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27:
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634:, Michigan, Epona is celebrated each June with stable tours, a blessing of the animals and the Epona and Barkus Parade. Mackinac Island does not permit personal automobiles; the primary source of transportation remains the horse, so celebrating Epona has special significance on this island in the upper midwest. The "Feast of Epona" involves the blessing of horses and other animals by a local churchman.
186:
613:
rides a white horse, whose slow, effortless gait supernaturally outpaces all pursuit. Wrongly accused of killing her offspring, Rhiannon has to play the role of horse for seven years as punishment, offering to carry travellers to the court and telling them her story; she also wears the work-collar of
587:
having been forgotten, was thought by folklorists through the 20th
Century to have deep roots in the veneration of Epona, as may the British aversion to eating horsemeat. At Padstow, at the end of the festivities, the hobby-horse was formerly ritually submerged in the sea. However, there is no firm
595:
raised in her right hand are disproportionately large ears of grain; ears of grain also protrude from the mouths of the ponies, whose heads are turned toward the goddess. On her left arm she holds a yoke, which curves up above her shoulder, an attribute unique to this bronze statuette.
618:, god of horses and the sea), are sometimes described as mare and foal Ronald Hutton is skeptical of connections claimed between Epona and Rhiannon; the latter is a much later, literary creation, though it also draws on oral traditions now lost. A south Welsh folk ritual called
622:(Grey Mare) is still undertaken in December, which some folklorists likewise have held up as an apparent survival of the veneration of Epona, but again there is no firm evidence to support the age, origins or purpose of the practice.
312:: only the names remained the same. As Gaul was Romanized under the early Empire, Epona's sovereign role evolved into a protector of cavalry. The cult of Epona was spread over much of the Roman Empire by the auxiliary cavalry,
384:
Fulvius
Stellus hated women and used to consort with a mare and in due time the mare gave birth to a beautiful girl and they named her Epona. She is the goddess that is concerned with the protection of horses. So
297:) daemon, which he established as a theme of victory over death, and Epona; both he found to be late manifestations of Mediterranean-influenced symbolism, which had reached Gaul through contacts with
454:, she is depicted sitting side-saddle on a horse or (rarely) lying on one; in the Imperial type (more common outside Gaul) she sits on a throne flanked by two or more horses or foals. In distant
1015:"respicio pilae mediae, quae stabuli trabes sustinebat, in ipso fere meditullio Eponae deae simulacrum residens aediculae, quod accurate corollis roseis equidem recentibus fuerat ornatum."
444:
Sculptures of Epona fall into five types, as distinguished by Benoît: riding, standing or seated before a horse, standing or seated between two horses, a tamer of horses in the manner of
2637:
1472:(2016). "Note sur une source antique méconnue concernant le culte d'Epona en Cisalpine" [A note about a less known ancient source concerning Epona's cult in Cisalpine Gaul].
293:
The supposed autonomy of Celtic civilization in Gaul suffered a further setback with
Fernand Benoît's study of the funereal symbolism of the horseman with the serpent-tailed (
2622:
591:
A provincial, small (7.5 cm high) Roman bronze of a seated Epona, flanked by an "extremely small" mare and stallion, was found in
England. Lying on her lap and on the
2465:
501:
also links the worship and iconography of Epona to the area of a stable. Small images of Epona have been found in Roman sites of stables and barns over a wide territory.
334:. A series of their dedications to Epona and other Celtic, Roman, and German deities was found in Rome, at the Lateran. Her cult is said to have been "widespread also in
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2642:
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1025:, he has interposed an explanatory "the Mare-headed Mother" that does not appear in the Latin text; it would have linked Epona with the primitive mythology of
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In 2017, Swiss Folk Metal band
Eluveitie released a Gaulish-language song called “Epona” as part of their Evocation II: Pantheon album, praising the goddess
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267:. However, Olmsted's interpretation has not been generally accepted by other scholars; Meid interprets the same inscription as an invocation of
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428:, both of which have to do with kingship. In the Celtic ritual, the king mates with a white mare thought to embody the goddess of sovereignty.
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90:. The worship of Epona, "the sole Celtic divinity ultimately worshipped in Rome itself", as the patroness of cavalry, was widespread in the
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between the first and third centuries AD; this is unusual for a Celtic deity, most of whom were associated with specific localities.
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1166:", after the piece had been described in the sale catalogue of the Ferencz Pulszky collection, Paris, 1868. It is conserved in the
466:, seated frontally on a throne with her hands on the necks of her paired animals: her horses are substitutions for Cybele's lions.
2567:
943:
563:, in southern England, may be too early to be directly associated with Epona and may not actually represent a horse at all. The
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229:
A long Latin inscription of the first century BC, engraved in a lead sheet and accompanying the sacrifice of a filly and the
1555:
1248:
2329:
1232:
1209:, 2008, University of California Press, pp. 12, 26, 36, 75, isbn 9780520253964. See also Sioned Davies (translator),
860:
741:
237:, the Roman Rauranum. Olmsted reads the inscription as invoking the goddess with an archaic profusion of epithets:
1170:, and is described as "provincial, but not barbaric" in Catherine Johns, "A Roman Bronze Statuette of Epona",
2487:
2322:
1403:
SimĂłn, Francisco Marco, "Religion and
Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula" in
851:
Wolfgang Meid (2007). "Pseudogallische inschriften". In
Lambert, Pierre-Yves; Pinault, Georges-Jean (eds.).
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20:
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in stallion-form (see above); there is no justification for identifying Epona with
Demeter, however.
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lines 155–57, where the narrator derides a consul for his inappropriate interest in horses:
556:
386:
278:, Italy, although this may have been only a local celebration. She was incorporated into the
107:
911:
Kropej, Monika. “The Horse As a
Cosmological Creature in the Slovene Mythopoetic Heritage".
785:
305:. Benoît compared the rider with most of the riders imaged around the Mediterranean shores.
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2166:
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niche with her image on a pillar in a stable has been garlanded with freshly picked roses.
314:
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Epona's feast day in the Roman calendar was given as
December 18 on a rustic calendar from
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39:
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8:
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Evans, Dyfed Llwyd (2005–2007), Epona: a Gaulish and Brythonic goddess (Divine Horse)
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856:
737:
327:
162:
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404:(1589), a potpourri of the sensible and questionable, erroneously citing Plutarch's
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of Gaul by horsemen from the east. That suggestion has not been generally taken up.
26:
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2176:
1982:
1864:
1799:
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226:. An inscription to Epona from Mainz, Germany, identifies the dedicator as Syrian.
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who was unnamed outside the Arcadian mysteries. Demeter was venerated as a mare in
138:
103:
102:
Although known only from Roman contexts, the name Epona ('Great Mare') is from the
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642:
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2015:
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Wiltshire is the presumed source of the find, and was added to the provenance "
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757:
476:
211:
207:
115:
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he swears an oath only by Epona and the images painted at the reeking stables.
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1256:
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302:
1485:
1425:
Thevenot, Emile 1949. "Les monuments et le culte d' Epona chez les Eduens,"
436:
2058:
1897:
1629:
1518:
809:
638:
584:
564:
531:
523:. The horse is always shown as a brown or chestnut mare with a white mane.
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The tale was passed along in the context of unseemly man-beast coupling in
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Les mythes de l'outre-tombe. Le cavalier à l'anguipède et l'écuyère Épona
1188:
Identified as a yoke by Catherine Johns 1971; its misidentification as a
827:
Les mythes de l'outre-tombe. Le cavalier à l'anguipède et l'écuyère Épona
793:
614:
an ass. She and her son, who is fathered by the sea-god (cf Romano-Greek
568:
358:
230:
193:
Fernand Benoît found the earliest attestations of a cult of Epona in the
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1995:
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A relief of Epona, flanked by two pairs of horses, from Roman Macedonia
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369:
275:
87:
79:
71:
1146:
Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society
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Although the name is Gaulish, dedicatory inscriptions to Epona are in
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1829:
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1493:
Linduff, Katheryn M. (1979). "Epona : A Celt among the Romans".
619:
350:
335:
63:
19:
This article is about the goddess. For the video game character, see
2825:
450:, and the symbolic mare and foal. In the Equestrian type, common in
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83:
1389:
Oaks, L. S. (1986), "The goddess Epona", in M. Henig and A. King,
714:.3 (July 1958, pp. 349–350) p. 349. Émile Thevenot contributed a
34:, Luxembourg (Musée national d'art et d'histoire, Luxembourg City)
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1144:
Herbert Kille, "West Country hobby-horses and cognate customs"
592:
463:
339:
308:
Perceptions of native Celtic goddesses had changed under Roman
268:
251:
127:
67:
55:
51:
1525:
Warmind, Morten (2016). "Once More the Celtic Horse-Goddess".
1458:"La diosa Epona en la PenĂnsula IbĂ©rica. Una revisiĂłn crĂtica"
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2156:
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1957:
1927:
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Epona, DĂ©esse Gauloise des Chevaux, Protectrice des Cavaliers
459:
455:
47:
816:(1951) pp 184ff "Demeter and Poseidon's stallion-marriages".
583:, Somerset, which survived to the mid-20th century, despite
462:(now at the Szépmüvézeti Museum, Budapest) in the format of
78:
in some sculptures. She and her horses might also have been
2232:
1714:
1590:
527:
451:
323:
215:
75:
59:
1056:
Meanwhile, while he sacrifices sheep and a reddish bullock
82:
in the after-life ride, with later literary parallels in
961:
189:
Epona and her horses, from Köngen, Germany, about 200 AD
185:
1384:
1422:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
964:"Magia naturalis, sive De miraculis rerum naturalium"
1128:
Theo Brown, "Tertullian and Horse-Cults in Britain"
555:
The probable date of c. 1380–550 BC ascribed to the
519:
franchise, the main character Link's horse is named
1517:, 124-46. Oxford; Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 2018.
1420:
Riding for Caesar: the Roman Emperors' Horse Guards
718:
of 268 dedicatory inscriptions and representations.
538:, as part of the soundtrack of the BBC documentary
157:too had also been a Great Mare, who was mounted by
588:evidence of the festival before the 18th century.
353:, northern Spain, on Mount Bernorio, Palencia; as
1326:Celtic Wicca: Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century
1089:solam Eponam et facies olida ad praesepia pictas.
197:and asserted that she had been introduced in the
2848:
1455:
727:
504:Epona is indirectly referenced in Victor Hugo's
1269:
271:in vulgar Greek for aid in a romantic dispute.
133:frequently, although not exclusively, found in
692:MĂ©langes linguistiques offerts Ă M. J.Vendryes
282:by being invoked on behalf of the Emperor, as
2330:
1563:
1513:Waddell, John. "The Ancestors of Epona." In:
850:
426:Irish ritual described by Giraldus Cambrensis
1527:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium
1405:e-Keltoi: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula
1323:
510:through the name of the character Éponine.
380:(but are now classed as "Pseudo-Plutarch"):
1577:
1358:Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission
1346:. Brussels, Latomus Revue d'Ă©tudes latines.
1272:"Animals Are Blessed During Feast of Epona"
1207:The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales
1192:has led to misleading identification of a "
1084:more Numae caedit, Iouis ante altaria iurat
992:Miriam Robbins Dexter, "Horse Goddess," in
829:. Brussels, Latomus Revue d'Ă©tudes latines.
703:Phyllis Fray Bober, reviewing RĂ©ne Magnen,
16:Gallo-Roman goddess of horses and fertility
2337:
2323:
1570:
1556:
1391:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire
792:3.77 and reflected also in a lost poem of
145:) and the usual Gaulish feminine singular
917:1 (May/1998). Ljubljana, Slovenija. 156.
408:. It may represent some recollection of
376:, which were traditionally attributed to
318:, especially the Imperial Horse Guard or
149:. In an episode preserved in a remark of
2344:
1439:Vaillant, Roger (1951), Epona-Rigatona,
983:(Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 418.
946:, also found cited as 312e (= Agesilaus
469:
435:
372:account of Epona's origin occurs in the
184:
30:Epona, second or third century AD, from
25:
1524:
1492:
1353:. 2nd edition. Paris, Editions Errance.
1276:Town Crier (www.mackinacislandnews.com)
222:, Romans, and other inhabitants of the
2849:
1468:
1227:. Yale University Press. p. 366.
1222:
1079:interea, dum lanatas robumque iuuencum
2318:
1551:
1300:
996:(Taylor & Francis, 1997), p. 280.
994:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
919:https://doi.org/10.3986/sms.v1i0.1871
161:in the form of a stallion and foaled
74:, ears of grain, and the presence of
1356:Euskirchen, Marion (1993). "Epona."
1305:. Order of Bards Ovates & Druids
1049:
855:. Librairie Droz. pp. 277–290.
233:of a cauldron, was found in 1887 at
114:'horse', which gives rise to modern
62:. She was particularly a goddess of
786:Pausanias, viii.25.5, 37.1 and 42.1
603:collection of stories known as the
249:'powerful Mistress' (compare Greek
13:
1851:
1843:
1456:Hernández Guerra, Liborio (2011).
1448:
1396:Reinach, Salomon (1895). "Épona".
1351:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise
637:Epona is also worshipped today by
106:; it is derived from the inferred
66:, as shown by her attributes of a
14:
2898:
1135:.1 (March 1950, pp. 31–34) p. 33.
962:Giambattista Della Porta (1569).
559:carved into the hillside turf at
155:Demeter Erinys (Vengeful Demeter)
2862:Goddesses of the ancient Britons
2439:
1249:"Mackinac Island Lilac Festival"
728:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1998).
534:of 1987 contains a track titled
1385:Epona.net, a scholarly resource
1316:
1293:
1263:
1253:mackinacislandlilacfestival.org
1241:
1216:
1199:
1182:
1156:
1138:
1122:
1104:
1059:in the fashion of ancient king
1036:
1029:, who was covered as a mare by
1008:
999:
986:
970:
955:
933:
924:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
853:Gaulois et celtique continental
844:
832:
709:American Journal of Archaeology
1270:Caitlyn Kienitz (2008-06-21).
819:
803:
779:
770:
750:
730:The Ancient World of the Celts
721:
697:
684:
671:
431:
259:(Latin, the 'good goddess')",
1:
1335:
981:Indo-European Poetry and Myth
796:and in Ptolemy Hephaestion's
550:
214:. They were made not only by
1383:Nantonos and Ceffyl (2004),
1328:. Citadel Press. p. 54.
1173:The British Museum Quarterly
263:'of battle', noble and good
97:
7:
648:
320:equites singulares augustii
180:
21:Epona (The Legend of Zelda)
10:
2903:
1432:pp 385–400. Epona and the
1411:287–345, section 2.2.4.1 (
1373:, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
914:Studia Mythologica Slavica
677:Salomon Reinach, "Épona",
458:, she is represented on a
123:'foal', together with the
18:
2809:
2750:
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2475:
2448:
2437:
2402:
2359:
2352:
2279:
2251:
2203:
2185:
2087:
2014:
1981:
1863:
1841:
1607:
1586:
1179:.1/2 (Autumn 1971:37–41).
389:in the third book of his
2623:Pájaru de ojos amarillos
776:Delamarre, 2003:163–164.
734:Constable & Robinson
665:
625:
398:Giambattista Della Porta
1486:10.3406/ecelt.2016.2469
1418:Speidel, M. P. (1994).
1223:Hutton, Ronald (2014).
660:White horse (mythology)
177:into historical times.
2643:Sierpe de Peñacastillu
1857:
1849:
1519:The Ancestors of Epona
1349:Delamarre, X. (2003).
1213:, Oxford 2007, p. 231.
1063:, before the altar of
814:The Gods of the Greeks
788:The myth was noted in
609:, the regal figure of
474:Epona is mentioned in
441:
394:
190:
35:
2513:Caballucos del Diablu
1855:
1847:
1443:, Rennes, pp 190–205.
1427:L'antiquité Classique
1371:The Gods of the Celts
1324:Jane Raeburn (2001).
1164:trouvée en Angleterre
470:In literature and art
439:
382:
241:'dear little Epona',
188:
29:
2681:Viejuca de Vispieres
2618:Pájaru de la alegrĂa
2346:Cantabrian mythology
1515:Myth and Materiality
1369:Green M. J. (1986),
1259:on February 2, 2015.
357:in Portugal on the
40:Gallo-Roman religion
2872:Fertility goddesses
2563:Hechiceras del Ebro
2538:Enanucos bigaristas
1589:Ancient deities of
1398:Revue archéologique
1393:(Oxford), pp 77–84.
1342:Benoît, F. (1950).
825:Benoît, F. (1950).
679:Revue archéologique
571:riders parading on
516:The Legend of Zelda
349:she is attested in
80:leaders of the soul
46:was a protector of
2836:Cantabrian Neptune
2553:Gallu de la muerte
2404:Adopted Roman gods
2361:Cantabrian deities
2205:Gallia Narbonensis
1858:
1850:
1205:Ford, Patrick K.,
442:
363:Cabeço das Fráguas
195:Danubian provinces
191:
36:
2857:Gaulish goddesses
2844:
2843:
2817:Cantabrian Steles
2702:Fuentes Tamáricas
2435:
2434:
2312:
2311:
2261:Matronae Aufaniae
2253:Germania Inferior
1730:Ialonus Contrebis
1100:
1099:
1021:' translation of
939:Pseudo-Plutarch,
732:. Great Britain:
645:and polytheists.
557:giant chalk horse
497:, the Roman poet
245:'horse-goddess',
2894:
2877:Animal goddesses
2831:Patera of Otañes
2782:Saint John's Eve
2508:Brujas de Ongayu
2443:
2357:
2356:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2187:Gallia Cisalpina
1983:Gallia Aquitania
1579:Celtic mythology
1572:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1510:
1489:
1474:Études Celtiques
1465:
1462:Hispania Antiqua
1330:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1278:. Archived from
1267:
1261:
1260:
1255:. Archived from
1245:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1160:
1154:
1142:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1108:
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1050:
1040:
1034:
1012:
1006:
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997:
990:
984:
974:
968:
967:
959:
953:
941:Parallela Minora
937:
931:
928:
922:
909:
903:
900:
894:
893:Oaks 1986:79–81.
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
866:
848:
842:
836:
830:
823:
817:
807:
801:
783:
777:
774:
768:
754:
748:
747:
725:
719:
701:
695:
688:
682:
675:
599:In the medieval
391:Italian History.
374:Parallela Minora
235:Rom, Deux-Sèvres
104:Gaulish language
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2867:Roman goddesses
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2805:
2787:Sun of the Dead
2746:
2685:
2652:Sun of the Dead
2523:Cuines de SiliĂł
2471:
2444:
2431:
2398:
2348:
2343:
2313:
2308:
2275:
2247:
2199:
2181:
2083:
2010:
1977:
1859:
1839:
1720:Genii Cucullati
1603:
1582:
1576:
1546:
1470:Lajoye, Patrice
1451:
1449:Further reading
1446:
1380:(Delmas, 1953).
1338:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1183:
1161:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1072:
1041:
1037:
1013:
1009:
1005:Nantonos, 2004.
1004:
1000:
991:
987:
975:
971:
960:
956:
938:
934:
929:
925:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:Vaillant, 1951.
874:
870:
863:
849:
845:
837:
833:
824:
820:
808:
804:
784:
780:
775:
771:
755:
751:
744:
736:. p. 175.
726:
722:
702:
698:
694:(1925:187–198).
689:
685:
676:
672:
668:
655:Horse sacrifice
651:
632:Mackinac Island
628:
579:, Cornwall and
553:
472:
434:
413:horse sacrifice
402:Magia naturalis
361:inscription of
355:Iccona Loiminna
322:recruited from
183:
100:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2887:Donkey deities
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Mozas del Agua
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Las Lavanderas
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Bichu amarillu
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:Lero et Lerina
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2089:Gallia Celtica
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2016:Gallia Belgica
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1608:Supra-regional
1605:
1604:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1533:(36): 231–40.
1522:
1511:
1501:(4): 817–837.
1490:
1466:
1464:(35): 247–260.
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1423:
1416:
1401:
1400:1895, 163–95,
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1315:
1301:Potia (n.d.).
1292:
1262:
1240:
1234:978-0300197716
1233:
1215:
1211:The Mabinogion
1198:
1181:
1168:British Museum
1155:
1137:
1121:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1035:
1023:The Golden Ass
1007:
998:
985:
969:
954:
932:
923:
904:
902:Spiedel, 1994.
895:
886:
877:
868:
861:
843:
831:
818:
802:
778:
769:
749:
742:
720:
696:
690:Henri Hubert,
683:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
657:
650:
647:
627:
624:
552:
549:
532:namesake album
507:Les Misérables
477:The Golden Ass
471:
468:
433:
430:
415:, such as the
400:'s edition of
218:, but also by
182:
179:
153:, an archaic
99:
96:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Horse deities
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Osa de Andara
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Duende zahorĂ
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:pp. 607–838.–
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1319:
1304:
1296:
1282:on 2016-03-04
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1225:Pagan Britain
1219:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:Robert Graves
1017:(iii.27). In
1016:
1011:
1002:
995:
989:
982:
978:
973:
965:
958:
951:
950:
945:
942:
936:
927:
920:
916:
915:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
864:
862:9782600013376
858:
854:
847:
840:
835:
828:
822:
815:
811:
806:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
773:
766:
762:
759:
753:
745:
743:0-7607-1716-8
739:
735:
731:
724:
717:
713:
710:
706:
700:
693:
687:
681:(1895:163–95)
680:
674:
670:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
646:
644:
640:
635:
633:
623:
621:
617:
612:
608:
607:
602:
597:
594:
589:
586:
585:Morris dances
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
545:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:
511:
509:
508:
502:
500:
496:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
447:potnia theron
438:
429:
427:
423:
422:
418:
414:
411:
410:Indo-European
407:
406:Life of Solon
403:
399:
393:
392:
388:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Lower Germany
325:
321:
317:
316:
311:
306:
304:
303:Magna Graecia
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:Epona Augusta
281:
280:imperial cult
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
201:
196:
187:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:(for example
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
2707:Mons Vindius
2369:Cabuniaegius
2059:Iovantucarus
1898:Belatucadros
1848:Celtic wheel
1704:
1630:Anextiomarus
1588:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1498:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1461:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1325:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1295:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1275:
1265:
1257:the original
1252:
1243:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1113:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1042:
1038:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1001:
993:
988:
980:
972:
957:
947:
940:
935:
926:
912:
907:
898:
889:
884:Benoît 1950.
880:
871:
852:
846:
838:
834:
826:
821:
813:
810:Karl Kerenyi
805:
797:
789:
781:
772:
764:
760:
752:
729:
723:
715:
711:
708:
704:
699:
691:
686:
678:
673:
636:
629:
604:
598:
590:
567:traditional
565:West Country
554:
546:
539:
535:
525:
514:
512:
505:
503:
492:
490:
475:
473:
445:
443:
419:
405:
401:
395:
390:
383:
373:
370:euhemeristic
367:
354:
346:
344:
319:
313:
307:
295:"anguiforme"
294:
292:
288:Epona Regina
287:
283:
273:
264:
260:
256:
250:
246:
242:
238:
228:
224:Roman Empire
210:or, rarely,
205:
198:
192:
167:the Daughter
146:
130:
125:augmentative
118:
111:
108:Proto-Celtic
101:
92:Roman Empire
43:
37:
2810:Iconography
2758:La Vijanera
2722:Mount Cildá
2666:Trastolillu
2294:Endovelicus
2044:Icovellauna
1943:Ricagambeda
1820:Telesphorus
1775:Nantosuelta
1376:Magnen, R.
1044:Satire VIII
798:New History
794:Callimachus
790:Bibliotheke
569:hobby-horse
484:, where an
432:Iconography
231:votive gift
2851:Categories
2796:All Saints
2742:Pico Dobra
2737:Peña Santa
2732:Peña Sagra
2727:Peña Amaya
2697:Deva River
2638:Reina Mora
2394:Mater Deva
2353:Divinities
2271:Nehalennia
2228:Cathubodua
2195:Ambisagrus
2142:Moritasgus
2107:Atepomarus
2064:Veraudunus
2006:Sexarbores
1878:Alaisiagae
1336:References
1309:2015-06-29
1286:2015-06-29
641:and other
639:neo-druids
606:Mabinogion
551:In Britain
421:ashvamedha
359:Lusitanian
276:Guidizzolo
88:Mabinogion
72:cornucopia
2822:Cantabrum
2801:Midwinter
2778:Midsummer
2712:Montehano
2690:Locations
2656:Tentiruju
2633:Ramidreju
2543:Espumeros
2498:Basiliscu
2483:Alicorniu
2476:Creatures
2461:Corocotta
2379:Cantabria
2281:Gallaecia
2266:Gebrinius
2172:Smertrios
2079:Xulsigiae
2069:Vindonnus
2054:Intarabus
1963:Vinotonus
1918:Coventina
1903:Britannia
1893:Arnemetia
1873:Abandinus
1865:Britannia
1830:Virotutis
1745:Loucetios
1695:Dis Pater
1680:Cissonius
1675:Cicolluis
1670:Cernunnos
1660:Brigantia
1601:by region
1599:Gallaecia
1480:: 59–64.
977:M.L. West
841:13, 11801
620:Mari Lwyd
561:Uffington
541:The Celts
486:aedicular
387:AgesilaĂĽs
351:Cantabria
336:Carinthia
171:Lycosoura
151:Pausanias
98:Etymology
64:fertility
2676:VentolĂn
2648:Sirenuca
2608:Ojáncanu
2603:Ojáncana
2548:Fish-man
2528:Cuélebre
2456:Cantabri
2389:Erudinus
2374:Candamus
2243:Rudianos
2238:Nemausus
2213:Albiorix
2167:Souconna
2132:Nemetona
2127:Luxovius
2117:Gobannus
2102:Anvallus
2039:Arvernus
2034:Arduinna
1913:Cocidius
1888:Andraste
1835:Visucius
1825:Toutatis
1810:Suleviae
1805:Sucellus
1790:Rosmerta
1685:Condatis
1650:Belisama
1620:Alisanos
1539:26383351
1507:41531375
1196:" Epona.
1194:chthonic
1130:Folklore
1031:Poseidon
763:, Greek
756:Compare
649:See also
616:Poseidon
611:Rhiannon
581:Minehead
482:Apuleius
424:and the
378:Plutarch
332:Pannonia
310:hegemony
181:Evidence
159:Poseidon
135:theonyms
84:Rhiannon
2792:Samhain
2773:La Maya
2763:AntruĂu
2717:Mozagro
2593:Musgosu
2578:Mengues
2558:Guajona
2493:Arquetu
2427:Neptune
2417:Jupiter
2223:Buxenus
2218:Artaius
2162:Sequana
2122:Icaunis
2097:Acionna
2074:Vosegus
2049:Inciona
2029:Ancamna
1991:Abellio
1973:Veteris
1968:Verbeia
1948:Satiada
1883:Ancasta
1856:Taranis
1815:Taranis
1765:Matrona
1755:Maponos
1740:Litavis
1725:Grannus
1710:Erecura
1665:Camulus
1645:Belenus
1625:Andarta
1615:Alaunus
1595:Britain
1495:Latomus
1303:"Epona"
1190:serpent
1151:(1931)
1116:Discogs
1065:Jupiter
1027:Demeter
966:. Lyon.
949:FGrHist
577:Padstow
573:May Day
526:Artist
499:Juvenal
494:Satires
491:In his
299:Etruria
265:Vovesia
257:Dibonia
239:Eponina
220:Germans
175:Arcadia
143:Matrona
86:of the
56:donkeys
32:Contern
2826:Lábaru
2768:Marzas
2671:Trenti
2661:Trasgu
2598:Nuberu
2583:Monuca
2518:Cuegle
2488:Anjana
2468:
2449:Heroes
2289:Bandua
2137:Moccus
2112:Bricta
2024:Abnoba
1953:Senuna
1938:Ocelus
1933:Nodens
1800:Sirona
1795:Segomo
1785:Ritona
1780:Ogmios
1770:Mogons
1760:Matres
1700:Divona
1690:Damona
1581:series
1537:
1505:
1413:online
1231:
1095:
930:SimĂłn.
859:
765:hippos
740:
716:corpus
643:pagans
593:patera
464:Cybele
340:Styria
330:, and
269:Dibona
261:Catona
252:Potnia
243:Atanta
139:Sirona
128:suffix
68:patera
58:, and
52:ponies
48:horses
2751:Dates
2568:Ijana
2466:Larus
2412:Janus
2384:Epane
2299:Nabia
2157:Robor
2152:Naria
2147:Mullo
2001:Fagus
1958:Sulis
1928:Latis
1923:Iouga
1908:Clota
1750:Lugus
1735:Lenus
1705:Epona
1655:Borvo
1640:Aveta
1635:Artio
1535:JSTOR
1503:JSTOR
1434:Aedui
1378:Epona
952:F 1).
761:equus
758:Latin
666:Notes
626:Today
601:Welsh
536:Epona
521:Epona
460:stela
456:Dacia
417:Vedic
347:Epane
247:Potia
216:Celts
212:Greek
208:Latin
200:limes
163:Arion
116:Welsh
112:ekĘ·os
76:foals
60:mules
44:Epona
2628:Pecu
2422:Mars
2304:Reue
2177:Telo
1996:Baco
1715:Esus
1597:and
1591:Gaul
1441:Ogam
1322:Cf.
1299:Cf.
1229:ISBN
1111:Enya
1061:Numa
857:ISBN
738:ISBN
528:Enya
452:Gaul
338:and
324:Gaul
315:alae
301:and
165:and
120:ebol
1482:doi
1114:at
839:CIL
707:in
630:On
575:at
530:'s
513:In
480:by
345:As
342:".
286:or
255:),
173:in
131:-on
42:,
38:In
2853::
2824:/
2794:/
2780:/
1593:,
1531:36
1529:.
1499:38
1497:.
1478:42
1476:.
1460:.
1430:18
1407:,
1361:74
1274:.
1251:.
1177:36
1149:77
1133:61
979:,
944:29
812:,
712:62
368:A
365:.
326:,
290:.
147:-a
141:,
70:,
54:,
50:,
2338:e
2331:t
2324:v
1571:e
1564:t
1557:v
1543:.
1541:.
1521:.
1509:.
1488:.
1484::
1436:.
1415:)
1409:6
1312:.
1289:.
1237:.
1118:.
921:.
865:.
800:.
767:.
746:.
543:.
110:*
23:.
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