Red Terror (Spain)

2239:

city of the necessity of dealing with alleged fifth columns, which had been blamed for prior Republican defeats. Infrequent Nationalist bombing raids also created further fear, as Republicans became convinced fascists within the society were directing rebel aircraft to their targets. In reality, during the terror of 1936 there was no fifth column in place as Nationalist sympathisers within the city were convinced Mola's northern armies and Franco's southern ones, led by professional officers, would easily crush the militia defending the city, negating any need for risky subversive activity. It was only after the failure of Franco's onslaught in the winter of 1936–37, when it became clear the war would last longer and the front lines had stabilised, that a fifth column did emerge, though it was never as powerful or extensive as the Republicans feared; it largely focused on mutual assistance, espionage and undermining Republican morale, eschewing terrorist activities such as bombings and assassinations. While fifth columnists did contribute to the Nationalist war effort, the fall of Madrid was not caused by internal subversion but defeat in battle. The largest and most efficient of these groups was about 6000 strong and was a Falangist women's welfare network known as

2962:, later recalled, "From 1936 to 1939 there were two life-and-death struggles in Spain, both of them civil wars. One pitted nationalist forces let by Francisco Franco, aided by Hitler, against the Spanish Republicans, aided by Communists. The other was a separate war among Communists themselves. Stalin in the Soviet Union and Trotsky in exile each hoped to be the savior and the sponsor of the Republicans and thereby become the vanguard for the world Communist revolution. We sent our young inexperienced intelligence operatives as well as our experienced instructors. Spain proved to be a kindergarten for our future intelligence operations. Our subsequent intelligence initiatives all stemmed from contacts that we made and lessons that we learned in Spain. The Spanish Republicans lost, but Stalin's men and women won. When the Spanish Civil War ended, there was no room left in the world for Trotsky." 52: 2234:

centre-left bourgeois Republicans conflated the new democracy with the heterogeneous political coalition that brought it into being after the departure of King Alonso XIII: the Republic's future rested on the right being permanently excluded from power. The victory of the centre-right in the November 1933 elections, the failed Socialist-led insurrection of October 1934 and its subsequent repression promoted a common antifascist discourse based on the dichotomy of the virtuous productive 'people' ('pueblo') (i.e. the left) and a parasitical inhuman 'fascist' enemy (i.e. the right). While the Popular Front's narrow electoral victory in February 1936 was interpreted as the definitive triumph of the antifascist 'pueblo', the struggle against the Republic's right-wing enemies had to continue.

2076:

revolution, and the move towards extremism that took place in the first months of the civil war. According to historian Antony Beevor, "In republican territory the worst of the violence was mainly a sudden and quickly spent reaction of suppressed fear, exacerbated by desires of revenge for the past" in contrast with "the relentless purging of 'reds and atheists' in nationalist territory". After the coup, the remaining days in July saw 861 priests and religious murdered, 95 of them on 25 July, feast day of St James, patron saint of Spain. August saw a further 2,077 clerical victims. After just two months of civil war, 3,400 priests, monks and nuns had been murdered. The same day of the fatal injury of

2179: 2175:

people and letting some of the more dangerous go free. Moreover, one of the main targets of the Red terror was the clergy, most of whom were not engaged in overt opposition". Describing specifically the Red Terror, Payne states that it "began with the murder of some of the rebels as they attempted to surrender after their revolt had failed in several of the key cities. From there it broadened out to wholesale arrests, and sometimes wholesale executions, of landowners and industrialists, people associated with right-wing groups or the Catholic Church".

142: 3942:

in the Popular Front zone; that was something which both areas had in common. But the main difference was that in the Republican zone the crimes were carried out by the populace in moments of passion, not by the authorities. The latter always tried to stop them. The assistance that I received from the Spanish Republican authorities in order to flee to safety, is only one of the many examples. But this was not the case in the Nationalist zone"

2273: 1327: 1696:, "The Spanish Civil War was the culmination of long-standing tensions and social strife that no government had been able to address satisfactorily. The divide between rich and poor in Spain was immense, and the powerful Catholic hierarchy did little to ameliorate conditions. The result was that destitute peasants and dissatisfied workers supported either radical 5255: 2317:

vanquished left. The White Terror could have slain 50,000, perhaps fewer, during the war. The Franco government now gives the names of 61,000 victims of the Red Terror, but this is not subject to objective verification. The number of victims of the Nationalist repression, during and after the war, was undoubtedly greater than that". In

5308: 2312:

Figures for the Red Terror range from 38,000 to 72,344. Historian Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. The 'red terror' had already killed 38,000." According to Julio de la Cueva, the toll of the Red Terror was 72,344 lives. Hugh Thomas and Paul Preston said that the

2238:

However, Ruiz also notes that the idea of a homicidal, dehumanised enemy within was further reinforced by news of Nationalist atrocities; it convinced Republicans of the need for total victory. When Mola's army appeared in the mountains north of Madrid, this heightened the sense of urgency within the

2053:

and the Republican Union Party), Communists, and various regional nationalist groups won the extremely tight election. The results gave 34 percent of the popular vote to the Popular Front and 33 percent to the incumbent government of the CEDA. This result, when coupled with the Socialists' refusal to

2671:

The attitudes of the Catholic side towards the government and the ensuing Civil War were expressed in a joint episcopal letter from July 1, 1937, addressed by the Spanish bishops to all other Catholic bishops. Spain was said to be divided into two hostile camps, one side expresses anti-religious and

2439:

Estimates of the number of religious men killed vary greatly. One estimate is that of the 30,000 priests and monks in Spain in 1936, 13% of the secular priests and 23% of the monks were killed, amounting to 6800 religious personnel altogether. Some 283 religious women were killed, some of them badly

1899:

to the issues of church and state was a substantial cause of the breakdown of democracy and in the onset of the civil war. One legal commentator has stated plainly "the gravest mistake of the Constitution of 1931—Spain's last democratic Constitution prior to 1978—was its hostile attitude towards the

3941:

I had the opportunity of being a witness to the repression in both areas. In the Nationalist side it was planned, methodical, cold. As they did not trust the people the authorities imposed their will by means of terror, committing atrocities in order to achieve their aim. Atrocities also took place

2638:

s regular reports extolling the work of the Atadell brigade", a group of Republican agents who engaged in detentions and frequently murders of (in the end) up to 800 alleged Nationalists. "On 27 September 1936", Ruiz continues, "an editorial on the brigade stressed that its 'work, more than useful,

2251:

were among the first volunteers to present themselves to the military authorities.... The tragedy of the Second Republic was that it abetted its own destruction; the tragedy of the Church was that it became so closely allied with its self-styled defenders". During the war, the Nationalists claimed

2169:

According to Payne, "During the first months of the fighting most of the deaths did not come from combat on the battlefield but from political executions in the rear—the 'Red' and 'White' terrors. The terror consisted of semi-organised actions perpetrated by almost all of the leftist groups,

1477:

While the violence long preceded the failed coup of July 1936, the immediate aftermath let loose a violent onslaught on everyone that the revolutionaries in the Republican zone identified as enemies; "where the rebellion failed, for several months afterwards, merely to be identified as a priest, a

2174:

nationalists, largely Catholic but still mostly aligned with the Republicans, being an exception". Payne also contends that unlike the repression by the right, which "was concentrated against the most dangerous opposition elements", the Republican attacks were more irrational, "murdering innocent

2075:

The greatest anticlerical bloodletting was at the beginning of the civil war when large areas of the country fell under the control of pro-government militias. A large part of the terror consisted of a perceived revenge against bosses and clergy, as they lost their powerful position in the social

2233:

These anti-fascists acted on the assumption that terror was integral to the anti-fascist war effort. The fear of a dehumanised and homicidal 'fifth column' was rooted in the exclusionist political culture of the left. After the proclamation of the Second Republic on 14 April 1931, Socialists and

2316:

Previously, Payne had suggested, "The toll taken by the respective terrors may never be known exactly. The left slaughtered more in the first months, but the Nationalist repression probably reached its height only after the war had ended, when punishment was exacted and vengeance wreaked on the

2246:

As early as 11 May 1931, when mob violence against the Republic's perceived enemies had led to the burning of churches, convents, and religious schools, the Church had sometimes been seen as the ally of the authoritarian right. The academic Mary Vincent has written: "There was no doubt that the

2667:

told the Spanish Parliament in April 1936 that in the six weeks since the government, from mid-February 15 to April 2, 1936, had been in power, some 199 attacks were carried out, 36 of them in churches. He listed 136 fires and fire bombings, which included 106 burned churches and 56 churches

1489:

Historian Julio de la Cueva wrote that "despite the fact that the Church... suffer appalling persecution," the events have so far met not only with "the embarrassing partiality of ecclesiastical scholars, but also with the embarrassed silence or attempts at justification of a large number of

2217:

have stated that the mass executions behind the Nationalist lines were organised and approved by the Nationalist authorities, and the executions behind the Republican lines were the result of the breakdown of the Republican state and the anarchy. That is given backing by Francisco Partaloa,

1498:, alleging that it was the failed rightist coup that allowed the culture of brutal violence to flourish: "its original act of violence was that it killed off the possibility of other forms of peaceful political evolution." Other historians allege that they have found evidence of systematic 1821:, the primate of Spain, urged Catholics to vote in future elections against the government parties, whom the Cardinal alleged wanted to completely destroy religion. Those who sought to lead the 'ordinary faithful' had insisted that Catholics had only one political choice, the 1712:

tended to be more extreme than in most of Europe. Yet the wealthy landowners and certain areas of the country, especially the North, maintained a staunchly conservative outlook that precluded any serious reconsideration of the nation's social ills. Many Spaniards in fact had

2672:

anti-Spanish, the other side upholding the respect for the religious and national order. The Church was pastorally oriented and not willing to sell its freedom to politics but had to side with those who started out defending its freedom and right to exist.

1971:

to become Prime Minister at the head of a coalition which did include CEDA. Hostility between the left and the right increased after the formation of the government. Spain experienced general strikes and street conflicts. Noted among the strikes was

1741:, and as deserving of more autonomy or even outright independence from the central government... As a result, political instability prevailed throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This period was characterized by numerous 2099:, "The price the Republicans paid for Soviet aid was the very factor that led to the Republic's eventual demise. In exchange for military aid, Stalin demanded the transformation of the Republic into a prototype for the so-called 1867:

was limited by certain legal guarantees. But now we have something worse: a police force which is grounded only on a general sense of panic and on the invention of non-existent dangers to cover up this over-stepping of the law."

1774:

The relationship between the new, secular Republic and the Catholic Church was fraught from the start. Between 10 and 13 May 1931, in retaliation for left-wing demonstrators allegedly hearing a vinyl recording of the former

2729:

Although rare, it was reported that some nuns were raped by militiamen before they were shot. However, according to Antony Beevor, the 1946 nationalist indictment of Republican atrocities contained no evidence for any such

3486:

De la Cueva Merino, Julio (1998). «El anticlericalismo en la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil». Emilio La Parra López y Manuel Suárez Cortina, ed. El anticlericalismo español contemporáneo. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.

5286: 1313: 5250: 1612:

he sent to Spain, and Stalin's Spanish followers. The Stalinist Red Terror against fellow Republicans and the decision to immediately transform Spain into a prototype for "the people's democracies" of the

2781:

On the night of July 19, 1936, alone, 50 churches were burned. In Barcelona, out of the 58 churches, only the cathedral was spared, and similar events occurred almost everywhere in Republican

2778:, people who are totally committed to the poor. There was a rumor that nuns were giving poisoned sweets to children. Some nuns were grabbed by the hair in the streets. One had her hair pulled out...". 2190:

The Red Terror was "not an irrepressible outpouring of hatred by the man in the street for his 'oppressors,' but a semi-organised activity carried out by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".

3550: 2877:, but to also exercise leniency and generosity against the many others who were on the other side. He also asked for their full participation in society and entrusted them to the compassion of the 2655:

believed that the Red Terror was the result of a plan, "a program of systematic persecution of the Church was planned to the last detail". Before he was himself abducted and shot without trial by

2021:

of the Constitution's ban on religious education. On October 5, 1934, the agents of the local rebel government invaded the brothers' residence on the pretext of a search for concealed weapons. A

2119:) to Spain. There the GRU established secret prisons, carried out assassinations and kidnappings, and functioned under its own laws and guidelines, independent of the Republican Government." 5303: 1355: 2675:

The attitudes of people in the Nationalist zones were characterized by hope and religious revival. Victories were celebrated with religious services, anticlerical laws were abolished, and

3271:

Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 26, p. 650 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (Library of Iberian Resources Online, Accessed May 15, 2007)

1931:, won a majority in Parliament. In the months that followed, street confrontations between pro-government and conservative demonstrators became commonplace. On 17 July, the armed forces 2969:

for both real and imagined anti-Stalinists, however, had deadly serious political consequences. They horrified numerous formerly pro-Soviet Westerners who had been witnesses, including

2623:

on the Madrid radio on 9 August 1936 pleading Republican militiamen not to "imitate" the murderous actions of the military rebels and the public condemnation of arbitrary "justice" by

2252:

that 20,000 priests had been killed; the figure is now put at 4,184 priests, 2,365 members of other religious institutes and 283 nuns, the vast majority during the summer of 1936.

2619:

made the well-publicised comment that all of the convents in Madrid were not worth one Republican life. Yet equally commonly cited, for example, is the speech by Socialist leader

2341:

provides approximate figures: about 50,000 victims of the Republican repression; about 100,000 victims of the Francoist repression during the war with some 40,000 after the war.

2818:

to thank God for the outcome. Numerous left-wing personalities were tried for the Red Terror, not all of whom were guilty. Franco's victory was followed by thousands of

2920:'s, prevalent among the Republic's supporters. NKVD agents sent to Spain were therefore keener on abducting and murdering anti-Stalinists among Republican leaders and 2256: 1348: 452: 3969:

Ruiz, Julius. "Seventy years on: Historians and Repression during and after the Spanish Civil War." Journal of Contemporary History 44, no. 3 (2009): 449-472, p.464

287: 2812:

With the total victory of the Nationalists over the Republicans in 1939, the Red Terror ended in the country. Throughout the country, the Catholic Church held

5191: 1788: 2861:

sent a radio message of congratulation to the Spanish government, clerics and people on April 16, 1939. He referred to the denunciation of his predecessor,

1341: 4769:

Cueva, Julio de la (1998), "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War",

2255:

Payne has called the terror the "most extensive and violent persecution of Catholicism in Western History, in some way even more intense than that of the

1391:

against Church property throughout Spain and the determination of the Republican Government to never compromise upon and strictly enforce its ban against

2009:, one of the locales of anticlerical violence, a coal-mining town in the Asturias Province, was a hub of anti-government and anticlerical agitation. The 1087: 3043:

during the civil war. Relatives of Catholics who were killed by the Nationalists have requested similar recognition, criticizing the unequal treatment.

2865:, who had described past horrors and the need to defend and restore the rights of God and religion. The pope stated that the victims of terror died for 2504: 2010: 1798:

overruled those who wished to intervene by stating, "All the convents of Spain are not worth the life of a single Republican". Among the many works of

634: 4608: 2823: 1832:

The constitution respected civil liberties and representation, but placed some restrictions on the church's use of its own property and stripped the

807: 3437: 1684:

hundreds of the victims of the Red Terror (498 in one 2007 ceremony, the largest single number of beatifications in the Catholic Church's history).

3172: 3130: 992: 967: 182: 60:

by a Republican firing squad is an example of "an assault on the public presence of Catholicism". The image was originally published in the London

2722:

Manuel Basulto y Jiménez and his sister were murdered in front of two thousand celebrating spectators by a special executioner, a woman nicknamed

2003:

was strongly anticlerical and involved violence against priests and religious and the destruction of 58 churches, which had been rare until then.

5336: 5220: 3092: 192: 1979:

Lerroux, though himself a liberal Republican, became increasingly politically tainted by his ultraconsevative partners. This, combined with the

4854: 4185: 1896: 1588:

and all other Republican factions, including en masse arrests, interrogation under torture, and mass executions. In contrast to the Stalinist

2487:. Aware of the dangers, they all decided to remain in their cities: "I cannot go, only here is my responsibility, whatever may happen," said 1822: 217: 5466: 2029:, had arrived the previous evening and was about to say Mass for the brothers. He and the brothers were arrested, held without trial, and 5262: 5043: 3596:, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, p. 632 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 30, 2007) 3388: 1431:, small business owners, industrialists, conservative politicians, and known or suspected supporters of the right-leaning parties or the 387: 197: 5421: 5298: 5087: 2283: 5471: 5238: 1787:

that began in Madrid and then spread to cities and towns throughout the Second Spanish Republic. While some cabinet ministers in the

5393: 5092: 2017:

there. This enraged the far-left politicians who ran Turón, because of the brothers' refusal to cease religious practice and their

1514:

and even within its constitution. These attitudes and policies attracted harsh criticism at the time, even from fellow Republicans

2072:

Following the outbreak of full-scale civil war there was an explosion of atrocities in both the Nationalist and Republican zones.

5388: 3765:

Julius Rutiz The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence In Madrid, Publisher: Cambridge University Press

3228: 2210: 99: 5441: 5431: 5274: 5109: 2928:. The defeat of the Republic, in Stalin's eyes, was caused not by the NKVD's diversionary efforts, but by the treachery of the 2774:

An eyewitness to some of the persecution, Cristina de Arteaga, who was soon to become a nun, commented that they "attacked the

2333:

comes to a nationwide total of 110,965 victims of Republican repression; 11,705 people being killed in Madrid alone. Historian

2259:", leaving Catholics with little alternative, and driving them to the Nationalists even more than it would have been expected. 1895:

believes, "the Republic as a democratic constitutional regime was doomed from the outset", and it has been posited that such a

1082: 1022: 129: 5481: 5013: 4311: 4233: 3188: 3146: 2741:

with fighting bulls where he was gored into unconsciousness. Afterwards one of his ears was cut off to imitate the feat of a

1416: 1125: 5159: 5183: 5147: 3681: 3620: 1308: 962: 4401: 5142: 5067: 2046: 2026: 1920: 1780: 1388: 598: 2785:

All the Catholic churches in the Republican zone were closed, but the attacks were not limited to Catholic churches, as

5163: 4908: 4263: 1973: 1092: 2985: 1891:

Since the left considered reform of the anti-clerical passages of the constitution absolutely unacceptable, Historian

5451: 5082: 5077: 4995: 4973: 4889: 4839: 4732: 4333: 4290: 4208: 4170: 3915: 3492: 3372: 3256: 3180: 3138: 2326: 1844:, stated, "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me". 3960:

Ruiz, Julius. "2 Fighting the Fifth Column: The Terror in Republican Madrid during the Spanish Civil War.", pp57-58

3951:

Ruiz, Julius. "2 Fighting the Fifth Column: The Terror in Republican Madrid during the Spanish Civil War.", pp56-57

3072: 2572: 2434: 1479: 541: 5168: 1482:, or simply a militant Christian or member of some apostolic or pious organization, was enough for a person to be 5341: 5036: 3021: 2799:

In Madrid, a nun was killed because she refused a proposition of marriage from a militiaman who helped storm her

2683:

were reintroduced and attitudes to the Church immediately changed from hostility to respect and even admiration.

1149: 1112: 4129: 5383: 5152: 1952: 1912: 1837: 1238: 1102: 817: 787: 242: 2771:, being thrown down mine shafts and of priests being forced to dig their own graves before being buried alive. 5426: 5331: 2313:

death toll was 55,000, and Spanish historian Julian Casanova said that the death toll was fewer than 60,000.

1904: 1392: 1278: 1040: 573: 3474: 5476: 5122: 4611:

is based on recent searches conducted with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain. See, for example,

2293: 1976:

and riots in Madrid. Nearly all rebellions were crushed by the government, and political arrests followed.

1761: 1440: 1155: 782: 327: 1538:

The Red Terror also included politicidal infighting within the Republican faction, particularly after the

511: 5486: 5461: 3441: 2814: 2206: 1932: 1665:

are two sides of the same coin. Other formerly pro-Soviet Westerners who witnessed the Purges, including

1303: 1163: 827: 3199: 3157: 3012:

into the international community. In later years, Fraser compared both the Red Terror and the Stalinist

777: 5456: 5446: 5363: 5029: 1833: 1379:) is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the 1258: 516: 506: 3709: 1791:

wanted to intervene and restore order, others opposed the idea. According to the canonical narrative,

1639:

as part of the POUM, would describe the Soviet-decreed Purge of the Republican faction in his memoirs

1506:

long preceding the military uprising and have pointed to a "radical and antidemocratic" opposition to

5416: 5072: 4722: 4717:

Rob Stradling, 'English-speaking Units of the International Brigades: War, Politics and Discipline',

4692: 2909: 1810:("Instruction on How to Lead a Virtuous Life Based on the Examples of Saints") that once belonged to 1424: 578: 420: 177: 150: 2330: 5173: 5132: 4020: 2878: 2847: 2652: 2488: 2229:

Julius Ruiz argues that Republican killings were partially rooted in the left's political culture:

2194: 2054:

participate in the new government, led to a general fear of revolution. The fear was worsened when

1964: 1924: 1542: 1491: 1404: 1007: 832: 731: 467: 222: 187: 5353: 5279: 5127: 3057: 3040: 2981: 2050: 1916: 1856: 1792: 1757: 1662: 1511: 1458:; party divisions became increasingly embittered, and whether an individual continued practising 1455: 1408: 711: 75: 4917:

Ruiz, Julius Ruiz (2007), "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936",

4733:

La Jornada - Beatifican a 498 religiosos asesinados por republicanos en la guerra civil española

1960: 1859:, angrily denounced the increasingly repressive and illegal domestic policies of Prime Minister 1841: 1818: 1519: 462: 5326: 5233: 3766: 3005: 2643:

carried numerous articles on the activities of the Atadell brigade during the summer of 1936".

2147: 1746: 1726: 1585: 1462:

was seen as a sign of partisan loyalty. Electorally, the Church had identified itself with the

1451: 1168: 1142: 1097: 772: 701: 367: 262: 4253: 3284:(2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, p. 81 Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2843: 2624: 2103:

of Post-War Eastern and Central Europe. In addition to generals and supplies, Stalin sent the

95: 5117: 2921: 2579:

May 1931: 100 church buildings are burned while firefighters refuse to extinguish the flames.

2247:

Church would line up with the rebels against the Republic. The Jesuit priests of the city of

2183: 2178: 2112: 1908: 1499: 1420: 1400: 838: 737: 347: 57: 4872:

Montero Moreno, Antonio (1961), "Historia de la persecución religiosa en España 1936-1939",

2491:. In addition 4,172 diocesan priests, 2,364 monks and friars, among them 259 5436: 5376: 4983: 4684: 3087: 3062: 2104: 2077: 1939:, at which point Republican activists had the justification of suppressing pro-Nationalist 1876: 1768: 1647: 1507: 1503: 1495: 661: 640: 493: 427: 107: 2767:

There are accounts of the people connected to the Catholic Church being forced to swallow

2668:

otherwise destroyed. He claimed they there were 74 persons dead, and 345 persons injured.

2664: 997: 878: 858: 457: 8: 5358: 4612: 3633: 3082: 3077: 2947: 2929: 2693: 2586: 2289: 2214: 2000: 1864: 1709: 1641: 1560:), to be an illegal organization, alongside all other real and suspected Trotskyists and 1550: 1432: 1298: 1107: 927: 706: 593: 588: 583: 2582:

1932: 3,000 Jesuits are expelled. Church buildings are burned with impunity in 7 cities.

1825:(CEDA): "Voting for the CEDA was presented as a simple duty; good Catholics would go to 1419:. The violence consisted of the killing of tens of thousands of people, including 6,832 822: 568: 62: 5347: 4942: 4934: 4778: 4048: 3237:

Komuniści i ich lewaccy sojusznicy wymordowali 72 344 ludzi i zagłodzili ponad 100 tys.

3009: 2171: 2116: 2018: 1884: 1573: 1561: 1531: 1384: 1331: 972: 767: 563: 552: 111: 4153:

Juliá, Santos; Casanova, Julián (2005), "Apéndice. Las cifras. Estado de la cuestión (

2519:

were killed. In some dioceses, the number of secular priests killed was overwhelming:

5052: 5009: 4991: 4969: 4946: 4904: 4885: 4848: 4835: 4687:, "'Organization is Death': John Dos Passos," and "Visions of Order: Dos Passos," in 4329: 4307: 4286: 4259: 4229: 4204: 4179: 4166: 3641: 3528: 3488: 3368: 3252: 3184: 3176: 3142: 3134: 3052: 2819: 2680: 2408: 2322: 2030: 1968: 1936: 1852: 1811: 1799: 1753: 1636: 1515: 1483: 1380: 908: 845: 812: 717: 666: 380: 297: 292: 51: 39: 3928: 2955: 2851: 2719: 2006: 1576:, accordingly unleashed a revolutionary terror almost identical to the simultaneous 4926: 4617: 3923: 3518: 3097: 3033: 3001: 2943: 2939: 2925: 2656: 2620: 1911:, a broad left-of-centre coalition whose members ranged from the constitutionalist 1892: 1848: 1632: 1622: 1609: 1589: 1428: 1412: 1372: 888: 883: 852: 724: 558: 407: 307: 255: 158: 29: 2598:

August 1936: 2,077 clergymen are murdered, more than 70 a day, 10 of them bishops.

1803: 5243: 4133: 4005: 3694: 3668: 3607: 2993: 2974: 2970: 2913: 2893: 2789:

were also pillaged and closed, though some small Protestant churches were spared.

2676: 2592:

1936: one day before July 18, the day the war started, 17 clergymen are murdered.

2512: 2223: 2055: 2014: 1984: 1943:(a term originally coined to refer to Nationalists behind the Republican lines). 1826: 1718: 1705: 1670: 1666: 1597: 1557: 1444: 1193: 942: 914: 903: 676: 282: 235: 163: 43: 5021: 4382: 3916:"Cuadernos de historia (Santiago) - LA REPRESIÓN: EL ADN DEL FRANQUISMO ESPAÑOL" 2616: 2334: 1860: 1795: 1017: 4405: 3281: 3025: 3017: 2951: 2901: 2884:

Many Soviet participants in the Spanish Civil War were later to fall victim to

2870: 1218: 1058: 1012: 1002: 871: 616: 302: 2601:

September 14: 3,400 clergymen are murdered during the first stages of the war.

2460: 5410: 5267: 4930: 4747: 3532: 3506: 3401: 3168: 3126: 3029: 2997: 2989: 2885: 2858: 2831: 2793: 2761: 2568: 2545: 2448: 2202: 2135: 2096: 1999:

marks what some see as the beginning of the Red Terror. In October 1934, the

1836:

of their previous role in the public education system. Even advocates of the

1742: 1722: 1693: 1681: 1628: 1605: 1601: 1071: 932: 898: 4901:

The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence in Madrid

4832:

Privilege, Persecution, and Prophecy. The Catholic Church in Spain 1875-1975

4613:

Fosas Comunes - Los desaparecidos de Franco. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado

2639:

is necessary. Indispensable.' Similarly, the Prieto-controlled Madrid daily

4818: 4659: 4137: 3438:"498 Spanish Civil War martyrs beatified at Vatican City - Catholic Online" 3067: 2959: 2866: 2862: 2839: 2734: 2508: 2198: 2151: 2143: 2131: 2127: 2088: 2084: 2034: 1940: 1872: 1784: 1765: 1752:

To add to past instability, the revolution of 14 April 1931 that overthrew

1593: 1581: 1523: 1463: 1188: 1137: 937: 747: 671: 656: 500: 487: 320: 275: 210: 103: 4595: 4114: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3591: 3270: 2908:

mistrusted Soviet participants in the Spanish war. Military advisors like

2142:, from 1957 through 1989. In a 1991 interview with intelligence historian 1817:

In response to this and other similar attacks by the Government, Cardinal

141: 2889: 2827: 2768: 2753: 2464: 2159: 2123: 2100: 1776: 1653: 1618: 1577: 1459: 1436: 1231: 1181: 1132: 985: 893: 681: 651: 646: 611: 432: 4938: 2441: 1486:." Some estimates of the Red Terror range from 38,000 to ~72,344 lives. 3682:

Freedom of religion in the case law of the Spanish Constitutional court

3645: 3383: 3381: 3102: 3013: 2966: 2874: 2708: 2700: 2660: 2615:

Attitudes to the "red terror" varied on the Republican side. President

2496: 2492: 2163: 2022: 1880: 1734: 1714: 1554: 1527: 1396: 921: 742: 521: 4782: 4052: 3523: 3507:"La ira anticlerical de mayo de 1931. Religión, política y propaganda" 5228: 5206: 5196: 4673:

Special Tasts: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness: A Soviet Spymaster

4402:"Tucson priests one step away from sainthood Arizona Star 06.12.2007" 4126: 3251:, Julian Casanova, pp. 105-106, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010 2873:

and appealed to them to justly punish Republicans who were guilty of

2786: 2757: 2746: 2524: 2484: 2476: 2452: 2248: 1980: 1730: 1697: 1565: 1539: 1467: 1051: 4645:, Primo Anno di Pontificato, Tipografia Poliglotta, Roma 1940, p. 54 3378: 3024:, in which he had been a perpetrator, with what happened throughout 2552: 1875:

also condemned the Spanish Republican Government's refusal to grant

1733:

encouraged these people to think of themselves as distinct from the

5291: 5201: 3387:

Redzioch, Wlodzimierz (interviewing historian Vicente Carcel Orti)

2775: 2155: 1996: 1990: 1717:

leanings and believed that their country's salvation lay in native

1677: 1614: 1471: 1326: 1198: 2080:

52 prisoners were executed by anarchists militiamen as reprisals.

1995:

The murder of 37 priests, brothers and seminarians by leftists in

2917: 2800: 2792:

The Bishop of Almeria was murdered while working on a history of

2742: 2712: 2560: 2556: 2538: 2500: 2468: 2456: 1701: 1658: 1075: 1035: 760: 627: 4656:

Stalin and his Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him

2897: 2738: 2704: 2595:

From July 18 – August 1: 861 clergymen are murdered in 2 weeks.

2531: 2516: 2480: 2472: 2444: 2060: 1840:

had serious problems with the Constitution; one such advocate,

1738: 1625:

were nothing short of catastrophic for the Republican faction.

1291: 1271: 1251: 1211: 800: 480: 445: 4958:(in German), Munich: Verlag Josef Kösel & Friedrich Pustet 4866:(in German), Munich: Verlag Josef Kösel & Friedrich Pustet 2854:, was one of the most notable cases of this early repression. 2154:

recalled, "While I was fighting at the front, shooting at the

2905: 2634:

Julius Ruiz goes on to note, however, that "not cited... are

2139: 1802:

that were lost during the 1931 arson attacks was the copy of

1779:

being played through the windows of a nearby flat, more than

955: 694: 534: 400: 360: 340: 4956:

Papstgeschichte der neuesten Zeit Vol IV, Pius XI, 1922–1939

3229:"Francisco Franco - jedyny przywódca, który pokonał Stalina" 2980:

Furthermore, in a public break from his past service in the

2064:, announced that the country was on the cusp of revolution. 5137: 3797: 2977:, and caused them to permanently turn against the U.S.S.R. 2935: 2440:

tortured. 13 bishops were killed from the dioceses of

2108: 2092: 2040: 1956: 1928: 1749:, and monarchies with varying amounts of political power." 1569: 1546: 4823:

History of the Church: The Church in the Twentieth Century

4084:

The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.

3863:

The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.

3855: 3200:

Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War

3158:

Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War

2122:

The most infamous NKVD agent who served in the Republican

66:

with a caption noting the "Spanish Reds' war on religion".

3780:

Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War

3463:

Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War

3039:

In 2007, the Vatican beatified 498 priests killed by the

2846:

monument, etc. The 1940 shooting of the president of the

2707:

of Christ's Crucifixion. At the end of his suffering the

2505:

Christian Brothers (also called the De La Salle Brothers)

453:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

2834:, building railways, drying out swamps, digging canals ( 288:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

2965:

Both the Spanish Red Terror and the NKVD and the SIM's

1987:

scandals, destroyed his and the Radicals' popularity;

4201:

Sowieci: Opowieści niepoprawne politycznie - Część. II

3695:

Uncommon faith: the early years of Opus Dei, 1928-1943

2045:

In the 1936 elections, a new coalition of socialists (

4825:, vol. X, London & New York: Burn& Oates 4752:

The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

4706:

Skeff: The Life of Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, 1909-1970

4695:, then Harper & Row, pp. 74–117, and pp. 233–268. 3876:

The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

3353:

The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

3212:

The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

2715:

him or just shoot him. They finished with a shooting.

2083:

According to recent research, some of the Republican

1789:

Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic

4990:(Revised and enlarged ed.), Harper & Row, 4864:

Papstgeschichte, von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart

3705: 3703: 2916:were open to infection by the heresies, especially 2822:(the remains of 35,000 people are estimated by the 2692:Murder of 6,832 members of the Catholic clergy and 1955:to the Cortes Generales, the clerical conservative 1088:

List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

4102:Cambridge University Press. 2010. New York. p. 181 3891:Princeton University Press. 1967. Princeton. p.305 2226:'s friend, who observed repression in both zones. 1847:In a speech delivered on 28 November 1932, at the 1808:De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum 635:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany 5051: 4609:Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory 4546: 4544: 3889:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939 3850:The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction. 3504: 2824:Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory 808:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 5408: 4481: 4479: 3700: 3623:Brigham Young University Law Review June 1, 2001 3587: 3585: 3175:, p. 80, 168, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 3133:, p. 80, 168, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 1991:1934 murder of priests and religious in Asturias 1549:, the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (an 968:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 4251: 3511:Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine 2696:as well as the killing thousands of lay people. 2631:, the Socialist Party newspaper, on 23 August. 2218:prosecutor of the Madrid High Court of Justice 2130:, who later became the widely detested head of 1314:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions 4871: 4861: 4541: 4390:28 November 2001, p. 3(Weekly English Edition) 4304:Zagrabiona pamięć. Wojna w Hiszpanii 1936-1939 3638:The United States and Spain. An Interpretation 3105:- Similar Anti-Catholic persecutions in Mexico 1946: 1592:blaming the defeat of the Spanish Republic on 1470:parties, which had set themselves against the 5037: 4821:; Repgen, Konrad; Dolan, John, eds. (1999) , 4476: 4424: 4422: 4255:Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939 4152: 4043:Cueva, Julio de la, "Religious Persecution", 3582: 2659:'s bodyguards just 5 days prior to the coup, 2286:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 2067: 1823:Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right 1490:historians and memoirists." Analysts such as 1349: 218:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 4519: 4517: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4006:Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World 3913: 3465:, Yale University Press. Pages xxvii-xxviii. 2575:and beatified 498 more on October 28, 2007. 2534:, 270 of 410 priests were killed, about 66%. 2527:, 123 of 140 priests were killed, about 88%. 1829:on Sunday and support the political right". 3902:The Assassination of Federico García Lorca. 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3093:Republican repression in Madrid (1936–1939) 1604:have instead laid the blame at the door of 388:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State 198:Persecution of Christians in the modern era 16:Assassinations during the Spanish Civil War 5044: 5030: 4853:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4799:Franzen, August; Bäumer, Remigius (1991), 4798: 4789:Franzen, August; Bäumer, Remigius (1988), 4439: 4437: 4419: 4184:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3980:Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic 3790: 3788: 3782:, Yale University Press. Pages xvii-xviii. 3621:Perspectives on religious freedom in Spain 3577:Catholicism in the Spanish Second Republic 3468: 2869:. He wished peace and prosperity upon the 2830:) and imprisonments, and many were put to 2296:this issue before removing this message. 1725:. Meanwhile, nationalist movements in the 1411:-controlled region escaped systematic and 1356: 1342: 4953: 4903:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4862:Seppelt, Franz; Löffler, Klemens (1933), 4675:, Little, Brown and Company. Pages 30-31. 4514: 4497: 4458: 4342: 4198: 3927: 3769:line publication date: June 2014 page 284 3522: 3226: 2541:, 44% of the secular priests were killed. 1933:staged a partially successful coup d'etat 1415:violence, although it was minimal in the 188:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism 5008:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 5003: 4879: 4808: 4759: 4583: 4571: 4428: 4323: 3684:Brigham Young University Law Review 2001 3402:"1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia" 3300: 3004:and expressed support for granting both 2892:. This was because, according to author 2663:politician and leader of the opposition 2563:, about half of the priests were killed. 2177: 2041:1936 Popular Front victory and aftermath 1959:won a plurality of seats, but President 1781:100 religious buildings were burned down 818:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 4788: 4762:The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875-1998 4643:Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di sua Santita 4434: 4226:Mity wojny domowej. Hiszpania 1936-1939 4155:Appendix. The figures. State-of-the-art 4039: 4037: 3878:. Penguin Books. 2006. London. pp.86-87 3785: 3610:, p. 195, Rowman & Littlefield 2008 3551:The Slavic and Eastern European Journal 3000:converted to Catholicism following the 2087:were heavily staffed by members of the 1423:, the vast majority in the wake of the 5409: 5006:The Spanish Republic and the civil war 4982: 4963: 4829: 4746: 4559: 4535: 4523: 4508: 4370: 4165:(in Spanish), Barcelona, p. 411, 3865:Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p. 307 3732: 3720: 2503:, 176 Brothers of Mary, 165 2158:, Mielke served in the rear, shooting 1083:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom 183:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 5025: 4817: 4768: 4277: 4275: 4247: 4245: 4148: 4146: 4110: 4108: 4094: 4092: 4086:Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p.233 4078: 4076: 4062: 4060: 4016: 4014: 3914:Arnabat Mata, Ramón (December 2013). 3907: 3632: 3317: 3266: 3264: 2950:for his Spanish Civil War colleagues 2585:1934: 33 priests are murdered in the 1855:, one of the founding fathers of the 1673:, were left similarly disillusioned. 4916: 4898: 4443: 4127:International justice begins at home 4034: 3355:. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87 3222: 3220: 3214:. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87 2796:. His card index file was destroyed. 2266: 1974:the miners' revolt in northern Spain 1309:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union 963:Violence against Christians in India 178:Historical persecution of Christians 5467:War crimes of the Spanish Civil War 4811:El Cardinal Goma, Primado de Espana 4754:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 4223: 4100:The Spanish republic and civil war. 4070:Penguin Books. 2001. London. p. 900 4008:, p. 13, 2008 Yale University Press 3852:Oxford University Press. 2005. p.30 3547:St Francis Xavier and Marko Marulić 2686: 2646: 2290:create a more balanced presentation 2058:, hailed as "the Spanish Lenin" by 1425:rightist military coup in July 1936 599:Burning of convents in Spain (1931) 13: 4813:(in Spanish), Madrid: Espasa Calpe 4801:Kirchengeschichte (Church history) 4721:, October 2010, Vol.45(4), p. 765. 4384:New Evangelization with the Saints 4326:Wojna domowa w Hiszpanii 1936-1939 4272: 4258:. Princeton U.P. pp. 530–31. 4242: 4143: 4105: 4089: 4073: 4057: 4011: 3904:Penguin Books. London. 1983. p.168 3367:, University of Notre Dame Press, 3261: 2610: 1764:also brought to power a left-wing 1093:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 712:Persecution of Christians in China 14: 5498: 5422:Anti-Christian sentiment in Spain 4704:Andrée Sheehy-Skeffington (1991), 3794:John Koehler, "The Stasi", p. 48. 3671:, p. 221, Oxford University Press 3640:. Sheed & Ward; 1ST edition. 3505:Núñez Díaz-Balart, Mirta (2017). 3426:. Penguin Books. 2001. p. 6. 3217: 2548:, 286 of 600 priests were killed. 2428: 2241:Hermanidad Auxilio Azul María Paz 4726: 4302:Jan Chodakiewicz, Marek (2010). 3920:Cuadernos de Historia (Santiago) 3389:The Martyrs of Spain's Civil War 3073:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 2573:martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 2435:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 2271: 2193:By contrast, historians such as 2047:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 2033:in the middle of the night by a 1935:which heralded the onset of the 1325: 542:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 140: 50: 4919:Journal of Contemporary History 4791:Papstgeschichte (Papal history) 4771:Journal of Contemporary History 4740: 4719:Journal of Contemporary History 4711: 4698: 4678: 4665: 4648: 4636: 4627: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4529: 4488: 4467: 4449: 4394: 4376: 4364: 4317: 4296: 4217: 4192: 4120: 4045:Journal of Contemporary History 3998: 3985: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3929:10.4067/S0719-12432013000200002 3894: 3881: 3868: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3772: 3759: 3747: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3687: 3674: 3661: 3652: 3626: 3613: 3600: 3594:A History of Spain and Portugal 3569: 3556: 3539: 3498: 3480: 3455: 3430: 3416: 3394: 3358: 3345: 3336: 3323: 3287: 3227:Zychowicz, Piotr (2015-03-20). 3022:Spanish Republican Armed Forces 2986:Servicio de Información Militar 2958:'s during the assassination of 1564:. The Stalinists, aided by the 1443:against monasteries, convents, 1150:Oregon Compulsory Education Act 1113:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 4760:Callahan, William J. (2012) , 4607:The estimate of 35,000 by the 3803:Koehler (1999), pages 416–417. 3608:Historical Dictionary of Spain 3477:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 3275: 3242: 3204: 3193: 3162: 3151: 3120: 1838:separation of church and state 1596:and his followers, historians 1454:had already characterized the 1383:by sections of nearly all the 1239:Catholic Church in North Korea 1103:Dissolution of the Monasteries 243:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem 1: 5442:Political and cultural purges 5432:Political repression in Spain 4159:Víctimas de la guerra civil ( 3993:La Iglesia catolica en Espana 3233:Wp.Opinie/ Historia do Rzeczy 3109: 2679:became legal again. Catholic 2567:In 2001, the Catholic Church 2262: 1687: 1279:2021 Canadian church burnings 1041:Religious violence in Nigeria 574:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate 193:Eastern Catholic persecutions 5482:Human rights abuses in Spain 5472:Soviet Union–Spain relations 4884:, New York: Franklin Watts, 4809:Granados, Anastasio (1969), 4285:. Warszawa: Fronda. p. 198. 4136:by Carlos Alberto Montaner, 3669:Arguing Comparative Politics 2924:commanders than on fighting 2807: 2711:debated whether actually to 2605: 2329:), journalist and historian 2220:(Tribunal Supremo de Madrid) 1762:Spanish Constitution of 1931 1393:classical Catholic education 1156:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 328:Christianity in Saudi Arabia 7: 4281:Carroll, Warren H. (2007). 3404:. BBC News. 8 February 2013 3046: 2339:Víctimas de la guerra civil 1947:1933 election and aftermath 1657:to make the case that both 1621:instead of first defeating 1304:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy 1164:Philadelphia nativist riots 10: 5503: 4324:Zubiński, Tadeusz (2015). 3922:(in Spanish) (39): 33–59. 3553:", Spring 1961, pp. 12-18. 3365:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 3249:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 2432: 2068:Early outbreak of violence 1259:Anti-Catholicism in Norway 828:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs 517:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 5354:Government during the war 5319: 5219: 5182: 5108: 5101: 5060: 5004:Casanova, Julian (2010), 4954:Schmidlin, Josef (1939), 4693:Columbia University Press 4671:Pavel Sudoplatov (1994), 4252:Gabriel Jackson (2012) . 4199:Zychowicz, Piotr (2016). 4023:. Rev. of Antony Beevor, 3028:after it was assigned to 3008:and the reintegration of 2910:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko 2095:. According to historian 1834:Catholic religious orders 1756:and established both the 1704:, buttressed by a bitter 421:European wars of religion 125: 117: 89: 81: 71: 49: 37: 21: 5452:Persecution of Catholics 4968:, ???: Touchstone, 4931:10.1177/0022009407071625 4880:Mitchell, David (1983), 4830:Lannon, Frances (1987), 4473:Thomas 1976, p. 206–208. 4161:Victims of the civil war 3754:The Splintering of Spain 3680:Martinez-Torron, Javier 3619:Paz, Jose Antonio Souto 3295:The Splintering of Spain 3173:The Splintering of Spain 3131:The Splintering of Spain 3114: 2879:Catholic Church in Spain 2653:Catholic Church in Spain 1965:Radical Republican Party 1777:Royalist national anthem 1543:Communist Party of Spain 1510:among supporters of the 1494:have linked the Red and 1405:Catholic Church in Spain 1395:were the beginning of a 1219:Murder of Andrea Santoro 732:Ad Apostolorum principis 468:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 223:Diocletianic Persecution 5102:Political organizations 4328:. Fronda. p. 423. 4228:. Fronda. p. 207. 4047:, 3, 198, pp. 355-369. 3058:Spanish Republic at War 3041:Spanish Republican Army 2982:Spanish Republican Army 2946:who was later the main 2842:), construction of the 1857:Second Spanish Republic 1758:Second Spanish Republic 1692:According to historian 1663:authoritarian socialism 1512:Second Spanish Republic 1456:Second Spanish Republic 1023:1989 murders of Jesuits 121:38,000 to ~72,344 lives 76:Second Spanish Republic 5337:Evacuation of children 5234:International Brigades 4068:The Spanish Civil War. 3778:Ronald Radosh (2001), 3697:, p. 148, Scepter 2002 3461:Ronald Radosh (2001), 3171:and Michael Richards, 3129:and Michael Richards, 3006:diplomatic recognition 2412:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 2406:Ramón Salas Larrazabal 2236: 2187: 2148:International Brigades 2091:'s secret police, the 1723:centralized government 1635:who fought during the 1586:International Brigades 1522:, and ultimately from 1484:executed without trial 1452:political polarisation 1421:Roman Catholic priests 1389:May 1931 arson attacks 1376: 1332:Catholicism portal 1169:Ursuline Convent riots 1098:Irish Catholic Martyrs 993:Four U.S. missionaries 702:Martyr Saints of China 368:Maspero demonstrations 263:Massacre of the Latins 104:Antireligious violence 4988:The Spanish Civil War 4966:The Spanish Civil War 4964:Thomas, Hugh (1961), 4899:Ruiz, Julius (2015), 4882:The Spanish Civil War 4874:La Editorial Católica 4805:(cit Franzen II 1991) 4685:Diggins, John Patrick 4203:. Rebis. p. 88. 3658:Dilectissima Nobis, 2 3331:Gunpowder and Incense 2922:International Brigade 2764:stuffed in his mouth. 2699:The parish priest of 2651:The hierarchy of the 2483:and the auxiliary of 2231: 2181: 2113:military intelligence 1905:1936 general election 1676:In recent years, the 1645:, as well as writing 1500:religious persecution 1401:religious persecution 1387:groups involved. The 839:In Poloniae annalibus 788:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn 738:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei 348:Christianity in Sudan 96:Anticlerical violence 5427:Communist repression 4662:, 2004. pp. 362–363. 4388:L'Osservatore Romano 4025:The Battle for Spain 3693:Coverdale, John F., 3088:Paracuellos massacre 3063:White Terror (Spain) 2694:religious institutes 2489:the Bishop of Cuenca 2182:Martyrs Cemetery of 2105:Soviet secret police 2101:People's Democracies 2078:Buenaventura Durruti 2011:De La Salle Brothers 1961:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora 1923:to the more extreme 1879:to Catholics in the 1877:religious toleration 1842:José Ortega y Gasset 1819:Pedro Segura y Sáenz 1769:coalition government 1747:short-lived Republic 1648:Nineteen Eighty-Four 1520:José Ortega y Gasset 1508:religious toleration 1504:revolutionary terror 662:Bernhard Lichtenberg 641:Mit brennender Sorge 579:José María of Manila 512:José Sánchez del Río 494:Iniquis afflictisque 463:Martyrs of Compiègne 108:Political repression 5477:Communist terrorism 5332:Concentration camps 5221:Foreign involvement 3083:498 Spanish Martyrs 3078:233 Spanish Martyrs 2912:, journalists like 2844:Valle de los Caídos 2838:, the Canal of the 2745:after a successful 2726:, the freckled one. 2625:Julián Zugazagoitia 2587:Asturias Revolution 2551:In the dioceses of 2049:, PSOE), liberals ( 2001:Asturian Revolution 1710:liberalism in Spain 1642:Homage to Catalonia 1551:anti-Stalinist Left 1433:anti-Stalinist Left 1299:Martyrs of Pratulin 1008:Ignacio Martín-Baró 707:Auguste Chapdelaine 594:522 Spanish Martyrs 589:498 Spanish Martyrs 584:233 Spanish Martyrs 56:"Execution" of the 5487:Red Terror (Spain) 5462:Terrorism in Spain 5364:Spanish Revolution 4803:, Freiburg: Herder 4795:(cit Franzen 1988) 4793:, Freiburg: Herder 4764:(reprint ed.) 4132:2020-01-16 at the 4098:Casanova, Julian. 4021:"Men of La Mancha" 3887:Jackson, Gabriel. 3592:Payne, Stanley G. 3391:, Catholic Culture 3010:Spain under Franco 2848:Catalan government 2820:summary executions 2737:was thrown into a 2703:was put through a 2681:military chaplains 2414:Julio de la Cueva 2188: 2031:summarily executed 2019:civil disobedience 1900:Catholic Church". 1897:"hostile" approach 1885:Dilectissima Nobis 1719:Spanish traditions 1532:Dilectissima Nobis 973:Devasahayam Pillai 768:Vietnamese Martyrs 564:Martyrs of Daimiel 553:Dilectissima Nobis 236:Neo-Persian Empire 130:Republican faction 112:Political violence 5457:Spanish Civil War 5447:Politics of Spain 5404: 5403: 5215: 5214: 5053:Spanish Civil War 5015:978-0-521-73780-7 4689:Up From Communism 4654:Donald Rayfield, 4312:978-83-62268-08-5 4283:Ostatnia Krucjata 4235:978-83-603-3561-1 4224:Pio, Moa (2007). 3524:10.4000/ccec.6666 3189:978-0-521-82178-0 3147:978-0-521-82178-0 3053:Spanish Civil War 2840:Bajo Guadalquivir 2826:(ARMH) to lie in 2665:José Calvo Sotelo 2426: 2425: 2409:Warren H. Carroll 2310: 2309: 2288:. Please help to 2280:This section may 2257:French Revolution 2037:in the cemetery. 1969:Alejandro Lerroux 1937:Spanish Civil War 1853:Miguel de Unamuno 1812:St Francis Xavier 1800:cultural heritage 1754:King Alfonso XIII 1637:Spanish Civil War 1610:military advisors 1516:Miguel de Unamuno 1381:Spanish Civil War 1366: 1365: 998:Ignacio Ellacuría 909:Aloysius Stepinac 879:József Mindszenty 859:Jerzy Popiełuszko 846:Gloriosam Reginam 813:Maksymilian Kolbe 773:Andrew of Phú Yên 718:Ad Sinarum gentem 667:Max Josef Metzger 458:War in the Vendée 428:Thirty Years' War 381:Islamic terrorism 298:Assyrian genocide 293:Armenian genocide 135: 134: 40:Spanish Civil War 33: 5494: 5417:Anti-Catholicism 5312: 5259: 5239:Non-intervention 5106: 5105: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5000: 4978: 4959: 4949: 4913: 4894: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4826: 4814: 4804: 4794: 4785: 4765: 4755: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4404:. Archived from 4398: 4392: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4340: 4339: 4321: 4315: 4300: 4294: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4150: 4141: 4140:, August 4, 2003 4124: 4118: 4112: 4103: 4096: 4087: 4080: 4071: 4064: 4055: 4041: 4032: 4031:(June 22, 2006). 4018: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3885: 3879: 3874:Beevor, Antony. 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3783: 3776: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3723:, pp. 83–86 3718: 3712: 3710:Martyrs of Turon 3707: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3667:Stepan, Alfred, 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3564:Battle for Spain 3560: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3502: 3496: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3440:. Archived from 3434: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3376: 3362: 3356: 3351:Beevor, Antony. 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3268: 3259: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3224: 3215: 3210:Beevor, Antony. 3208: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3166: 3160: 3155: 3149: 3124: 3098:Political terror 3034:Yalta Conference 3002:Second World War 2944:ethnic Ukrainian 2940:Pavel Sudoplatov 2926:Francisco Franco 2687:Reported murders 2677:Catholic schools 2657:Indalecio Prieto 2647:Nationalist side 2627:, the editor of 2621:Indalecio Prieto 2386:Julian Casanova 2344: 2343: 2319:Checas de Madrid 2305: 2302: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2144:John. O. Koehler 2027:Padre Innocencio 1967:and its leader, 1941:fifth columnists 1913:Republican Union 1893:Stanley G. Payne 1727:Basque provinces 1623:Francisco Franco 1590:official history 1447:, and churches. 1445:Catholic schools 1429:Spanish nobility 1358: 1351: 1344: 1330: 1329: 889:Severian Baranyk 884:Eugene Bossilkov 853:Invicti athletae 823:Stefan Wyszyński 778:Nguyễn Văn Thuận 725:Cupimus Imprimis 569:Bartolomé Blanco 559:Martyrs of Turon 408:Martyrs of Japan 308:Kosheh massacres 283:Muslim conquests 256:Byzantine Empire 144: 137: 136: 54: 27: 19: 18: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5315: 5306: 5253: 5244:Nyon Conference 5211: 5178: 5097: 5093:List of battles 5056: 5050: 5016: 4998: 4976: 4960:(Papal history) 4911: 4892: 4868:(Papal history) 4846: 4845: 4842: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4727: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4666: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4550:Thomas, p. 173. 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4343: 4336: 4322: 4318: 4301: 4297: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4151: 4144: 4134:Wayback Machine 4125: 4121: 4113: 4106: 4097: 4090: 4082:Preston, Paul. 4081: 4074: 4065: 4058: 4042: 4035: 4019: 4012: 4004:Payne, Stanley 4003: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3934: 3932: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3861:Preston, Paul. 3860: 3856: 3848:Graham, Helen. 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3544: 3540: 3503: 3499: 3485: 3481: 3475:Anticlericalism 3473: 3469: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3424:Orwell in Spain 3422: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3329:Hilari Raguer, 3328: 3324: 3316: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3247: 3243: 3225: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3049: 3020:and within the 2975:Arthur Koestler 2971:John Dos Passos 2894:Donald Rayfield 2810: 2756:, a priest was 2689: 2649: 2613: 2611:Republican side 2608: 2515:, and 114 2437: 2431: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2394:Paweł Skibiński 2377: 2367: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2224:Queipo de Llano 2207:Gabriel Jackson 2070: 2056:Largo Caballero 2051:Republican Left 2043: 2015:Catholic school 2013:ran an illegal 1993: 1949: 1917:Republican Left 1865:the Inquisition 1706:anticlericalism 1690: 1671:Arthur Koestler 1667:John Dos Passos 1633:social democrat 1598:Donald Rayfield 1558:political party 1362: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1294: 1284: 1283: 1274: 1264: 1263: 1254: 1244: 1243: 1234: 1224: 1223: 1214: 1204: 1203: 1194:Pedro Calungsod 1184: 1174: 1173: 1128: 1118: 1117: 1078: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1028: 1027: 988: 978: 977: 958: 948: 947: 943:Theodore Romzha 915:Meminisse iuvat 904:Zynoviy Kovalyk 874: 864: 863: 803: 793: 792: 783:Trương Bửu Diệp 763: 753: 752: 697: 687: 686: 677:Erich Klausener 630: 620: 619: 614: 604: 603: 537: 527: 526: 483: 473: 472: 448: 438: 437: 423: 413: 412: 403: 393: 392: 383: 373: 372: 363: 353: 352: 343: 333: 332: 323: 313: 312: 278: 268: 267: 258: 248: 247: 238: 228: 227: 213: 203: 202: 173: 164:Catholic Church 161: 92: 67: 44:Interwar period 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5500: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5327:Army of Africa 5323: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5001: 4996: 4980: 4974: 4961: 4951: 4914: 4910:978-1107682931 4909: 4896: 4890: 4877: 4869: 4859: 4840: 4827: 4815: 4806: 4796: 4786: 4777:(3): 355–369, 4766: 4757: 4748:Beevor, Antony 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4725: 4710: 4708:, pp. 153-154. 4697: 4677: 4664: 4647: 4635: 4633:Schmidlin, 222 4626: 4621:, 7 July 2002 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4513: 4496: 4487: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4433: 4418: 4393: 4375: 4373:, pp. ??? 4363: 4341: 4334: 4316: 4295: 4271: 4265:978-1400820184 4264: 4241: 4234: 4216: 4209: 4191: 4171: 4142: 4119: 4104: 4088: 4072: 4066:Thomas, Hugh. 4056: 4033: 4010: 3997: 3984: 3982:, pp. 248, 258 3978:Mary Vincent, 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3906: 3893: 3880: 3867: 3854: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3796: 3784: 3771: 3758: 3746: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3699: 3686: 3673: 3660: 3651: 3634:Hayes, Carlton 3625: 3612: 3606:Smith, Angel, 3599: 3581: 3575:Mary Vincent, 3568: 3555: 3538: 3497: 3479: 3467: 3454: 3429: 3415: 3393: 3377: 3357: 3344: 3342:Raguer, p. 126 3335: 3322: 3299: 3293:Mary Vincent, 3286: 3282:Beevor, Antony 3274: 3260: 3241: 3216: 3203: 3192: 3161: 3150: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3026:Eastern Europe 3018:Spanish people 2956:Ramón Mercader 2952:Nahum Eitingon 2871:Spanish people 2852:Lluís Companys 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2750: 2733:The priest of 2731: 2727: 2720:Bishop of Jaén 2716: 2697: 2688: 2685: 2648: 2645: 2636:El Socialista' 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2565: 2564: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2430: 2429:Toll on clergy 2427: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2358:Antony Beevor 2356: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2337:, in the work 2308: 2307: 2292:. Discuss and 2279: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2069: 2066: 2042: 2039: 1992: 1989: 1953:1933 elections 1948: 1945: 1793:Prime Minister 1743:military coups 1689: 1686: 1417:Basque Country 1364: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1059:Stanley Rother 1055: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1013:Segundo Montes 1010: 1005: 1003:Rutilio Grande 1000: 995: 989: 984: 983: 980: 979: 976: 975: 970: 965: 959: 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 940: 935: 930: 928:Sára Salkaházi 925: 918: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 872:Eastern Europe 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 856: 849: 842: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 804: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 764: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 728: 721: 714: 709: 704: 698: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 637: 631: 626: 625: 622: 621: 617:Titus Brandsma 615: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 549: 544: 538: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 497: 490: 484: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 449: 444: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 430: 424: 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 404: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 364: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 344: 339: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 324: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 305: 303:Greek genocide 300: 295: 290: 285: 279: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 259: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 239: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 220: 214: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 155: 154: 146: 145: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 93: 90: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 55: 47: 46: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5499: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5268:Condor Legion 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118:Popular Front 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4997:0-06-014278-2 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4975:0-671-75876-4 4971: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925:(1): 97–115, 4924: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4891:9780531098967 4887: 4883: 4878: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4843: 4841:0-19-821923-7 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:Jedin, Hubert 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4630: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4584:Mitchell 1983 4580: 4573: 4572:Mitchell 1983 4568: 4562:, p. 272 4561: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4538:, pp. 83 4537: 4532: 4526:, p. 174 4525: 4520: 4518: 4511:, p. 173 4510: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4491: 4485:Granados, 348 4482: 4480: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4446:, p. 100 4445: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4429:Mitchell 1983 4425: 4423: 4408:on 2008-12-03 4407: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4335:9788371779732 4331: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4291:9788360562093 4288: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4210:9788380621022 4206: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4174: 4172:84-8460-333-4 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4030: 4029:The Economist 4026: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3900:Gibson, Ian. 3897: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3744:Beevor, p. 91 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3493:84-7030-532-8 3490: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3444:on 2007-11-17 3443: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3373:0-268-03268-8 3370: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3320:, p. 355 3319: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3258: 3257:0-268-03268-8 3254: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181:0-521-82178-9 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169:Ealham, Chris 3165: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:0-521-82178-9 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127:Ealham, Chris 3123: 3119: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3030:Joseph Stalin 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998:Hamish Fraser 2995: 2991: 2990:secret police 2987: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Joseph Stalin 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859:Pope Pius XII 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832:forced labour 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762:sexual organs 2759: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2641:Informaciones 2637: 2632: 2630: 2629:El Socialista 2626: 2622: 2618: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2436: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378:Paul Preston 2375: 2372: 2371: 2368:Santos Juliá 2366:Stanley Payne 2365: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:84-9793-168-8 2324: 2320: 2314: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2278: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:Antony Beevor 2200: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:secret police 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Ronald Radosh 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:Popular Front 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:Madrid Ateneo 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Marko Marulić 1801: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783:in a wave of 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737:who ruled in 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721:and a strong 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:Ronald Radosh 1685: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1631:, an English 1630: 1629:George Orwell 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606:Joseph Stalin 1603: 1602:Ronald Radosh 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Purge of 1937 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:White Terrors 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450:A process of 1448: 1446: 1442: 1441:arson attacks 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126:United States 1122: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072:Great Britain 1068: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 990: 987: 982: 981: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 957: 952: 951: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 933:Walter Ciszek 931: 929: 926: 924: 923: 919: 917: 916: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 899:Drina Martyrs 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 873: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 854: 850: 848: 847: 843: 841: 840: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 802: 797: 796: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 765: 762: 757: 756: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 733: 729: 727: 726: 722: 720: 719: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 696: 691: 690: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 642: 638: 636: 633: 632: 629: 624: 623: 618: 613: 608: 607: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 554: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 536: 531: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 502: 498: 496: 495: 491: 489: 486: 485: 482: 477: 476: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 447: 442: 441: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 422: 417: 416: 409: 406: 405: 402: 397: 396: 389: 386: 385: 382: 377: 376: 369: 366: 365: 362: 357: 356: 349: 346: 345: 342: 337: 336: 329: 326: 325: 322: 317: 316: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 277: 272: 271: 264: 261: 260: 257: 252: 251: 244: 241: 240: 237: 232: 231: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 212: 207: 206: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 169: 168: 165: 160: 157: 156: 152: 148: 147: 143: 139: 138: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 88: 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 65: 64: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 26: 20: 5377:White Terror 5371: 5346: 5320:Other topics 5005: 4987: 4984:Thomas, Hugh 4965: 4955: 4922: 4918: 4900: 4881: 4873: 4863: 4831: 4822: 4810: 4800: 4790: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4751: 4741:Bibliography 4728: 4718: 4713: 4705: 4700: 4688: 4680: 4672: 4667: 4660:Random House 4655: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4623:(in Spanish) 4616: 4603: 4591: 4586:, p. 46 4579: 4574:, p. 45 4567: 4555: 4531: 4490: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4431:, p. 17 4410:. Retrieved 4406:the original 4396: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4366: 4325: 4319: 4303: 4298: 4282: 4254: 4225: 4219: 4200: 4194: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4138:Miami Herald 4122: 4099: 4083: 4067: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4000: 3992: 3987: 3979: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3933:. Retrieved 3919: 3909: 3901: 3896: 3888: 3883: 3875: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3799: 3779: 3774: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3735:, p. 83 3728: 3716: 3689: 3676: 3663: 3654: 3637: 3628: 3615: 3602: 3593: 3576: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3546: 3545:Ante Kadič, 3541: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3482: 3470: 3462: 3457: 3446:. Retrieved 3442:the original 3432: 3423: 3418: 3406:. Retrieved 3396: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3294: 3289: 3277: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3211: 3206: 3195: 3164: 3153: 3122: 3068:Erich Mielke 3038: 2979: 2964: 2960:Leon Trotsky 2934: 2883: 2867:Jesus Christ 2863:Pope Pius XI 2856: 2836:La Corchuela 2835: 2813: 2811: 2769:rosary beads 2735:Ciempozuelos 2723: 2674: 2670: 2650: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2617:Manuel Azaña 2614: 2571:hundreds of 2566: 2509:Augustinians 2438: 2422:César Vidal 2396:Martín Rubio 2338: 2335:Santos Juliá 2318: 2315: 2311: 2298: 2284:undue weight 2281: 2254: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2199:Paul Preston 2195:Helen Graham 2192: 2189: 2168: 2152:Walter Janka 2132:East Germany 2128:Erich Mielke 2124:death squads 2121: 2089:Soviet Union 2085:death squads 2082: 2074: 2071: 2059: 2044: 2035:firing squad 2005: 1994: 1978: 1963:invited the 1950: 1902: 1890: 1883: 1873:Pope Pius XI 1870: 1861:Manuel Azaña 1846: 1831: 1816: 1807: 1796:Manuel Azaña 1785:church arson 1773: 1766:anticlerical 1751: 1691: 1675: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1627: 1594:Leon Trotsky 1584:against the 1582:Soviet Union 1537: 1530: 1524:Pope Pius XI 1492:Helen Graham 1488: 1476: 1464:Conservative 1449: 1413:anticlerical 1403:against the 1399:campaign of 1368: 1367: 1189:Lorenzo Ruiz 1154: 1143: 1138:Know Nothing 1018:Óscar Romero 938:Pietro Leoni 920: 913: 851: 844: 837: 748:Dominic Tang 730: 723: 716: 672:Karl Leisner 657:Rupert Mayer 639: 551: 546: 501:Acerba animi 499: 492: 488:Cristero War 321:Saudi Arabia 276:Muslim world 211:Roman Empire 159:Persecutions 126:Perpetrators 61: 58:Sacred Heart 24: 5437:Politicides 5359:Moscow gold 5307: [ 5254: [ 5184:Nationalist 5055:(1936–1939) 4560:Thomas 1961 4536:Beevor 2006 4524:Thomas 1961 4509:Thomas 1961 4455:Montero, 52 4371:Beevor 2006 3733:Beevor 2006 3721:Beevor 2006 3562:A. Beevor, 3297:, pp. 70-71 3014:witch hunts 2890:Great Purge 2828:mass graves 2754:Ciudad Real 2511:, 132 2507:, 155 2499:, 204 2497:Franciscans 2495:, 226 2465:Ciudad Real 2383:<60 000 2376:Hugh Thomas 2331:César Vidal 2301:August 2020 2211:Hugh Thomas 2184:Paracuellos 2160:Trotskyists 1851:, the poet 1654:Animal Farm 1619:Soviet Bloc 1460:Catholicism 1437:desecration 1397:politicidal 1377:Terror Rojo 1232:North Korea 1182:Philippines 1133:James Coyle 986:El Salvador 894:Josef Beran 682:Kulturkampf 652:Alois Grimm 647:Alfred Delp 612:Netherlands 433:Reformation 91:Attack type 25:Terror Rojo 5411:Categories 5372:Red Terror 5207:Alfonsists 5197:Falangists 5110:Republican 5068:Background 5061:Chronology 4834:, Oxford, 4412:2007-06-26 4306:. Fronda. 3991:Callahan, 3646:B0014JCVS0 3448:2016-09-23 3318:Cueva 1998 3110:References 3103:Calles Law 3016:among the 2996:Communist 2967:witch hunt 2875:war crimes 2787:synagogues 2709:militiamen 2701:Navalmoral 2661:Monarchist 2513:Dominicans 2493:Claretians 2433:See also: 2263:Death toll 2215:Ian Gibson 2164:Anarchists 2115:unit (the 2111:) and the 2023:Passionist 1925:Communists 1881:encyclical 1735:Castilians 1715:monarchist 1688:Background 1572:, and the 1562:anarchists 1555:Trotskyist 1528:encyclical 1435:, and the 1409:Republican 1369:Red Terror 1144:The Menace 1108:Penal Laws 922:Anni sacri 743:Beda Chang 547:Red Terror 522:Miguel Pro 100:Politicide 63:Daily Mail 22:Red Terror 5229:Comintern 5088:1938–1939 4947:159559553 4494:Jedin 618 4464:Jedin 616 4444:Ruiz 2007 4361:Jedin 617 3533:1957-7761 2988:(S.I.M.) 2808:Aftermath 2776:Salesians 2758:castrated 2747:bullfight 2730:incident. 2724:La Pecosa 2606:Attitudes 2569:beatified 2525:Barbastro 2485:Tarragona 2477:Barcelona 2453:Barbastro 2347:Estimate 2249:Salamanca 2186:in Madrid 1981:Straperlo 1871:In 1933, 1731:Catalonia 1702:socialism 1698:anarchism 1682:beatified 1566:Comintern 1545:declared 1540:Stalinist 1480:religious 1468:far-right 1052:Guatemala 85:1936–1939 5368:Terrors 5348:Guernica 5292:Viriatos 5287:Portugal 5202:Carlists 4986:(1977), 4939:30036431 4849:citation 4750:(2006), 4691:, 1975, 4618:El Mundo 4180:citation 4130:Archived 3995:, p. 282 3636:(1951). 3333:, p. 115 3047:See also 2994:Scottish 2984:and its 2938:General 2930:heretics 2857:The new 2815:Te Deums 2760:and his 2501:Piarists 2442:Siguenza 2419:110,905 2398:Pio Moa 2350:Sources 2156:Fascists 2150:veteran 2025:priest, 1997:Asturias 1863:: "Even 1760:and the 1708:, while 1678:Holy See 1615:Cold War 1472:far-left 1199:Gomburza 833:Policies 172:Overview 151:a series 149:Part of 72:Location 38:Part of 5394:sidebar 5304:Belarus 5299:Ireland 5263:Germany 4117:p. 650. 3839:p. 649. 3756:, p. 68 3408:27 July 3032:at the 2992:force, 2948:handler 2918:Trotsky 2914:Koltsov 2801:convent 2743:matador 2713:crucify 2561:Segorbe 2557:Menorca 2539:Tortosa 2517:Jesuits 2469:Almeria 2457:Segorbe 2403:72,344 2391:60,000 2373:55,000 2363:50,000 2355:38,000 2294:resolve 1985:Nombela 1951:In the 1903:In the 1659:fascism 1580:in the 1526:in the 1385:leftist 1373:Spanish 1076:Ireland 1036:Nigeria 761:Vietnam 628:Germany 162:of the 30:Spanish 5389:navbox 5012: 4994: 4972: 4945: 4937: 4907: 4888: 4838: 4783:261121 4781: 4775:XXXIII 4598:p. 215 4332: 4310: 4289: 4262: 4232: 4207: 4169: 4053:261121 4051: 3827:p. 649 3815:p. 650 3644: 3579:, p. 1 3531: 3517:(18). 3491: 3371: 3255: 3187: 3179: 3145: 3137: 2973:, and 2904:, and 2902:Yezhov 2898:Stalin 2794:Toledo 2782:Spain. 2739:corral 2705:parody 2553:Málaga 2546:Toledo 2532:Lleida 2481:Teruel 2473:Guadix 2449:Cuenca 2445:Lleida 2325: 2213:, and 2172:Basque 2138:, the 2061:Pravda 1907:, the 1739:Madrid 1608:, the 1568:, the 1427:, the 1292:Russia 1272:Canada 1252:Norway 1212:Turkey 801:Poland 507:Saints 481:Mexico 446:France 118:Deaths 5384:Women 5342:Films 5311:] 5275:Italy 5258:] 4943:S2CID 4935:JSTOR 4779:JSTOR 4596:Payne 4115:Payne 4049:JSTOR 3935:8 May 3837:Payne 3825:Payne 3813:Payne 3115:Notes 2942:, an 2906:Beria 2282:lend 2140:Stasi 2107:(the 2007:Turón 1617:-era 1407:. No 956:India 695:China 535:Spain 401:Japan 361:Egypt 341:Sudan 5251:USSR 5192:CEDA 5148:PSUC 5143:PSOE 5138:POUM 5083:1937 5078:1936 5073:Coup 5010:ISBN 4992:ISBN 4970:ISBN 4905:ISBN 4886:ISBN 4855:link 4836:ISBN 4330:ISBN 4308:ISBN 4287:ISBN 4260:ISBN 4230:ISBN 4205:ISBN 4186:link 4167:ISBN 4157:)", 3937:2015 3767:link 3642:ASIN 3566:p.23 3529:ISSN 3489:ISBN 3410:2021 3375:p. 7 3369:ISBN 3253:ISBN 3185:ISBN 3177:ISBN 3143:ISBN 3135:ISBN 2954:and 2936:NKVD 2932:". 2718:The 2559:and 2461:Jaén 2323:ISBN 2222:and 2162:and 2126:was 2109:NKVD 2093:NKVD 1983:and 1957:CEDA 1929:POUM 1927:and 1921:PSOE 1919:and 1827:Mass 1745:, a 1729:and 1680:has 1669:and 1661:and 1651:and 1600:and 1570:NKVD 1553:and 1547:POUM 1518:and 1502:and 1466:and 1439:and 1074:and 82:Date 5280:CTV 5174:PNV 5169:UGT 5164:FAI 5160:CNT 5133:PCE 5123:ERC 4927:doi 3924:doi 3549:, " 3519:doi 3036:. 2896:, " 2888:'s 2752:In 2544:In 2537:In 2530:In 2523:In 2166:." 2134:'s 2117:GRU 1806:'s 1771:. 1700:or 1574:GRU 5413:: 5309:be 5256:ru 5153:UR 5128:IR 4941:, 4933:, 4923:42 4921:, 4851:}} 4847:{{ 4773:, 4658:, 4615:, 4543:^ 4516:^ 4499:^ 4478:^ 4436:^ 4421:^ 4386:, 4344:^ 4274:^ 4244:^ 4182:}} 4178:{{ 4145:^ 4107:^ 4091:^ 4075:^ 4059:^ 4036:^ 4027:. 4013:^ 3918:. 3787:^ 3702:^ 3584:^ 3527:. 3515:18 3513:. 3509:. 3380:^ 3302:^ 3263:^ 3235:. 3231:. 3219:^ 3183:, 3141:, 2900:, 2881:. 2850:, 2555:, 2479:, 2475:, 2471:, 2467:, 2463:, 2459:, 2455:, 2451:, 2447:, 2243:. 2209:, 2205:, 2201:, 2197:, 2146:, 1915:, 1888:. 1814:. 1535:. 1474:. 1375:: 153:on 110:, 106:, 102:, 98:, 42:, 5162:/ 5045:e 5038:t 5031:v 4979:. 4950:. 4929:: 4895:. 4857:) 4756:. 4415:. 4338:. 4314:. 4293:. 4268:. 4238:. 4213:. 4188:) 4163:) 3939:. 3926:: 3648:. 3535:. 3521:: 3495:. 3451:. 3412:. 2803:. 2749:. 2589:. 2321:( 2303:) 2299:( 1371:( 1357:e 1350:t 1343:v 32:) 28:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Red Terror (Spain)

Index