554:
777:
590:
322:
897:
1129:
1145:
1157:
535:
761:
310:
749:
1182:
120:
570:
128:
813:
805:
625:
821:
295:. The snakes' breath had so poisoned the area that the inhabitants of the town were effectively trapped. After converting the local inhabitants to Christianity after they agreed to do so in return for ridding them of the dragon, Clement went into the amphitheater and quickly made the sign of the cross after the snakes attacked him. They immediately were tamed by this. Clement led the Graoully to the edge of the
1362:
1282:, had to respond to two major challenges in planning the new district: the requirement of the military strategies and the erection of a functional and artistic ensemble. Indeed, the army required a well-planned district built with the prospect of a war between Germany and France in mind and strategically integrated to the
648:
of 13 aldermen acting as Lay community counsellors, and a House of
Burgesses giving its opinion. Ultimately, the institutions changed to become a free oligarchic republic giving the command of the city to 21 aldermen, the Head-Alderman being elected. The Republic of Metz ruled until the 15th century,
915:
Under the rule of the Kings of France, important constitutional changes were made to the
Republic of Metz. In 1565, a few Jewish families were allowed to settle in the town. While the aldermen continued to administer the city, they were appointed by a Royal Governor, representative of the king, and
1266:
with Metz as its capital. The departmental parliament (Bezirkstag von
Lothringen/Conseil Général de la Lorraine) had its seat in Metz too, it delegated 10 members into the parliament of Alsace-Lorraine between 1874 and 1911, when its members were finally elected directly by the electorate.
776:
553:
1222:, Bazaine retreated into the defenses of Metz and surrendered after several months of siege. The first airmail carrier was launched during the siege of the city by Doctor Julien-François Jeannel with the help of some officers of the
504:, promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands in the favorable atmosphere of Carolingian monarchs. The Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek
499:
was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of
Gallican and ancient Roman repertory, and remains the oldest form of music still use in Western Europe. Then called Messin Chant, the bishops of Metz, notably
1144:
1156:
1805:
284:
during the 1st century, with two disciples: Celestius and Felix, who are listed as his successors. Nonetheless, the first fully authenticated bishop is Sperus or
Hesperus, who was bishop in 535.
859:, made an attempt to regain overlordship of Metz by force of arms, besieging the city in 1552–1553. However, his troops were defeated by the French army defending the city under the command of
760:
748:
534:
711:
decree of 1356 was promulgated, fixing important constitutional aspects of the Holy Roman Empire. Believing that the city occupied an almost independent position between the
2487:
1809:
1012:
2091:
299:, and ordered him to disappear into a place where there were no men or beasts. Authors tend to present such legend as a symbol of Christianity's victory over
1128:
649:
a prosperous period when it was renowned as "Metz the Rich". Metz was then a major banking centre, an occupation first controlled by Jews and then by the
76:
in Europe. As an important city in the heart of Europe and the crossroads of different cultures, Metz has variously experienced an integration into the
1008:
973:
321:
2055:
Grier J. (2003) Ademar de
Chabannes, Carolingian Musical Practices, and Nota Romana. Journal of the American Musicological Society. 56 (1):43–98.
1274:. The dismantlement of parts of the medieval ramparts led to the extension of the city outside of its historical urban planning and the new
1458:
lasted for several weeks and Metz was finally captured by the
Americans in November 1944, and the city reverted to France after the war.
1270:
The city kept its strategic military role and became an important German garrison town and the
Germans decided to build second and third
309:
1372:
In the hell of fire along the
Moselle and around the mighty forts of Metz you proved your courage, your resourcefulness, and your skill.
742:. During his time there he wrote his fourth book, in which he described a procession in the city with the effigy of the Graoully.
1004:
653:. The present-day Saint-Louis square used to be a site for money changers and trade fairs under its vaulted gallery and arches.
198:
of 23 km (14.29 mi) and 118 arches, extending from Gorze to Metz, was constructed in the 2nd century AD to supply the
2613:
2065:
2538:
2516:
2448:
2429:
2387:
2368:
2314:
2217:
2197:
2178:
2143:
2043:
1990:
1917:
1883:
1781:
1761:
1711:
1627:
980:
in 1755 for the embellishment of the town square and the construction of the city hall, the parliament, and lodgings for the
394:
851:
into the hands of the Kings of France. The population of the city peacefully accepted the conditions of the treaty. Emperor
1853:
1150:
The
Germans' Gate from the 13th century. It played an important defensive role during the siege of the city in 1552–1553.
1533:
924:
were sent to enforce the king's authority in the city, ultimately putting an end to the Republic of Metz in 1634. The
2406:
2242:
2024:
2007:
1838:
1677:
1650:
1605:
1509:
716:
715:
and the Holy Roman Empire, the rulers of Metz wanted to evade the obligation of imperial taxes and attendance at the
569:
260:
while marching on their way to Italy stopped at Divodurum and inexplicably massacred almost 4000 innocent civilians.
1107:
1055:
953:
2095:
1833:
Collectif (2006) L'aqueduc antique de Gorze à Metz. Moselle 119. Coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine. Eds. Serpenoise.
17:
291:, the Graoully. The legend states that the Graoully, along with countless other snakes, inhabited the local Roman
787:
754:
Engraving of the Palace of the Thirteens around 1610. The edifice was the seat of the Metz republic parliament.
700:
669:
2401:
Gandebeuf J. (1996) Le silence rompu : la Moselle racontée aux Français de l'intérieur. Eds. Serpenoise.
1446:
died in Metz's railway station while on a train in transit to Germany. In 1944, the attack on the city by the
1223:
852:
1263:
1074:
troops. The French Revolution also brought hardship, and a guillotine for executions was erected during the
589:
856:
693:
896:
365:, the town retained their goodwill as it had long been a base of their family and their primal ancestors;
287:
Clement of Metz, like many other saints, is the hero of a legend in which he is the vanquisher of a local
521:
1528:
during his visit to Metz in 1988 and pleaded in his speech for the European unity in the context of the
1207:
1163:
977:
2593:
2573:
1985:
Mc Kitterick (2008) Charlemagne: the formation of a European identity. Ed. Cambridge University Press.
1447:
1303:
1279:
1243:
1042:
and in favour of the education of underprivileged people and religious tolerance. With creation of the
1016:
2118:
Histoire de la ville de Metz: depuis l'établissement de la république jusqu'a la révolution française.
1258:. The German-annexed bulk of the former DĂ©partement Moselle and the two arrondissements of the former
1234:
in opposition to the felony of General Bazaine negotiating with and surrendering Metz to the Germans.
696:. As a result of its continuing independence, Metz came to be called "The Maid" and "The Unviolated".
604:, which sharply limited the influence of the bishops on the city. While the bishops left the city for
194:), and rich thanks to its wine exports. The city had one of the largest amphitheatres in Gaul, and an
1969:
1063:
418:
1414:
of the Imperial District of Metz, but local people largely rejected the German occupation. Multiple
995:
During the course of the 18th century, the population of the city embraced the ideas carried by the
766:
The Saint-Louis square with its vaulted gallery and arches was the site for money changers and the
2608:
2463:
1501:
1275:
1211:
453:
1365:
Troops of US 5th Infantry Division conducting a house-to-house search in Metz on 19 November 1944.
1298:. In parallel, the district should be a symbol of dynamism of a new modern city accommodating the
1051:
1973:
1945:
1047:
517:
492:
374:
273:
2555:
559:
The basilica and former monastic church of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains has been the cradle of the
150:
tribe was ruler of the city from 450 BC until the Roman conquest, making the town its principal
2443:
Przybylski S. (2009) La Campagne de Lorraine de 1944, Panther contre Sherman. Eds. Serpenoise.
2363:
Przybylski S. (2007) Les champs de batailles de 1870, sentiers de decouverte. Eds. Serpenoise.
1521:
1322:
1271:
1215:
1028:
1024:
885:
Each one of the fortified towns of Your Majesty protects one province, Metz protects the State.
860:
434:
410:
362:
45:, has a recorded history dating back over 2,000 years. During this time, it was successively a
1505:
2488:"INA Archive (1944) Ils n'auront plus l'Alsace et la Lorraine. Prod. France Libre Actualités"
1135:
1043:
957:
904:
685:
665:
457:
269:
100:
38:
1346:
2038:
Chazan R. (1996) European Jewry and the First Crusade. Ed. University of California Press.
1537:
1474:
1427:
1350:
1219:
1197:
1111:
1095:
996:
35:
735:
8:
2019:
McKitterick R. (1983) The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians. Ed. Longman, London.
1961:
1203:
1189:
1059:
925:
840:
739:
708:
657:
633:
468:
358:
65:
2533:
Roth F. (2012) Histoire politique de la Lorraine, de 1900 Ă nos jours. Eds. Serpenoise.
1342:
1313:(present-day Northeast France defense headquarters) during his frequent visits to Metz.
1034:
were decorated by the National Academy of Metz in 1784 and 1787 respectively, for their
932:
Metz as part the Kingdom of France in 1648, and the city was selected as capital of the
123:
City scape of Divodurum Mediomatricum, ancestor of present-day Metz, ca. 2nd century AD.
1957:
1941:
1287:
1259:
1071:
1039:
844:
836:
826:
731:
656:
The Republic of Metz often had to fight for its freedom: in 1324, against the Dukes of
601:
525:
501:
182:, at the junction of several military roads, Metz became one of the principal towns of
2382:
Roth F. (2011) La Lorraine Annexée - version 2011, nouvelle édition. Eds. Serpenoise.
1953:
1645:
Settipani C. (1989) Les ancêtres de Charlemagne. Ed. Société atlantique d'impression.
1330:
976:
initiated the modernization of the centre of Metz. Belle-Isle awarded royal architect
202:
with water. Remains of the aqueduct may still be seen today, notably in the cities of
2534:
2512:
2444:
2425:
2402:
2383:
2364:
2310:
2238:
2213:
2193:
2174:
2139:
2039:
2020:
2003:
2002:
Nelson J.L. (1992) Charles the bald. The Medieval World Series. Ed. Longman, London.
1986:
1937:
1913:
1879:
1834:
1777:
1757:
1707:
1673:
1646:
1623:
1601:
1517:
1470:
1467:
1415:
1334:
1020:
1000:
945:
712:
689:
673:
476:
461:
445:
195:
96:
1181:
1031:
2069:
1878:
Di Rocco A. (2009) Année 451 : la bataille qui sauva l'Occident. Eds. Thélès.
1622:
Huguenin A. (2011) Histoire du royaume mérovingien d'Austrasie. Eds. des Paraiges.
1557:
1451:
1431:
1395:
1391:
1379:
1166:, who redesigned and modernized the centre of Metz in the context of Enlightenment.
969:
933:
724:
509:
449:
430:
406:
370:
296:
241:
218:
85:
81:
677:
2563:
2349:
Exposition universelle de 1861: agriculture, industrie, horticulture, beaux-arts.
2173:
Vigneron B. (2010) Le dernier siècle de la république de Metz. Eds. du Panthéon.
1545:
1439:
1326:
1295:
1283:
1251:
1206:
of 1870–1871, Metz was the headquarters of the army under the command of General
1115:
1099:
1075:
1067:
989:
941:
937:
908:
767:
704:
650:
609:
576:
560:
496:
386:
221:
211:
207:
203:
132:
88:
69:
516:
to show the shape of a remembered melody. Also, Metz was an important centre of
1857:
1525:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1455:
1338:
1230:, who participated to the defense of Metz during the siege, joined up with the
791:
783:
720:
681:
605:
452:, gradually known as Lorraine, until the 11th century. During this period, the
366:
327:
2587:
1600:
Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve.
2602:
1513:
1497:
1423:
1411:
1247:
1231:
864:
472:
390:
163:
104:
92:
1407:
1310:
1227:
981:
441:
426:
422:
292:
167:
147:
119:
108:
77:
2511:
Denis P. (2008) La Libération de la Lorraine, 1940–1945. Eds. Serpenoise.
985:
1949:
1898:
Gibbon E (1788) History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 4:35
1541:
1466:
During the 1950s, Metz was chosen to be the capital of the newly created
1443:
1419:
1399:
1299:
661:
541:
480:
378:
350:
277:
159:
127:
57:
53:
1806:"INRAP official website, Excavation of the amphitheatre quarter in Metz"
1418:
cells were active during this period in the region of Metz, such as the
1278:
was created. The urban architects, under the direct guidance of Emperor
1106:
France, but the Allies were unable to take the city defended by General
664:
that saw an early use of cannons, as well as against Archbishop-Elector
624:
524:, producing some monuments of Carolingian book illumination such as the
210:, and the vestiges of the thermae can be visited in the basement of the
1493:
1490:
346:
155:
73:
31:
812:
804:
672:; in 1363 and 1365, against the English brigands under the command of
594:
Beginning of the Republic of Metz. Election of the first Head-Alderman
1403:
917:
820:
544:
505:
414:
354:
257:
61:
1756:
Bour R. (2007) Histoire de Metz, nouvelle Ă©dition. Eds. Serpenoise.
1576:
723:, a rift exacerbated by the religious and political troubles of the
448:, granting semi-independent status. In 959, Metz was the capital of
1529:
1103:
641:
613:
421:, Lotharingia and its capital was disputed between the kingdoms of
300:
225:
2589:
Celebrations in Metz After its Return to French Control, 1918-1919
2291:
Essai sur la régénération physique, morale et politique des Juifs.
1776:
Collectif (2011) Archéologie et usages du verre. Eds. Serpenoise.
381:
considered making Metz his imperial capital, but eventually chose
2192:
Brasme P. (2011) Quand Metz reçoit la France. Eds. des Paraiges.
1406:
named Westmark. As a symbol of the German annexation, Chancellor
949:
921:
640:
The Republic of Metz was organized around three legislature: the
199:
187:
166:
in 52 BC, Metz came under Roman rule and was integrated into the
151:
49:
871:(German Gate), which played a crucial defensive role during the
1965:
1349:
on the Esplanade garden. The city returned to France under the
1307:
1291:
1255:
876:
645:
382:
288:
245:
237:
229:
154:. The city became an important centre of trading for metal and
42:
2424:
Berrar J.C. (2009) Metz, retour Ă le France. Eds. Serpenoise.
547:
kingdom (darkest green), Metz was its capital from 511 to 751.
240:
in 451. One of the last Roman strongholds to surrender to the
232:
started during the 3rd century AD. The city was sacked by the
2464:"INA Archive (1945) Eisenhower before Metz, United Newsreels"
1933:
1454:
faced heavy resistance from the defending German forces. The
1361:
1035:
872:
513:
191:
46:
2092:"Official Metz library website, Book of Hours of John of Vy"
1015:, in the present-day courthouse, and decided to support the
948:. Metz was now a strategic fortified town of France, with a
400:
629:
281:
233:
183:
144:
136:
27:
2233:
Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe".
1426:
groups, whose activities included collecting arms for the
340:
135:
fighting the Graoully dragon in the Roman amphitheater of
2561:
1434:, helping prisoners and resisters, and sabotage. Several
1382:, commander of the 95th Infantry Division to his troops,
1356:
799:
479:
the sizeable Jewish community of the city to convert to
1078:
on the forecourt of the opera house, known then as the
2261:
Ed. Presses Universitaires de Nancy. ASIN: B003NENPNE
2066:"Official Metz library website, medieval book webpage"
1254:
administered directly by the imperial government from
1176:
1013:
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
988:'s palace and an opera house, and in 1760 created the
875:, is still visible today, and bullet impacts from the
1461:
1226:
near the present-day France's square. French officer
786:
started in 1220. It is the cathedral of the Catholic
738:
came to Metz after being condemned for heresy by the
2161:(translation). Eds. River, Charles. ASIN: B005MHH8L0
1329:, the French army entered Metz in November 1918 and
1316:
1302:. The district encompassed the residence of Emperor
879:
used during the assaults can be seen on its facade.
1262:also seized to Germany were merged into the German
719:. The Free Imperial City became estranged from the
1795:Julius Caesar (40BC) Commentarii de Bello Gallico.
1089:
1854:"Official website of the Golden Courtyard Museum"
1246:of 1871, Metz was annexed into the newly created
491:Metz was an important cultural centre during the
315:Remains of the Roman aqueduct from Gorze to Metz.
2600:
1664:
1662:
1577:"Official website of the prefecture of Lorraine"
2562:P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht, ed. (1913). "Metz".
1641:
1639:
1512:after defeating the internal opposition led by
1398:, the city was annexed once more by the German
1500:, the seventh national congress of the French
1171:
1009:Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec
2212:Chaunu P. (2000) Charles Quint. Eds. Fayard.
1659:
2529:
2527:
2169:
2167:
1636:
825:Ending of the Republic of Metz. Entrance of
460:gained their independence from the Dukes of
2034:
2032:
1618:
1616:
1596:
1594:
467:In 1096, Metz was one of the scenes of the
349:, Metz was frequently the residence of the
1829:
1827:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1704:Les institutions de la RĂ©publique messine.
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
984:. He brought about the development of the
486:
2524:
2420:
2418:
2235:The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People
2164:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1237:
916:the Bishops came back to Metz. Later, an
483:, killing 22 people who refused baptism.
456:increased their political influence. The
401:The capital of the kingdom of Lotharingia
72:, and one of the oldest republics of the
2259:Figures de la RĂ©volution et de l'Empire.
2131:
2129:
2029:
1613:
1591:
1410:celebrated Christmas 1940 at the former
1360:
1180:
1134:City scape of the Metz citadel built by
895:
819:
811:
803:
623:
588:
475:. A group of crusaders entered Metz and
335:
126:
118:
2232:
1907:
1846:
1824:
1685:
1532:. In 2010, Metz opened a branch of the
1504:, during which future French President
584:
409:in 843, Metz became the capital of the
341:The capital of the kingdom of Austrasia
14:
2601:
2415:
1719:
1357:Second German annexation: World War II
1186:Surprise attack on the suburbs of Metz
800:Integration into the kingdom of France
619:
272:is believed to be the first bishop of
2159:The Golden Bull of 1356 by Charles IV
2126:
1976:were also venerated as dragon-slayers
1944:, is also depicted slaying a dragon;
1485:, Metz became a central place of the
1252:Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine
901:View of Metz from the Bellecroix hill
395:Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains
2556:Timeline of Metz § Bibliography
1544:and inaugurated by French President
1534:French National Museum of Modern Art
1510:French presidential election of 1981
1496:. In 1979, the city was home to the
1177:The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
1102:during the campaign of 1814 against
963:
600:In 1189, Metz rose to the status of
251:
244:, Metz passed into the hands of the
2275:Discours sur les peines infamantes.
2257:Loiseau R. and Rothiot J.P. (1992)
2157:River C. and Henderson E.F. (2011)
1114:, Metz hosted the fourth universal
972:of the city between 1736 and 1761,
508:system, and invented an innovative
417:. After the death of his son, King
303:, represented by a harmful dragon.
263:
24:
2549:
2137:Histoire de Metz. Eds. Serpenoise.
1508:won the nominating process of the
1462:Post-war period to the present day
1438:were detained and tortured in the
1110:and his army. In 1861, during the
248:about the end of the 5th century.
114:
25:
2625:
2581:
2277:Ed. Leroux Ernest, Paris (1910).
1908:Tacitus, Publius (25 June 2009).
1540:, designed by Japanese architect
1317:Interwar period: Return to France
1050:, Metz became the capital of the
829:, King of France on 18 April 1552
1155:
1143:
1127:
775:
759:
747:
568:
552:
533:
320:
308:
2505:
2480:
2456:
2437:
2395:
2376:
2357:
2341:
2333:Exposition universelle de 1861.
2329:Metz expos. universelle de 1861
2322:
2299:
2283:
2267:
2251:
2226:
2206:
2186:
2151:
2110:
2084:
2058:
2049:
2013:
1996:
1979:
1926:
1901:
1892:
1872:
1798:
1090:First and Second French Empires
992:of Metz, which still operates.
782:The construction of the Gothic
173:
2570:Meyer's Atlas of German Cities
1789:
1770:
1569:
1108:Pierre François Joseph Durutte
1056:François Christophe Kellermann
863:, and Metz remained French. A
13:
1:
2614:Histories of cities in France
1670:L'art du chantre carolingien.
1563:
1450:under the command of General
1082:(Equality Square), today the
903:, during the 17th century by
464:, making Metz their capital.
397:in 840 and 855 respectively.
2572:] (in German). Leipzig:
2565:Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas
1481:and under the leadership of
692:; and in 1473, against Duke
440:In 910, Metz became part of
7:
2237:. Hutchinson. p. 138.
2094:(in French). Archived from
2068:(in French). Archived from
1856:(in French). Archived from
1551:
1473:. With the creation of the
1272:fortified lines around Metz
1172:The First German annexation
1122:and the Esplanade gardens.
891:— Vauban to King Louis XIV
867:from the 13th century, the
10:
2630:
2574:Bibliographisches Institut
2553:
1264:DĂ©partement de la Lorraine
1195:
1066:, notably at the decisive
1017:American Revolutionary War
907:. Oil painting, ca. 1620,
178:As a well-fortified town,
2307:Le siège de Metz de 1814.
1970:Saint Quirinus of Malmedy
1064:French Revolutionary Wars
1025:Maximilien de Robespierre
644:representing the city, a
612:organized to establish a
190:(ancestor of present-day
103:, an annexation into the
64:, the birthplace of the
2335:Eds. Oxford University.
1164:Jacques-François Blondel
978:Jacques-François Blondel
857:Italian War of 1551–1559
808:Metz in the 17th century
676:; in 1444, against Duke
444:and subsequently of the
268:According to tradition,
2273:Rosbespierre M. (1784)
1974:Saint Leonard of Noblac
1946:Saint Julian of Le Mans
1912:. Penguin. p. 42.
1526:Saint-Stephen Cathedral
1290:was directly linked to
1210:. After the battles of
1048:Estates-General of 1789
909:Golden Courtyard museum
784:Saint-Stephen Cathedral
522:Carolingian manuscripts
493:Carolingian Renaissance
487:Carolingian Renaissance
330:of Merten, Metz museum.
2331:(1861) Ville de Metz.
1668:Demollière C.J. (2004)
1375:
1366:
1341:from French President
1323:armistice with Germany
1238:A German garrison town
1193:
1120:Place de la république
912:
888:
861:Francis, Duke of Guise
832:
817:
809:
703:in 1354 and 1356 held
694:Nicholas I of Lorraine
637:
597:
411:Kingdom of Lotharingia
345:From the time of King
140:
124:
30:, the capital and the
2347:Ville de Metz (1861)
2305:Le-Coustumier (2006)
1369:
1364:
1184:
1052:Department of Moselle
899:
882:
823:
816:Fortress of Metz 1726
815:
807:
666:Baldwin von Luxemburg
627:
592:
471:occurring during the
393:, were buried in the
336:A Merovingian capital
270:Saint Clement of Metz
224:into the city by the
186:, more populous than
130:
122:
101:Industrial Revolution
2309:Eds. Nouveau Monde.
2293:Ed. Lamort, Claude.
1538:Centre Pompidou-Metz
1475:European Communities
1384:The Iron Men of Metz
1351:Treaty of Versailles
1294:via the Kanonenbahn
1288:Metz railway station
1250:, being part of the
1198:Siege of Metz (1870)
1112:Second French Empire
790:and the seat of the
660:and Lorraine in the
585:A Free Imperial City
433:was crowned king of
353:kings of Kingdom of
2289:Grégoire H. (1789)
1962:Margaret of Antioch
1506:François Mitterrand
1394:in 1940 during the
1390:However, after the
1345:and Prime Minister
1260:DĂ©partement Meurthe
1244:Treaty of Frankfurt
1204:Franco-Prussian War
1190:Franco-Prussian War
1162:Example of work of
1084:Place de la comédie
1060:Army of the Moselle
926:Peace of Westphalia
869:Porte des allemands
841:Schmalkaldic League
839:and members of the
740:University of Paris
707:in Metz, where the
634:Golden Bull of 1356
620:The Messin Republic
66:Carolingian dynasty
2098:on 14 January 2012
1958:Saint Crescentinus
1940:, first bishop of
1367:
1347:Georges Clémenceau
1194:
1080:Place de l'égalité
1040:capital punishment
974:Duke of Belle-Isle
913:
845:Treaty of Chambord
837:Henry II of France
833:
818:
810:
732:French Renaissance
638:
632:during which the
602:Free Imperial City
598:
526:Drogo Sacramentary
405:Subsequent to the
141:
131:Representation of
125:
2539:978-2-87692-881-7
2517:978-2-87692-764-3
2449:978-2-87692-820-6
2430:978-2-87692-784-1
2388:978-2-87692-866-4
2369:978-2-87692-727-8
2315:978-2-84736-483-5
2220:pp. 707–760
2218:978-2-213-60394-0
2198:979-10-90185-03-6
2179:978-2-7547-0356-7
2144:978-2-87692-364-5
2135:René Bour (1978)
2044:978-0-520-20506-2
1991:978-0-521-88672-7
1938:Saint Mercurialis
1919:978-0-140-44964-8
1886:pp. 156–158
1884:978-2-303-00228-8
1782:978-2-87692-904-3
1762:978-2-87692-728-5
1712:978-2-87692-709-4
1706:Eds. Serpenoise.
1702:Roemer F. (2007)
1672:Eds. Serpenoise.
1628:979-10-90185-00-5
1518:Pope John Paul II
1416:French Resistance
1001:French Revolution
964:French Revolution
736:François Rabelais
713:Kingdom of France
674:Arnaud de Cervole
628:Imperial Diet in
575:Depiction of the
469:massacres of Jews
450:Upper Lotharingia
446:Holy Roman Empire
413:ruled by Emperor
385:. His sons, King
276:. He was sent by
252:Massacre of 69 AD
97:French Revolution
62:Austrasia kingdom
16:(Redirected from
2621:
2590:
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2544:
2543:
2531:
2522:
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2500:
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2210:
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2203:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2116:Worms J. (1849)
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2046:pp. 167–171
2036:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1808:. Archived from
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1754:
1717:
1716:
1700:
1683:
1682:
1666:
1657:
1656:
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1634:
1633:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1558:Timeline of Metz
1452:George S. Patton
1396:Second World War
1392:Battle of France
1386:
1380:Harry L. Twaddle
1343:Raymond Poincaré
1276:Imperial Quarter
1159:
1147:
1131:
1094:Later, Metz was
990:National Academy
934:Three Bishoprics
892:
847:and Metz passed
779:
763:
751:
725:Schmalkaldic War
572:
556:
537:
510:musical notation
502:Saint-Chrodegang
431:Charles the Bald
407:Treaty of Verdun
324:
312:
264:Christianization
212:Golden Courtyard
160:conquest of Gaul
82:christianization
80:, the period of
21:
18:Republic of Metz
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2609:History of Metz
2599:
2598:
2588:
2584:
2558:
2552:
2550:Further reading
2547:
2541:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2506:
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2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
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2462:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2409:pp. 45–79
2400:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2351:Eds. Blanc, F.
2346:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2278:
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2256:
2252:
2245:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2200:pp. 17–34
2191:
2187:
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2146:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2072:on 21 June 2012
2064:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2037:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1954:Saint Bienheuré
1931:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1860:on 16 June 2012
1852:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1812:on 23 July 2013
1804:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1764:pp. 28–69
1755:
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1714:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1644:
1637:
1631:
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1614:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1554:
1546:Nicolas Sarkozy
1502:Socialist Party
1477:and the latter
1464:
1448:U.S. Third Army
1440:Fort of Queuleu
1430:, distributing
1388:
1377:
1359:
1331:Philippe PĂ©tain
1327:First World War
1319:
1296:Cannons Railway
1284:Schlieffen plan
1240:
1200:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1100:Sixth Coalition
1092:
1076:Reign of Terror
1068:Battle of Valmy
1019:. Also, future
966:
960:being erected.
894:
890:
802:
795:
788:Diocese of Metz
780:
771:
764:
755:
752:
721:Imperial States
622:
587:
580:
577:pogroms of 1096
573:
564:
561:Gregorian chant
557:
548:
538:
497:Gregorian chant
489:
454:Bishops of Metz
403:
387:Louis the Pious
375:bishops of Metz
363:Frankish throne
361:acceded to the
343:
338:
331:
325:
316:
313:
266:
254:
242:Germanic tribes
208:Ars-sur-Moselle
204:Jouy-aux-Arches
176:
117:
115:Ancient history
70:Gregorian chant
60:capital of the
52:, an important
23:
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12:
11:
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2627:
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2596:
2583:
2582:External links
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1487:Greater Region
1483:Robert Schuman
1479:European Union
1463:
1460:
1456:Battle of Metz
1368:
1358:
1355:
1321:Following the
1318:
1315:
1306:in the former
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1224:Imperial Guard
1196:Main article:
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835:In 1552, King
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792:Bishop of Metz
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2096:the original
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2070:the original
2060:
2051:
2015:
1998:
1981:
1928:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1848:
1816:16 September
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1800:
1791:
1772:
1703:
1669:
1630:pp. 134,275
1581:. Retrieved
1571:
1520:delivered a
1465:
1442:in Metz and
1435:
1408:Adolf Hitler
1389:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1320:
1311:Headquarters
1269:
1241:
1228:Louis Rossel
1216:Mars-la-Tour
1201:
1185:
1136:Cormontaigne
1119:
1116:world's fair
1093:
1083:
1079:
1070:against the
1029:abolitionist
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958:Cormontaigne
929:
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834:
824:
729:
698:
655:
639:
599:
593:
518:illumination
490:
466:
442:East Francia
439:
427:West Francia
423:East Francia
404:
367:Saint Arnuff
359:Carolingians
357:. When the
344:
293:amphitheater
286:
267:
255:
222:depredations
216:
179:
177:
174:Roman Empire
168:Roman Empire
148:Mediomatrici
142:
109:World War II
89:depredations
78:Roman Empire
26:
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2120:Ed. Alcan.
1950:Saint Veran
1888:(in French)
1842:(in French)
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1766:(in French)
1715:(in French)
1681:(in French)
1655:(in French)
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1609:(in French)
1579:(in French)
1542:Shigeru Ban
1444:Jean Moulin
1400:Third Reich
1325:ending the
1300:upper class
1202:During the
1062:during the
1044:departments
1003:. In 1775,
928:recognized
843:signed the
709:Golden Bull
686:Charles VII
662:War of Metz
636:was issued.
542:Merovingian
540:Map of the
481:Catholicism
435:Lotharingia
389:and Bishop
379:Charlemagne
351:Merovingian
278:Saint Peter
158:. With the
58:Merovingian
54:Gallo-Roman
2603:Categories
2554:See also:
1564:References
1494:Euroregion
1491:SaarLorLux
1436:resistants
1428:Liberation
1378:— General
1304:Wilhelm II
1280:Wilhelm II
1242:Under the
1220:Gravelotte
1104:Napoleonic
1054:. General
999:and later
970:benefactor
701:Charles IV
658:Luxembourg
429:. In 869,
419:Lothair II
347:Sigibert I
217:The first
156:terracotta
74:common era
56:city, the
39:department
32:prefecture
1516:. Later,
1404:Reichsgau
1353:in 1919.
1286:. So the
1005:Lafayette
918:Intendant
853:Charles V
730:In 1546,
684:and King
610:burgesses
545:Austrasia
506:octoechos
437:in Metz.
415:Lothair I
373:had been
355:Austrasia
258:Vitellius
219:barbarian
180:Divodurum
86:barbarian
1964:, Saint
1960:, Saint
1552:See also
1530:Cold War
1489:and the
1468:Lorraine
1422:and the
1212:Colombey
1096:besieged
1072:Prussian
849:de facto
827:Henri II
768:Lombards
699:Emperor
651:Lombards
614:republic
579:in Metz.
512:, using
462:Lorraine
371:Chlodulf
301:paganism
226:Alemanni
214:museum.
196:aqueduct
2594:YouTube
2491:(VIDEO)
2467:(VIDEO)
1864:29 June
1524:in the
1412:bergamt
1402:into a
1335:marshal
1208:Bazaine
1118:in the
1098:by the
1046:by the
1023:leader
950:citadel
930:de jure
922:Bailiff
877:muskets
734:writer
200:thermae
188:Lutetia
152:oppidum
50:oppidum
36:Moselle
34:of the
2537:
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2497:4 July
2472:4 July
2447:
2428:
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2241:
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2102:1 July
2076:1 July
2042:
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2006:
1989:
1972:, and
1966:Martha
1916:
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1837:
1780:
1760:
1710:
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1583:6 July
1536:, the
1471:region
1432:flyers
1424:Derhan
1308:Kaiser
1292:Berlin
1256:Berlin
1218:, and
1036:essays
1011:, and
954:Vauban
946:Verdun
920:and a
690:France
646:comity
608:, the
514:neumes
477:forced
383:Aachen
297:Seille
289:dragon
246:Franks
238:Attila
230:Franks
145:Celtic
107:, and
99:, the
95:, the
84:, the
47:Celtic
43:France
2568:[
1993:p. 23
1942:Forlì
1934:Italy
1420:Mario
1339:baton
982:guard
873:siege
705:diets
682:Anjou
670:Trier
192:Paris
2535:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2499:2011
2474:2011
2445:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2104:2012
2078:2012
2040:ISBN
2021:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1866:2012
1835:ISBN
1818:2009
1778:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1585:2012
1522:Mass
1027:and
1007:met
956:and
944:and
942:Toul
938:Metz
678:René
630:Metz
425:and
369:and
282:Metz
274:Metz
234:Huns
228:and
206:and
184:Gaul
143:The
137:Metz
28:Metz
2592:on
1932:In
1337:'s
1038:on
968:As
952:by
936:of
688:of
680:of
668:of
520:of
280:to
236:of
162:by
41:in
2605::
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2166:^
2128:^
2031:^
1968:,
1956:,
1952:,
1948:,
1936:,
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1548:.
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940:,
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770:.
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563:.
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20:)
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