Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

2360:

of Civil Rights Act (PCRA), 1955. In the 1976 amendment, discrimination on the basis of untouchability was also brought under this Act . 'Untouchability' as a result of religious and social disabilities was made punishable. The amendments made it clear that all offences under this Act are cognisable . It made mandatory the provision of legal aid, appointment of supervising officers, setting up of special courts and committees, and periodic survey of the working of the provisions of this Act to suggest measures for the better implementation . It even had provision for state and central government annual implementation reports being placed before parliament . Much of this is carried forward to POA and its amendments, though the liability of companies has been removed.

3227:"Madam, I must concede that the statistics do not reflect any decline in the atrocities. On the contrary, the information compiled by the Crime Records Bureau shows that the number of cases registered of atrocities against the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes is, in fact, on the rise. I have the numbers from 2006 to 2008, subsequent years are being compiled. Take for example the case of the Scheduled Castes. The number of cases of atrocities against the Scheduled Castes registered in 2006 was 26,665. That itself is an understatement. Many of the cases are simply not registered. In 2007, it was 29,825 and in 2008 it was 33,365. So, this clearly shows the rise in trend. 2931:

economic activity, because of the enterprise, there are areas where the Scheduled Caste people have also become prosperous. The Scheduled Caste people are able to build brick and stone houses. The Scheduled Caste people are able to acquire vehicles. The Scheduled Caste people are able to dress better, send their children to better schools. One of the reasons why atrocities take place in those places is to cripple them economically. Every riot, every arson case cripples them economically. Therefore, it is important that the State must immediately rush in social and economic measures for the rehabilitation of those who have suffered through these atrocities.

3322:

notions of equity, social justice and fair play. However, the increasingly indifferent responses of those involved in the implementation of laws protecting the weak, the oppressed and the socially disadvantaged have persisted over the years and the system has failed to provide for self-correction. The problem is that the victims of atrocities suffer not only bodily and mental pain but also feelings of insecurity and social avoidance which is not present for the victims of other crimes. If the judge delegated to protect them shows indifference, it further aggravates their already vulnerable position.

2450:

facilities or forest rights ; dispose or carry human or animal carcasses, or to dig graves; using or permitting manual scavenging; dedicating Dalit women as devadasi; abusing in caste name; perpetrating witchcraft atrocities; imposing social or economic boycott; preventing Dalit and Adivasi candidates filing of nomination to contest elections; hurting the modesty of Dalit/Adivasi woman by removing her garments; forcing to leave house, village or residence; defiling objects sacred to SCs and STs; touching a woman or uses words, acts or gestures of a sexual nature against women.

3345:

preliminary inquiry before lodging a complaint. Further, written permission of the appointing authority for all public officials and of the District Superintendent of Police for other persons is required before a complaint is registered. - wilfully ignorant of the fact that all FIRs under this Act can only be filed after the District Magistrate and the Superintendent of Police visit the spot and conduct a preliminary enquiry (Rule 12(1)), and only then can the Superintendent of Police order an FIR to be filed (Rule 12(2)). Further, it also ignored the fact '

2396:

and accountability mechanisms more precisely. It added several new offences in Section 3 and (bizarrely) renumbered the entire section since the recognised crime almost doubled. It filled several gaps in the previous version of the Act (such as adding a schedule for Section 3(2)(va) showing which offence under Section 3 should be invoked for which IPC crime) apart from making accountability of officials clearer. Section 14A to ensure time bound trials was also inserted. The amended Act 2015 came into effect on 26 January 2016.

3335:

that they had no right to take water, because they were 'untouchables'. The trial judge convicted all of the defendants. On appeal, the Additional Sessions judge confirmed the conviction of three defendants but acquitted two. On further appeal to the High Court, the judge acquitted all the defendants after rejecting testimony of the four Dalit witnesses. The Dalits finally got relief from the Supreme Court. The High Court's reluctance to believe the Dalits was a "patent error," according to Justice Ramaswamy.

3726: 7642: 2635:

level by the District Monitoring and Vigilance Committee (DVMC, Rule 17(3)) and reviews in January and July by a State Monitoring and Vigilance Committee (SVMC) chaired by the Chief Minister (Rule 16(2)). The performance of every Special Public Prosecutor (SPP) will also have to be reviewed by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) every quarter (Rule 4(2)). Annual reports have to be sent to the union government by 31 March every year (Rule 18).

31: 2881:

dealing with SC/ST Act (of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) Of the total cases filed in 2002 only 21.72% were disposed of, and, of those, a mere 2.31% ended in conviction. The number of acquittals is 6 times more than the number of convictions and more than 70 percent of the cases are still pending. By 2019, pendency in courts had risen to 147,545 (92.97%) for scheduled castes and 26,025 (90.72%) for scheduled tribes.

2516:

continue to be subjected to various atrocities at the hands of uppercastes. The Courts have to be mindful of the fact that the Act has been enacted keeping in view the express constitutional safeguards enumerated in Articles 15, 17 and 21 of the Constitution, with a twinfold objective of protecting the members of these vulnerable communities as well as to provide relief and rehabilitation to the victims of castebased atrocities.

233: 3712: 7652: 2491:'atrocity' should be defined, but also stringent measures should be introduced to provide for higher punishment for committing such atrocities. It is also proposed to enjoin on the States and Union Territories to take specific preventive and punitive measures to protect SCs and STs from being victimized and, where atrocities are committed, to provide adequate relief and assistance to rehabilitate them. 2852:

Shri Pravin Rashtrapal, Member of Parliament rightly pointed out that there are insufficient officers at that level. His statement is supported by the Annual Report of 2005-2006 of Ministry of Home Affairs. Of the total posts sanctioned by the government under Indian Police Service (IPS) more than 15 percent of the posts are vacant. This basically means that there is one IPS officer for 77,000 SC/STs.

4980:

ascertaining the veracity of the allegations. For that, the bench suggested the creation of family welfare committees in all states and ordained that “all such complaints received by the police or the magistrate must be referred to the family welfare committee and no action should be taken against the husband and the in-laws till the committee gave its report after interacting with the parties'.

2235:

cremations, removing carcasses of dead animals and beating drums; etc. The deep root for such atrocities is traceable to the caste system, which "encompasses a complete ordering of social groups on the basis of the so-called ritual purity. A person is considered a member of the caste into which s/he is born and remains within that caste until death…."

2847:, took the position that provisions of Rule 7 are mandatory and held that investigation under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act has to be carried out by only an officer not below the rank of DSP. An investigation carried out and charge sheet filed by an incompetent officer is more than likely to be quashed. Similarly, the Madras High Court in 3349:(Section 4(2)) - so the question of not conducting a preliminary inquiry does not arise. In fact, the law was clear that the FIR can be filed only after a spot visit and inquiry has been done by the senior-most police official in the district (in the case of civilians) and only after an administrative enquiry (in the case of public servants). 2961: 2239:

untouchability. The Scheduled Tribes are equally exploited on grounds of not falling within the caste system but having a distinct culture and worldview of their own. "Women belonging to these castes and tribes bore double burden. They were exploited by caste and gender, and were vulnerable and powerless against sexual exploitation".

2318:

bench. “This results in low conviction rates under the SC/ST Act, giving rise to the erroneous perception that cases registered under the Act are false and that it is being misused. On the contrary, the reality is that many acquittals are a result of improper investigation and prosecution of crime, leading to insufficient evidence

2486:

resist practices of untouchability against them or demand statutory minimum wages or refuse to do any bonded and forced labour, the vested interests try to cow them down and terrorise them. When the SCs and STs try to preserve their self-respect or honour of their women, they become irritants for the dominant and the mighty...

2923:

dominant castes. Atrocities are a form of 'collective' punishment for daring to have even some semblance of non-dependence which is termed as 'prosperous', and the atrocity is to bring them back into the situation of total dependence and servitude. The state therefore has the duty to help the community back on its feet.

3219:

responsive police administration has always been recognized as an essential requirement in any society that seeks to take care of its citizens. Such responsive administration is essential for prevention of atrocities likely to be inflicted upon the scheduled communities by unscrupulous elements from other communities.

3639:

National Human Rights Commission, NHRC, were revisited and a campaign was launched that culminated in the ordinance of 2014. The campaign continued its momentum till the Amendment Act was passed in 2015, and then had a brief revival in 2018 from the Supreme Court Judgement in March till the Amendment Act in August.

3638:

Many important areas such as social and economic boycotts, causing hurt, destruction of property, defining the SC communities to include those who profess a religion other than Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and better monitoring mechanisms identified earlier in the K B Saxena study commissioned by the

3317:

Perhaps the most important bias (re implementation of this Act) is that there is little done to prevent atrocities. Most of the reports are of what is done after an atrocity has been committed. Few states have preventive measures in place. The 'relief' provided is a pittance and the confidence of the

3260:

A committee under the Chairmanship of the Minister of Social Justice was set up after the Act was passed. That Committee has met, so far, 10 times. The situation in 25 States and 4 Union Territories were reviewed. That committee has expressed that the most important areas of concern are the following

3175:

Uttar Pradesh, which tops the number of registered cases under this Act does not have a contingency plan yet. Though they are among the top 12 in recorded crime against the scheduled castes (Uttar Pradesh), scheduled tribes (Chhattisgarh, Kerala, and Jharkhand), or both (Telangana, Rajasthan, Odisha,

2384:

The 1989 Act and 1995 rules underwent substantial amendments in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, and 2019. The 8 November 2013 amendment to the Rules inserted Rule 17A that added vigilance and monitoring committees at the sub-divisional level, and provided for nominees of the union government in the vigilance

2359:

It was later recognised that the Untouchability (Offences) Act 1955 was not sufficient to eradicate untouchability and to punish the perpetrators. So the parliament brought about many changes to UOA after 21 years on 19 November 1976 (the then prime minister's birthday), and renamed it the Protection

2346:

Though UOA did not precisely define the offence, it was a major step forward, and had several enabling provisions. UOA recognised ‘wilful negligence’ and was proactive in that it stated clearly that the presumption of court would be that the crime arose from ‘untouchability’ and it was the defendant

2317:

Eventually, if the case does get registered, the victims and witnesses are vulnerable to intimidation, violence, and social and economic boycott. Further, many perpetrators of caste-based atrocities get away scot free due to shoddy investigations and the negligence of prosecuting advocates,” rued the

3352:

If the steps for the investigation outlined above are followed, there is virtually no scope for 'false' or 'mistake of fact' cases. Instead of taking the officials to task for not doing what is a legally mandated part of their job, the judges of the supreme court held that the cases were false and a

3250:

I am afraid that the disposal of the cases is low; the rate of conviction is low. Therefore, it is fair to conclude that the feeling amongst the Scheduled Castes and the Schedule Tribes that all these laws and all these statements, all these pronouncements have really not brought any relief to them.

3201:

Despite being mandatory to conduct State Vigilance and Monitoring Committee (SVMC) meetings in January and July each year, 20 states did not conduct a single meeting in 2016, 2017, or 2018 - all pre-pandemic years. Assam conducted 1 (2018), Chhattisgarh 2 (2016=0, 2017=1, 2018=1), Gujarat 4 (0,1,3),

3149:

only four states (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Haryana, and Bihar) report updated contingency plans to bring them in line with the Amendment Rules 2016. Himachal Pradesh (2012) updated only the travel allowance and maintenance expense (enhancing it only for officials, but not for the victims, families, or

3016:

Victims, witnesses, and their attendants are entitled to travel allowance, dietary expenses, and maintenance expenses during inquiry, investigation, and trial for visit the investigating officer or in–charge police station or hospital authorities or Superintendent of Police, Deputy Superintendent of

2989:

The relief is paid in parts depending on the stage of the case. Generally it is 25% on registering the FIR, 50% on filing the chargesheet, and 25% on conviction. However, there are exceptions and variations. For most crimes involving women, the final 25% is on completion of the trial irrespective of

2981:

The Act has prescribed a schedule for relief and socioeconomic rehabilitation under Rule 12(4) as Annexure 1 entitled Norms for Relief Amount which ranges from ₹85,000 to ₹825,000 depending on the crime. This is periodically updated. As is often the case, the 'minimum' becomes the maximum. Relief is

2922:

Atrocities often take place when persons belonging to the scheduled communities do not fulfill their 'caste functions' by doing ritually prescribed 'unclean' work or break the caste boundaries such as sitting in the bus or wearing a turban or footwear or sporting a mustache—often the preserve of the

2888:

In 2010, Karnataka has only eight Special courts, though 15 of 30 districts are declared 'atrocity prone'. Overall conviction rates remain at or below 5%. Even the few special courts seem to be biased. Of the 101 cases disposed of in the Tumkur special court, not one was convicted. Gulbarga, another

2884:

Inaugurating a two-day annual conference of State Ministers of Welfare/Social Justice, 8 Sept 2009, Prime Minister Singh expressed 'shock' that the conviction rate of cases of atrocities against the SC/STs is less than 30% against the average of 42% for all cognisable offences under the Indian Penal

2464:

Addition of chapter IVA, Section 15A on the 'Rights of Victims and Witnesses' and the duties and responsibilities of the State. They include the right to be treated fairly and with respect, protection of victims, witnesses, informants, and their dependants against any kind of intimidation, coercion,

2460:

Power of Exclusive Courts to take cognizance of offence and completion of trial in two months. Courts so established or specified have the power to directly take cognizance of offences under this Act and the trial shall, as far as possible, be completed within a period of two months from the date of

2418:

On 27 June 2018 the Rules were amended to clarify that the relief provided in the Rule 15(1) contingency plan and Rule 12(4) Annexe Schedule I was in addition to relief from other sources , removed the restriction of 25 members in the State Vigilance and Monitoring Committee , and tweaked the relief

2367:

Consequently, caste based crimes continued and even increased both in intensity and scale. Under continued pressure from Dalit MPs and political leaders, the magnitude and gravity of the problem was finally recognised by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. In his Independence day address on 15 August 1987,

2238:

Considered ritually impure, Dalits have been physically and socially excluded from caste Hindu society, denied basic resources and services, and discriminated against in all areas of life. Consequently, they face various forms of exploitation, insults, and violence, as well as degrading practices of

2234:

pointed out various causal factors for atrocities: land disputes; land alienation; bonded labour; indebtedness; non-payment of minimum wages; caste prejudice and practice of untouchability; political factions on caste lines; refusal to perform traditional works such as digging burial pits, arranging

3334:

Another example is the case of State of Karnataka v. Ingale. The State of Karnataka had charged five individuals with violating the Act. At trial, four witnesses testified that the defendants had threatened Dalits with a gun to stop them from taking water from a well. The defendants told the Dalits

3244:

We cannot be happy about the fact that approximately 33,000 cases are being registered as atrocities against Scheduled Castes in one year. What makes it even more disturbing is that while so many cases are registered, the conviction rate hovers around 30%. What makes it doubly painful is that there

2904:

Considering that there are 254,475 pending cases (96.1% pendency rate) in the court for scheduled castes as of 31 December 2021, and 40,640 pending cases (95.4% pendency rate) for the scheduled tribes, this is a substantial loss in relief since 25% of the relief is linked to completion of the case.

2876:

In 2021 the number of exclusive special courts dipped to 176 - Andhra 1, Bihar 14 (+9), Gujarat 16, Himanchal 0 (-3), Jharkhand 4 (+4), Karnataka 8, Madhya Pradesh 11 (-32), Maharashtra 3, Odisha 3 (-2), Punjab 3 (+3), Rajasthan 31, Tamil Nadu 17 (+3), and Uttar Pradesh 65 - despite the increase in

2634:

Together, the Act and the Rules provide a framework for monitoring the state response to the atrocities against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. According to the Act and Rules, there are to be monthly reports from the District Magistrates (Rule 4(4)), quarterly review meetings at the district

2485:

Despite various measures to improve the socio-economic conditions of the SCs and STs, they remain vulnerable... They have in several brutal incidents, been deprived of their life and property... Because of the awareness created... through spread of education, etc., when they assert their rights and

2453:

Addition of IPC offences attracting committed against Dalits or Adivasis as punishable offences under the POA Act. Presently, only those offences listed in IPC as attracting punishment of 10 years or more and committed on Dalits/ Adivasis are accepted as offences falling under the POA Act. A number

2437:

The Amendment Act 2015 (No 1 of 2016) was passed to replace the ordinance of 2014. The bill was introduced in parliament on 7 July 2014 and referred to the standing committee on 17 July 2014. Subsequently, it was passed by the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2015 and then by the Rajya Sabha in December 2015.

2363:

However, PCRA suffered from severe infirmities, chief among them being that it did not even recognise many of the caste based crimes, was too lenient, and did not have an empowered mechanism to monitor the implementation of the Act (especially given that the police and judiciary were drawn from the

2333:

The Act is rooted in Articles 15 and 17 of the Indian Constitution. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste. Article 17 of the Constitution of India states that ‘Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of

3634:

Just before the 20th anniversary of its enactment, CSOs came together from across the country to review its implementation and formed the National Coalition for Strengthening SC & ST Prevention of Atrocities Act. This coalition took stock of the implementation of the Act as of 2009 in a report

3330:

Going through the Indian judicial system is degrading for any Dalit because of the still existing biases of the court judges. One example is the conduct of an Allahabad High Court judge who had his chambers "purified" with water from the 'ganga jal' because a Dalit judge had previously sat in that

3218:

of Act stipulates that the State Government shall take all such measures as may be necessary for its effective implementation. As 'police' and 'public order' are state subjects, primary responsibility for prevention of atrocities and maintenance of law and order rests with the State Governments. A

2499:

An Act to prevent the commission of offences of atrocities against the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, to provide for Special Courts for the trial of such offences and for the relief and rehabilitation of the victims of such offences and for matters connected therewith or

2395:

It was later passed as the Amendment Act 2015 and the Amendment Rules 2016. The Amendment Act 2015 and Amendment Rules 2016 comprehensively overhauled the parent Act and Rules. The Act added Chapter IVA Section 15A (the rights of victims and witnesses), and defined dereliction of duty by officials

2292:

Atrocities against members of the SCs and STs are not a thing of the past. They continue to be a reality in our society even today. Hence the statutory provisions which have been enacted by Parliament as a measure of protecting the constitutional rights of persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes

4066:

7(1).— An offence committed under the Act shall be investigated by a police officer not below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent of Police. The investigating officer shall be appointed by the State Government /Director General of Police/Superintendent of Police after taking into account his past

3427:

and state levels. A few Dalit and human rights organisations took to monitoring violence against the scheduled communities, documenting them, publicising them and also monitoring the use of the Act in dealing with these crimes. One of the first to monitor the implementation of this Act was Sakshi

3292:

For some, the low conviction rates are evidence of misuse of the Act by the SCs and STs to threaten and blackmail other communities. The acquittal rates are abnormally high, as acknowledged by the prime minister and home minister (quoted above). There is also a high rate of FIRs rejected as being

3164:

Sikkim, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh report contingency plans, but without the notification details. Eighteen states (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar

2930:

In fact, a part of the reason why atrocities are committed is economic activity. In my experience, I have seen that in some areas, the Scheduled Caste or the Scheduled Tribe person is prosperous. My knowledge is mostly about the Scheduled Caste, not about the Scheduled Tribe. It is because of the

2880:

Special Court Justice Ramaswamy observed in the case of State of Karnataka v. Ingale that more than seventy-five percent of the cases brought under the SC/ST Act end in acquittal at all levels. The situation has not improved much since 1992 according to the figures given by the 2002 Annual Report

2872:

In 2019, despite the sizable and increasing pendency (see below), only 11 states have exclusive special courts (mandated for district with high pendency under Section 14). In total, were are just 194 exclusive special courts in the country. Andhra 1, Bihar 5, Gujarat 16, Himanchal 3, Karnataka 8,

2868:

However, that is seldom the case. Most states have declared a court as a 'special court'. The hitch is that they are designated courts (as opposed to exclusive special courts) and so have to hear many other cases too. Consequently, at any time about 80% of the cases are pending—defeating the very

2855:

In the case of Karnataka, there were no officers of the required rank in three districts, as admitted by the government at the State Vigilance and Monitoring Committee (SVMC) in September 2010. Though officers of higher rank can conduct the investigation (the Act only says 'at least of rank'), in

2851:

held that investigation conducted by an officer other than a DSP is improper and bad in law and proceedings based on such an investigation are required to be quashed. The Courts without taking into consideration the inadequacies of the State, have been punishing SC/STs (the victims) for the same.

2504:

The objectives of the Act, therefore, very clearly emphasise the intention of the Indian state to deliver justice to the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities through affirmative action in order to enable them to live in society with dignity and self-esteem and without fear, violence or

3411:

The full monitoring of the Act is virtually a 'systems audit' that, in addition to the police and judicial process, includes the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and annual reports; compliance regarding prevention, rehabilitation, performance reviews, quarterly subdivisional (SdVMC) and district

3296:

There has also been concern regarding misuse of the Act for settling of personal scores. 75% cases were found to be false in Madhya Pradesh in a survey. 81% cases under the Act were registered against persons from OBC section, 14% upper castes and 5 percent minorities sections. According to data

2490:

Under the circumstances, the existing laws like the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and the normal provisions of the Indian Penal Code have been found to be inadequate to check and deter crimes against them committed by non-SCs and non-STs... It is considered necessary that not only the term

2258:

in 1969 in Andhra Pradesh; the killings of 10 Scheduled Tribes (STs, also called Adivasis, literally 'first dweller') by police in connection with a land dispute in Indravalli in Andhra Pradesh in 1978. All such events shook the then national leadership. Hence, under pressure from Dalit MPs, the

201:

Recognising the continuing gross indignities and offences against the scheduled castes and tribes, (defined as 'atrocities' in Section 3 of the Act) the Indian parliament enacted the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 when the existing legal provisions

4979:

to hobble Section 498 A of the Indian Penal Code, enacted to protect women against widely prevalent cases of dowry harassment. They ruled that the account of the victim in such cases not be taken at face value and forbade arrests or coercive action against the accused in such complaints without

3115:

for the calendar year 2019). The pendency of cases in courts is increasing every year - from 174,931 in 2018 to 193,149 in 2019 to 223,017 in 2020, though the cases are supposed to be disposed off within two months of registering the FIR and there are supposed to be special courts and exclusive

2683:

crimes which have ingredients of infliction of suffering in one form or the other that should be included for reporting'. This is based on the assumption that 'where the victims of crime are members of Scheduled Castes and the offenders do not belong to Scheduled Castes caste considerations are

2380:

offences against the scheduled communities by members of non-scheduled communities, that would set up speedy justice, monitoring, accountability, relief, and rehabilitation mechanisms. The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (POA), 1989 was thus passed on 11

2350:

However, due to legal loopholes, the levels of punishments being less (compared to those of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC)), and the law and order machinery being neither professionally trained nor socially inclined to implement such social legislation, a more comprehensive deterrent Act was

3321:

While the legal text is explicit in seeking remedies, the implementation of the text appears to evade actual performance. Laws and legal processes are not self-executing; they depend on the administrative structure and the judiciary with the anticipation that the social attitudes are driven by

2892:

The very first union report on the implementation of the Act, placed before parliament on 14 December 1993 notes that at the conference of the welfare ministers of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Pondicherry held at Thiruvananthapuram on 28 and 29 August 1992 the first main

2864:

For speedy trial, Section 14 of the Act provides for a Court of Session to be a Special Court to try offences under this Act in each district. Rule 13(i) mandates that the judge in a special court be sensitive with right aptitude and understanding of the problems of the scheduled communities.

2515:

The SC/ST Act has been specifically enacted to deter acts of indignity, humiliation and harassment against members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Act is also a recognition of the depressing reality that despite undertaking several measures, the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes

2449:

Addition of new categories of offences to the existing 19 punishable offences. The following new offences were added. To cite a few: tonsuring of head, moustache, or similar acts which are derogatory to the dignity of Dalits and Adivasis; garlanding with chappals; denying access to irrigation

2311:

They noted that due to the fear of retribution from members of dominant caste groups, ignorance, or police apathy, many victims do not register complaints in the first place and when they do so, the police officials are reluctant to register complaints or do not record allegations accurately.

2905:

Even assuming the lower end of the scale of relief (which varies from ₹85,000 to ₹825,000) the monetary loss alone due to wholly avoidable judicial delays is in the range of ₹15 billion, USD 200 million. As of 30 April 2022 at least one of these cases is in court since 1992 - i.e. 30 years.

2651:

An atrocity is a crime against the Scheduled Castes (SCs) or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India listed in Section 3 of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 as amended to date. The term 'atrocity' was not defined until this Act was passed by the

3344:

In addition to questioning Section 18 of the Act, which prohibits grant of anticipatory bail for offences committed under the Act, the court laid down guidelines, substantially diluting the provisions of the Act. The court granted additional powers to the investigating officer to conduct a

2391:

The Amendment Ordinance 2014 was signed by the president on 4 March 2014 - the last day before the model code of conduct for parliamentary elections came into force - and came into force immediately. Unsurprisingly, dominant communities campaigned for the total repeal of the Act during the

2799:: The SP will appoint an investigation officer (not below the rank of DSP) to continue the investigation (Rule 12(3)). According to Rule 7(1) investigation of an offence committed under the Act cannot be investigated by an officer below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP). 4553:

The union report for 2021 is prepared later than the parliamentary answer since it gets the state reports only by 31 March 2022. For context, as of 20 May 2024, the union report for 2022 is still not ready since the state annual reports for 2022 have not yet reached the union

2548:

Commission of offences only by specified persons (atrocities can be committed only by members of the non-SC and non-ST communities on members of the SC or ST communities. Crimes among or between the scheduled communities (STs and SCs) do not come under the purview of this

3237:

The other inference one can make is, perhaps, because of the pressure that is put on the State Governments by the Central Government, by public opinion and by NGOs, now the States are showing greater willingness to deal with the problem. Therefore, more cases are being

3028:

Socio-economic rehabilitation (including relocation if required) for the victim, the dependents, informants, or witnesses during investigation, inquiry, and trial is the responsibility of the Special Court or the Exclusive Special Court trying a case under this Act .

2454:

of commonly committed offences (hurt, grievous hurt, intimidation, kidnapping etc.) were excluded from the Act. This loophole enabled the perpetrators of the atrocities to escape punishment. Therefore, a Schedule of list of IPC offences is provided in the amended Act.

3040:

Individual rehabilitation is time-bound, and there is additional relief to victims of murder, death, massacre, rape, gang rape, permanent incapacitation, and dacoity. This is in addition to the cash relief and the relief provided by Ambedkar foundation (Rule 12(5)).

2540:

The salient features of the Act as amended to date are given below. (Please note that the section and rule references used here are as of the 2016 amendment. They - especially subsections of Section 3(1) - have changed significantly from the original Act of 1989).

205:

The Act was passed in Parliament of India on 11 September 1989 and notified on 30 January 1990. It was comprehensively amended in 2015 (including renumbering sub-sections of Section 3), and notified on 26 January 2016. It was subsequently amended in 2018 and 2019.

2415:. The amendments categorically rule out anticipatory bail for a person accused of atrocities against the scheduled communities, notwithstanding any court order. The Supreme Court of India upheld the constitutional validity of the amendment on 10 February 2020. 2412:

the investigating officer shall not require approval for the arrest, if necessary, of any person against whom an accusation of having committed an offence under this Act has been made and no procedure, other than that provided under this Act or the Code, shall

2278:

in 1985. In all such cases, the Indian state at both the national and state levels avoided addressing basic contradictions, vulnerabilities and causative factors; the treatment was mainly symptomatic and palliative instead of the required radical solutions.

3749: 2836:: The officer– in–charge of the concerned police station shall file the charge–sheet in the Special Court or the Exclusive Special Court within a period of sixty days (the period is inclusive of investigation and filing of charge– sheet.)(Rule 7(2)). 3222:

However, despite the Act and Rules, the situation has not changed much. The incidence of recorded atrocities is increasing, and the implementation of the law leaves much to be desired as this statement of the Union Minister for Home Affairs shows:

2990:

the verdict. For acid attack it is 50% on registering the FIR and 50% on getting the medical report, and for disability or murder it is 50% on getting the medical certificate or post mortem report and 50% when the chargesheet is sent to court.

2985:

In 2021, Tamil Nadu became the first state ever to increase the minimum amount to more than the guidance value in the rules with a range from ₹100,000 to ₹1,200,000 (the 'extra' amount is paid 100% by the state government funds as ex gratia).

2638:

The Act and Rules are a potent mechanism and precision instruments that can be used in tandem with the Right To Information (RTI) Act 2005 to motivate the state to hold the mandatory meetings and enforce compliance. A Human Rights Defenders

2406:. This led to a furore, which in turn led to a stunned parliament voting to overturn the judgement. In August 2018, the parliament passed an amendment to override the ruling (with effect from 20 August 2018) by inserting section 18A(1)(a) ' 6668: 2434:(No 1 of 2014) was signed by the president on 4 March 2014 and came into force immediately. Since it was an ordinance, and was not ratified by (the next) parliament within six months, it lapsed. It was then referred back to the cabinet. 1195: 3635:

card, analysed the lacunae and suggested a set of amendments for improving the implementation. State specific "fact sheets" were also made available for Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. This was followed up with a peoples reportcard in 2012.

2913:

Relief and socio-economic rehabilitation are dealt with under Section 15A Rights of Victims and Witnesses, Rule 12(4) Relief and Rehabilitation, and Rule 15(1) Contingency Plan (which deals with who is responsible and the time line).

2381:

September 1989. The Act was notified in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, sec. 3(ii), dated 29 January 1990 (notification No. S.O. 106(E)) and came into force on 30 January 1990. The rules were notified on 31 March 1995.

3202:

Haryana 5 (1,2,2), Karnataka 2 (1,0,1), Kerala 1 (0,1,0), Maharashtra 1 (0,0,1), and West Bengal 4 (1,1,2). But for Puducherry (0,1,1) and Chandigarh (0,0,1), no union territory conducted a single meeting either. (Reply to question

4906: 2755:: All information received from any source (an informant) that an atrocity may be or may have been committed is recorded under Rule 5. As per Section 18A, an FIR must be registered immediately. No preliminary inquiry is required. 3154:

Subsequently, Rajasthan notified its contingency plan effective 19 February 2024, becoming the second state (after Karnataka) to notify a contingency plan due to litigation by concerned citizens and civil society organisations.

2342:

Five years after the Constitution of India was adopted, the necessary legislation - the Untouchability (Offences) Act (UOA) 1955 - was enacted. It was amended and renamed in 1976 as the Protection of Civil Rights Act (PCRA).

4730: 2839:

Rule 7(1) is to ensure that the investigations are of high quality, and the assumption is that senior officials would not be as biased, nor as vulnerable to other pressures, as those in the lower rungs of the police force.

2529:

The first contains provisions of criminal law. It establishes criminal liability for a number of specifically defined atrocities, and extends the scope of certain categories of penalizations given in the Indian Penal Code

2690:

Section 3 of the Act lists offences shattering the self-respect and esteem of the scheduled communities, denial of economic, democratic and social rights, discrimination, exploitation and abuse of the legal process, etc.

3451:), (with monitoring tools), auditing the performance of the state, including the bureaucracy, judicial system, police and monitoring mechanisms (DVMCs and SVMC). Also available in Kannada is the monitoring calendar. 3255:

Though the Act and rules are stringent, it is not a deterrent, as the Minister for Home Affairs P Chidambaram admitted in the Lok Sabha, referring to the Central Committee monitoring the implementation of the Act:

3012:

Attendants for those hospitalised, or for survivors and witnesses or their dependents who are children, women, or senior citizens, are also entitled to travel allowance and maintenance expenses for the duration.

2471:

Addition of presumption to the offences – If the accused was acquainted with the victim or his family, the court will presume that the accused was aware of the caste or tribal identity of the victim unless proved

2305:

face insurmountable hurdles in accessing justice from the stage of filing the complaint to the conclusion of the trial” and that they “specifically suffer on account of procedural lapses in the criminal justice

3611:

In Tamil Nadu, petitions were filed for judicial orders to conduct the State Vigilance and Monitoring Committee (SVMC) meetings in 2013 and 2020. The government complied days before the verdict in both cases.

3447:: Monitoring by Committee Monitoring and Strengthening the POA in Karnataka (CMASK) led by the Karnataka Dalit Mahilla Vedike (KDMV). Annual reports by CMASK have been brought out for Karnataka since 2009 ( 2675:

any offence under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) committed against SCs by non-SC persons, or against STs by non-ST persons. Caste consideration as a motive is not necessary to make such an offence in case of

2948:

Instant monetary relief is in addition to the relief provided under Rule 12(4). It was additional relief of up to ₹500,000 is provided in the case of murder, rape, permanent disability, and arson by the

2525:

The provisions of the Act and Rules can be divided into three different categories, covering a variety of issues related to atrocities against the scheduled communities and their position in society.

2368:

he announced that an Act would be passed, if necessary, to check atrocities. This nudged the parliament to legislate the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.

2767:

subdivisional magistrate (SDM) must visit the spot and conduct a preliminary inquiry (Rule 6(1)) and identify the perpetrators, the victims, and the extent of damage and prepare a report (Rule 6(2)).

3300:

Justice Karnan, a High Court judge had used the provisions of this Act to pass orders against the then Chief Justice of India Jagdish Singh Khehar punishing him with 5 years rigorous imprisonment.

3170:

The union territories probably follow the union guidelines, though only Delhi says so explicitly. The union guidelines are not enclosed with their state annual reports for the calendar year 2021.

5015: 3506:

In addition to the Act, Rules, and other information regarding additional relief in English, Hindi, Tamil, (and earlier versions in various other languages), it has the following information:

3408:

Many civil society organisations (CSOs) started using this Act to provide some relief to the victims almost immediately. The full monitoring of the Act by civil society is a later phenomenon.

2783:

the district magistrate must visit the spot and conduct an inspection to access the loss of life and property, and identify the victims and their dependents entitled to relief. (Rule 12(1)).

3009:

The survivors are also entitled to dietary expenses, travel allowance and maintenance expenses, and full cost of medical care (including hospitalisation) at government cost when injured.

6642: 1161: 3366:

This is the first law in India to detail the rights of victims and witnesses . It is the duty of the state to ensure these rights . The rights are comprehensive - from the right to be

3245:

is rise in atrocities, but when you try to prosecute and convict, the conviction rate is only 30%. It was 28%, 31.4% and 32%. Not only are acquittals very high; pendency is about 80%.

2468:

Defining clearly the term 'wilful negligence' of public servants at all levels, starting from the registration of complaint, and covering aspects of dereliction of duty under this Act.

2259:

Government of India started monitoring atrocities against Dalits from 1974, and in the case of Adivasis from 1981 onwards, with special focus on murder, rape, arson and grievous hurt.

5301: 3428:

Human Rights Watch Andhra Pradesh (Sakshi-AP), under the leadership of Nanda Gopal Vudayagiri from 1998 itself, in (undivided) Andhra Pradesh (present Telangana and Andhra Pradesh).

2969: 2457:

Establishment of Exclusive Special Courts and Special Public Prosecutors to exclusively try the offences falling under the Act to enable speedy and expeditious disposal of cases.

3338:

The issue of false cases and misuse of the Act found its way into the March 2018 decision of a two judge bench of Justices UU Lalit and AK Goel of the Supreme Court of India in

2442:

received presidential assent on 31 December 2015, was notified as Act 1 of 2016 on 1 January 2016 in the Gazette of India Extraordinary, and came into force on 26 January 2016.

2402:

The Supreme Court of India, in its verdict of 20 March 2018, banned immediate arrest of a person accused of insulting or injuring a member of a scheduled community to prevent

4755: 2288: 2242:

The post-Independence era was marked by frequent instances of atrocities springing up across the country: for example, the assassination of the young, educated Dalit leader

4640: 3435:

of the union report under Section 21(4) and the state reports u/r 18 on the implementation of the Act were done for the calendar year 2021 and released on 14 October 2023.

4808: 3368:

treated with fairness, respect and dignity and with due regard to any special need that arises because of the victim's age or gender or educational disadvantage or poverty

3271:

thirdly, inadequate use of the preventive provisions of the Act, while the punitive provisions are invoked and FIR is registered, preventive provisions are rarely invoked;

2643:

has been developed from the Act and rules to help human rights defenders and others to clarify the functions and duties of the monitoring authorities (the SVMC and DVMC).

209:

The rules were notified on 31 March 1995. They were comprehensively amended and notified on 14 April 2016. There were a few amendments to the rules and annexures in 2018.

2392:

parliamentary elections. Since it was an ordinance, and was not ratified by (the next) parliament within six months, it lapsed. It was then referred back to the cabinet.

2624:

Union level (Section 21(2), 21(3), 21(4)). (All available annual reports placed on the table of each house of parliament by the union government under Section 21(4) are

2465:

inducement, violence, or threats of violence, timebound relief and rehabilitation, and the right to assistance from concerned individuals, organisations, and advocates.

4842: 4524: 4179: 3078:

Common resources and services (such as wells and other water sources fouled, right of passage) are to be restored at government cost (Rule 12(4) Schedule annexure-I).

2591:

Cancellation of arms licences in the areas identified where an atrocity may take place or has taken place (Rule 3(iii)) and seize all illegal fire arms (Rule 3(iv)).

202:(such as the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and the Indian Penal Code, 1860) were found to be inadequate to check these caste and ethnicity based hate crimes. 7131: 1664: 2715:

Personal harm (forceful drinking or eating of inedible or obnoxious substance, against stripping, outrage of modesty, sexual exploitation, injury, or annoyance).

4363: 2399:

The amended rules enhance and streamline relief and rehabilitation, with clear timelines and deliverables. The amended Rules came into effect on 14 April 2016.

6199: 4782: 710: 2701:

Two derived offences (sections 3(2)(vi) and 3(2)(vii)). The derived offences only come into the picture when another offence under the Act has been committed.

5396: 4067:

experience, sense of ability and justice to perceive the implications of the case and investigate it along with right lines within the shortest possible time

2347:

who should prove that it wasn't . The Act was farsighted in that it recognised the culpability of companies and those in charge, including their directors .

4705: 4261: 3608:

Some organisations used Public Interest Litigation (PIL) to demand better implementation of the Act at the High Courts and in the Supreme Court of India.

6402: 4622: 2698:

Offences in their own right (Section 3(1) contains 30 subsections with an equal number of offences. Section 3(2) contains four subsections with offences)

2270:

in 1980; in Uttar Pradesh the massacre following a Dalit bridegroom riding on horseback at Kafalta in 1980; in Madhya Pradesh the killing of Bacchdas in

921: 2603:

Provides relief and rehabilitation for victims of atrocities or their legal heirs (Sections 15A(6), 15A(11), 17(3), and 21(2)(iii), Rules 11 and 12(4)).

5019: 3117: 2267: 4572:

Home Minister P Chidambaram in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of Indian Parliament) on 30 August 2010. For the full - and surprisingly frank - speech see

3140: 2712:

Social disabilities (denial of access to certain places and to use customary passage and to get water from any spring, reservoir or any other source).

7526: 6909: 5684: 2075: 1436: 6353: 2207: 872: 5130: 4686: 6274: 785: 7686: 3128:

As of 20 May 2024, only five states are compliant with the Rules as amended to date - Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Haryana, and Bihar.

6914: 5080: 4161: 2511:

On 25 October 2021, the Supreme Court bench consisting of Chief Justice N.V. Ramana, Justice J Surya Kant and Justice Hima Kohli held that

1441: 6884: 6495: 6037: 5391: 2747:

The Act and Rules are very precise about the sequence, the procedure, and the officials responsible at every stage of the investigation.

2731:

The common denominator of the offences is that criminal liability can only be established if the offence is committed by a person who is

1411: 1014: 540: 3389:

includes state payment for a private advocate of choice, who will be paid more than the panel advocate and the special public prosecutor

194:. In popular usage, including in parliamentary debates and in the judgements of the Supreme Court of India, this law is referred to as 6184: 5254: 5208: 5162: 4672: 3914: 3378:

Relief and socio-economic rehabilitation is a duty of the government, and independent of recovery of the amount from the perpetrator .

3203: 3055:

a) Basic pension of ₹5,000 as applicable to a government servant with admissible dearness allowance (About ₹10,000 per month in 2022).

2954: 2296: 695: 4976: 4319: 3969: 2825:

will immediately forward the report to the Director–General of Police or Commissioner of Police of the State Government (Rule 7(2)).

2481:

The basic objective and purpose of this more comprehensive legislation was enunciated when the Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha:

5222: 7716: 7696: 6119: 6007: 5740: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5328: 2246:

in Tamil Nadu for defying the untouchability-based interdicts on Scheduled Castes (SCs, also called Dalits), which resulted in the

622: 510: 5067: 4907:"Issues of Social Justice : Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes – An unfinished national Agenda" 4097: 3340: 3139:) were reported to have prepared the mandatory contingency plan under Rule 15(1) as prescribed in Section 15A. (Reply to question 3052:

In addition to relief amounts paid under above items, relief may be arranged within three months of date of atrocity as follows:-

5176: 4647: 4337: 7627: 6358: 6129: 5947: 5932: 5927: 5773: 3181:

Not one contingency plan has ‘mandatory compensation’ , probably conflating it with relief and deeming relief to be sufficient.

2176: 877: 632: 450: 435: 430: 260: 3412:

vigilance and monitoring committee (DVMC) meetings, and half yearly state vigilance and monitoring committee (SVMC) meetings.

3111:

have been set up only in five states - Bihar 40, Chhattisgarh 26, Jharkhand 22, Keralam 3, and Madhya Pradesh 51 (total 142) (

7655: 6189: 5912: 5523: 5457: 4960: 4597: 3347:

that the charges in this regard against the public servant shall be booked on the recommendation of an administrative enquiry

2828:

If the written explanation is not filed, the DSP is liable for prosecution under Section 4 for violation of Section 4(2)(e).

2552:

Defines various types of atrocities against the scheduled communities (Section 3(1)(a) to 3(1)(zc) and 3(2)(i) to 3(2)(vii)).

700: 415: 191: 156: 4532: 4187: 3206:

in Parliament (lok sabha) on 17 March 2020). Andhra has not constituted the SVMC ever since its bifurcation on 1 June 2014 (

3186: 3132: 6690: 6012: 5824: 5702: 4869:"Right to Live with Human Dignity of Scheduled Castes & Tribes: Legislative Spirit and Social Responsesome Reflections" 2200: 1217: 515: 319: 3190: 3165:

Pradesh, and West Bengal) do not report having contingency plans in their state annual reports for the calendar year 2021.

3136: 2684:

really the root cause of the crime, even though caste considerations may not be the vivid and minimum motive for the crime

2545:

Creation of new types of offences not in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or in the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 (PCRA).

7706: 7336: 7006: 6919: 6810: 6485: 6305: 5937: 5922: 1877: 1533: 1446: 1337: 1004: 822: 440: 425: 4456: 3579: 3476: 2508:

The Supreme Court of India too reiterated the significance and importance of the Act in 1995 and at periodic intervals.

6904: 6385: 5497: 5492: 5467: 5447: 3274:

fourthly, that the committees and other mechanisms provided in the Act have virtually not been put to use; and fifthly,

1431: 904: 4498: 3654: 3480: 3303:

There has also been reports of a man committing suicide after being threatened with a case against him under the Act.

7691: 6552: 6390: 5876: 5854: 5674: 5267: 4370: 3648: 3503:

was launched on 11 September 2021 as the data repository by the Citizen's Vigilance and Monitoring Committee (CVMC).

3370:, to protection, to the right to be assisted at all times by a concerned individual, organisation, and an advocate . 2791:: After the spot investigation, the SP will ensure that the FIR is filed (Rule 12(2)) invoking the correct sections. 1071: 909: 371: 349: 5117: 3586: 3464: 7289: 7126: 7026: 6490: 6380: 5401: 3438:

At the state level, some organisations monitor the implementation of the Act and bring out reports and factsheets.

2351:

required to protect the scheduled communities from inter-community violence committed by the dominant communities.

1830: 1659: 1553: 1009: 899: 4125: 3573: 3487:

However, recorded atrocities across the country continue to rise, and convictions still remain low, as the annual

2536:

The third contains provisions that establish special authorities for the implementation and monitoring of the Act.

79: 6879: 6397: 6159: 5952: 5366: 4511: 4265: 3150:

attendants) on 12 March 2018. Uttarakhand (2016), Punjab (2010), and Gujarat (1998) report earlier notifications.

3067:

e) Full cost of the maintenance and residential education up to graduation level of the children of the victims.

2704:

One subsection (Section 3(2)(v)) increases the punishment for certain offences under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

2193: 1406: 916: 670: 455: 3888: 2763:: When information is received (Rule 5), an officer not below the rank of deputy superintendent of police (DSP) 7721: 7701: 6022: 5679: 5472: 3744: 2818:

If the investigation is not completed within 60 days, the DSP should file a written explanation (Rule 7(2A)).

2403: 525: 6164: 3251:

That feeling is running high and I cannot but say that feeling is justified." (p143,144 of the printed text).

3050:

Additional relief to victims of murder death, massacre, rape, gang rape, permanent incapacitation and dacoity:

2262:

Atrocities continued to increase in ferocity and frequency – for example, in Bihar the massacres of Dalits at

675: 7558: 7274: 6002: 5707: 5477: 5376: 4478: 3982: 3424: 3386:

Legal aid is available for all victims, dependents, and their families, regardless of financial status. This

2843:

Various High Courts have set aside cases based on Rule 7(1). For instance, the Andhra Pradesh High Court, in

2107: 1815: 505: 3699:

Providing for subdivisional vigilance and monitoring committees and union government nominees at all levels.

6837: 6785: 5763: 5733: 5321: 2965: 2815:

within 60 days of the FIR being filed, and submit the report to the Superintendent of Police (Rule 7(2)).

2555:

Prescribes stringent punishment for such atrocities (Section 3(1)(a) to 3(1)(zc) and 3(2)(i) to 3(2)(vii)).

1364: 1312: 250: 4418: 4406: 7469: 7321: 6740: 6348: 6294: 5371: 3309:

had to spend 20 years in prison after being implicated in a false case under the provisions of this act.

2018: 1862: 1267: 867: 805: 2609:

Setting up deterrents to prevent atrocities on the scheduled communities by others (Rule 3(i) to 3(xi)).

7578: 6370: 6057: 5778: 5462: 4394: 4305: 4220: 4208: 4008: 3207: 3112: 2127: 889: 560: 265: 5137: 3776:

Parliamentary Committee on the Welfare of SCs & STs, 4th Report 2004-05, New Delhi, 2005, para 1.2

6931: 6745: 6647: 6532: 6206: 6174: 5834: 5768: 5648: 5482: 4021:

Parliamentary Committee on the Welfare of SCs & STs, 4th Report 2004-05,New Delhi, 2005, para 1.1

1458: 1272: 1166: 1051: 717: 685: 329: 255: 49: 3876: 3785:

Parliamentary Committee on the Welfare of SCs and STs, 4th Report 2004-05, New Delhi, 2005, para 1.4

3750:

Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain Lands) Act, 1978

3666: 3277:

the Act itself may not be deterrent, perhaps it is not being as deterrent as we thought it could be.

126: 7191: 7079: 6926: 6695: 6632: 6467: 6422: 6284: 6169: 6151: 6087: 6017: 5891: 5669: 4180:"Home Minister P Chidambaram in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of Indian Parliament) on 30 August 2010" 3853: 3672: 2889:

atrocity prone district had a conviction rate of just 2%. 7 districts had a conviction rate of 0%.

2376:

Instead of tinkering with the PCRA, the parliament of India passed a new legislation to explicitly

1724: 1612: 1453: 1222: 1151: 986: 941: 795: 680: 660: 590: 520: 386: 130: 3001:

It includes provision of utensils, rice, wheat, dals, pulses, etc., for a period of three months.

2957:) administered by the Ambedkar Foundation, an autonomous institution under the union government. 2640: 7676: 7645: 7474: 7454: 7316: 7306: 7264: 6894: 6735: 6597: 6567: 6562: 6512: 6447: 6432: 6365: 6338: 6323: 5726: 5411: 5361: 5314: 4990: 4731:"Justice CS Karnan pronounces 5-year 'rigorous imprisonment' to Chief Justice, 7 other SC judges" 4288:"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India" 3687:

of 4 March 2014. A fairly comprehensive overhaul with new sections, chapters and schedules added.

3616: 3293:'false' by the police, with 10% of the total cases investigated in 2016 being closed as 'false'. 2023: 2003: 1857: 1847: 1805: 1421: 1262: 1116: 1086: 1081: 1031: 966: 951: 884: 857: 842: 216: 6542: 4430: 2899:

cases of acquittals and cases in which accused get minor punishment should be seriously examined

1061: 7711: 7681: 7573: 7546: 7536: 7016: 6996: 6859: 6730: 6627: 6577: 6547: 6527: 6462: 6442: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6318: 6289: 6262: 6238: 6233: 5819: 5809: 5280: 4525:"Home Minister P Chidambaram in Lok Sabha (Lower House of Indian Parliament) on 30 August 2010" 4031: 3807: 3696: 3103:

23 States have set up SC/ST Protection Cells. Nodal Officers have been appointed in 28 States.

2873:

Madhya Pradesh 43, Maharashtra 3, Odisha 5, Rajasthan 31, Tamil Nadu 14, and Uttar Pradesh 65.

2122: 2095: 2085: 1543: 1523: 1386: 1257: 1146: 1096: 1066: 1046: 981: 961: 936: 931: 926: 837: 800: 773: 749: 744: 314: 304: 142: 4950: 7541: 7501: 7434: 7331: 7279: 7206: 6961: 6725: 6637: 6612: 6607: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6522: 6477: 6437: 6343: 6313: 6216: 5829: 5638: 5487: 5406: 5356: 5337: 4783:"How do I start life at 43, asks Vishnu Tiwari who spent 20 years in jail in false rape case" 3590: 2576:

Time-bound investigation: Chargesheeting within 60 days from registration of FIR (Rule 7(2)).

2090: 2050: 1983: 1872: 1820: 1739: 1488: 1252: 1156: 1131: 1126: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1041: 996: 956: 862: 832: 727: 324: 7412: 6946: 6820: 6537: 6502: 6452: 6427: 6248: 6211: 5942: 5804: 5529: 5386: 2612:

Setting up a mandatory, periodic monitoring system at different levels (Section 21(2)(v)):

1961: 1473: 1347: 1056: 1021: 971: 946: 759: 722: 445: 299: 4585: 4573: 4443: 8: 7588: 7449: 7084: 6986: 6966: 6755: 6663: 6622: 6602: 6572: 6472: 6267: 6082: 5628: 5576: 5229: 5107:

WP No:10335/2020(PIL) filed by Advocate Pannerselvam, Coimbatore, Vs State of Tamil Nadu.

3420: 2251: 2243: 2137: 1998: 1617: 1513: 1493: 1282: 1190: 1141: 1121: 1091: 991: 778: 585: 187: 60: 38: 2897:. Thirty years on, in 2022, it remains a dream. The second main recommendation was that 24:

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 and Rules 1995

7361: 7356: 7346: 7294: 7284: 7259: 7201: 7159: 7069: 7064: 7059: 6971: 6279: 5540: 4888: 4101: 4036:

Law of Prevention of Atrocities on the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (2001)

2950: 2533:

The second contains provisions for relief and rehabilitation for victims of atrocities.

2408:

preliminary enquiry shall not be required for registration of an FIR against any person

2275: 1902: 1897: 1887: 1835: 1825: 1800: 1734: 1692: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1498: 790: 5183: 4341: 3529:

state annual reports from 2010 (the earlier ones are extracts from the union reports).

3032:

In practice, administratively, it is often by the line departments of the government.

2960:

In January 2023 this scheme was discontinued rather surreptitiously (by terming it a '

2422:

On 31 October 2019, Section 1(2) was amended to extend the Act to the whole of India.

7620: 7531: 7459: 7444: 7243: 7186: 6991: 6899: 6790: 6710: 6557: 5859: 5581: 5248: 5202: 5156: 4956: 4880: 4816: 4756:"Man commits suicide in Madhya Pradesh fearing case under SC/ST Act - Times of India" 4666: 4623:"75% acquittals in SC/ST Act: HC bar association | Bhopal News - Times of India" 4002: 3865: 3819: 3690: 3660: 3540: 3463:

since 2016 and bring out annual status reports and report cards in English and Tamil

3176:

Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh), nine critical states do not have contingency plans.

2271: 2247: 2169: 2080: 2008: 1993: 1776: 1719: 1518: 1426: 1317: 1237: 1076: 354: 138: 122: 5295: 4065: 3234:

Firstly that there is no let up in the atrocities committed on the Scheduled Castes.

3017:

Police or District Magistrate or any other officer concerned or the special courts.

7583: 7568: 7496: 7417: 7387: 7218: 7054: 6760: 6333: 6328: 6179: 6077: 5452: 4230: 3959:

State of Madhya Pradesh and Anr vs. Ram Krishna Balothia and Anr (1995) (2) SCC 221

3842: 3739: 3678: 3655:

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules 1995

3159: 3144: 2439: 2132: 2117: 2045: 1966: 1936: 1751: 1587: 1287: 852: 847: 690: 580: 134: 4928:"Human Rights Watch, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's Untouchables"" 3831: 3684: 3432: 3297:

available with Rajasthan police around 40% of cases filed under the Act are fake.

2431: 184:

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

108: 7598: 7506: 7402: 7351: 7211: 7196: 7176: 7141: 6854: 6765: 6700: 6507: 6457: 6243: 6102: 5381: 5094: 4129: 3649:

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989

3596: 3472: 3416: 3020:

These need to be paid immediately, or at the latest within three days (Rule 11).

2940:

There are three kinds of relief. Instant monetary relief Relief Emergency relief

2147: 2055: 1951: 1892: 1744: 1729: 1709: 1674: 1381: 1292: 1227: 1026: 976: 754: 605: 3950:

NHRC, Report on Prevention of Atrocities against SCs, New Delhi, 2004, pp.14-15.

3526: 3131:

Though 11 states (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,

7593: 7551: 7521: 7511: 7429: 7422: 7407: 7397: 7233: 7169: 7111: 7106: 7091: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6750: 6685: 6221: 6194: 6047: 5749: 5550: 5437: 5416: 4262:"Error : Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India" 4141: 4030:

Clarification by Ministry of Home Affairs, footnote 11, page 28, in K B Saxena

3520: 2998:

Emergency relief is given for murder, rape, dacoity, and permanent disability.

2775:: On confirmation that an atrocity has taken place by the DSP or SDM (Rule 6), 2718:

Property denial or destruction (land, residential premises, existing property).

2255: 2142: 2100: 2070: 2060: 1978: 1971: 1956: 1946: 1766: 1702: 1644: 1639: 1624: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1277: 1212: 732: 705: 550: 224: 4123:

Ministry of Home Affairs - Govt of India - India an Overview - India - History

3552: 2606:

Identification of atrocity prone areas (Section 17(1), 21(2)(vii), Rule 3(1)).

7670: 7605: 7228: 7164: 7149: 7011: 6976: 6956: 6827: 6770: 6705: 6124: 6027: 5633: 5535: 5081:"SC/ST Atrocities Act: India's First Civil Society Audit, a Grim Revelation!" 4884: 4820: 3941:

National Commission for SCs, First Report 2004-05, New Delhi, 2006, pp.222-3.

3681:

26 January 2016. Incorporates the provisions of the Amendment Ordinance 2014.

3617:

Committee Monitoring and Strengthening the SCs and STs (PoA) Act in Karnataka

3306: 2388:

The rules were amended on 23 June 2014 to enhance relief and rehabilitation.

2154: 1761: 1697: 1682: 1538: 1503: 1483: 1354: 1297: 1232: 627: 530: 5016:"Dalits see the apex court on SC/ST Act as a dog whistle to destroy the law" 4706:"Justice Karnan issues non-bailable warrants against 7 Supreme Court judges" 3070:

f) Utensils, rice, wheat, dals, pulses, etc., for a period of three months.

2908: 2895:

all atrocity cases should be decided by the courts in six months to one year

2664:

denotes the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane, whereas the term

2254:

of 42 Dalits in 1968 in Tamil Nadu; the gruesome killing of Dalit Kotesu in

7439: 7326: 7154: 7121: 7101: 7031: 7021: 7001: 6981: 6617: 6517: 6253: 6228: 6092: 6032: 5997: 5962: 5957: 5545: 3717: 3268:

secondly, the high rate of pendency of cases and very low rate of disposal;

1988: 1867: 1687: 1654: 1634: 1558: 1548: 1528: 1508: 1136: 1036: 764: 739: 595: 535: 500: 465: 460: 4056:

National Commission for SCs, First Report 2004- 05,New Delhi, 2006, p.223.

3619:, (CMASK) sued for compliance (Writ Petition No. 7990/2020) in June 2020. 2625: 2274:

in 1982; in Bihar the killing in police firing on 15 tribals at Banjhi in

7341: 7301: 7269: 7136: 7096: 6936: 6849: 6800: 6775: 6675: 6375: 6114: 6097: 6052: 5967: 5643: 4927: 3629: 2334:“Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law’. 1882: 1842: 1810: 1669: 1629: 1463: 1376: 1327: 1302: 1202: 894: 617: 600: 555: 470: 5296:

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

4892: 4868: 3488: 3145:

Citizens' audit of the union report u/s 21(4) for the calendar year 2021

2558:

Enhanced punishment for some offences (Section 3(2)(i) to 3(2)(vii), 5).

2425: 2303:

They went on to note that several members of the scheduled communities “

2232:

Atrocities on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Causes and Remedies

2230:

A study conducted by the National Commission for SCs and STs in 1990 on

7615: 7610: 7491: 7486: 7382: 7366: 7223: 7116: 7074: 7036: 6844: 6832: 6805: 6795: 6715: 6141: 6136: 6107: 6042: 5881: 5653: 5442: 4843:"Falsely accused of rape, UP man freed after spending 20 years in jail" 4122: 3731: 3546: 2968:) resulting in the denial of over ₹1,140 crores to over 44,000 victims. 2293:

and Scheduled Tribes must be complied with and enforced conscientiously

2287:

As late as 29 October 2021, the Supreme Court of India was constrained

2164: 2159: 2040: 2035: 1931: 1907: 1756: 1649: 1607: 1563: 1371: 1359: 1332: 1322: 1242: 644: 639: 610: 545: 376: 2951:

Dr. Ambedkar National Relief to the SC/ST Victims of Atrocities Scheme

7516: 7464: 7181: 6780: 5907: 4598:"Caste Discrimination in South India: A study of NCRB data (Part II)" 3919: 3558: 3483:

was released on the 30th anniversary of the Act on 11 September 2020.

2065: 2013: 1714: 1307: 410: 5041: 3725: 2659:

It is an offence punishable under sections 3(1) and 3(2) of the Act.

2579:

Time-bound trials: Within 60 days of chargesheeting (Section 14(2)).

2561:

Enhanced minimum punishment for public servants (Section 3(2)(vii)).

7481: 7311: 7238: 6889: 6815: 6720: 6680: 6072: 6067: 6062: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5917: 5560: 4242:

the numbers in parentheses indicate increase or decrease over 2019)

2030: 1852: 1771: 1416: 1342: 1247: 1207: 575: 570: 565: 490: 485: 480: 420: 3460: 30: 5992: 5886: 5866: 5839: 5814: 5718: 5513: 5421: 5306: 3566: 3561:

related to the Act from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).

3533: 3448: 2564:

Punishment for neglect of duties by a public servant (Section 4).

495: 381: 361: 334: 309: 232: 5555: 4287: 3626:

had earlier filed for compliance in the Supreme Court of India.

3116:

special courts for speedy disposal of cases. (Reply to question

2982:

borne equally by the state and union governments i.e. 50% each.

2739:

a person who belongs to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe.

2588:

Empowers the government to impose collective fines (Section 16).

198:. It is also referred to as the 'Atrocities Act', POA, and PoA. 6941: 5972: 5871: 5849: 5844: 5794: 3395:

Normally, legal aid depends on the financial status, in India.

2708:

These protections can be broadly divided into protection from

2263: 1468: 475: 366: 344: 339: 289: 100: 4157: 4155: 3767:

The Statement of the object and reasons for SC/ST(PoA)ACT 1989

3516: 6951: 5799: 5518: 5351: 4034:, NHRC, New Delhi, 2002, quoting Dr. T.R. Naval in his study 3198:

Rule 16(2) State Vigilance and Monitoring Committee meetings:

1478: 294: 5068:

Subhash Kashinath Mahajan v. State of Maharashtra & Anr.

4952:

Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law

3510: 3341:

Subhash Kashinath Mahajan v. State of Maharashtra & Anr.

7563: 7392: 4152: 3087: 3058:

b) Employment to one member of the family of the deceased.

2354: 2112: 1941: 5095:"Tamil Nadu - Citizens Vigilance and Monitoring Committee" 2337: 4047:

Clarification from Ministry of Home Affairs quoted above.

3693:, amending rules and enhancing relief and rehabilitation. 2909:

Relief, reimbursements, and socio-economic rehabilitation

4687:"40% cases filed under SC/ST Act fake: Rajasthan Police" 3499:

As part of the monitoring by civil society, a dedicated

3500: 2582:

Appointment of Special Public Prosecutors (Section 15).

4563:

Rajasthan Gazette Extraordinary dated 20 February 2024

3630:

National coalition for Strengthening SC&ST PoA Act

3623: 3459:: Citizens vigilance and monitoring committees (CVMC) 3143:

in parliament (lok sabha) on 8 February 2022), a 2023

2297:

CJI Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud and Justice BV Nagarathna

3468: 3185:

Tamil Nadu has prepared the contingency plan both in

2869:

purpose of having special courts in the first place.

2426:

Key features of the Amendment Act 2015 (No 1 of 2016)

3707: 2885:

Code. In rape cases the conviction rate is just 2%.

2225: 109:

overhaul: new sections, chapters and schedules added

4977:

similar - and controversial - judgment in July 2017

3555:

related to the Act from the Supreme Court of India.

2735:a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe 2282: 3796:Atrocities against Dalits: Retrospect and Prospect 3361: 2570:Externment of potential offenders (Section 10(1)). 2567:Attachment and forfeiture of property (Section 7). 2445:The key features of the Amendment Act of 2015 are 190:to prevent atrocities and hate crimes against the 7527:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4514:, drafted under Rule 15(1) guided by Section 15A. 4442:P Chidambaram on 30 August 2010 in the lok sabha 4245: 4142:"Implementation in Karnataka in 2010 - OpenSpace" 3854:Rules amended, relief and rehabilitation enhanced 3651:(The Bare Act, as amended up to 31 October 2019). 3642: 3603: 3353:misuse of the Act, in effect blaming the victim. 3100:Rule 8 Protection Cell and Rule 9 Nodal Officers: 2076:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 139:Rules amended, relief and rehabilitation enhanced 131:Rules amended, relief and rehabilitation enhanced 7668: 4809:"UP: After 20 years in jail, man found innocent" 3023: 2796:Step 4 Appointment of investigating officer (IO) 2419:provisions in the Rule 12(4) Annexe Schedule I. 7187:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 3624:National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (NCDHR) 3549:(Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) related to the Act. 2926:As the minister for home affairs acknowledged: 2594:Grant arms licences to SCs and STs (Rule 3(v)). 1720:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6669:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 5281:Report on Prevention of Atrocities against SCs 5118:Review of Implementation in Tamil Nadu in 2020 4517: 4032:Report on Prevention of Atrocities against SCs 3569:required for monitoring implementation at the 2585:Rights of victims and witnesses (Section 15A). 1196:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 5734: 5322: 4174: 4172: 4170: 3915:"Centre notifies rules for amended SC/ST Act" 3419:to monitor the implementation of the Act for 3230:I can make one or two deductions from this. 3120:in Parliament (lok sabha) on 29 March 2022). 2201: 4431:Rule 8(1)(xi) report, April 2022, Tamil Nadu 3403: 3373: 2618:District level (Rule 3(xi), 4(2), 4(4), 17). 2600:Denial of probation to convict (Section 19). 169:Caste, Dalit, POA, SC/ST Act, Atrocities Act 6885:List of people killed for being transgender 4320:"Atrocities on SC/STs disturbing: Manmohan" 3798:, Combat Law, Vol.8, Issue 5-6, 2009, p.12. 3657:(The Rules, as amended up to 27 June 2018). 3491:of the National Crime Records Bureau show. 2811:(DSP) should complete the investigation on 2495:The preamble of the Act states that it is 2328: 1412:List of people killed for being transgender 78:Act: 30 January 1990 Rules: 31 March 1995 ( 5741: 5727: 5329: 5315: 4975:Justices Lalit and Goel delivered another 4167: 2943: 2208: 2194: 3398: 3046:Rule 12(4) Schedule annexure-I Sr. No. 46 2901:. Thirty years later, no action is seen. 2597:Denial of anticipatory bail (Section 18). 2371: 6008:Social determinants of health in poverty 5597:National Commission for Scheduled Tribes 5592:National Commission for Scheduled Castes 5587:National Commission for Backward Classes 3356: 3093: 2573:Creation of Special Courts (Section 14). 2355:The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 511:Social determinants of health in poverty 4866: 4806: 3513:of the Government of India since 1990. 2338:The Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 7669: 5253:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5207:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5161:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4991:"A Wrong Turn in the Road to Equality" 4840: 4780: 4671:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3312: 3135:, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, and 2505:suppression from the dominant castes. 2323: 5722: 5524:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 5310: 4948: 3972:Ramawatar Vs State of Madhya Pradesh. 3832:Amendment Ordinance 2014 No 1 of 2014 2621:State level (Rule 8(xi), 14, 16, 18). 192:scheduled castes and scheduled tribes 157:scheduled castes and scheduled tribes 7687:Acts of the Parliament of India 1989 7651: 6691:Capital punishment for homosexuality 6013:Social determinants of mental health 5703:2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census 5046:Centre for Law & Policy Research 4995:Centre for Law & Policy Research 4602:Centre for Law & Policy Research 4317: 4254: 3494: 3265:firstly, the high rate of acquittal; 2849:M. Kathiresam v. State of Tamil Nadu 1218:Capital punishment for homosexuality 516:Social determinants of mental health 6811:Genital modification and mutilation 4873:Journal of the Indian Law Institute 4703: 3090:to monitor implementation in 2021. 3061:c) Provision of agricultural land. 2993: 2668:relates to an act punishable by law 2520: 1338:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 5748: 5468:2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra 5448:Mandal Commission protests of 1990 5392:Court Cases related to Reservation 5336: 5270:coalition to strengthen POA, 2012. 3820:enhanced relief and rehabilitation 3697:Amendment Rules of 8 November 2013 3282: 3108:Rule 13(2) Special police stations 2779:the superintendent of police (SP) 155:Preventing atrocities against the 14: 7733: 5289: 4318:Dhar, Aarthi (8 September 2009). 4231:Annual Report under Section 21(4) 4209:Annual Report under Section 21(4) 3208:Annual Report under Section 21(4) 3113:Annual Report under Section 21(4) 3086:The government has also set up a 2859: 2226:Atrocities rooted in caste system 121:31 October 2019, 20 August 2018 ( 7650: 7641: 7640: 7290:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 7127:Law for Protection of the Nation 7027:White genocide conspiracy theory 5402:Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu 4955:. Routledge. pp. 250, 251. 4807:Lavania, Deepak (2 March 2021). 4781:Taskin, Bismee (10 March 2021). 3970:CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1393 OF 2011 3808:Sub-divisional VMCs and nominees 3724: 3710: 3325: 3004: 2845:D. Ramlinga Reddy v. State of AP 2742: 2615:Sub-divisional level (Rule 17A). 2283:Continuing widespread prevalence 1831:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1660:Law for Protection of the Nation 1554:White genocide conspiracy theory 231: 143:Sub-divisional VMCs and nominees 29: 7717:Caste-related violence in India 7697:Anti-discrimination legislation 7132:MSM blood donation restrictions 6880:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 5367:Caste-related violence in India 5273: 5261: 5215: 5169: 5123: 5110: 5101: 5087: 5073: 5059: 5034: 5008: 4983: 4969: 4942: 4920: 4899: 4860: 4841:Bajpai, Namita (3 March 2021). 4834: 4800: 4774: 4748: 4723: 4697: 4679: 4633: 4615: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4557: 4547: 4504: 4492: 4471: 4462: 4449: 4436: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4388: 4356: 4330: 4311: 4298: 4280: 4236: 4224: 4214: 4202: 4134: 4116: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4024: 4015: 3975: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3907: 3881: 3870: 3859: 3691:Amendment Rules of 23 June 2014 3362:Rights of victims and witnesses 1665:MSM blood donation restrictions 1407:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 16:Affirmative action law in India 7145:(as religious or racial quota) 5458:2006 anti-reservation protests 5065:The Supreme Court of India in 4499:GO(Ms) 94 AD&TW Department 3847: 3836: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3745:Ambedkar controversial cartoon 3643:The Act, Rules, and Amendments 3604:Filing PILs for implementation 1678:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 7559:Second-generation gender bias 7275:Constitutional colorblindness 6003:Social determinants of health 5708:2022 Bihar caste-based survey 5377:Vandalism of Ambedkar statues 4949:Keane, David (8 April 2016). 4364:"Karnataka State Report 2011" 3989:. Slide Share. 13 August 2013 3889:"Lok Sabha passes SC/ST bill" 3755: 3475:. A thirty year scorecard in 3461:monitor the Act in Tamil Nadu 3318:community is seldom rebuilt. 3210:for the calendar year 2019). 3035: 3024:Socio-economic rehabilitation 2646: 2476: 2108:Second-generation gender bias 1816:Constitutional colorblindness 506:Social determinants of health 5302:Simple explainer on the Law. 3471:. The reports are available 3381: 3125:Rule 15(1) Contingency plan: 3073: 2917: 2248:Ramanathapuram riots of 1957 2220: 7: 7470:Medical model of disability 7322:Hate speech laws by country 5372:Economically Weaker Section 4512:Tamil Nadu Contingency Plan 4233:for the calendar year 2021. 4211:for the calendar year 2019. 4162:Karnataka State Report 2010 3703: 3615:In Karnataka, the Citizens 3081: 2976: 2385:and monitoring committees. 2019:Medical model of disability 1863:Hate speech laws by country 10: 7738: 7707:V. P. Singh administration 7579:Social model of disability 6058:Discrimination against men 5463:1996 Bathani Tola Massacre 3983:"Roles and Responsibility" 3877:Rules and Schedule tweaked 2966:centrally sponsored scheme 2128:Social model of disability 561:Discrimination against men 127:Rules and Schedule tweaked 7636: 7375: 7252: 7045: 6932:Opposition to immigration 6656: 6303: 6150: 5900: 5850:Race / Ethnicity 5787: 5756: 5695: 5662: 5649:Republican Party of India 5621: 5605: 5569: 5506: 5430: 5344: 4419:Crime in India 2021, NCRB 4407:Crime in India 2021, NCRB 3433:first civil society audit 3404:Monitoring implementation 3374:Relief and Rehabilitation 3287: 2935: 2856:practice they seldom do. 1459:Opposition to immigration 345:Race / Ethnicity 173: 168: 163: 154: 149: 120: 115: 106: 99: 91: 86: 74: 66: 56: 44: 37: 28: 23: 7692:Indian caste legislation 6927:Occupational segregation 6696:Compulsory sterilization 5696:Caste Census and Surveys 4306:Union Annual Report 2019 4128:25 February 2008 at the 2893:recommendation was that 2823:Superintendent of Police 2461:filing the charge sheet. 2432:Amendment Ordinance 2014 2329:The Constitutional Roots 1454:Occupational segregation 1223:Compulsory sterilization 107:4 March 2014 Ordinance ( 7455:Internalized oppression 7317:Fighting Discrimination 7307:Fat acceptance movement 7265:Anti-discrimination law 6905:Native American mascots 5493:Bhima Koregaon protests 5412:Dalit Buddhist movement 5362:Caste politics in India 4867:Vibhute, K. I. (2002). 4468:(accessed 19 May 2024) 3866:Act Amended, S18A added 3547:Parliamentary questions 3215:Section 21(1) and 21(2) 2944:Instant monetary relief 2724:Political disabilities. 2410:and section 18A(1)(b), 2004:Internalized oppression 1858:Fighting Discrimination 1848:Fat acceptance movement 1806:Anti-discrimination law 1432:Native American mascots 123:Act Amended, S18A added 7574:Social identity threat 7547:Reverse discrimination 7537:Racial color blindness 7017:Violence against women 6997:Sex-selective abortion 5680:Other Backward Classes 5530:Other Backward Classes 5397:IIT reservation policy 5042:"Publications Archive" 4847:The New Indian Express 4501:dated 24 November 2021 4417:table 7C.6, page 678, 4069:. Socialjustice.nic.in 4007:: CS1 maint: others ( 3539:Citizen's reports for 3532:Citizen's reports for 3489:Crime In India reports 3449:in English and Kannada 3399:Civil society response 3280: 3253: 2933: 2727:Economic exploitation. 2721:Malicious prosecution. 2518: 2502: 2493: 2372:The POA and Amendments 2123:Social identity threat 2096:Reverse discrimination 2086:Racial color blindness 1544:Violence against women 1524:Sex-selective abortion 7722:Caste system in India 7702:Human rights in India 7542:Religious intolerance 7502:Political correctness 7332:Intersex human rights 7280:Cultural assimilation 6962:Religious persecution 6726:Disability hate crime 5488:Maratha Kranti Morcha 5473:2008 Gurjar agitation 5407:Self-Respect Movement 5357:Caste system in India 5345:Caste and reservation 4405:table 7A.6, page 578 3673:Amendment Rules, 2016 3667:Amendment Rules, 2018 3599:(Kannada and English) 3357:Empowering provisions 3258: 3225: 3094:Implementation record 2928: 2809:investigation officer 2513: 2497: 2483: 2364:same social milieu). 2091:Religious intolerance 2051:Political correctness 1873:Intersex human rights 1821:Cultural assimilation 1489:Religious persecution 1253:Disability hate crime 6947:Political repression 5953:Anti-left handedness 5943:Anti-intellectualism 5685:Including Muslim OBC 5387:Reservation in India 4629:. 24 September 2018. 4584:For the full speech 4488:. 30 September 2017. 4308:under Section 21(4). 4268:on 24 September 2018 3685:Amendment Ordinance 3580:Sub-divisional level 3473:in Tamil and English 3417:tools were developed 3331:chamber before him. 2804:Step 5 Investigation 2655:In specific terms: 2652:Parliament in 1989. 2252:Kilavenmani massacre 1474:Political repression 456:Anti-left handedness 446:Anti-intellectualism 141:), 8 November 2013 ( 133:), 26 January 2016 ( 7450:Historical eugenics 6987:Segregation academy 6967:Religious terrorism 6756:Enemy of the people 6664:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 6190:Jehovah's Witnesses 6083:Perpetual foreigner 5629:Bahujan Samaj Party 5577:Kalelkar Commission 5498:April 2018 protests 5268:Peoples Report Card 5097:. 6 September 2021. 4914:legalaffairs.gov.in 4510:As detailed in the 4455:(can also be found 4251:(1992) 3 S.C.R. 284 3679:Amendment Act, 2015 3661:Amendment Act, 2018 3567:tools and resources 3523:reports since 1990. 3313:Administrative bias 2953:(can also be found 2833:Step 6 Charge sheet 2641:Monitoring Calendar 2500:incidental thereto. 2324:Legislative history 1999:Historical eugenics 1514:Segregation academy 1494:Religious terrorism 1283:Enemy of the people 1191:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 701:Jehovah's Witnesses 586:Perpetual foreigner 188:Parliament of India 186:was enacted by the 129:), 14 April 2016, ( 87:Legislative history 61:Parliament of India 39:Parliament of India 7362:Social integration 7357:Self-determination 7347:Racial integration 7295:Diversity training 7285:Cultural pluralism 7260:Affirmative action 7160:Racial segregation 7070:Crime of apartheid 6972:Religious violence 6482:Indigenous people 5877:Sexual orientation 5541:Affirmative action 5298:(pre-2015 version) 5083:. 15 October 2023. 4813:The Times of India 4760:The Times of India 4735:The Economic Times 4704:PTI (3 May 2017). 4693:. 13 January 2021. 4691:The Indian Express 4627:The Times of India 4535:on 8 November 2013 4292:Censusindia.gov.in 4190:on 8 November 2013 4104:on 6 November 2003 3585:Individual cases ( 2752:Step 0 Information 2276:Sahebganj district 1903:Social integration 1898:Self-determination 1888:Racial integration 1836:Diversity training 1826:Cultural pluralism 1801:Affirmative action 1693:Racial segregation 1603:Crime of apartheid 1499:Religious violence 1001:Indigenous people 372:Sexual orientation 7664: 7663: 7532:Racism by country 7460:Intersectionality 7445:Heteronormativity 7244:Voter suppression 6992:Sexual harassment 6791:Forced conversion 6711:Cultural genocide 6381:African Americans 6200:post–Cold War era 6185:Eastern Orthodoxy 5938:Anti-drug addicts 5933:Anti-homelessness 5860:Scientific racism 5716: 5715: 5582:Mandal Commission 5478:Patidar agitation 4962:978-1-317-16951-2 4762:. 21 October 2018 4429:table 6, page 6, 4338:"C O N T e N T S" 3663:, 20 August 2018. 3495:Website (cvmc.in) 3467:, and earlier by 2772:Step 2 Inspection 2272:Mandsaur district 2218: 2217: 2081:Racism by country 2009:Intersectionality 1994:Heteronormativity 1777:Voter suppression 1519:Sexual harassment 1318:Forced conversion 1238:Cultural genocide 900:African Americans 711:post–Cold War era 696:Eastern Orthodoxy 441:Anti-drug addicts 436:Anti-homelessness 355:Scientific racism 181: 180: 137:), 23 June 2014 ( 125:), 27 June 2018 ( 95:11 September 1989 70:11 September 1989 7729: 7654: 7653: 7644: 7643: 7584:Social privilege 7569:Social exclusion 7497:Police brutality 7418:Multiculturalism 7388:Amatonormativity 7219:Social exclusion 7055:Age of candidacy 6855:Homeless dumping 6761:Ethnic cleansing 5743: 5736: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5675:Scheduled Tribes 5670:Scheduled Castes 5453:Namantar Andolan 5331: 5324: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5252: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5235:on 26 April 2012 5234: 5228:. Archived from 5227: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5189:on 26 April 2012 5188: 5182:. Archived from 5181: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5143:on 29 March 2017 5142: 5136:. Archived from 5135: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5022:on 4 August 2018 5018:. Archived from 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4987: 4981: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4646:. Archived from 4645: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4531:. Archived from 4521: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4376:on 26 April 2012 4375: 4369:. Archived from 4368: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4340:. Archived from 4334: 4328: 4327: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4264:. Archived from 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4186:. Archived from 4176: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4146:Openspace.org.in 4138: 4132: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4100:. Archived from 4094: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4006: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3740:Paramakudi Riots 3734: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3565:It also has the 3559:Crime statistics 3162:also finds that 2994:Emergency relief 2521:Salient features 2404:arbitrary arrest 2244:Emmanuel Sekaran 2210: 2203: 2196: 2133:Social privilege 2118:Social exclusion 2046:Police brutality 1967:Multiculturalism 1937:Amatonormativity 1752:Social exclusion 1588:Age of candidacy 1382:Homeless dumping 1288:Ethnic cleansing 235: 212: 211: 52: 33: 21: 20: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7632: 7507:Polyculturalism 7403:Civil liberties 7371: 7352:Reappropriation 7253:Countermeasures 7248: 7177:Racial steering 7143:Numerus clausus 7047: 7041: 6766:Ethnic conflict 6701:Corrective rape 6652: 6299: 6146: 6038:HIV/AIDS stigma 5896: 5845:Mental disorder 5783: 5752: 5747: 5717: 5712: 5691: 5658: 5617: 5601: 5565: 5536:Forward classes 5502: 5426: 5382:Anti-Brahminism 5340: 5335: 5292: 5287: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5223:"Archived copy" 5221: 5220: 5216: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5177:"Archived copy" 5175: 5174: 5170: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5131:"Archived copy" 5129: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4653:on 4 March 2021 4650: 4643: 4641:"Archived copy" 4639: 4638: 4634: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4168: 4160: 4153: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4130:Wayback Machine 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4087:1999 Cr LJ 3938 4086: 4082: 4078:1999 Cr LJ 2918 4077: 4073: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3923:. 24 April 2016 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3895:. 4 August 2015 3887: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794:P.S. Krishnan, 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3669:, 27 June 2018. 3645: 3632: 3606: 3597:Ready reference 3521:Union Territory 3497: 3406: 3401: 3384: 3376: 3364: 3359: 3328: 3315: 3290: 3285: 3283:Misuse and bias 3160:Citizens' Audit 3096: 3084: 3076: 3038: 3026: 3007: 2996: 2979: 2973: 2946: 2938: 2920: 2911: 2877:pending cases. 2862: 2745: 2649: 2523: 2487: 2479: 2428: 2374: 2357: 2340: 2331: 2326: 2302: 2289:to observe that 2285: 2266:in 1979 and at 2228: 2223: 2214: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2056:Polyculturalism 1952:Civil liberties 1924: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1893:Reappropriation 1793: 1792:Countermeasures 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1710:Racial steering 1676:Numerus clausus 1580: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1293:Ethnic conflict 1228:Corrective rape 1183: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1171: 825: 814: 813: 812: 811: 810: 663: 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 541:HIV/AIDS stigma 403: 395: 394: 393: 392: 391: 340:Mental disorder 282: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 243: 57:Enacted by 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7735: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7677:Dalit politics 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7648: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7552:Reverse racism 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7522:Prisoner abuse 7519: 7514: 7512:Power distance 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7430:Ethnic penalty 7427: 7426: 7425: 7423:Neurodiversity 7420: 7410: 7408:Dehumanization 7405: 7400: 7398:Cisnormativity 7395: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7376:Related topics 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7234:State religion 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7170:Nuremberg Laws 7167: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7112:Ghetto benches 7109: 7107:Gerrymandering 7104: 7099: 7094: 7092:Gender pay gap 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7046:Discriminatory 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6875:Lavender scare 6872: 6870:Kill Haole Day 6867: 6865:Indian rolling 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6830: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6751:Eliminationism 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6686:Cancel culture 6683: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6660: 6658: 6657:Manifestations 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6553:Middle Eastern 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6295:Zoroastrianism 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6222:Untouchability 6219: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6048:Leprosy stigma 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5750:Discrimination 5746: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5613:Atrocities Act 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551:Untouchability 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5438:Communal Award 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5417:B. R. Ambedkar 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5338:Caste in India 5334: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5291: 5290:External links 5288: 5286: 5285: 5272: 5260: 5214: 5168: 5122: 5109: 5100: 5086: 5072: 5058: 5033: 5007: 4982: 4968: 4961: 4941: 4919: 4898: 4879:(4): 469–503. 4859: 4833: 4799: 4773: 4747: 4722: 4696: 4678: 4632: 4614: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4556: 4546: 4529:164.100.47.132 4516: 4503: 4491: 4479:"Relief Norms" 4470: 4461: 4448: 4435: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4387: 4355: 4344:on 23 May 2015 4329: 4310: 4297: 4279: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4223: 4213: 4201: 4184:164.100.47.132 4166: 4151: 4133: 4115: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4023: 4014: 3974: 3968:Paragraph 15, 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3906: 3880: 3869: 3858: 3846: 3835: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3721: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3675:14 April 2016. 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3644: 3641: 3631: 3628: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3574:District level 3563: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3514: 3511:Annual reports 3496: 3493: 3485: 3484: 3452: 3415:Comprehensive 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3327: 3324: 3314: 3311: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3095: 3092: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3037: 3034: 3025: 3022: 3006: 3003: 2995: 2992: 2978: 2975: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2861: 2860:Special Courts 2858: 2760:Step 1 Inquiry 2744: 2741: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2694:It contains: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2671: 2660: 2648: 2645: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2522: 2519: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2427: 2424: 2373: 2370: 2356: 2353: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2284: 2281: 2256:Kanchikacherla 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2101:Reverse racism 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2071:Prisoner abuse 2068: 2063: 2061:Power distance 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1979:Ethnic penalty 1976: 1975: 1974: 1972:Neurodiversity 1969: 1959: 1957:Dehumanization 1954: 1949: 1947:Cisnormativity 1944: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1923:Related topics 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767:State religion 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1703:Nuremberg Laws 1700: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1645:Ghetto benches 1642: 1640:Gerrymandering 1637: 1632: 1627: 1625:Gender pay gap 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1402:Lavender scare 1399: 1397:Kill Haole Day 1394: 1392:Indian rolling 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278:Eliminationism 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213:Cancel culture 1210: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1182:Manifestations 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1072:Middle Eastern 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1007: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 892: 887: 882: 881: 880: 875: 870: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 829: 828: 827: 826: 820: 819: 816: 815: 809: 808: 806:Zoroastrianism 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 782: 781: 771: 770: 769: 768: 767: 762: 757: 752: 737: 736: 735: 733:Untouchability 730: 720: 715: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 683: 678: 673: 667: 666: 665: 664: 659: 658: 655: 654: 648: 647: 642: 637: 636: 635: 630: 625: 615: 614: 613: 608: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 551:Leprosy stigma 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 406: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 358: 357: 352: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 286: 285: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 247: 246: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 228: 227: 225:Discrimination 221: 220: 179: 178: 171: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 152: 151: 147: 146: 135:major overhaul 118: 117: 113: 112: 104: 103: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 84: 83: 80:Rules notified 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 50:Act 33 of 1989 46: 42: 41: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7734: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7712:Dalit studies 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7682:Dalit history 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7657: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606:Social stigma 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7229:State atheism 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165:Jim Crow laws 7163: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150:One-drop rule 7148: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Blood quantum 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7012:Victimisation 7010: 7008: 7007:Trans bashing 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6977:Religious war 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6957:Racialization 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6828:Glass ceiling 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:Ethnic hatred 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Counter-jihad 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6496:United States 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6359:United States 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6280:Protestantism 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:LDS or Mormon 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Transmisogyny 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028:Gerontophobia 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948:Anti-intersex 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Anti-albinism 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764:Institutional 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5639:Justice Party 5637: 5635: 5634:Dalit Panther 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622:Organisations 5620: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:Jat agitation 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5231: 5224: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5011: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4945: 4929: 4923: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4458: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4391: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4010: 4004: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3873: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3708: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3423:, and at the 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3379: 3371: 3369: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3326:Judicial bias 3323: 3319: 3310: 3308: 3307:Vishnu Tiwari 3304: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005:Reimbursement 3002: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2941: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2743:Investigation 2740: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2685: 2681:It signifies 2680: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2626:uploaded here 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2155:Social stigma 2153: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:State atheism 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1698:Jim Crow laws 1696: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1683:One-drop rule 1681: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598:Blood quantum 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1539:Victimisation 1537: 1535: 1534:Trans bashing 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:Religious war 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1484:Racialization 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1355:Glass ceiling 1353: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1298:Ethnic hatred 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1233:Counter-jihad 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015:United States 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 879: 878:United States 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 824: 818: 817: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 791:Protestantism 789: 787: 784: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 743: 742: 741: 738: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 724: 721: 719: 716: 712: 709: 707: 706:LDS or Mormon 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 662: 657: 656: 646: 643: 641: 638: 634: 631: 629: 628:Transmisogyny 626: 624: 621: 620: 619: 616: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:Gerontophobia 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 451:Anti-intersex 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426:Anti-albinism 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 399: 398: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 278: 277: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Institutional 249: 248: 239: 238: 234: 230: 229: 226: 223: 222: 218: 214: 213: 210: 207: 203: 199: 197: 196:the SC/ST Act 193: 189: 185: 176: 172: 167: 162: 158: 153: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 114: 110: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 7440:Gender-blind 7327:Human rights 7155:Racial quota 7142: 7122:Jewish quota 7102:Gerontocracy 7097:Gender roles 7075:Disabilities 7060:Blood purity 7032:Wife selling 7022:White flight 7002:Slut-shaming 6982:Scapegoating 6900:Murder music 6573:Palestinians 6391:South Africa 6376:Black people 6354:South Africa 6175:Christianity 6165:Baháʼí Faith 6093:Sectarianism 6033:Heterosexism 5998:Ephebiphobia 5963:Antisemitism 5958:Anti-Masonry 5825:Hair texture 5612: 5546:Creamy layer 5275: 5263: 5237:. 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Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

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