471:
667:
52:
2093:
40:
779:
1091:
242:
799:
608:
986:
291:
1849:
896:
565:, sometimes very soon after their death. A great number of locally venerated Gallo-Roman and Merovingian saints arose from 400 to 750. The identification of the diocesan administration with the secular community, which took place during the 5th century in Italy, can best be traced in the Gallo-Roman culture of Gaul in the career of
547:. Christians experienced loyalties that were divided between the bishop and the civil prefect, who operated largely in harmony within the late-imperial administration. Some of the communities had origins that predated the 3rd-century persecutions. The personal charisma of the bishop set the tone, as 5th-century allegiances for
560:
interlopers. Other bishops drew the faithful to radical asceticism. Bishops often took on the duties of civil administrators after the contraction of the Roman imperial administration during the barbarian invasions of the 5th century by helping fund building projects and even acting as arbiters of
551:
and
Christians switched from institutions to individuals. Most Gallo-Roman bishops were drawn from the highest levels of society as appropriate non-military civil roads to advancement dwindled, and they represented themselves as bulwarks of high literary standards and Roman traditions against the
1613:
Le déclin du
Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période
810:
Roman culture introduced a new phase of anthropomorphized sculpture to the
Gaulish community, synthesized with Celtic traditions of refined metalworking, a rich body of urbane Gallo-Roman silver developed, which the upheavals of the 3rd and the 5th centuries motivated hiding away in
815:, which have protected some pieces of Gallo-Roman silver, from villas and temple sites, from the universal destruction of precious metalwork in circulation. The exhibition of Gallo-Roman silver highlighted specifically Gallo-Roman silver from the treasures found at
917:, built round a garden courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded peristyle enriched with bold tectonic frescoing, has been handsomely protected in a modern glass-and-steel structure that is a fine example of archaeological museum-making (see external link).
265:, which preserved, broadly speaking, the boundaries of the formerly-independent Gaulish tribes, which had been organised in large part on village structures, which retained some features in the Roman civic formulas that overlaid them.
729:
languages may be seen in graffiti showing sound changes that matched changes that had occurred earlier in the indigenous languages, especially
Gaulish. The Vulgar Latin in the North of Gaul evolved into the
1084:
943:
in 48, in which he requests the right for the heads of the Gallic nations to participate in Roman magistracy. The request having been accepted, the Gauls decided to engrave the imperial speech on bronze.
686:
is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable
Romanization of the local material culture. The last record of spoken Gaulish deemed to be plausibly credible was when
120:
offered a double loyalty, as
Western Roman authority disintegrated at Rome. The plight of the highly-Romanized governing class is examined by R.W. Mathisen, the struggles of bishop
935:. Visitors are offered a clear picture of the daily life, economic conditions, institutions, beliefs, monuments and artistic achievements of the first four centuries of the
2749:
1992:
3169:
2649:
458:, came to play a prominent role in public religion in Gaul, most dramatically at the pan-Gaulish ceremony venerating Rome and Augustus at the Condate Altar, near
3139:
1614:
gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.
116:
began in the late 3rd century and forced upon Gallo-Roman culture fundamental changes in politics, economic underpinning and military organization. The
3222:
852:
3247:
959:
displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman finds and the vestiges of Gallo-Roman baths, revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s.
3502:
2684:
1700:
2679:
1766:
543:
In the 5th and the 6th centuries, Gallo-Roman
Christian communities still consisted of independent churches in urban sites, each governed by a
261:, and divided between two dioceses, Galliae and Viennensis, under the Praetorian prefecture of Galliae. On the local level, it was composed of
30:
This article is about the culture of
Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the third century, see
3154:
3144:
1707:(Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies). Postdam University Press. p. 106.
3280:
3232:
3204:
3179:
3159:
2916:
2778:
2599:
823:(Saône et Loire), Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt (Pas de Calais), Notre-Dame d'Allençon (Maine-et-Loire) and Rethel (Ardennes, found in 1980).
3242:
3189:
3124:
2349:
312:
around his neck, he also wields a Celtic-style shield although the proportions of the body and the overall realism are more in line with
173:, which formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and the east, and in the northwest to the lower valley of the
3114:
3031:
2739:
2107:
257:
Gaul was divided by Roman administration into three provinces, which were subdivided during the later 3rd-century reorganization under
2629:
2619:
2122:
1997:
3119:
2604:
2369:
2029:
1515:
M. Heinzelmann, "The 'affair' of Hilary of Arles (445) and Gallo-Roman identity in the fifth century" in
Drinkwater and Elton 2002.
352:
although it was just one set of many usurpers who took over parts of the Roman Empire and tried to become emperor. The capital was
1913:
2521:
2266:
1562:. Later local traditions inserted locally venerated bishops into this group, to establish parity with the seven churches of Gaul.
1885:
1824:
Exhibition "Trésors d'orfevrerie Gallo-Romaine", Musée de la
Civilisation Gallo-Romaine, Lyons, reviewed by Catherine Johns in
1632:
And coming to Clermont he set on fire, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which they call Vasso Galatæ in the Gallic tongue.
3257:
2058:
1712:
1606:
1397:
1024:
1815:.8 (February 1934:74–84) noted the esthetic mediocrity of early Gallo-Roman sculpture in representations of Gaulish deities.
974:, a modern museum of art and sculpture shares space with Gallo-Roman Museum centered on the foundations of a Celtic temple.
721:
in the region of Gallia took on a distinctly local character, some of which is attested in graffiti, which evolved into the
1892:
1866:
85:
gives historians a model against which to compare and contrast parallel developments of Romanization in other less-studied
1980:
561:
justice in the local community. Miracles attributed to both kinds of bishops, as well as holy men and women, attracted
1955:
1932:
1899:
1750:
1582:
1434:
1340:
1262:
3507:
1630:
Veniens vero Arvernos, delubrum illud, quod Gallica lingua Vasso Galatæ vocant, incendit, diruit, atque subvertit.
655:, but that is disputed. During the late empire, there was some settlement in Gaul by tribes speaking Germanic or
2092:
1881:
1870:
1292:
1070:
155:
culture instead. Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the
700:
in the Gallic tongue" was destroyed and burnt to the ground. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the
356:, which was used as the northern capital of the Roman Empire by many emperors. The Gallic Empire ended when
3497:
2022:
1544:
1287:
445:
202:
3512:
1465:
1461:
1172:
1042:
640:
602:
329:
17:
783:
1324:
1161:
924:
912:
666:
470:
336:
raids during a civil war. In reaction to local problems, the Gallo-Romans appointed their own emperor,
226:
1540:
169:
largely inherited the status quo in 418. The Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the
3149:
971:
656:
1359:" and "resistance", especially as viewed, under the increased influence of archaeology, through the
1037:
751:
566:
391:
222:
190:
3434:
3409:
2015:
1906:
1859:
1426:
1356:
1272:
1202:
726:
619:
Before the Roman incursion, most of Gaul spoke Celtic dialects that are now considered to be the
612:
586:
273:
66:
1529:
1556:
1267:
747:
230:
186:
51:
2669:
2069:
1413:
Oaks, L. S. (1986). "The Goddess Epona: Concepts of Sovereignty in a Changing Landscape". In
1227:
1151:
963:
1363:
of patterns of everyday consumption, as in Woolf 1998:169–205, who emphasised the finds at
1252:
1207:
525:
395:
394:
counterparts, many of which were of strictly local significance. Assimilation was eased by
373:
93:
939:. The "Claudius Tablet" in the Museum transcribes a speech given before the Senate by the
8:
3439:
2052:
1785:
1237:
1157:
1080:
632:
594:
570:
407:
250:
152:
731:
508:
sent seven missionaries to re-establish the broken and scattered Christian communities:
2591:
1760:
1485:
1477:
1452:
675:
652:
513:
128:
117:
56:
2156:
39:
2411:
2150:
2146:
1976:
1951:
1746:
1708:
1687:
Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania
1602:
1578:
1489:
1430:
1393:
1336:
1190:
1075:
816:
778:
509:
482:
269:
214:
127:
Into the 7th century, Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of
1504:
Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition
1090:
820:
803:
714:, the word for "yes"), sound changes, and influences in conjugation and word order.
3214:
3106:
2387:
2161:
1738:
1469:
1389:
1360:
1328:
940:
928:
787:
743:
739:
735:
687:
683:
671:
620:
590:
537:
517:
497:
422:
387:
268:
Over the course of the Roman period, an ever-increasing proportion of Gauls gained
241:
218:
206:
194:
182:
170:
144:
113:
98:
1056:
2526:
1781:
1314:
1257:
956:
798:
636:
562:
198:
181:
and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals,
121:
86:
643:
with some Greek-speaking colonies on the Mediterranean coast, notably including
3174:
2654:
2491:
2406:
2336:
2188:
1242:
1061:
864:
383:
246:
210:
136:
831:
The two most Romanized of the three Gauls were bound together in a network of
3491:
3394:
2788:
2576:
1742:
1332:
1121:
936:
856:
722:
529:
490:
341:
313:
300:
285:
78:
31:
177:, where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like
3399:
3367:
3199:
2714:
2634:
2426:
2261:
2063:
1968:
1733:
Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul".
1674:
Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii
1414:
1377:
1282:
1232:
1185:
1168:
1016:
985:
718:
701:
598:
505:
74:
1526:
The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities.
989:
Cityscape of Gallo-Roman Divodurum Mediomatricum, ancestor of present-day
908:
725:
dialects which include French and its closest relatives. The influence of
704:
dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and
607:
378:
The pre-Christian religious practices of Roman Gaul were characterized by
290:
140:
3305:
2639:
2481:
2401:
2383:
2321:
2301:
2075:
1571:
1450:
Gilliard, Frank D. (October 1979). "The Senators of Sixth-Century Gaul".
1217:
848:
836:
832:
533:
478:
474:
221:. However, other definitions are far broader, variously encompassing the
162:
157:
147:. The formerly-Romanized northern Gaul, once it had been occupied by the
1364:
500:
recorded the tradition that after the persecution under the co-emperors
406:. Otherwise, a Roman god might be paired with a native goddess, as with
3449:
3362:
3285:
2996:
2866:
2856:
2836:
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2826:
2806:
2796:
2772:
2729:
2709:
2609:
2581:
2496:
2431:
2395:
2391:
2344:
2326:
2306:
2221:
2081:
1481:
1421:. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monographs. Vol. 8.
1382:
Gallo-Roman Bronzes and the Process of Romanization: The Cobannus Hoard
1277:
1221:
1006:
399:
379:
361:
321:
258:
165:
system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the
3464:
3357:
3315:
3290:
3270:
3227:
3129:
3096:
3091:
3056:
3046:
3001:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2941:
2926:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2816:
2768:
2724:
2659:
2551:
2536:
2456:
2451:
2241:
2236:
2216:
2206:
2171:
1320:
1002:
755:
317:
305:
166:
132:
2002:
1848:
1473:
81:
in a uniquely Gaulish context. The well-studied meld of cultures in
3444:
3414:
3404:
3339:
3334:
3323:
3310:
3300:
3237:
3164:
3134:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3026:
3016:
2971:
2931:
2861:
2841:
2821:
2801:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2719:
2614:
2566:
2546:
2501:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2446:
2421:
2364:
2251:
2246:
2226:
2211:
2201:
1247:
1212:
1136:
1126:
1095:
1066:
1047:
932:
900:
872:
868:
860:
844:
691:
644:
548:
521:
459:
455:
411:
357:
345:
337:
333:
102:
1140:
1052:
895:
840:
3424:
3349:
3319:
3265:
3194:
3081:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3011:
2991:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2921:
2851:
2689:
2674:
2624:
2571:
2556:
2541:
2531:
2511:
2506:
2486:
2461:
2416:
2379:
2374:
2359:
2316:
2311:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2231:
2196:
2142:
2137:
2132:
1146:
1111:
1028:
648:
628:
624:
430:
426:
403:
1528:
Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.
1311:
For a recent survey on the Romanization of Gaulish culture, see
782:
The "Endymion sarcophagus", early 3rd century, found in 1806 at
77:. It was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of
3454:
3429:
3419:
3372:
3295:
3184:
3021:
3006:
2846:
2811:
2764:
2704:
2694:
2664:
2644:
2561:
2516:
2441:
2436:
2286:
2276:
1422:
1385:
1033:
967:
791:
705:
553:
544:
501:
434:
276:
extended citizenship to all free-born men in the Roman Empire.
148:
44:
1355:
Modern interpretations are revising the earlier dichotomy of "
1316:
Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul
746:
tongues. Other languages held to be Gallo-Romance include the
161:
and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural
3478:
3459:
3329:
2891:
2354:
2256:
2166:
2117:
2038:
1676:, eds., Anna Bochnakowa & Stanislan Widlak, Krakow, 1995.
1115:
1011:
998:
927:(rue Céberg), associated with the remains of the theater and
876:
812:
761:
660:
574:
557:
450:
415:
353:
295:
178:
174:
106:
70:
1672:
Henri Guiter, "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania", in
3275:
2699:
2296:
2112:
1130:
1099:
1020:
990:
952:
948:
920:
884:
880:
438:
309:
109:
penetrated Romanized cultures beyond the confines of Gaul.
82:
758:
in Gaul has peculiarities such as the occasional variant
695:
486:
2007:
738:, and the dialects in the South evolved into the modern
1643:
Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles
690:
wrote in the 6th century (c. 560–575) that a shrine in
806:, an example of synthesis between Celtic and Roman art
802:
Model reconstructing the Pillar of the Boatmen in the
425:
penetrated Gaul early on, which included the cults of
105:, but of the Celtic deities, only the horse-patroness
1735:
The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600
348:
by Postumus and his successors is usually called the
193:
counts seven languages descended from Gallo-Romance:
43:
Wall fragment with fresco of a Gallo-Roman man, from
923:, the capital of Roman Gaul, is now the site of the
418:, a native Gallic goddess was also adopted by Rome.
1873:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1657:
678:
created in the 2nd century with native Gaulish text
627:. The south-western region that would later become
414:. In at least one case, that of the equine goddess
1786:"Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H"
3489:
1808:A. N. Newell, "Gallo-Roman Religious Sculpture"
1698:
863:, where it connected to the Via Domitia, to the
890:
79:Roman culture, language, morals and way of life
1596:
1094:The Gallo-Roman museum in the amphitheatre of
639:, and parts of the coast near Marseille spoke
615:today, in the broadest definition of the term.
2023:
1601:. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7.
911:, France, a luxurious Roman villa called the
635:, which may have been the parent language of
1732:
709:
27:Romanized culture of Gaul under Roman Empire
1973:Caesar's Footprints: Journeys to Roman Gaul
1779:
1653:
1651:
1384:. Monumenta Graeca et Romana. Vol. 9.
1085:Provincial Archaeological Museum of Velzeke
670:Overview of the re-assembled tablet of the
396:interpreting indigenous gods in Roman terms
2030:
2016:
1765:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1419:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire
382:of Graeco-Roman deities with their native
1998:Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum by Jean Nouvel
1963:Fifth-Century Gaul: a crisis of identity?
1933:Learn how and when to remove this message
1728:
1726:
1724:
1648:
1592:
1590:
1449:
1089:
984:
894:
797:
777:
665:
606:
469:
289:
240:
50:
38:
3503:7th-century disestablishments in Europe
1961:Drinkwater, John, and Hugh Elton, eds.
1773:
1453:Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies
1376:
651:, there may have been some presence of
332:, from 260 to 274, Gaul was subject to
14:
3490:
504:and Gratus (250–251), the future Pope
2059:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
2011:
2003:Gallo-Roman Museum Tongeren – Belgium
1721:
1703:. In Tristram, Hildegard L.C. (ed.).
1692:
1587:
1565:
1312:
1025:Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains
1871:adding citations to reliable sources
1842:
1518:
1412:
826:
577:from 503 to 543. (Wallace-Hadrill).
1701:"Insular Celtic as a Language Area"
1662:. Paris: La Différence. p. 26.
839:(laid out in 118 BC), reached from
24:
1965:(Cambridge University Press) 2002.
1689:(Leuven, Belgium: Acco, 2006), 83.
773:
308:) with a cloak over it. Wearing a
25:
3524:
1986:
1506:(University of Texas Press) 1993.
1263:Roman villas in northwestern Gaul
1171:are still visible in France (see
2091:
1847:
1105:
279:
1858:needs additional citations for
1838:
1818:
1802:
1737:. Cambridge. pp. 279–289.
1705:The Celtic Languages in Contact
1679:
1666:
1635:
1619:
1599:Histoire de la langue française
1550:
465:
1533:
1509:
1496:
1443:
1406:
1370:
1349:
1305:
1293:Gallo-Roman enclosure of Tours
1071:Gallo-Roman Museum of Tongeren
647:. In the northeastern zone of
13:
1:
1660:Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois
875:. Via Scarponensis connected
55:Gallo-Roman figures found in
1946:Wallace-Hadrill, J.M. 1983.
1658:Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004).
1545:University of North Carolina
1288:Pillar of Yzeures-sur-Creuse
1179:
951:, once an important town of
903:, Switzerland, About 200 AD.
899:Bust of a Gallo-Roman, from
891:Sites, restorations, museums
7:
1547:. Accessed 5 November 2017.
1466:Medieval Academy of America
1462:University of Chicago Press
1196:
1173:List of Roman amphitheatres
1043:Jublains archeological site
603:Ligurian language (ancient)
580:
448:, centred primarily on the
367:
330:Crisis of the Third Century
236:
10:
3529:
1950:(Oxford University Press)
1325:Cambridge University Press
925:Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon
584:
371:
283:
227:Occitano-Romance languages
143:, and to a lesser degree,
29:
3473:
3385:
3348:
3256:
3213:
3105:
2787:
2590:
2335:
2187:
2180:
2100:
2089:
2045:
2037:
1699:Matasovic, Ranko (2007).
972:Fondation Pierre Gianadda
657:Eastern Iranian languages
298:warrior dressed in Roman
65:was a consequence of the
1993:Gallo-Roman Museum, Lyon
1743:10.1017/CBO9780511482977
1524:David Dalby, 1999/2000,
1417:; King, Anthony (eds.).
1333:10.1017/CBO9780511518614
1298:
1023:) – remains include the
980:
957:Golden Courtyard Museums
752:Rhaeto-Romance languages
462:, annually on 1 August.
223:Rhaeto-Romance languages
118:Gothic settlement of 418
97:offered Roman names for
3508:Culture of ancient Rome
1826:The Burlington Magazine
1597:Laurence Hélix (2011).
1427:Oxford University Press
1273:Romano-Germanic culture
1203:Culture of Ancient Rome
835:, which linked cities.
696:
613:Gallo-Romance languages
587:Gallo-Romance languages
274:Constitutio Antoniniana
1268:Romano-British culture
1102:
1055:– remains include the
1038:Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
1001:– remains include the
994:
970:, Switzerland, at the
904:
847:, where it joined the
807:
795:
748:Gallo-Italic languages
710:
679:
616:
494:
340:. The rule over Gaul,
325:
254:
231:Gallo-Italic languages
187:mutual intelligibility
101:such as the smith-god
73:under the rule of the
59:
48:
2070:First Transalpine War
1975:(Head of Zeus) 2017.
1882:"Gallo-Roman culture"
1645:, Maynooth, 1997, 15.
1575:The History of Basque
1228:Pillar of the Boatmen
1093:
993:(second century AD.).
988:
977:Other sites include:
898:
801:
784:Saint-Médard-d'Eyrans
781:
669:
610:
489:), late 4th century.
473:
293:
244:
151:, would develop into
54:
42:
1867:improve this article
1831:(June 1989:443–445).
1541:The Celts Themselves
1313:Woolf, Greg (1998).
1253:Venantius Fortunatus
1208:Sidonius Apollinaris
374:Gallo-Roman religion
360:decisively defeated
249:", 440–450, 4240mg.
131:that developed into
94:Interpretatio romana
3498:Gallo-Roman culture
2128:Gallo-Roman culture
2053:Battle of the Allia
1948:The Frankish Church
1464:, on behalf of the
1238:Loupian Roman villa
1158:Mediolanum Santonum
1081:Velzeke-Ruddershove
633:Aquitanian language
595:Aquitanian language
251:Hotel de la Monnaie
124:by M. Heinzelmann.
114:barbarian invasions
63:Gallo-Roman culture
3513:Roman assimilation
3410:Basel-Münsterhügel
1558:Historia Francorum
1429:. pp. 77–83.
1327:(published 2003).
1103:
995:
905:
808:
796:
680:
676:lunisolar calendar
653:Germanic languages
623:with considerable
617:
495:
326:
255:
129:Gallia Narbonensis
60:
57:Ingelheim am Rhein
49:
3485:
3484:
3381:
3380:
2412:Bituriges Vivisci
1943:
1942:
1935:
1917:
1810:Greece & Rome
1784:(25 March 2019).
1714:978-3-940793-07-2
1685:Eugeen Roegiest,
1641:Peter Schrijver,
1608:978-2-7298-6470-5
1399:978-90-04-12437-0
1365:Vesontio/Besançon
1191:Barbegal aqueduct
1076:Vaison-la-Romaine
827:Gallo-Roman sites
768:⟨H⟩
694:which "is called
483:Rignieux-le-Franc
423:mystery religions
322:Celtic depictions
270:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
3520:
2185:
2184:
2095:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1938:
1931:
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1851:
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1797:
1795:
1790:
1782:Everson, Michael
1777:
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1594:
1585:
1577:Routledge: 1997
1569:
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1554:
1548:
1539:Ashton, Kasey. "
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1390:Brill Publishers
1374:
1368:
1361:material remains
1353:
1347:
1346:
1309:
1152:Arènes de Lutèce
1149:(modern Paris):
1005:, a large Roman
941:Emperor Claudius
914:Domus of Vesunna
853:Col de Panissars
788:Gallia Aquitania
769:
765:
736:Franco-Provencal
713:
699:
688:Gregory of Tours
684:Gaulish language
672:Coligny calendar
621:Gaulish language
591:Gaulish language
498:Gregory of Tours
203:Franco-Provençal
183:Gregory of Tours
171:Silva Carbonaria
145:Gallia Aquitania
21:
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2176:
2157:La Tène culture
2096:
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2036:
1989:
1939:
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1258:Hilary of Arles
1199:
1182:
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983:
893:
829:
776:
774:Gallo-Roman art
767:
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605:
583:
563:cult veneration
532:to Limoges and
468:
398:, such as with
376:
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245:Northern Gaul "
239:
122:Hilary of Arles
99:Gaulish deities
87:Roman provinces
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28:
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2407:Bituriges Cubi
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1415:Henig, Martin
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1378:Pollini, John
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1057:Maison Carrée
1054:
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945:
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937:Christian era
934:
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926:
922:
918:
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915:
910:
902:
897:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:reached from
858:
857:Via Aquitania
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
824:
822:
818:
814:
805:
800:
793:
789:
785:
780:
771:
763:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:langues d'oïl
728:
724:
723:Gallo-Romance
720:
715:
712:
707:
703:
698:
697:Vasso Galatae
693:
689:
685:
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673:
668:
664:
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569:, bishop and
568:
564:
559:
555:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:to Toulouse,
523:
520:to Narbonne,
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
491:Louvre Museum
488:
484:
480:
476:
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463:
461:
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447:
446:imperial cult
442:
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401:
397:
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389:
385:
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365:
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359:
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351:
350:Gallic Empire
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
301:lorica hamata
297:
292:
287:
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280:Gallic Empire
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185:. Based upon
184:
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53:
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41:
37:
33:
32:Gallic Empire
19:
3475:
3400:Argentomagus
3368:Tolistobogii
3200:Vertamocorii
2750:Vertamocorii
2715:Segovellauni
2635:Budenicenses
2427:Coriosolites
2262:Mediomatrici
2127:
2072:(125–121 BC)
2064:Galatian War
2055:(ca. 387 BC)
1972:
1962:
1947:
1929:
1920:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1877:
1865:Please help
1860:verification
1857:
1839:Bibliography
1828:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1794:21 September
1792:. Retrieved
1775:
1734:
1704:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1626:Hist. Franc.
1625:
1621:
1612:
1598:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1418:
1408:
1381:
1372:
1357:Romanization
1351:
1315:
1307:
1283:Illyro-Roman
1233:Thraco-Roman
1220:, the first
1186:Pont du Gard
1150:
1083:(Belgium) –
1069:(Belgium) –
976:
961:
946:
919:
913:
906:
830:
809:
719:Vulgar Latin
716:
702:Vulgar Latin
681:
618:
599:Vulgar Latin
571:Metropolitan
542:
496:
466:Christianity
449:
443:
420:
377:
364:at Chalons.
349:
327:
324:of soldiers.
299:
267:
262:
256:
195:Gallo-Wallon
156:
126:
111:
92:
91:
75:Roman Empire
67:Romanization
62:
61:
47:, 250–275 AD
36:
3388:settlements
3306:Hercuniates
3155:Gallianates
3145:Bromanenses
2640:Camactulici
2592:Narbonensis
2482:Nitiobroges
2402:Bodiocasses
2384:Brannovices
2322:Veliocasses
2302:Silvanectes
2076:Gallic Wars
1468:: 685–697.
1218:Via Domitia
1175:for a list)
1098:in today's
849:Via Augusta
837:Via Domitia
833:Roman roads
786:, in Roman
766:instead of
708:(including
534:Austromoine
479:sarcophagus
475:Gallo-Roman
328:During the
205:(Arpitan),
191:David Dalby
158:res publica
153:Merovingian
18:Gallo-Roman
3492:Categories
3450:Magetobria
3363:Tectosages
3286:Cornacates
3281:Britolagai
3233:Lactorates
3205:Votodrones
3180:Montunates
3160:Gennanates
2997:Savincates
2917:Cosuanetes
2867:Bodiontici
2857:Benacenses
2837:Ausuciates
2832:Aneuniates
2827:Ambisontes
2807:Adunicates
2797:Acitavones
2779:Vulgientes
2773:Tectosages
2730:Tricastini
2710:Segobrigii
2610:Allobroges
2600:Agesinates
2582:Viducasses
2497:Petrocorii
2432:Durocasses
2396:Eburovices
2392:Diablintes
2345:Abrincatui
2327:Viromandui
2307:Suessiones
2222:Caeracates
2082:Roman Gaul
2078:(58–50 BC)
1893:newspapers
1502:Mathisen,
1278:Daco-Roman
1222:Roman road
1007:necropolis
631:spoke the
585:See also:
528:to Paris,
522:Saturninus
516:to Arles,
512:to Tours,
477:Christian
400:Lenus Mars
380:syncretism
362:Tetricus I
259:Diocletian
3465:Vertillum
3440:Entremont
3386:Pre-Roman
3358:Aigosages
3316:Scordisci
3291:Costoboci
3271:Arabiates
3243:Tarusates
3228:Cocosates
3215:Aquitania
3190:Subinates
3130:Arusnates
3125:Anesiates
3107:Cisalpina
3097:Vindelici
3092:Vesubiani
3057:Vediantii
3047:Triulatti
3002:Sebaginni
2987:Rucinates
2982:Quariates
2977:Nemeturii
2967:Nantuates
2942:Graioceli
2927:Eguiturii
2912:Ceutrones
2907:Caturiges
2902:Catubrini
2897:Catenates
2887:Calucones
2882:Brixentes
2877:Brigianii
2872:Brigantii
2817:Ambidravi
2769:Arecomici
2725:Tolosates
2660:Dexivates
2552:Tricasses
2537:Segusiavi
2457:Lemovices
2452:Latobrigi
2350:Ambiliati
2242:Catalauni
2237:Catuslugi
2217:Bellovaci
2207:Atrebates
2172:Vergobret
2147:Cisalpine
1923:June 2007
1761:cite book
1572:Trask, L.
1490:162653671
1321:Cambridge
1180:Aqueducts
1017:Divodurum
1003:Alyscamps
931:of Roman
909:Périgueux
819:(Aisne),
756:epigraphy
727:substrate
625:variation
567:Caesarius
514:Trophimus
342:Britannia
334:Alamannic
318:Roman art
314:Classical
306:chainmail
263:civitates
167:Visigoths
141:Orléanais
133:Occitania
3476:Part of:
3445:Gergovia
3435:Ensérune
3415:Bibracte
3405:Avaricum
3340:Varciani
3335:Taurisci
3324:Celegeri
3311:Latobici
3301:Eravisci
3238:Sotiates
3165:Insubres
3150:Cenomani
3135:Bagienni
3115:Anamares
3087:Vergunni
3077:Vennones
3072:Venostes
3067:Venisami
3062:Velaunii
3032:Suanetes
3027:Sogionti
3017:Segusini
2972:Nemaloni
2932:Gallitae
2862:Bergalei
2842:Avantici
2822:Ambilici
2802:Adanates
2760:Vocontii
2755:Verucini
2745:Tritolli
2740:Tricorii
2735:Tricores
2720:Suelteri
2650:Cenomani
2615:Anatilii
2567:Vellavii
2547:Tigurini
2502:Pictones
2477:Namnetes
2472:Mandubii
2467:Lingones
2447:Helvetii
2422:Carnutes
2388:Cenomani
2365:Andecavi
2252:Eburones
2247:Condrusi
2227:Caeroesi
2212:Atuatuci
2202:Aresaces
2162:Religion
2151:Galatian
2143:Language
2108:Ambactus
2066:(189 BC)
1248:Ausonius
1213:Syagrius
1197:See also
1160:(modern
1139:(modern
1137:Nemausus
1129:(modern
1127:Lugdunum
1114:(modern
1096:Lugdunum
1067:Tongeren
1048:Narbonne
1027:and the
1019:(modern
964:Martigny
933:Lugdunum
901:Lausanne
883:through
873:Bordeaux
869:Toulouse
867:through
861:Narbonne
845:Pyrenees
817:Chaourse
764:⟩
760:⟨
754:. Latin
750:and the
692:Auvergne
645:Massilia
641:Ligurian
581:Language
538:Clermont
460:Lugdunum
456:Augustus
421:Eastern
412:Rosmerta
392:Germanic
368:Religion
358:Aurelian
346:Hispania
338:Postumus
237:Politics
215:Friulian
103:Gobannus
3425:Cenabum
3350:Galatia
3320:Dindari
3266:Anartes
3248:Vasates
3195:Taurini
3170:Libicii
3082:Veragri
3052:Ucennii
3042:Tebavii
3037:Suetrii
3012:Segovii
2992:Salassi
2962:Medulli
2957:Licates
2952:Ingauni
2947:Iemerii
2937:Genauni
2922:Ecdinii
2852:Belouni
2690:Nearchi
2675:Ligauni
2670:Libicii
2630:Bormani
2625:Avatici
2620:Atacini
2572:Venelli
2557:Tulingi
2542:Sequani
2532:Senones
2527:Santoni
2512:Redones
2507:Rauraci
2492:Parisii
2487:Osismii
2462:Lexovii
2417:Cadurci
2380:Aulerci
2375:Arverni
2360:Ambarri
2337:Celtica
2317:Triboci
2312:Treveri
2292:Paemani
2282:Nemetes
2272:Menapii
2232:Caletes
2197:Ambiani
2189:Belgica
2181:Peoples
2138:Oppidum
2133:Nemeton
2123:Eubages
2101:Culture
2046:History
1907:scholar
1482:2850323
1162:Saintes
1147:Lutetia
1112:Arelate
1036:, near
1029:thermae
851:at the
843:to the
744:Catalan
740:Occitan
706:calques
649:Belgica
629:Gascony
530:Martial
506:Felix I
431:Mithras
427:Orpheus
408:Mercury
219:Lombard
207:Romansh
3455:Noreia
3430:Cularo
3420:Bibrax
3395:Alesia
3373:Trocmi
3296:Gotini
3185:Orobii
3175:Marici
3120:Anauni
3022:Sentii
3007:Seduni
2847:Belaci
2812:Alauni
2789:Alpina
2765:Volcae
2705:Salyes
2695:Oxybii
2685:Memini
2665:Helvii
2655:Comani
2645:Cavari
2605:Albici
2577:Veneti
2562:Turoni
2517:Ruteni
2442:Gabali
2437:Esuvii
2370:Arouii
2287:Nervii
2277:Morini
1979:
1958:, 1983
1954:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1749:
1711:
1605:
1581:
1560:, i.30
1488:
1480:
1433:
1423:Oxford
1396:
1386:Leiden
1339:
1062:Orange
1034:Glanum
968:Valais
955:, the
813:hoards
792:Louvre
637:Basque
601:, and
558:Gothic
554:Vandal
549:pagans
545:bishop
510:Gatien
502:Decius
435:Cybele
388:Basque
384:Celtic
296:Gallic
217:, and
199:French
149:Franks
45:Evreux
3479:Celts
3460:Tylis
3330:Serdi
2892:Carni
2522:Sagii
2355:Aedui
2267:Meldi
2257:Leuci
2167:Vātes
2118:Druid
2039:Gauls
1914:JSTOR
1900:books
1789:(PDF)
1486:S2CID
1478:JSTOR
1460:(4).
1299:Notes
1141:Nîmes
1122:Grand
1116:Arles
1053:Nîmes
1012:Autun
999:Arles
981:Towns
929:odeon
877:Trier
841:Nîmes
821:Mâcon
661:Alans
575:Arles
526:Denis
451:numen
416:Epona
354:Trier
211:Ladin
179:Tours
175:Loire
163:villa
107:Epona
71:Gauls
3322:and
3276:Boii
3223:Boii
3140:Boii
2771:and
2700:Reii
2297:Remi
2113:Bard
1977:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1886:news
1796:2022
1767:link
1747:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1131:Lyon
1100:Lyon
1021:Metz
991:Metz
953:Gaul
949:Metz
921:Lyon
885:Metz
881:Lyon
742:and
734:and
717:The
682:The
674:, a
611:The
556:and
518:Paul
444:The
439:Isis
437:and
410:and
344:and
316:and
310:torc
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1829:131
1739:doi
1543:."
1470:doi
1329:doi
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907:At
879:to
871:to
711:oui
573:of
536:to
487:Ain
454:of
402:or
390:or
247:sou
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1911:·
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