whether offensive or defensive action is advantageous. He argues that at a strategic level, technical and geographical factors are of greater favor to the defender. For
2351:
Offensive realists dispute that the offense-defense is a major determinant of state behavior, arguing the concept is vague, that offense and defense cannot be distinguished, that the offense-defense balance does not vary significantly over time, perceptions among leaders of the offense-defense
2276:
Butterfield viewed the security dilemma as the root cause of all war, but he did not view anarchy as being the ultimate source of the security dilemma. Instead he attributed the source to fear and the "universal sin" of humanity — that humanity can commit evil. Herz and Jervis did not view the
2304:
The offense-defense balance accounts for why the security dilemma is more intense in certain circumstances. Defensive realists argue that in situations where offensive actions have the advantage (for example, due to geography or military technology), the security dilemma will be particularly
2393:
example, in the 19th century railway and roads construction were rapidly changing the composition of capabilities of states to attack or defend themselves from other states. Thus, considerable effort in diplomatic relations and intelligence were specifically focused on this issue.
2039:
The security dilemma is particularly intense in situations when (1) it is hard to distinguish offensive weapons from defensive weapons, and (2) offense has the advantage in any conflict over defense. Military technology and geography strongly affect the offense-defense balance.
2513:, but as "the German threat grew", France and Britain hoped that Germany and the Soviet Union "would balance each other off or fight to the finish. Uncertainties about... who will gain or lose from the action of other states accelerate as number of states increases".
2383:
Where offensive and defensive behavior are distinguishable but offense has an advantage, the security dilemma is "not intense" but security issues exist. The environment is safe, but offensive behaviour has an advantage that might result in aggression at some future
2504:
In the face of a rising threat, balancing alignments fail to form in a timely fashion as states try to freeride on other states. States might do so to avoid the expense of war for themselves. For example, to use Waltz's example, in
2416:
is contrary to the spiral model, but also purports to explain war. While the spiral model presumes that states are fearful of each other, the deterrence model is based on the belief that states are greedy. Paul K. Huth divides
2409:" might take place as a state might decide to attack another state first to prevent the other state from attacking or to obstruct the other state's attack because it fears the other state is preparing to attack.
3805:
2460:
The security dilemma might force states to form new alliances or to strengthen existing alliances. "If offense has less advantage, stability and cooperation are likely". According to
2368:
When offensive and defensive behaviour are not distinguishable but offense has an advantage, the security dilemma is "very intense" and environment is "doubly dangerous".
2055:, but referred to it as the "absolute predicament and irreducible dilemma". The security dilemma is a key concept in international relations theory, in particular among
2509:, the French Foreign Minister told the British Prime Minister that Britain was justified in taking "the lead in opposing Germany" when the Nazis had taken over the
3315:
2492:
world, alliance security is interconnected. When one ally decides to participate in war, it pulls its alliance partners into the war too, which is referred to as
3598:
2405:
shifting to the other side creating an advantage in attacking sooner rather than later as conditions may not be as favorable in the future as in the present. "
3015:
No. 110, Special
Edition: Frontiers of Knowledge (Spring 1998), pp. 29–32, 34–46 (Published by the Slate Group, a division of The Washington Post Company)
2332:.) However, contrary to defensive realism, offensive realism regards states as aggressive power maximizers and not as security maximizers. According to
2343:
and that each state must independently seek its own survival, Waltz argues that weaker states try to find a balance with their rivals and to form an
3495:
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balance varies even within the same time periods, and attackers and defender can use most types of weapons to achieve their goals.
971:
2364:
helps decide the intensity of the security dilemma. Jervis uses four scenarios to describe the intensity of the security dilemma:
3856:
3592:
3545:
3535:
3490:
3301:
1398:
3388:
2472:, in a multipolar world two types of alliance dilemma exist which are contrary in nature. These alliance dilemmas are known as
3581:
2793:
3550:
3439:
3350:
2325:
2397:
spiral model seeks to explain war. In the spiral model of Jervis, there are two reasons why a state might end up in war. "
3515:
3358:
2489:
1754:
47:
1949:
1727:
342:
3421:
2831:
2469:
2056:
1403:
3812:
2681:
1481:
3851:
3510:
3406:
1826:
1464:
1251:
96:
3078:
Christensen, T.J. and Snyder, J. "Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting
Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity",
2328:. They share the basic beliefs of survivalism, statism (state as the primary unit), self-help and anarchy. (See
3324:
2329:
1590:
2007:
1454:
3173:
Mitzen, Jennifer (2016). "Ontological
Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma".
3504:
1944:
648:
408:
1954:
1141:
943:
814:
352:
3876:
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3525:
1418:
3866:
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1528:
1036:
385:
259:
113:
3454:
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2558:
1979:
1846:
1393:
1086:
904:
752:
3459:
3401:
3363:
3340:
2067:
Tang identified the following core components between interpretations of the security dilemma by
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1914:
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1229:
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357:
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1408:
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757:
734:
180:
79:
2277:
security dilemma as being the root cause of all war. A counterexample frequently given is the
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2573:
2465:
2033:
1388:
1321:
1274:
928:
891:
854:
772:
724:
608:
418:
226:
135:
2860:
Roe, Paul (March 1999). "The
Intrastate Security Dilemma: Ethnic Conflict as a 'Tragedy'?".
3765:
3715:
3700:
3619:
3614:
3500:
3434:
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2526:
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1533:
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871:
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665:
519:
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86:
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offense-defense balance can be used as a variable in explaining international conflicts.
8:
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3629:
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633:
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588:
380:
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140:
64:
2428:
Preventing armed attack against the territory of another country ("extended deterrence")
2309:
defensive realism is that in some circumstances states can escape the security dilemma.
16:
Actions by state actors likely to lead to escalation of tensions unwanted by all parties
3730:
3650:
3240:
3232:
3155:
3147:
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Jervis claims that the security dilemma can lead to arms races and alliance formation.
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1964:
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3059:
3048:"DETERRENCE AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Debates"
3047:
2915:
2869:
2735:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2401:" might take place as one state might decide to attack first when it perceives the
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2333:
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1974:
1939:
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69:
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3670:
2984:
The
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations
2942:
The
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations
2821:
2563:
2431:
Using deterrence against a short-term threat of attack ("immediate deterrence")
2425:
Preventing armed attack against a country's own territory ("direct deterrence")
2406:
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1959:
1707:
1131:
1091:
1069:
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1016:
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571:
524:
504:
494:
464:
431:
319:
276:
231:
103:
36:
3275:
3220:
3135:
3120:"Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics"
2919:
2372:
will behave in an aggressive manner and they will arise the possibility of an
3845:
3775:
3755:
3710:
3695:
3680:
3624:
3283:
3228:
3186:
3143:
3082:(Spring 1990) vol. 4, no. 2 (Published by the World Peace Foundation and MIT)
2927:
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1806:
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1650:
1570:
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1326:
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844:
839:
819:
799:
714:
685:
660:
536:
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499:
474:
314:
236:
199:
194:
91:
3259:
3770:
3685:
3586:
3520:
2506:
2477:
2072:
2044:
1993:
1919:
1899:
1894:
1789:
1734:
1368:
1363:
1186:
1101:
849:
583:
484:
281:
185:
3809:
3785:
3660:
3634:
3464:
1904:
1655:
1620:
1459:
1146:
1111:
824:
767:
670:
454:
175:
170:
3827:
3236:
3204:
2059:
scholars to explain how security-seeking states can end up in conflict.
3790:
3745:
3665:
3151:
3119:
2755:
2723:
2653:
2611:
1861:
1831:
1553:
922:
2957:
vol. 4, no. 4 (Summer 1995): 660–691 (Published by Frank Cass, London)
2881:
2906:
Tang, Shiping (2009). "The
Security Dilemma: A Conceptual Analysis".
2510:
2373:
1851:
1675:
1625:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1425:
1216:
1211:
1176:
618:
304:
271:
160:
2739:
2627:
3002:. New York: Norton, "Anarchy and the Struggle for Power", Chapter 2
2449:
2340:
2298:
1866:
1841:
1474:
1106:
1081:
699:
254:
128:
2281:, where there was no dilemma over war with a malign Nazi Germany.
1876:
1836:
1600:
1434:
1430:
777:
762:
638:
299:
294:
264:
203:
165:
3011:
Walt, S.M. "International
Relations: One World, Many Theories",
2966:
Walt, S.M. "International
Relations: One World, Many Theories",
2846:
Herz, J. "Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma",
1383:
784:
601:
337:
2297:, because the world does not have a common government and is "
859:
395:
390:
2380:
states and without endangering the security of other states.
2953:
Lynn-Jones, S.M. "Offense-Defense Theory and Its Critics",
155:
150:
28:
2388:
other resources on useful development within the state.
2339:
Supporting the belief that the international system is
2785:
Perception and Misperception in International Politics
3027:
Reiter, D. "Exploring the Bargaining Model of War",
2047:
in a 1950 study. At the same time British historian
3323:
2709:Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma
2199:Unintended (and partially self-defeating) results
3843:
2376:. Chances of cooperation between states are low.
2043:The term was first coined by the German scholar
2788:. Princeton University Press. pp. 58–113.
2289:The security dilemma is the core assumption of
3309:
2001:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3175:European Journal of International Relations
2724:"The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics"
2554:Balance of power in international relations
2516:
2452:, is a well-known example of an arms race.
3316:
3302:
3257:
2529:rather than rationalist security-seeking.
2008:
1994:
3561:Chinese school of international relations
3063:
3034:
2970:No. 110, (Spring 1998), pp. 29–32, 34–46
2823:Rational Theory of International Politics
2635:
2355:
3260:"Offense-Defense Theory and Its Critics"
2944:. Oxford University Press, 2005, 3rd ed.
2850:vol. 2, no. 2 (1950): 171–201, at p. 157
2612:"Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma"
972:List of military strategies and concepts
3844:
3202:
3172:
2986:. Oxford University Press 2005 3rd ed.
2819:
2781:
2721:
2679:
2609:
2216:Only psychological factors emphasized
3297:
3198:
3196:
3117:
3023:
3021:
2994:
2992:
2978:
2976:
2455:
3045:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2706:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2312:
2284:
2115:Uncertainty over others' intentions
2051:described the same situation in his
3000:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
2859:
2062:
13:
3193:
3052:Annual Review of Political Science
3018:
2989:
2973:
14:
3893:
2896:
2802:
2770:
2680:Glaser, Charles L. (2024-06-18).
2668:
2586:
3826:
3205:"The Security Dilemma Revisited"
3106:Theory of International Politics
3093:Theory of International Politics
2483:
46:
3511:International political economy
3407:Uneven and combined development
3251:
3166:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3072:
3005:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2499:
2087:Aspect of the security dilemma
3857:International relations theory
3325:International relations theory
3065:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.25
2853:
2840:
2826:. Princeton University Press.
2715:
2700:
2360:The offense–defense theory of
2330:international relations theory
1:
2688:. Vol. 103, no. 4.
2579:
3505:liberal intergovernmentalism
3258:Lynn-Jones, Sean M. (1995).
2442:
7:
3203:Glaser, Charles L. (1997).
3108:, 1979, McGraw-Hill, p. 165
3095:, 1979, McGraw-Hill, p. 167
2874:10.1177/0022343399036002004
2820:Glaser, Charles L. (2010).
2547:
2101:Ultimate source is anarchy
2053:History and Human Relations
1465:Military–industrial complex
944:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3898:
3526:Hegemonic stability theory
3124:International Organization
3080:International Organization
2185:Unintended tragic results
2143:Lack of malign intentions
3823:
3799:
3643:
3607:
3569:
3486:Critical security studies
3473:
3420:
3387:
3349:
3331:
3276:10.1080/09636419509347600
3221:10.1017/S0043887100014763
3136:10.1017/S0020818300027764
3118:Wendt, Alexander (1992).
2982:Baylis, J. and Smith, S.
2940:Baylis, J. and Smith, S.
2920:10.1080/09636410903133050
2862:Journal of Peace Research
2722:Snyder, Glenn H. (1984).
2028:(also referred to as the
1529:Loss-of-strength gradient
386:Combat information center
3455:Territorial peace theory
3379:Liberal institutionalism
3187:10.1177/1354066106067346
3029:Perspectives on Politics
2559:Escalation of commitment
2517:Criticisms and responses
2247:Important cause of war?
1847:Military science fiction
1332:Technology and equipment
753:List of military tactics
3813:International relations
3460:Democratic peace theory
3402:Theories of imperialism
3364:Democratic peace theory
3341:Feminist constructivism
2782:Jervis, Robert (1976).
2637:2027/uc1.31158011478350
2610:Jervis, Robert (1978).
2421:into three main types:
2233:Universal/conditional?
2022:international relations
1915:Wartime sexual violence
1671:Full-spectrum dominance
1482:Supply-chain management
3852:International security
3046:Huth, Paul K. (1999).
2707:Herz, John H. (1950).
2356:Offense–defense theory
2171:Spiral-like situation
1827:Awards and decorations
1800:Peace through strength
1775:Low-intensity conflict
1409:Conscientious objector
1282:Area of responsibility
3599:Inter-paradigm debate
3374:Republican liberalism
419:Torpedo data computer
409:Ship gun fire-control
3766:Immanuel Wallerstein
3716:Peter J. Katzenstein
3701:Samuel P. Huntington
3620:Historical sociology
3615:International ethics
3501:Intergovernmentalism
3435:Neoclassical realism
3412:World-systems theory
2527:ontological security
1945:Military occupations
1780:Military engineering
1682:Unrestricted Warfare
1539:Force multiplication
437:Military manoeuvrers
3833:Politics portal
3656:Zbigniew Brzezinski
3630:State cartel theory
2998:Mearsheimer, J. J.
2711:. pp. 157–180.
2083:
2069:Herbert Butterfield
2049:Herbert Butterfield
1631:Penal military unit
1616:Rules of engagement
1292:Command and control
917:Operations research
381:Director (military)
371:Fire-control system
141:Command and control
22:Part of a series on
3731:Stephen D. Krasner
3031:1, 1 (2003): 27–43
2574:Prisoner's dilemma
2466:Thomas Christensen
2456:Alliance formation
2326:structural realism
2261:Cause of all war?
2222:Both material and
2157:Power competition
2146:✓, inconsistently
2082:
2034:prisoner's dilemma
1740:Counter-insurgency
1661:Command of the sea
1606:Jewish laws on war
1581:Geneva Conventions
1117:Divide and conquer
912:Military operation
877:Tactical objective
376:Fire-control radar
353:Electronic-warfare
3877:National security
3862:Political realism
3839:
3838:
3531:Copenhagen School
3450:Defensive realism
3445:Offensive realism
3430:Classical realism
3397:Dependency theory
2795:978-0-691-10049-4
2370:Status quo states
2322:defensive realism
2318:Offensive realism
2313:Offensive realism
2291:defensive realism
2285:Defensive realism
2274:
2273:
2018:
2017:
1910:Horses in warfare
1857:Anti-war movement
1760:Gunboat diplomacy
1750:Disaster response
1698:Philosophy of war
1693:Principles of war
1666:Deterrence theory
1611:Right of conquest
1534:Lanchester's laws
1302:Principles of war
992:Counter-offensive
977:Military campaign
882:Target saturation
805:Counterinsurgency
414:Gun data computer
348:Close air support
310:Aircraft carriers
3889:
3867:Security studies
3831:
3830:
3811:
3736:John Mearsheimer
3691:Martha Finnemore
3676:Michael W. Doyle
3608:Other approaches
3556:Intercommunalism
3540:neofunctionalism
3481:Neo-Gramscianism
3369:Capitalist peace
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3264:Security Studies
3255:
3249:
3248:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3043:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2955:Security Studies
2951:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2908:Security Studies
2903:
2894:
2893:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2817:
2800:
2799:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2677:
2666:
2665:
2639:
2607:
2569:Red Queen's race
2414:deterrence model
2403:balance of power
2334:John Mearsheimer
2324:are variants of
2279:Second World War
2084:
2081:
2063:Basic components
2026:security dilemma
2010:
2003:
1996:
1765:Humanitarian aid
1703:Security dilemma
1524:Power projection
1307:Economy of force
1287:Chain of command
1002:Defence in depth
987:Commerce raiding
810:Defeat in detail
146:Defense ministry
50:
41:
40:
31:
19:
18:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3795:
3781:Alexander Wendt
3751:Kathryn Sikkink
3741:Hans Morgenthau
3726:Henry Kissinger
3651:Michael Barnett
3639:
3603:
3570:Classifications
3565:
3551:Postcolonialism
3491:Critical theory
3469:
3416:
3383:
3345:
3327:
3322:
3292:
3291:
3256:
3252:
3201:
3194:
3171:
3167:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3006:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2904:
2897:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2818:
2803:
2796:
2780:
2771:
2740:10.2307/2010183
2720:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2686:Foreign Affairs
2678:
2669:
2628:10.2307/2009958
2608:
2587:
2582:
2550:
2523:Alexander Wendt
2519:
2502:
2486:
2462:Glenn H. Snyder
2458:
2445:
2358:
2315:
2293:. According to
2287:
2219:Not emphasized
2202:Not explicitly
2174:Not explicitly
2160:Not explicitly
2065:
2014:
1985:
1984:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1785:Multilateralism
1770:Law enforcement
1730:
1720:
1719:
1688:Just war theory
1646:
1636:
1635:
1586:Geneva Protocol
1556:
1546:
1545:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1152:Network-centric
1072:
1062:
1061:
969:
959:
958:
907:
897:
896:
845:Rapid dominance
750:
740:
739:
695:Electromagnetic
604:
594:
593:
580:
533:
481:
457:
447:
446:
442:Combat training
423:
400:
366:Combat systems:
362:
324:
320:Auxiliary ships
286:
246:
242:Military police
208:
131:
121:
120:
60:
34:
33:
32:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:J. Ann Tickner
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Robert Keohane
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:John Ikenberry
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Daniel Deudney
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Postpositivism
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3496:English School
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3474:Other theories
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3333:Constructivism
3329:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3270:(4): 660–691.
3250:
3215:(1): 171–201.
3209:World Politics
3192:
3181:(3): 341–370.
3165:
3130:(2): 391–425.
3110:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3033:
3017:
3013:Foreign Policy
3004:
2988:
2972:
2968:Foreign Policy
2959:
2946:
2933:
2914:(3): 587–623.
2895:
2868:(2): 183–202.
2852:
2848:World Politics
2839:
2832:
2801:
2794:
2769:
2734:(4): 461–495.
2728:World Politics
2714:
2699:
2667:
2622:(2): 167–214.
2616:World Politics
2584:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Hobbesian trap
2561:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2542:Charles Glaser
2518:
2515:
2501:
2498:
2485:
2482:
2457:
2454:
2444:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2407:Preemptive war
2399:Preventive war
2390:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2357:
2354:
2314:
2311:
2286:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:psychological
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2064:
2061:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Military terms
1947:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:Tripwire force
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:Administrative
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:New generation
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:Fleet in being
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:Grand strategy
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:Scorched earth
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
970:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Deep operation
931:
926:
919:
914:
908:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
775:
770:
760:
751:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
735:Unconventional
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
683:
681:Disinformation
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
652:
651:
646:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
586:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
574:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
532:
531:
530:
529:
528:
527:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
432:Basic training
429:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
361:
360:
358:Reconnaissance
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
285:
284:
279:
277:Special forces
274:
269:
268:
267:
257:
252:
245:
244:
239:
234:
232:Reconnaissance
229:
224:
219:
214:
207:
206:
197:
192:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
101:
100:
99:
94:
84:
83:
82:
75:Post-classical
72:
67:
61:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3894:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Kenneth Waltz
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Susan Strange
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:Robert Jervis
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Robert Gilpin
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Cynthia Enloe
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Regime theory
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:Great Debates
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Postmodernism
3544:
3541:
3537:
3536:Functionalism
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2833:9780691143729
2829:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:"Fear Factor"
2676:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2540:According to
2538:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2521:According to
2514:
2512:
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21:
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3771:Stephen Walt
3686:James Fearon
3587:Reflectivism
3521:Green theory
3267:
3263:
3253:
3212:
3208:
3178:
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2507:World War II
2503:
2500:Buck passing
2487:
2478:buck passing
2459:
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2411:
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2307:
2303:
2288:
2275:
2242:Conditional
2239:Conditional
2226:
2223:
2129:Mutual fear
2090:Butterfield
2073:John H. Herz
2066:
2052:
2045:John H. Herz
2042:
2038:
2030:spiral model
2029:
2025:
2019:
1920:Fifth column
1900:War resister
1895:Women in war
1790:Peacekeeping
1735:Arms control
1702:
1680:
1369:Mobilization
1364:Conscription
1322:Intelligence
1275:Organization
921:
850:Encirclement
730:Radiological
666:Conventional
520:Subterranean
427:Development:
426:
403:
365:
327:
290:Naval units:
289:
282:Signal corps
249:
227:Intelligence
212:Specialties:
211:
136:Organization
87:Early modern
3786:Yan Xuetong
3661:Hedley Bull
3635:Geopolitics
3582:Rationalism
3465:Realpolitik
2470:Jack Snyder
2256:Close to ✓
2213:Regulators
1905:War studies
1728:Non-warfare
1656:Appeasement
1621:Martial law
1460:War economy
1399:Transgender
1352:Recruitment
1112:Containment
997:Culminating
905:Operational
825:Envelopment
768:Air assault
649:Air cavalry
609:Air defence
589:Information
490:Cold-region
455:Battlespace
404:Historical:
250:Land units:
176:Space force
171:Coast guard
104:Late modern
65:Prehistoric
3846:Categories
3800:Categories
3791:Qin Yaqing
3746:Joseph Nye
3666:E. H. Carr
3440:Neorealism
3351:Liberalism
3104:Waltz, K.
3091:Waltz, K.
2580:References
2490:multipolar
2419:deterrence
2236:Universal
1965:War crimes
1955:Operations
1862:Foot drill
1832:Battle cry
1745:deterrence
1404:Harassment
1379:Specialism
1202:Technology
1197:Succession
1142:Liberation
1077:Asymmetric
1012:Empty fort
923:Blitzkrieg
892:Withdrawal
855:Investment
634:Camouflage
629:Biological
567:Underwater
542:Amphibious
461:Aerospace
328:Air units:
305:Submarines
114:fourth-gen
109:industrial
97:napoleonic
3284:0963-6412
3229:0043-8871
3160:221990913
3144:0020-8183
3058:: 25–48.
2928:0963-6412
2890:110838076
2764:154759602
2748:0043-8871
2694:0015-7120
2662:154923423
2646:0043-8871
2511:Rhineland
2443:Arms race
2374:arms race
1852:War novel
1755:Grey-zone
1715:War games
1676:Overmatch
1626:War crime
1576:Desertion
1566:Ceasefire
1561:Armistice
1448:Logistics
1426:Mercenary
1414:Volunteer
1345:Personnel
1317:Engineers
1262:Sociology
1217:World war
1212:Total war
1192:Strategic
1182:Religious
1167:Political
1162:Perpetual
1137:Irregular
1052:Offensive
1027:Defensive
1022:Deception
982:Attrition
835:Guerrilla
830:Formation
773:Airbridge
705:Loitering
619:Artillery
272:Artillery
222:Engineers
190:Irregular
161:Air force
3872:Dilemmas
3644:Scholars
3516:Feminism
3359:Idealism
3245:41736348
3237:25054031
2548:See also
2450:Cold War
2345:alliance
2341:anarchic
2299:anarchic
2227:factors
1867:War song
1842:War film
1475:Materiel
1394:Children
1374:Training
1312:Medicine
1297:Doctrine
1252:Training
1187:Resource
1172:Princely
1122:Economic
1107:Conquest
1102:Colonial
1097:Cold war
1082:Blockade
967:Strategy
939:Maneuver
700:Infantry
656:Chemical
510:Mountain
470:Airborne
333:Fighters
300:Warships
255:Infantry
181:Reserves
129:Military
3882:Defense
3422:Realism
3389:Marxism
3152:2706858
2756:2010183
2654:2009958
2096:Jervis
2057:realist
1980:Writers
1975:Weapons
1940:Battles
1889:Related
1877:Wargame
1872:Uniform
1820:Culture
1601:Perfidy
1596:Justice
1517:Science
1502:Outpost
1455:History
1435:Warrior
1431:Soldier
1419:foreign
1357:counter
1257:Service
1207:Theater
1147:Limited
1127:Endemic
1042:Nuclear
815:Foxhole
790:Cavalry
778:Airdrop
763:Airlift
748:Tactics
720:Nuclear
710:Missile
639:Cavalry
624:Barrage
602:Weapons
562:Surface
343:Command
338:Bombers
295:Frogman
265:Cavalry
237:Medical
204:Militia
186:Regular
166:Marines
80:castles
70:Ancient
58:History
37:outline
3282:
3243:
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2926:
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2882:424669
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2075:, and
2024:, the
1960:Sieges
1644:Theory
1384:Morale
1242:Policy
1237:Branch
1017:Mosaic
1007:Fabian
954:Covert
887:Trench
872:Screen
795:Charge
785:Battle
758:Aerial
676:Denial
644:Horses
572:Seabed
525:Tunnel
505:Jungle
495:Desert
465:Aerial
3241:S2CID
3233:JSTOR
3156:S2CID
3148:JSTOR
2886:S2CID
2878:JSTOR
2760:S2CID
2752:JSTOR
2658:S2CID
2650:JSTOR
2488:In a
2384:time.
2093:Herz
1933:Lists
1389:Women
1327:Ranks
1247:Staff
1177:Proxy
1092:Class
1047:Naval
1032:Depth
867:Swarm
860:Siege
840:Naval
820:Drone
715:Music
690:Robot
686:Drone
671:Cyber
614:Armor
584:Cyber
557:Green
552:Brown
515:Urban
475:Space
396:Radar
391:Sonar
260:Armor
217:Staff
195:Ranks
3280:ISSN
3225:ISSN
3140:ISSN
2924:ISSN
2828:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2744:ISSN
2690:ISSN
2642:ISSN
2476:and
2468:and
2412:The
2320:and
1970:Wars
1487:Base
1037:Goal
949:Raid
547:Blue
485:Land
156:Navy
151:Army
3272:doi
3217:doi
3183:doi
3132:doi
3060:doi
2916:doi
2870:doi
2736:doi
2632:hdl
2624:doi
2020:In
1554:Law
1497:FOB
1492:MOB
537:Sea
29:War
3848::
3278:.
3266:.
3262:.
3239:.
3231:.
3223:.
3213:50
3211:.
3207:.
3195:^
3179:12
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3154:.
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3138:.
3128:46
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3036:^
3020:^
2991:^
2975:^
2922:.
2912:18
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2898:^
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2876:.
2866:36
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2804:^
2772:^
2758:.
2750:.
2742:.
2732:36
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2670:^
2656:.
2648:.
2640:.
2630:.
2620:30
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2614:.
2588:^
2480:.
2270:X
2267:X
2264:✓
2253:✓
2250:✓
2208:✓
2205:✓
2194:✓
2191:✓
2188:✓
2180:✓
2177:✓
2166:✓
2163:✓
2152:✓
2149:✓
2138:✓
2135:✓
2132:✓
2124:✓
2121:✓
2118:✓
2110:✓
2107:✓
2104:X
2079::
2071:,
2036:.
1433:/
688:/
202:/
188:/
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3503:(
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3310:t
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3219::
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3056:2
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2798:.
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2738::
2696:.
2664:.
2634::
2626::
2009:e
2002:t
1995:v
39:)
35:(
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