Anti-clericalism - Knowledge

2557: 2636:) over individual opinions, and limits the role of jurist to provide religious guidance in personal affairs of a believer. He defines democracy as a system of governance that enforces a set of "limitations and conditions" on the head of state and government employees so that they work within "boundaries that the laws and religion of every nation determines". Akhund believes that modern secular laws complement traditional religion. He asserts that both religious rulings and the laws outside the scope of religion confront "state despotism". Constitutionalism is based on the idea of defending the "nation's inherent and natural liberties", and as absolute power corrupts, a democratic distribution of power would make it possible for the nation to live up to its full potential. 2584:, democracy was the best available option. He considers opposition to constitutional democracy as hostility towards the twelfth Imam. He declared his full support for constitutional democracy and announced that objection to "foundations of constitutionalism" was un-Islamic. According to Akhund, "a rightful religion imposes conditions on the actions and behavior of human beings", which stem from either holy text or logical reasoning, and these constraints are essentially meant to prevent despotism. He believes that an Islamic system of governance can not be established without the infallible Imam leading it. Thus the clergy and modern scholars have concluded that a proper legislation can help reduce the state tyranny and maintain peace and security. He said: 2593:سلطنت مشروعه آن است کہ متصدی امور عامه ی ناس و رتق و فتق کارهای قاطبه ی مسلمین و فیصل کافه ی مهام به دست شخص معصوم و موید و منصوب و منصوص و مأمور مِن الله باشد مانند انبیاء و اولیاء و مثل خلافت امیرالمومنین و ایام ظهور و رجعت حضرت حجت، و اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، چنان‌ کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق‌ العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره». و به تجربه و تدقیقات صحیحه و غور رسی‌ های شافیه مبرهن شده که نُه عشر تعدیات دوره ی استبداد در دوره ی مشروطیت کمتر می‌شود و دفع افسد و اقبح به فاسد و به قبیح واجب است. 2124: 2605:. If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust. From human experience and careful reflection it has become clear that democracy reduces the tyranny of state and it is obligatory to give precedence to the lesser evil." 7617: 1376: 3764: 2199:

18th-century benevolent despots in restricting or prohibiting the religious orders. As a result, a number of these liberal regimes expropriated Church property and tried to bring education, marriage and burial under secular authority. The confiscation of Church properties and changes in the scope of religious liberties (in general, increasing the rights of non-Catholics and non-observant Catholics, while licensing or prohibiting the orders) generally accompanied secularist and governmental reforms.

1486:, were known to be hostile to the temporal and political power of the Church. Throughout the history of Liberal Italy, relations between the Italian government and the Church remained acrimonious, and anti-clericals maintained a prominent position in the ideological and political debates of the era. Tensions eased between church and state in the 1890s and early 1900s as a result of both sides' mutual hostility toward the burgeoning Socialist movement. Initially also anticlerical, 1251: 2436: 1670: 2758: 7629: 5467:"From the official documents of French Masonry contained principally in the official 'Bulletin' and 'Compte-rendu' of the Grand Orient it has been proved that all the anti-clerical measures passed in the French Parliament were decreed beforehand in the Masonic lodges and executed under the direction of the Grand Orient, whose avowed aim is to control everything and everybody in France" ( 1109: 2385:

definers of national values and morality, responded in part by joining in the rightist religio-political movement known as Catholic Nationalism which formed successive opposition parties. This began a prolonged period of conflict between church and state that persisted until the 1940s when the Church enjoyed a restoration of its former status under the presidency of Colonel

2601:"According to Shia doctrine, only the infallible Imam has the right to govern, to run the affairs of the people, to solve the problems of the Muslim society and to make important decisions. As it was in the time of the prophets or in the time of the caliphate of the commander of the faithful, and as it will be in the time of the reappearance and return of the 2028:

settlers. French Canadian identity was almost entirely centred around Catholicism, and to a much lesser extent the French language. However, there was a small anti-clerical movement in French Canada in the early nineteenth drawing inspiration from American and French liberal revolutions. This group was one current (but by no means the dominant) one in the

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departmental and national governments ended contracts with religious communities who operated schools in government-owned buildings, and set up secular schools in their place. These actions were sometimes violent, and were met by a strong opposition from clerics, Conservatives, and even a good number of more moderate Liberals.

4807:: "Yet the revolutionary leaders managed to score progress toward making the country a rationalized nation-state, as shown in table 5-3. Revolts continued to plague Mexico, some due to continuing rivalries among the leaders. The bloody Cristero Revolt (1926-29), however, was fought by devout peasants against an atheist state." 4661:: "Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was matched in severity only by the persecution of religion in the communist states of Albania and North Korea, so there were not any direct historical continuities of Buddhism into the Democratic Kampuchea era." 1437:

were arrested or removed from their positions. By the height of anti-Catholic measures, half of the Prussian bishops were in prison or in exile, a quarter of the parishes had no priest, half the monks and nuns had left Prussia, a third of the monasteries and convents were closed, 1800 parish priests

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When their party came to power in 1930, anti-clerical Liberals pushed for legislation to end Church influence in public schools. These Liberals held that the Church and its intellectual backwardness were responsible for a lack of spiritual and material progress in Colombia. Liberal-controlled local,

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By law, they were now property of the Spanish State, to which the Church had to pay rent and taxes continuously in order to use these properties. "Thus the Catholic Church is compelled to pay taxes on what was violently taken from her". Religious vestments, liturgical instruments, statues, pictures,

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In recent years, the Italian society has got increasingly secularized and many contest the intervention of the Catholic Church in Italian politics, usually through voting instructions to the faithful and to Catholic parliamentarians on the legislative and regulatory action of the State. For example,

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In 1871, the Catholic Church comprised 36.5% of the population of the German Empire, including millions of Germans in the west and South, as well as the vast majority of Poles. In this newly founded Empire, Bismarck sought to appeal to liberals and Protestants (62% of the population) by reducing the

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Iran, although an Islamic state, imbued with religion and religious symbolism, is an increasingly anti-clerical country. In a sense it resembles some Catholic countries where religion is taken for granted, without public display, and with ambiguous feelings towards the clergy. Iranians tend to mock

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of 1910, the new Mexican Constitution of 1917 contained further anti-clerical provisions. Article 3 called for secular education in the schools and prohibited the Church from engaging in primary education; Article 5 outlawed monastic orders; Article 24 forbade public worship outside the confines of

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in communist Eastern Europe. The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the church; abolished the Catholic monarchy; nationalized church property; exiled 30,000 priests and killed hundreds more. Many churches were converted into "temples of reason", in which atheistical services were held. There

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Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the "War of the Thousand Days," a civil war at the turn of the century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that

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Liberal anti-clericalists of the 1880s established a new pattern of church-state relations in which the official constitutional status of the Church was preserved while the state assumed control of many functions formerly the province of the Church. Conservative Catholics, asserting their role as

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became party leader, however, the party dropped its anti-clerical stance and went on to dominate Canadian politics throughout most of the 20th century. Since that time, Liberal prime ministers have been overwhelmingly Catholic (St. Laurent, both Pierre and Justin Trudeau, Chrétien, Martin), but

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The Cristero rebels committed their share of violence, which continued even after formal hostilities had ended. In some of the worst cases, public school teachers were tortured and murdered by the former Cristero rebels. It is calculated that almost 300 rural teachers were murdered in this way

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In French Canada following the Conquest, much like in Ireland or Poland under foreign rule, the Catholic Church was the sole national institution not under the direct control of the British colonial government. It was also a major marker of social difference from the incoming Anglo-Protestant

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joining Francisco Franco's unified alliance of right-wing parties, the party exhibited anti-clerical tendencies, and saw the Catholic Church as an elite institution that presented an obstacle to the Falangist's full control the state. Despite this, the Falangists had not been involved in any

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Beginning in the 1820s, a succession of liberal regimes came to power in Latin America. Some members of these liberal regimes sought to imitate the Spain of the 1830s (and revolutionary France of a half-century earlier) in expropriating the wealth of the Catholic Church, and in imitating the

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Where 4,500 priests served the people before the rebellion, in 1934 there were only 334 priests licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people, the rest having been eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination. It appears that ten states were left without any priests.

2019:'s fault and not the pope's. In 2019, he predicted the Church's temporal demise in 25 years. Duterte, however, has underscored that his animosity toward the Church was purely personal and warned the otherwise uninvolved public against taking unethical action against the clergy. 2363:

Across the country, militants attacked churches, convents, and monasteries, killing priests and looking for arms, since the conspiracy theory maintained that the religious had guns, and this despite the fact that not a single serviceable weapon was located in the raids.

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ended about 1880 with a new pope Leo XIII willing to negotiate with Bismarck. Bismarck broke with the Liberals over religion and over their opposition to tariffs; He won Centre party support on most of his conservative policy positions, especially his attacks against

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Demonstrators using slogans such as "The clerics live like kings while we live in poverty!" One report claims "Working-class Iranian lamented clerical wealth in the face of their own poverty," and "stories about Swiss bank accounts of leading clerics circulated on

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were expelled from the country, including 31 orders comprising members in 164 houses (in 1917 some orders were permitted to form again). Religious education was prohibited in both primary and secondary school. Religious oaths and church taxes were also abolished.

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in Latin America. This anti-clericalism was often purportedly based on the idea that the clergy (especially the prelates who ran the administrative offices of the Church) were hindering social progress in areas such as public education and economic development.

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provided that all Argentine presidents must be Catholic and stated that the duty of the Argentine congress was to convert the Indians to Catholicism. All of these provisions have been eliminated with the exception of the mandate to "sustain" Catholicism.

1045:, because revolutionaries claimed the church played a pivotal role in the systems of oppression which led to it. Many clerics were killed, and French revolutionary governments tried to put priests under the control of the state by making them employees. 2411:(in office from 1870 to 1877, from 1879 to 1884, and from 1886 to 1887) virtually crushed the institutional life of the church, even attempting to legalize the marriage of priests. These anti-clerical policies remained in force for decades afterward. 2086:

in Canada (1840–1867). By 1861, however, the two groups fused to create a united Liberal block. After 1867, this party added like-minded reformers from the Maritime provinces, but struggled to win power, especially in still strongly-Catholic Quebec.

2678:, where clerics serve as heads of state and judges, veto legislation they consider un-Islamic and control who may run for president or parliament. However, by the late 1990s and 2000s, anti-clericalism was reported to be significant in the 1153:, in October 1793 the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoning from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason and the Supreme Being were scheduled. New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic 1167:, with all churches not devoted to these being closed. In April and May 1794, the government mandated the observance of a festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being. When anti-clericalism became a clear goal of French revolutionaries, 1343:(emperor 1765–1790) opposed what he called "contemplative" religious institutions – reclusive Catholic institutions that he perceived as doing nothing positive for the community. His policy towards them is included in what is called 1414:(where Catholics were in a majority). As one scholar put it, "the attack on the church included a series of Prussian, discriminatory laws that made Catholics feel understandably persecuted within a predominantly Protestant nation." 2231:

issued decrees nationalizing church property, separating church and state, and suppressing religious orders. Church properties were confiscated and basic civil and political rights were denied to religious orders and the clergy.

1354:. More than 500 of 1,188 monasteries in Austro-Slav lands (and a hundred more in Hungary) were dissolved, and 60 million florins taken by the state. This wealth was used to create 1,700 new parishes and welfare institutions. 1230:

minority religions, but in practice with much more influence than those). During the 19th century, public schools employed primarily priests as teachers, and religion was taught in schools (teachers also lead the class to

2423:, succeeded in reducing the Church's ability to work by deporting the archbishop and 150 Spanish priests, by discriminating against Catholics in public life and education and by refusing to accept them as members of the 1357:

The education of priests was taken from the Church as well. Joseph established six state-run "General Seminaries". In 1783, a Marriage Patent treated marriage as a civil contract rather than a religious institution.

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churches; and Article 27 placed restrictions on the right of religious organizations to hold property. Article 130 deprived clergy members of basic political rights. Many of these laws were resisted, leading to the

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ideas, and the state intervened in fields once dominated by the church, especially health and education, which were taken over by the provincial government. Quebec is now considered Canada's most secular province.

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Of the population of Latin America, about 71% acknowledge allegiance to the Catholic Church. Consequently, about 43% of the world's Catholics inhabit the 'Latin' countries of South, Central and North America.

5484:"But in spite of the failure of the official transactions, there are a great many German and not a few American Masons, who evidently favour at least the chief anti-clerical aims of the Grand Orient party" ( 1312:

In the years following their relocations, boarding schools of congregants were accused by some senators of trying to "recruit" French youth from abroad, supposedly placing the French Republic "in jeopardy".

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There are accounts of Catholic faithful being forced to swallow rosary beads, thrown down mine shafts and priests being forced to dig their own graves before being buried alive. The Catholic Church has

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which came to power in Spain in 1931 was based on secular principles. In the first years some laws were passed secularising education, prohibiting religious education in the schools, and expelling the

1319:' anti-clericalism softened after the First World War as the Catholic right-wing began to accept the Republic and secularism, which aimed to prevent socialist parties. However, the issue of subsidized 1202:(1796). French troops imprisoned the Pope in 1797, and he died after six weeks of captivity. After a change of heart, Napoleon then re-established the Catholic Church in France with the signing of the 2922: 4643: 4019:

Sigmund, Paul E. (1996). "Religious Human Rights in the World Today: A Report on the 1994 Atlanta Conference: Legal Perspectives on Religious Human Rights: Religious Human Rights in Latin America".

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led to another wave of anti-clerical activity. Most church property was put under State control, and the church was not allowed to inherit property. The revolution and the republic allegedly took a

3769: 3767: 2083: 4903:: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution." 3200:

The cult was a deliberate attempt to counter the unsuccessful efforts at dechristianization, and the atheistic Cult of Reason, which reached its high point in the winter of the previous year.

1206:, and banned the Cult of the Supreme Being. Many anti-clerical policies continued. When Napoleonic armies entered a territory, monasteries were often sacked, and church property secularized. 6104: 2392:

In 1954, Argentina saw extensive destruction of churches, denunciations of clergy and confiscation of Catholic schools as Perón attempted to extend state control over national institutions.

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Although anti-clericalism is more often spoken of regarding the history or current politics of Latin countries where the Catholic Church was established and where the clergy had privileges,

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law was abolished, and men and women were desegregated in educational and religious environments. All this infuriated the ultraconservative clergy as a class. Rezā Khan's son and heir

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cultures made substantial use of religious leaders to ideologically support governing authority and power. This pre-existing role of religion as ideological adjunct to the state in

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of the country. As part of his Westernization program, the traditional role of the ruling clergy was minimized; Islamic schools were secularized, women were forbidden to wear the

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culture made it relatively easy for the Spanish conquistadors to replace native religious structures with those of a Catholicism that was closely linked to the Spanish throne.

1395:(literally "culture struggle") refers to German policies in reducing the role and power of the Catholic Church in Prussia, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of 1133:

was the first trigger of the rebellion; the second being conscription. Nonjuring priests were exiled or imprisoned and women on their way to Mass were beaten in the streets.

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in Iran—the one Muslim country where Shia form an overwhelming majority—even more systematic power was given to clerics. Under the doctrine of rule by Islamic jurists, or

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The war had a profound effect on the Church. Between 1926 and 1934 at least 40 priests were killed. Between 1926 and 1934, over 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated.

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were closed and all but five major seminaries. A law of February 22, 1918, permitted only two seminaries in the country, but they had not been given their property back.

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The anti-clericalism during the French Revolution initially began with attacks on church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many

5840: 4739: 1919: 4742:: "During the decades of state-sponsored atheism in East Germany, more formally known as the German Democratic Republic, the great emphasis was on avoiding religion." 7294: 2822: 2746:

was historically viewed by the Catholic Church as being a principal source of anti-Clericalism – especially in, but not limited to, historically Catholic countries.

1623: 1150: 1130: 6391: 4505:: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)." 2625: 2274:

of 1927–1929. The suppression of the Church included the closing of many churches and the killing of priests. The persecution was most severe in Tabasco under the

2389:. Perón claimed that Peronism was the "true embodiment of Catholic social teaching" – indeed, more the embodiment of Catholicism than the Catholic Church itself. 2082:

The vastly different religious backgrounds of the Reformers and rouges was one of the factors which prevented them from working together well during the era of

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since the 1960s Liberals have again had a strained relationship with the Catholic church, and have increasingly parted with the Catholic church's teachings on

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and the church, and the Liberals, who represented those of the Costa and anti-clericalism. Tensions came to a head in 1875 when the conservative President

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de la Cueva, Julio (1998), "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War",

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On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called

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against alleged sorcerers spiraled into widespread riots and violence. In addition to alleged sorcerers, Islamic clerics were also targeted and killed,

189: 4002: 1634:. As part of the anti-clerical revolution, the bishops were driven from their dioceses, the property of clerics was seized by the state, wearing of the 6945: 6425: 3408: 2099:, as when Pierre Trudeau legalized homosexuality and streamlined divorce (as justice minister under Pearson), and Martin legalized same-sex marriage. 7320: 2548:, Islamic clerics must rule or Islam will whither away. A cleric is head of state in Iran, and clerics control many powerful governmental positions. 1125:

was passed on July 12, 1790, requiring all clerics to swear allegiance to the French government and, by extension, to the increasingly anti-clerical

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Some have opposed clergy on the basis of moral corruption, institutional issues and/or disagreements in religious interpretation, such as during the

3877: 1175:(1793 to 1796). Local people often resisted dechristianization and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again. Eventually, 7395: 5113: 3348: 3280: 204: 6111: 4836: 7666: 2620:

also quoted Akhund Khurasani saying that if there was a possibility of establishment of a truly legitimate Islamic rule in any age, God must end

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1793 Establishment of the Cult of Reason, an atheistic alternative to Christianity, during the French Revolution. First state-sponsored atheism.

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The Kulturkampf backfired, as it energized the Catholics to become a political force in the Centre party and revitalized Polish resistance. The

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Grand Orient's card index on public officials, detailing which were Catholic and who attended Mass, with a view to preventing their promotions.

1236: 4403: 1619: 1596: 7991: 6705: 6432: 4072: 690: 1705: 1235:). This changed during the 1880s as several anti-clerical international gatherings took place in Paris, leading to the establishment of the 6384: 794: 2949: 6978: 6471: 2040:

of 1837. In the more democratic politics that followed the rebellions, the more radical and anti-clerical tendency eventually formed the

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Supporting sources listed as of January 22, 2018, for the world map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism:

2064: 1963: 1939: 1561:. From the side of the Church, a right to express its opinions and a moral duty in guiding Christians on ethical questions is claimed. 956: 853: 3926: 1660: 2171:

The slowness to embrace religious freedom in Latin America is related to its colonial heritage and to its post-colonial history. The

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During the Protestant Reformation, anti-clericalism resulted from opposition to the political and economic privileges of the clergy.

759: 724: 636: 627: 1771:, in which he described the expropriation of all Church buildings, episcopal residences, parish houses, seminaries and monasteries. 7113: 3863: 2213:

The Mexican Constitution of 1824 had required the Republic to prohibit the exercise of any religion other than the Catholic faith.

1693:, 20 clergymen were killed by members of the liberal movement in retaliation for the Church's siding with absolutist supporters of 1140:

could identify, since the Catholic Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France. During a two-year period known as the

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As "sanctioned by sacred law and religion", Akhund believes, a theocratic government can only be formed by the infallible Imam.

6807: 6749: 1767:. He asked the Catholics of Spain to fight with all legal means against the injustices. June 3, 1933, he issued the encyclical 1554: 1183:

denounced the dechristianization campaign and tried to establish their own religion, without the superstitions of Catholicism.

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This issue was one of the bases for the lasting dispute between Conservatives, who represented primarily the interests of the

8356: 6360: 5948: 4325: 4255: 4228: 4201: 4178: 3708: 3065: 3040: 2985: 848: 1129:. All but seven of the 160 bishops refused the oath, as did about half of the parish priests. Persecution of the clergy and 7875: 6617: 6513: 4376: 4315: 3897: 2399:. However, in 1955, he was overthrown by a military general who was a leading member of the Catholic Nationalist movement. 1584: 4350: 4191: 8030: 7659: 7479: 7377: 7264: 6049: 4789: 700: 469: 394: 224: 169: 2513:. In practice this means asking a cleric trained in Islamic law for a fatwa on the issue the Muslim is concerned about. 7517: 6819: 6570: 5610: 4674: 2072: 1987: 1855: 1577: 439: 414: 309: 199: 8700: 4338:

Both Livingstone and Stokes quote a figure of 200,000 dead between 1948–1953 (Livingstone) and "a decade war" (Stokes)

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Prosperity and Plunder: European Catholic Monasteries in the Age of ... - Derek Edward Dawson Beales - Google Books

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took power a month after the revolution, the Shah's anti-clerical measures were largely overturned, replaced by an

1990: 1943: 1899: 1883: 1746: 1122: 836: 733: 444: 434: 369: 7855: 6915: 6839: 6459: 6437: 4272: 2731: 2628:. Therefore, according to Akhund, Shia jurists must support the democratic reform. He prefers collective wisdom ( 1685:

The first instance of anti-clerical violence due to political conflict in 19th-century Spain occurred during the

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by Nationalists, included sacking and burning monasteries and churches and killing 6,832 members of the clergy.

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of 1936–1939, Catholics largely supported Franco and the Nationalist forces. Anti-clerical assaults called the

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that had invaded the Papal States to complete the unification of Italy, prompting the pope to declare himself a

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several communist and post-communist states are current practitioners of political anti-clericalism, including

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throughout the 19th century, in various forms, and later in Canada, Cuba, and Latin America. According to the

804: 7449: 7028: 7003: 6612: 4377:"Bullets, Bloodshed And Ballots;For Generations, Violence Has Defined Colombia's Turbulent Political History" 4220:

Setting the Virgin on fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán peasants, and the redemption of the Mexican Revolution

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Latreille, A. FRENCH REVOLUTION, New Catholic Encyclopedia v. 5, pp. 972–973 (Second Ed. 2002 Thompson/Gale)

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and other orders were expelled in the culmination of twenty years of anti-Jesuit and antimonastic hysteria.

8859: 8227: 8050: 8036: 7489: 7008: 6998: 6454: 3844:"In the fight for gay marriage in the Philippines, Duterte could be an unlikely ally - The Washington Post" 2357: 2000: 1983: 1717: 1631: 1627: 1493:

tempered such rhetoric to win support from Catholics and later as dictator, official hostility between the

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State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance

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the Catholic Church enjoyed preferential treatment from the French state (formally along with the Jewish,

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Colombia enacted anti-clerical legislation and its enforcement during more than three decades (1849–84).

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Catholic historians have claimed that there was an alliance between Joseph and anti-clerical Freemasons.

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Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences".

1538:" of the Catholic Church, but still granted a series of provisions in favour of the Church, such as the 1331:, now commonly associated with the anti-clerical far-left, maintains its strongly anti-clerical stance. 8554: 8294: 8251: 7842: 7735: 7463: 6488: 6129:

Walaszek, Zdzislawa (January 1986). "An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland".

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The War Against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany

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The war against Catholicism: liberalism and the anti-Catholic imagination in nineteenth-century Germany

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in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in Shia seminaries. In absence of the ideal ruler, that is

2208: 1959: 1547: 1247:, establishing free education (1881) and excluded clerics and religious education from schools (1882). 1180: 988: 87: 5959: 4518: 1972: 8930: 8705: 7965: 7522: 7224: 6535: 6243: 6171: 4411: 4141: 2068: 1615: 1154: 870: 814: 8635: 6066:

State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance

5450: 3517:"Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Sénat: compte rendu in-extenso" 2427:. The subsequent flight of 300,000 people from the island also helped to diminish the Church there. 1269:

A law of 7 July 1904 preventing religious congregations from teaching any longer, and the so-called

8883: 8865: 8854: 8117: 8025: 7997: 7355: 6930: 6447: 6303: 6276: 4429:(the violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958. 4247:

Performing the community: representation, ritual and reciprocity in the Totonac Highlands of Mexico

2569: 2501:) are "legally required" in Islam to follow or "imitate" the instructions of the expert, i.e., the 2149: 1925: 1724: 961: 819: 809: 42: 7806: 5540: 5123: 4916: 4076: 2408: 2321: 2279: 2251: 2123: 8849: 8071: 6973: 6829: 6556: 6007: 2532: 2424: 2353: 2324:, after being elected to his third term, was allegedly assassinated by anti-clerical Freemasons. 2294: 1752: 1528: 1509: 1505: 1475: 1316: 1168: 1149:

has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated. As part of the

6230: 5715: 1958:

after Rizal's execution, was also noted for its anti-clericalism. After Philippine independence

1520:

turned centre-left. In 1978, with support of the PSI, the DC-led coalition government legalized

1375: 1239:, a strongly anti-clerical society regrouping socialists, anarchists and liberals. In 1881–1882 8526: 8491: 8256: 7811: 7444: 7330: 7043: 4866: 3930: 2037: 1438:

were imprisoned or exiled, and thousands of laypeople were imprisoned for helping the priests.

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Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930–1945

5762: 5227: 3577: 2772: 2573: 2462: 2153:

that the U.S., despite the lack of Catholic establishments, has always had anti-clericals.

2107: 1664: 910: 879: 47: 5861:

Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History

5473:"Que personne ne bougera plus en France en dehors de nous", "Bull. Gr. Or.", 1890, 500 sq. 4629:

Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History

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Akhund Khurasani is known to be the greatest theorist of Usuli Shi'ism in modern times.

2541: 2484: 2266: 2076: 1783: 1768: 1740: 1557:

attracted criticism, and so did his opposition to a 2007 bill that would have provided

1539: 1479: 1324: 1293: 1195: 944: 863: 112: 8133: 8015: 7199: 3449: 3385: 2051:

At the same time in English Canada, a related phenomenon occurred where the primarily

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Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia

5944: 5923: 5896: 5865: 5808: 5778: 5739: 5732: 5693: 5659: 5646: 5636: 5576: 5555: 5259: 5247: 5199: 4758: 4725:

Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia

4321: 4251: 4224: 4197: 4174: 4103: 4039: 3829: 3704: 3661: 3414: 3382:"Notes On Monastero San Paolo: Reentering The Vestibule of Paradise - Gordon College" 3354: 3286: 3222: 3189: 3161: 3102: 3081: 3061: 3036: 3014: 2981: 2797: 2289:

was brought in to mediate the conflict. But 1928 saw the assassination of President

2184: 2176: 2111: 1978: 1903: 1779: 1728: 1701: 1521: 1400: 1255: 1219: 1203: 1171:

seeking to restore tradition and the Ancien Régime took up arms, particularly in the

1042: 52: 3532: 2290: 8900: 8821: 8811: 8695: 8690: 8569: 8486: 8383: 8345: 8109: 7976: 7911: 7880: 7850: 7727: 7469: 7254: 7174: 7159: 7058: 6960: 6834: 6674: 6632: 6627: 6607: 6590: 6503: 6315: 6280: 6138: 5888: 5770: 5239: 4358: 3330: 3186:

Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815: A-L

2914: 2862: 2792: 2671: 2629: 2588: 2520:, this practice was somewhat more systematic, and as of the 19th century the Shia 2103: 1709: 1643: 1490: 1244: 831: 8330: 5527: 3313: 2228: 8534: 8340: 8170: 8151: 8085: 7865: 7527: 7494: 7438: 7432: 7289: 7194: 7098: 6910: 6404: 6369: 6319: 6199: 6064: 6028: 5977: 5938: 5917: 5859: 5802: 5630: 5570: 5549: 5118: 5052: 4820: 4773: 4705: 4689: 4301: 4288: 4006: 3970: 3882: 3651: 3607: 3594: 3516: 3216: 3134: 3010: 2763: 2719: 2711: 2476: 2396: 2259: 2096: 2091: 1996: 1863: 1686: 1601: 1524:

despite strong opposition from the Catholic Church and DC conservative factions.

1498: 1487: 1423: 1281: 1191: 1141: 1049: 978: 895: 6142: 4384: 4331: 4302:

Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for the year 1875

1379:"Between Berlin and Rome", with Bismarck on the left and the Pope on the right. 1298: 1277: 8720: 8619: 8481: 8443: 8266: 8103: 7936: 7926: 7905: 7716: 7590: 7415: 7209: 7184: 7148: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7066: 6920: 6905: 6844: 6720: 6710: 6466: 5841:"25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany" 4984: 2872: 2640: 2285:

The church-supported armed rebellion only escalated the violence. US Diplomat

2144: 2031: 1588: 1573: 1535: 1381: 1232: 1164: 1158: 843: 102: 8873: 6783: 5832:"The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria" 3282:

Napoleon's Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe - Google Books

2526:

taught believers to turn to the highest ranking clerics, known as "sources of

2440:

World map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism.

1924:

Philippine anti-clericalism is rooted in the anti-clericalism of 19th-century

1813: 1302: 8924: 8675: 8668: 8630: 8393: 8261: 8222: 8210: 8098: 7931: 7890: 7826: 7711: 7474: 7400: 7366: 7350: 7310: 6993: 6968: 6744: 6654: 6639: 6561: 6327: 6261: 6219: 6150: 5900: 5782: 5676: 5650: 5514: 5251: 5243: 4740:

25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany

4644:

The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria

2827: 2581: 2472: 2458: 2286: 2004: 1887: 1802: 1694: 1569: 1550: 1531: 1350:

Joseph decreed that Austrian bishops could not communicate directly with the

1285: 1145: 754: 117: 107: 77: 8640: 5919:

Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania, 1947-65

5714: 5195:

An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism

4562:- Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences 3799: 2386: 2003:, has adopted a combative verbal stance toward the Church hierarchy and its 1929: 1478:. Some politicians that had played important roles in this process, such as 8905: 8784: 8768: 8559: 8549: 8417: 8190: 7584: 7459: 7315: 7279: 7018: 6940: 6784: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6508: 6009:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia L.

5798: 5189: 5080: 4988: 2882: 2852: 2842: 2480: 2420: 2395:

The renewed rupture in church-state relations was completed when Perón was

2345: 2333: 2271: 2255: 2241: 2136: 2012: 2008: 1859: 1463: 1266:

teaching monks were effectively exiled. This was not completed until 1901.

1250: 1187: 1077: 932: 927: 915: 890: 6239:

Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani

4270: 3268:

in association with S4C. Library of Congress Catalog card number 97-60897.

3058:

An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures

1297:(1904-1905), it was discovered that the anti-clerical War Minister of the 8791: 8650: 8544: 8427: 8217: 8195: 8180: 7745: 7721: 7385: 7214: 7189: 7164: 7137: 7124: 7033: 6935: 6622: 6237: 5100: 5048: 4928: 2837: 2802: 2777: 2743: 2180: 2128: 2043: 1817: 1764: 1419: 1391: 1370: 1351: 1344: 1263: 1240: 1089: 1023: 6335: 4485:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

3635: 1794: 1669: 8682: 8583: 8539: 7900: 7895: 7644: 7169: 6754: 5790: 5671: 5088: 5076: 5044: 5040: 5012: 5008: 4944: 4499: 4287:

Berthe, P. Augustine, translated from French by Mary Elizabeth Herbert

2715: 2577: 2517: 2435: 2247: 2222: 2191: 2106:

of the 1960s broke the hold of the church on provincial politics. The

1847: 1846:

2,364 monks and friars, among them 259 Clarentians, 226

1639: 1497:

and the Italian state was finally settled by Pope Pius XI and him: the

1137: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1027: 62: 8715: 5908: 5603: 5171: 2495:

Traditionally, Muslims who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence (

1821: 1516:(DC). Since the PSI joined DC-led coalition governments, the DC under 8645: 7941: 5734:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations

5024: 4805:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations

2807: 2787: 2132: 1967: 1951: 1947: 1934: 1915: 1837: 1829: 1806: 1760: 1517: 1447: 1227: 92: 5774: 5504:"Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia" 3984:

In Latin America, Catholics down, church's credibility up, poll says

3915:. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 51–53. 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 1873:

283 nuns, according to one source, some of whom were badly tortured.

8661: 8519: 8422: 8403: 7946: 7781: 7761: 7628: 6983: 6737: 6725: 6054: 5892: 5072: 5068: 5036: 5000: 4964: 4960: 4885:

Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania

3994: 3992: 2887: 2757: 2349: 1946:

held anti-clerical views until his eventual recantation before his

1879: 1851: 1674: 1494: 1223: 1214:

A further phase of anti-clericalism occurred in the context of the

6131:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4603:

Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia

3754: 3752: 3410:

A History of the Popes: 1830 - 1914 - Owen Chadwick - Google Books

3011:

Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency

1775:

vases, gems and other valuable objects were expropriated as well.

8588: 8575: 8437: 8315: 7240: 6854: 6476: 5092: 5084: 5060: 5032: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4972: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4870:- An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland 3674: 2782: 2275: 1809: 1763:

1932, Pope Pius XI protested against these measures and demanded

1756: 1731:

would distinguish himself by his inflammatory pieces of opinion.

1635: 1527:

The revision of the Lateran treaties during the 1980s by the PSI

1415: 1411: 1396: 1161: 1081: 37: 5228:"Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam" 3989: 3913:

Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850

3531: 2977:

Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1542:

law, the teaching of religion in schools, and other privileges.

1470:

required Catholics not to participate in the public life of the

8350: 7406:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

6849: 6759: 6664: 5064: 5056: 5028: 5020: 4936: 4401: 3864:"Duterte denies slur on Pope: I was cursing gov't incompetence" 3749: 2693: 2652: 2510: 1867: 1833: 1825: 1798: 1661:

Anti-clerical riots of 1835 § Exclaustion and confiscation

1019: 5940:

Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator

4887:: "was to transform Romania into a communist atheist society." 4706:

Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator

3243:

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution

1620:"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation 5096: 4968: 4952: 4193:

The Mexican right: the end of revolutionary reform, 1929–1940

3056:

Horne, Thomas Hartwell; Davidson, Samuel (21 November 2013).

2817: 2659:

continued such practices. They ultimately contributed to the

2648: 2602: 2522: 2172: 1471: 1459: 1199: 1085: 5753:

Hall, Derek R. (1999). "Representations of Place: Albania".

5399: 5333: 4550: 4548: 4546: 3622:

Delzell, Charles F. (Spring 1988). "Remembering Mussolini".

2909:

The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies

5016: 4980: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4171:

M1 Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899

4165: 4163: 3519:. Journal officiel. 4 July 1911 – via gallica.bnf.fr. 2679: 2644: 2497: 2348:

refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the

1678: 1467: 6304:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 6168:

Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases

5823:

History of the Church: The Church in the Twentieth Century

5821:

Jedin, Hubert; Repgen, Konrad; Dolan, John, eds. (1999) ,

5804:

History of the Church: The Church in the Twentieth Century

4826: 4659:

Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases

4364:

Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959

4073:"Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)" 1920:

Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

1410:, which did not extend to the other German states such as 1108: 7295:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

5807:, vol. X, Continuum International Publishing Group, 4351:"Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia" 3347:

Beales, Derek; Beales, Derek Edward Dawson (2003-07-24).

3158:

Voices of Unbelief: Documents from Atheists and Agnostics

2823:

Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution

2360:, a conflict which took place roughly from 1948 to 1958. 1576:. Palikot's Movement won 10% of the national vote at the 1512:(PSI) parties, in opposition to the Vatican-backed party 1504:

After World War II, anti-clericalism was embodied by the

1462:

is connected with reaction against the absolutism of the

5387: 5375: 5351: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5266: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4523: 4433: 4160: 4136: 4134: 4132: 3035:. Mathew A Price. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 176–177. 2954:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

2490: 1572:

is an anti-clerical party founded in 2011 by politician

1218:

and its dissensions with the Catholic Church. After the

5436:

Inside Indonesia: The peoples and cultures of Indonesia

5363: 5339: 4841: 3971:

The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice

3558: 1430:

political and social influence of the Catholic Church.

1041:. Anti-clericalism became extremely violent during the 5825:, vol. X, New York & London: Burn & Oates 4856: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4508: 4274:

The reconquest of Mexico: the years of Lázaro Cárdenas

2190:

Anti-clericalism was a common feature of 19th-century

1284:

was not subjected to these laws as it was part of the

7326:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

6272:

Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq

6102: 5519:

The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

4832: 4607: 4129: 3898:"Duterte: Catholic Church will disappear in 25 years" 3779: 2967: 2451: Countries that currently practice state atheism 2445: Countries that formerly practiced state atheism 5572:

Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize

5172:"IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM" 4577:

Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize

4223:. University of California Press. pp. 124–126. 3701:

La desamortización en España: un balance, 1766-1924,

2753: 2663:

of 1978–79, and the Shah's flight from his country.

2564:

During the first democratic revolution of Asia, the

2467:

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

2015:; he later apologized and clarified that it was the 8233:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

5692:, Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd., pp. 7–10, 4664: 4581: 4402:Bergquist, Charles; David J. Robinson (1997–2005). 4271:Nathaniel Weyl, Mrs. Sylvia Castleton Weyl (1939). 3210: 3208: 3135:

Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789

2858:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

2674:based on the principle of rule by Islamic jurists, 2139:, with the connivance of Irish Catholic politicians 1587:media anti-clericalism is/was promoted by magazine 1271:

Law on the separation of the Churches and the State

6399: 5797: 5731: 3687: 3546: 3177: 2725: 1942:and one of the most prominent of the Philippines' 1032:separate the church from public and political life 5957: 5725:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4633: 4514: 3953:"Canada marching from religion to secularization" 3542:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2505:", (with the exception of "matters of belief" or 1305:, was determining promotions based on the French 8922: 7396:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 5820: 5611:"No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres" 5609: 4670: 4453:The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History 4122:Peter Godman, "Graham Greene's Vatican Dossier" 4060:The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History 3758: 3205: 3137:pp. 1-17 1991 Continuum International Publishing 3049: 2687:their mullahs, making mild jokes about them ... 5857: 5669: 5405: 5182: 4890: 4624: 4355:Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution 4216: 4189: 3656:. Translated by Jodi Bruhn. Routledge. p. 3335:napoleon sacked monasteries closed secularized. 1673:Anti-clerical cover of a magazine published in 6069:. Brill Academic/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 6050:"Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions" 5551:Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo 4906: 4874: 4763: 4690:Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo 4675:No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres 4648: 4463: 4461: 4289:Garcia Moreno, President of Ecuador, 1821–1875 4196:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–45. 3927:"Federal Parties: The Liberal Party of Canada" 3609:Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century 3218:Freedom and religion in the nineteenth century 3183: 2487:, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed. 2258:, an armed peasant rebellion supported by the 1334: 1273:of 1905, were enacted under the government of 7964: 7660: 6385: 5548:Clark, John F.; Decalo, Samuel (2012-08-09). 4716: 4714: 4155:Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo 3127: 3055: 996: 6103:Van den Bergh-Collier, Edda (January 2007). 5958:Marques de Morais, Rafael (April 27, 2014). 5829: 4810: 4790:Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions 4779: 4729: 4639: 4474: 4313: 3890: 3856: 3346: 2941: 2041: 2029: 5589: 5547: 5532:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1700-1918 5225: 4750: 4748: 4695: 4685: 4566: 4458: 4243: 4091: 3743: 3279:Laven, David; Riall, Lucy (February 2000). 3214: 3188:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. 3149: 2973: 1466:, overthrown in 1870. For a long time, the 7667: 7653: 7411:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 7361:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 6392: 6378: 5878: 5163: 4711: 4679: 4554: 4408:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005 3870: 3808: 3597:, p. 1, University of Michigan Press, 2004 3278: 3262:Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes 3096: 3060:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. 1954:, the secret society that spearheaded the 1706:Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal 1003: 989: 8748: 8618: 6197: 6188: 6165: 6062: 5801:; Dolan, John; Adriányi, Gabriel (1981), 5501: 4847: 4794: 4769: 4654: 4598: 4489: 4445: 4439: 4375:Gutiérrez, Pedro Ruz (October 31, 1999). 4374: 4317:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia 4052: 3973:, p. 10, Oxford University Press US, 2004 3822: 3791: 3491:Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair 3318:. Churchman Company. 1985-12-29. p. 3005: 3003: 2950:"Many Countries Favor Specific Religions" 1689:(Spanish Civil War of 1820–1823). During 1190:took sides against the revolution in the 760:Female genital mutilation laws by country 8469: 7674: 6235: 6128: 5915: 5690:Catholic Values and Australian Realities 5683: 5538: 5526: 5448: 5393: 5381: 5357: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5105: 4912: 4880: 4862: 4745: 4348: 4097: 4075:. Tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Archived from 3737: 3564: 3484: 3406: 3255: 3253: 3251: 2947: 2555: 2434: 2122: 1668: 1374: 1249: 1107: 6301: 6236:Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (March 2015). 6105:"Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique" 6047: 6026: 6005: 5996: 5858:Kideckel, David; Halpern, Joel (2000). 5838: 5830:Kalkandjieva, Daniela (June 12, 2015). 5369: 5345: 5111: 4816: 4785: 4735: 4480: 4410:. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from 4395: 4277:. Oxford university press. p. 322. 4147: 4018: 3950: 3929:. Canadian-Politics.com. Archived from 3836: 3653:Totalitarianism and Political Religions 3621: 3155: 3030: 3024: 1559:recognition of same-sex unions in Italy 1329:Fédération Nationale de la Libre-Pensée 1237:Fédération nationale de la libre pensée 8923: 8293: 6285:10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001 6083: 5936: 5712: 5657: 5635:(7th ed.). London: Rough Guides. 5568: 5513: 5485: 5468: 5336:"، ص ۲۱۴-۲۱۵، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء 5198:. Yale University Press. p. 143. 4754: 4701: 4572: 3910: 3785: 3773: 3581: 3580:' (Aufklaerung), and of Josephinism".( 3000: 2911:. Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 20 2352:countryside between supporters of the 2297:, gravely damaging the peace process. 1854:, 176 Brothers of Mary, 165 1555:2005 Italian fertility laws referendum 1112:"Shall he be allowed to rule America?" 8838: 8747: 8617: 8468: 8292: 7963: 7686: 7648: 6373: 6350: 6268: 5975: 5670:Economist staff (February 17, 2000), 5188: 4837:Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique 4720: 4183: 4033: 3797: 3649: 3529: 3259: 3248: 3221:. Stanford Univ. Press. p. 251. 2491:Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world 2475:. Most of them, though not all, were 2471:A number of countries have practiced 1986:was strongly opposed by the domestic 1433:Priests and bishops who resisted the 7876:Religious views on same-sex marriage 7687: 5966: 5752: 5729: 5709:(University of Michigan Press, 2004) 5628: 5539:Campbell, Leslie (August 27, 2015). 5226:Ghobadzadeh, Naser (December 2013). 4896: 4800: 4495: 4210: 3552: 2980:. Taylor & Francis. p. 41. 7265:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 5569:Clarke, Duncan (February 1, 2009). 5521:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 5449:Liebhold, David (19 October 1998). 5137: 4503:- Representations of Place: Albania 4250:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 132. 4038:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 139. 3986:Catholic News Service June 23, 2005 2633: 2592: 2127:A famous 1876 editorial cartoon by 13: 6820:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 5969:The Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765-1918 5960:"Religion and the State in Angola" 5112:Ostling, Richard (June 24, 2001). 4349:Azcarate, Camilo A. (March 1999). 3488: 3156:McGowan, Dale (7 September 2012). 3013:2006 University Press of Kentucky 2920: 2722:members were murdered by rioters. 2262:, against the Mexican government. 2011:for the traffic congestion in the 1578:2011 Polish parliamentary election 14: 8952: 6030:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia 6001:. University of Notre Dame Press. 5864:. Penn State Press. p. 165. 5232:Philosophy & Social Criticism 5169: 4821:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia 4023:. Emory University School of Law. 3951:Friesen, Joe (10 December 2010). 3801:The Anticlericalism of Jose Rizal 2566:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 2163:Anti-clericalism in Latin America 1793:13 bishops (from the dioceses of 1657:1834 massacre of friars in Madrid 1209: 1151:campaign to dechristianize France 1026:. Anti-clericalism is related to 765:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 83:Catholic priests in public office 16:Opposition to religious authority 7741:Constitutional references to God 7704:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry 7627: 7615: 6946:Fourth Council of Constantinople 6901:Second Council of Constantinople 6048:Stiller, Brian (June 18, 2013). 5999:Anticlericalism: A Brief History 5719:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5672:"The people against the mullahs" 5660:"Christians in Marxist Ethiopia" 5478: 5461: 5442: 5424: 5411: 5326: 5219: 4921: 4519:Religion and the State in Angola 4291:p. 297-300, 1889 Burns and Oates 4000:Fewer Catholics in Latin America 3688:Jedin, Dolan & Adriányi 1981 3536:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3487:, p. 9 (footnote 26) cites 3215:Helmstadter, Richard J. (1997). 3184:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2007). 2756: 2624:. Hence, he refuted the idea of 2430: 2419:Cuba, under the rule of atheist 2407:In Venezuela, the government of 2156: 2118: 2071:establishment. In Upper Canada, 2007:. In 2015, he blamed and cursed 1884:martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 1747:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 1614:The fall of the Monarchy in the 1123:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 7856:Religious rejection of politics 6916:Third Council of Constantinople 6840:First Council of Constantinople 6033:. Scarecrow Press. p. 10. 6027:Sanders, Alan (April 9, 2003). 5839:Kellner, Mark A. (2014-10-31). 5592:Journal of Contemporary History 5495: 4368: 4342: 4307: 4294: 4281: 4264: 4237: 4116: 4065: 4027: 4012: 3976: 3963: 3944: 3919: 3904: 3816:"Rizal and the Catholic Church" 3725: 3713: 3693: 3643: 3615: 3600: 3587: 3570: 3523: 3509: 3478: 3456: 3434: 3400: 3374: 3340: 3306: 3272: 3235: 3140: 3121: 3115: 3097:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). 2948:Mitchell, Travis (3 Oct 2017). 2732:Anticlericalism and Freemasonry 2726:Certain branches of Freemasonry 2626:absolute guardianship of jurist 2576:theorized a model of religious 2235: 1157:and France's first established 8941:Separation of church and state 8799:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 7919:Separation of church and state 7155:Dissolution of the monasteries 6421:History of the Catholic Church 6269:Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). 5997:Sánchez, José Mariano (1972). 5971:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan 5937:Mallin, Jay (1 January 1994). 5575:. Profile Books. p. 194. 4759:Christians in Marxist Ethiopia 4021:Emory International Law Review 4009:San Diego Tribune May 15, 2005 3759:Jedin, Repgen & Dolan 1999 3353:. Cambridge University Press. 3090: 3074: 2901: 2833:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2622:occultation of the Imam of Age 2378:Argentine Constitution of 1853 2084:two-party coalition government 1909: 1484:Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour 950:Christian countercult movement 859:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 68:Separation of church and state 1: 7029:Fourth Council of the Lateran 7004:Second Council of the Lateran 6613:Apostles in the New Testament 6302:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). 6189:Williford, Thomas J. (2005), 6166:Wessinger, Catherine (2000). 6110:. p. 180. Archived from 5922:. la University of Michigan. 5716:"Masonry (Freemasonry)" 5541:"Yemen: The Tribal Islamists" 5145:"Taqlid: Meaning and Reality" 4126:288.1 (July/August 2001): 85. 4102:. Macmillan. pp. 264–5. 2216: 2075:began as protest against the 1734: 1616:Republican revolution of 1910 1127:National Constituent Assembly 1116: 1048:Anti-clericalism appeared in 854:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 795:Traditional African religions 8051:German Christians (movement) 8037:Evangelical environmentalism 7143:Catholic Counter-Reformation 7009:Third Council of the Lateran 6999:First Council of the Lateran 6455:Catholic ecumenical councils 6320:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 5738:. Cornell University Press. 4036:Mexico and the United States 3384:. Gordon.edu. Archived from 2699: 2402: 2371: 2358:Colombian Conservative Party 2227:Starting in 1855, President 1843:4,172 diocesan priests; 1632:Mexican Constitution of 1917 1628:Spanish Constitution of 1931 750:Apostasy in Islam by country 7: 8889:Religious aspects of Nazism 8142:Christian reconstructionism 6355:. Oxford University Press. 6204:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 6143:10.1177/0002716286483001011 5534:, Edinburgh: Addison Wesley 4917:Yemen: The Tribal Islamists 4625:Kideckel & Halpern 2000 2929:. Western Oregon University 2749: 2338:Colombian Civil War of 1876 2327: 1609: 1335:Austria (Holy Roman Empire) 770:Religious male circumcision 10: 8957: 8555:Jewish political movements 8031:Christian environmentalism 7843:Religion and peacebuilding 6489:History of the Roman Curia 6063:Temperman, Jeroen (2010). 5943:. Transaction Publishers. 5632:The rough guide to Vietnam 4901:The rough guide to Vietnam 4833:Van den Bergh-Collier 2007 4381:Orlando Sentinel (Florida) 3101:. Wadsworth. p. 549. 2974:Hillerbrand, H.J. (2013). 2878:Suppression of the Jesuits 2729: 2706:1998 East Java ninja scare 2703: 2456: 2331: 2311: 2239: 2220: 2209:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 2206: 2160: 2131:which portrays bishops as 1984:formal-education curricula 1913: 1744: 1738: 1654: 1368: 1364: 1181:Committee of Public Safety 8845: 8839: 8834: 8754: 8743: 8626: 8613: 8477: 8464: 8301: 8288: 7972: 7966:Christianity and politics 7959: 7693: 7682: 7610: 7510: 7376: 7303: 7238: 7225:European wars of religion 7122: 7057: 6959: 6881: 6772: 6695: 6555: 6544: 6536:Eastern Catholic Churches 6411: 6244:Syracuse University Press 6172:Syracuse University Press 5982:. Duke University Press. 5916:Leustean, Lucian (2009). 4469:A History of Christianity 4391:claimed nearly 300,000... 4100:A History of Christianity 3497:"Freemasonry in France". 3466:. Citeaux.net. 1947-02-28 3033:The Story of Christianity 3031:Collins, Michael (1999). 2714:in 1998, a witch hunt in 2600: 2202: 2042: 2030: 2022: 1999:, the country's previous 1564: 1534:, removed the status of " 1476:"prisoner" in the Vatican 1406:Bismarck accelerated the 1321:private schools in France 1243:'s government passed the 1155:Cult of the Supreme Being 1103: 1095: 755:Blasphemy laws by country 8855:Disestablishmentarianism 8118:Christian libertarianism 8026:Christian egalitarianism 7987:Christian anti-communism 7356:Mary of the Divine Heart 6979:Clash against the empire 6931:Second Council of Nicaea 6825:Old St. Peter's Basilica 6277:Cornell University Press 6198:Zuckerman, Phil (2009). 6006:Stanton, Andrea (2012). 5755:The Geographical Journal 5713:Gruber, Hermann (1909). 5684:Franklin, James (2006), 5502:Avramović, Sima (2007). 5432:"The Banyuwangi murders" 5244:10.1177/0191453713507014 5099:, or more specifically, 4217:Marjorie Becker (1995). 4190:John W. Sherman (1997). 3640:Retrieved April 14, 2022 3606:Richard J. Helmstadter, 3442:"Wootton and Fishbourne" 3160:. ABC-CLIO. p. 14. 2894: 2680:Islamic Republic of Iran 2611:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 2246:More severe laws called 2150:The New Anti-Catholicism 2110:embraced formerly taboo 2079:of the Anglican church. 1725:Radical Republican Party 1650: 1501:were finalised in 1929. 1453: 1254:Forcible closure of the 190:Central African Republic 43:Religious discrimination 8936:Liberalism and religion 8850:American civil religion 8759:Buddhist anti-communism 8072:Protestant Reich Church 7622:Vatican City portal 6974:Investiture Controversy 6830:First Council of Nicaea 6353:Iran's First Revolution 6193:, Vanderbilt University 5976:Ramet, Sabrina (1998). 5730:Haas, Ernst B. (1997). 5686:"Freemasonry in Europe" 5658:Doulos, Mikael (1986). 5421:, Norton, (2005), p.163 4868:(subscription required) 4774:Atheism and Secularity. 4686:Clark & Decalo 2012 4560:(subscription required) 4501:(subscription required) 4173:p. 33 (2003 Brassey's) 4144:Faith & Reason 1994 3798:Meyer, Lois M. (1971). 3505:: 164–72, 241–50. 1905. 3407:Chadwick, Owen (1998). 3146:Fremont-Barnes, p. 119. 2551: 2542:1979 Islamic Revolution 2414: 2354:Colombian Liberal Party 2308:between 1935 and 1939. 2147:notes in his 2003 book 1940:Spanish colonial period 1789:This number comprises: 1718:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal 1169:counter-revolutionaries 945:New religious movements 691:Palestinian territories 8701:Hindu environmentalism 8527:Revisionist Maximalism 8006:Christian anti-Zionism 7992:Christian anti-Masonry 7812:Religious anti-Zionism 7807:Religious anti-Masonry 7634:Catholicism portal 7445:Second Vatican Council 7331:Our Lady of La Salette 7138:Protestant Reformation 7125:Protestant Reformation 7044:Second Council of Lyon 6433:Ecclesiastical history 6351:Bayat, Mangol (1991). 6308:Middle Eastern Studies 6201:Atheism and Secularity 5451:"That New Black Magic" 4515:Marques de Morais 2014 3911:Wilton, Carol (2000). 3699:Germán Rueda Hernánz, 3452:on September 14, 2008. 3446:www.ryde.shalfleet.net 2736:According to the 1913 2689: 2614: 2596: 2561: 2454: 2254:eventually led to the 2140: 2102:In Quebec itself, the 2038:Lower Canada Rebellion 1900:massacres of Catholics 1713: 1700:In 1836 following the 1682: 1638:was banned, all minor 1386: 1259: 1177:Maximilien Robespierre 1113: 1039:Protestant Reformation 938:Religious antisemitism 8894:Creativity (religion) 8749:Buddhism and politics 8620:Hinduism and politics 8311:Human Rights in Islam 8228:Political Catholicism 8134:Christian peacemaking 8123:Christian nationalism 8065:Positive Christianity 8016:Christian corporatism 7861:Religious segregation 7832:Religious nationalism 7341:First Vatican Council 7039:First Council of Lyon 6803:Constantine the Great 6499:Christian monasticism 6086:The Spanish Civil War 6084:Thomas, Hugh (1961), 5722:Catholic Encyclopedia 5114:"Cross meets Kremlin" 4671:deccanherald.com 2011 4314:Stokes, Doug (2005). 4304:p.323 1876 Rivingtons 4142:Blood-Drenched Altars 3539:Catholic Encyclopedia 3266:Yale University Press 3260:Duffy, Eamon (1997). 2927:Department Of History 2739:Catholic Encyclopedia 2704:Further information: 2684: 2657:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2597: 2586: 2559: 2438: 2409:Antonio Guzmán Blanco 2332:Further information: 2322:Gabriel García Moreno 2280:Tomás Garrido Canabal 2252:Plutarco Elías Calles 2126: 2005:staunchest supporters 1956:Philippine Revolution 1904:nationalist movements 1836:and the auxiliary of 1759:from the country. On 1753:Republican government 1745:Further information: 1723:Many years later the 1672: 1378: 1253: 1216:French Third Republic 1111: 787:Religious persecution 8884:Neopaganist feminism 8779:Buddhist nationalism 8601:World Agudath Israel 8471:Judaism and politics 8331:Islamic anti-Zionism 8326:Islamic anti-Masonry 8058:National Catholicism 7866:Religious separatism 7792:Organized secularism 7751:Engaged Spirituality 7676:Religion in politics 7518:Sexual abuse scandal 7427:Mit brennender Sorge 7270:Age of Enlightenment 7049:Bernard of Clairvaux 6926:Byzantine Iconoclasm 6865:Council of Chalcedon 6645:Council of Jerusalem 6514:Role in civilization 6494:Religious institutes 6426:By country or region 6231:Encyclopædia Iranica 5967:Okey, Robin (2002), 5406:Economist staff 2000 4865:, pp. 118–134, 4850:, pp. 141–145, 4557:, pp. 426–441, 4383:: G1. Archived from 4244:Cora Govers (2006). 4124:The Atlantic Monthly 3998:Oppenheimer, Andres 3982:Fraser, Barbara J., 3650:Maier, Hans (2004). 3624:The Wilson Quarterly 3099:Western Civilization 3009:Joes, Anthony James 2773:Age of Enlightenment 2485:Bolshevik revolution 2463:Marxism and religion 2293:by Catholic radical 2108:Quebec Liberal Party 1665:Spanish confiscation 1458:Anti-clericalism in 1301:government, General 48:Religious censorship 8817:Humanistic Buddhism 8492:Jewish anti-Zionism 8306:Hui pan-nationalism 8201:Liberation theology 8157:Christian socialism 8021:Christian democracy 8011:Christian communism 7982:Christian anarchism 7871:Religious socialism 7817:Religious communism 7802:Religious anarchism 7777:Freedom of religion 7346:Papal infallibility 7336:Our Lady of Lourdes 7285:Shimabara Rebellion 7129:Counter-Reformation 5767:1999GeogJ.165..161H 5554:. Scarecrow Press. 5176:Die Welt des Islams 4169:Scheina, Robert L. 4034:Stacy, Lee (2003). 3900:. 25 February 2019. 3886:. 24 February 2020. 3849:The Washington Post 3703:Arco Libros. 1997. 3413:. Clarendon Press. 3285:. Berg Publishers. 2813:Christian anarchism 2643:proclaimed himself 2250:during the rule of 2073:The Reform Movement 2067:conflicted with an 2036:and its associated 1622:, like that of the 1514:Christian Democracy 1054:Pew Research Center 1020:religious authority 58:Religious pluralism 23:Freedom of religion 8879:Khalistan movement 8807:Buddhist socialism 8774:Buddhist modernism 8731:Uniform civil code 8433:Political quietism 8295:Islam and politics 8273:Neo-ultramontanism 8247:Sphere sovereignty 8147:Christian republic 8128:Christian pacifism 8094:Christian humanism 8080:Christian feminism 7886:Secular liberalism 7837:Religious pacifism 7822:Religious humanism 7797:Political religion 7391:Our Lady of Fátima 7180:Ignatius of Loyola 7104:Catherine of Siena 7072:Pope Boniface VIII 6891:Benedict of Nursia 6860:Council of Ephesus 6697:Ante-Nicene period 6650:Split with Judaism 6484:Crusading movement 5881:The Russian Review 5705:Gross, Michael B. 5629:Dodd, Jan (2003). 5334:سیاست نامه خراسانی 4957:Bosnia-Herzegovina 4062:(2007), pp. 167–72 4005:2012-03-13 at the 3957:The Globe and Mail 3830:"Revista Filipina" 3732:Dilectissima Nobis 3720:Dilectissima Nobis 3593:Michael B. Gross, 3530:Franz, H. (1910). 3493:. pp. 138–41. 3388:on 26 October 2019 2868:Secular liberalism 2848:Left-wing politics 2668:Ayatollah Khomeini 2661:Islamic Revolution 2618:Aqa Buzurg Tehrani 2562: 2455: 2295:José de León Toral 2272:Cristero Rebellion 2267:Mexican Revolution 2141: 2135:who are attacking 1970:of Rizal's novels 1932:, a member of the 1856:Christian Brothers 1769:Dilectissima Nobis 1741:Red Terror (Spain) 1691:riots in Catalonia 1683: 1540:eight per thousand 1480:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1387: 1294:Affaire des Fiches 1260: 1196:Napoleon Bonaparte 1114: 113:Confessional state 8918: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8868: 8830: 8829: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8764:Buddhist feminism 8739: 8738: 8711:Indigenous Aryans 8706:Integral humanism 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8656:Hindu nationalism 8609: 8608: 8578: 8565:Jewish secularism 8529: 8522: 8506:Jewish Autonomism 8500: 8460: 8459: 8452:Two-nation theory 8446: 8412: 8389:Islamic socialism 8373: 8366: 8359: 8336:Islamic democracy 8321:Islamic anarchism 8284: 8283: 8275: 8241: 8206:Maronite politics 8186:Dominion Theology 8176:Christian Zionism 8165: 8136: 8112: 8088: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8045:Christian fascism 8039: 8000: 7955: 7954: 7921: 7914: 7845: 7787:Identity politics 7771: 7769:Womanist theology 7764: 7756:Feminist theology 7730: 7706: 7642: 7641: 7602:COVID-19 pandemic 7580:Pope Benedict XVI 7485:Pope John Paul II 7260:Pope Benedict XIV 7246:French Revolution 7230:Thirty Years' War 7220:Robert Bellarmine 7205:John of the Cross 7109:Pope Alexander VI 7094:Council of Vienne 7024:Francis of Assisi 7014:Pope Innocent III 6883:Early Middle Ages 6877: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6815:Arian controversy 6768: 6767: 6716:Apostolic Fathers 6362:978-0-19-506822-1 5950:978-1-4128-2053-0 5238:(10): 1005–1027. 5151:. 20 January 2013 5126:on 13 August 2007 4640:Kalkandjieva 2015 4455:(2007), pp. 167–8 4327:978-1-84277-547-9 4257:978-3-8258-9751-2 4230:978-0-520-08419-3 4203:978-0-275-95736-0 4179:978-1-57488-452-4 4098:Chadwick (1995). 3969:Jenkins, Philip, 3878:"Manila Standard" 3709:978-84-7635-270-0 3533:"Joseph II" 3489:Larkin, Maurice. 3241:Censer and Hunt, 3067:978-1-108-06772-0 3042:978-0-7513-0467-1 2987:978-1-136-59677-3 2798:Anti-Christianity 2568:, the Shia Marja 2112:social democratic 1982:in the country's 1979:El filibusterismo 1938:class during the 1780:Spanish Civil War 1729:Alejandro Lerroux 1716:) promulgated by 1702:First Carlist War 1624:French Revolution 1546:the positions of 1536:official religion 1510:Italian Socialist 1506:Italian Communist 1401:Otto von Bismarck 1275:Radical-Socialist 1262:In 1880 and 1882 1258:monastery in 1903 1256:Grande Chartreuse 1220:Concordat of 1801 1204:Concordat of 1801 1173:War in the Vendée 1043:French Revolution 1030:, which seeks to 1018:is opposition to 1013: 1012: 849:Jehovah's Witness 825:post–Cold War era 777: 776: 132:Status by country 53:Religious liberty 8948: 8931:Anti-clericalism 8901:Personality cult 8864: 8836: 8835: 8822:Secular Buddhism 8812:Engaged Buddhism 8797: 8790: 8783: 8745: 8744: 8696:Hindu revivalism 8691:Hindu revolution 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8615: 8614: 8574: 8570:Jewish socialism 8525: 8518: 8511:Jewish democracy 8496: 8487:Jewish anarchism 8466: 8465: 8442: 8408: 8384:Islamic republic 8379:Islamic pacifism 8369: 8362: 8355: 8346:Islamic feminism 8290: 8289: 8271: 8237: 8161: 8132: 8110:Evangelical left 8108: 8084: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8035: 7996: 7977:Blaine Amendment 7961: 7960: 7917: 7912:Secular religion 7910: 7881:Secular humanism 7851:Religious police 7841: 7767: 7760: 7728:Clerical fascism 7726: 7702: 7698:Anti-clericalism 7688:General concepts 7684: 7683: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7646: 7645: 7632: 7631: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7597:Patriarch Kirill 7470:Pope John Paul I 7275:Anti-clericalism 7255:Pope Innocent XI 7175:Society of Jesus 7160:Council of Trent 7114:Age of Discovery 7059:Late Middle Ages 6961:High Middle Ages 6951:East–West Schism 6835:Pope Sylvester I 6781: 6780: 6770: 6769: 6680:General epistles 6675:Pauline epistles 6608:John the Baptist 6591:Great Commission 6553: 6552: 6504:Catholic culture 6394: 6387: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6347: 6298: 6265: 6242:. Syracuse, NY: 6223: 6194: 6185: 6162: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6116: 6109: 6098: 6080: 6059: 6044: 6023: 6002: 5993: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5933: 5912: 5875: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5794: 5749: 5737: 5726: 5718: 5702: 5680: 5666: 5664: 5654: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5615:deccanherald.com 5606: 5586: 5565: 5544: 5535: 5522: 5510: 5508: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5422: 5419:The Soul of Iran 5417:Molavi, Afshin, 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5170:Peter, Rudolph. 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5122:. Archived from 5109: 5103: 4925: 4919: 4910: 4904: 4894: 4888: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4830: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4798: 4792: 4783: 4777: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4733: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4683: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4652: 4646: 4637: 4631: 4622: 4605: 4596: 4579: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4552: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4399: 4393: 4388: 4387:on May 31, 2006. 4372: 4366: 4362: 4357:. Archived from 4346: 4340: 4335: 4330:. Archived from 4311: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4187: 4181: 4167: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4140:Van Hove, Brian 4138: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4010: 3996: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3866:. December 2015. 3860: 3854: 3853: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3744:de la Cueva 1998 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3672: 3671: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3619: 3613: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3448:. Archived from 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3331:Internet Archive 3328: 3326: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3257: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3094: 3088: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3028: 3022: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2918: 2912: 2905: 2863:Secular humanism 2793:Anti-Catholicism 2766: 2761: 2760: 2696:'s rumor mill." 2672:Islamic Republic 2635: 2612: 2606: 2594: 2570:Akhund Khurasani 2477:communist states 2450: 2444: 2104:Quiet Revolution 2047: 2046: 2035: 2034: 2013:national capital 1948:day of execution 1644:Religious orders 1605: 1491:Benito Mussolini 1472:Kingdom of Italy 1245:Jules Ferry laws 1016:Anti-clericalism 1005: 998: 991: 137: 136: 73:Anti-clericalism 19: 18: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8910: 8841: 8826: 8750: 8735: 8651:Hindu modernism 8622: 8605: 8550:Jewish pacifism 8535:Jewish feminism 8515:Jewish fascism 8473: 8456: 8399:Islamic Zionism 8341:Islamic fascism 8297: 8280: 8171:Christian state 8152:Christian right 8086:Mormon feminism 7968: 7951: 7736:Confessionalism 7689: 7678: 7673: 7643: 7638: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7528:World Youth Day 7506: 7495:World Youth Day 7439:Pacem in terris 7433:Pope John XXIII 7372: 7299: 7290:Edict of Nantes 7248: 7244: 7234: 7200:Teresa of Ávila 7195:Tridentine Mass 7131: 7127: 7118: 7099:Knights Templar 7053: 6955: 6911:Gregorian chant 6869: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6776: 6764: 6691: 6560: 6548: 6540: 6407: 6405:Catholic Church 6398: 6363: 6295: 6254: 6212: 6182: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6096: 6077: 6041: 6020: 5990: 5951: 5930: 5872: 5849: 5847: 5845:DeseretNews.com 5815: 5775:10.2307/3060414 5746: 5700: 5662: 5643: 5620: 5618: 5583: 5562: 5506: 5498: 5493: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5466: 5462: 5447: 5443: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5396:, pp. 167. 5392: 5388: 5384:, pp. 166. 5380: 5376: 5372:, pp. 436. 5368: 5364: 5360:, pp. 220. 5356: 5352: 5348:, pp. 434. 5344: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5323:, pp. 162. 5319: 5315: 5311:, pp. 161. 5307: 5303: 5299:, pp. 160. 5295: 5291: 5287:, pp. 159. 5283: 5279: 5275:, pp. 152. 5271: 5267: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5187: 5183: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5129: 5127: 5110: 5106: 5053:North Macedonia 4926: 4922: 4911: 4907: 4899:, p. 571, 4895: 4891: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4846: 4842: 4835:, p. 180, 4831: 4827: 4815: 4811: 4803:, p. 231, 4799: 4795: 4784: 4780: 4768: 4764: 4757:, p. 140, 4753: 4746: 4734: 4730: 4723:, p. 125, 4719: 4712: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4680: 4669: 4665: 4657:, p. 282, 4653: 4649: 4638: 4634: 4627:, p. 165, 4623: 4608: 4601:, p. 599, 4597: 4582: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555:Kowalewski 1980 4553: 4524: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4479: 4475: 4466: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4373: 4369: 4347: 4343: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4032: 4028: 4017: 4013: 4007:Wayback Machine 3997: 3990: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3883:Manila Standard 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3818:. 16 June 2018. 3814: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3675: 3668: 3648: 3644: 3630:(2): 122, 128. 3620: 3616: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3496: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3464:"RGM 2005 OCSO" 3462: 3461: 3457: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3345: 3341: 3324: 3322: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3277: 3273: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3095: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3029: 3025: 3008: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921:Weight, Alexa. 2919: 2915: 2907:Luke W. Galen. 2906: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2764:Religion portal 2762: 2755: 2752: 2734: 2728: 2720:Nahdlatul Ulama 2712:fall of Suharto 2708: 2702: 2676:velayat-e faqih 2613: 2610: 2554: 2546:velayat-e faqih 2493: 2469: 2457:Main articles: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2425:Communist Party 2417: 2405: 2374: 2340: 2330: 2314: 2260:Catholic Church 2244: 2238: 2225: 2219: 2211: 2205: 2165: 2159: 2121: 2097:sexual morality 2092:Wilfrid Laurier 2077:"establishment" 2065:Reform movement 2025: 1997:Rodrigo Duterte 1988:Catholic Church 1973:Noli me tangere 1944:national heroes 1922: 1912: 1890:hundreds more. 1866:, and 114 1749: 1743: 1737: 1714:Desamortización 1687:Trienio Liberal 1667: 1653: 1612: 1599: 1593:Roman Kotliński 1567: 1499:Lateran Accords 1456: 1373: 1367: 1337: 1325:French politics 1282:Alsace-Lorraine 1212: 1192:First Coalition 1159:state sponsored 1142:Reign of Terror 1131:of the faithful 1119: 1106: 1098: 1050:Catholic Europe 1009: 979:Religion portal 973: 972: 971: 837:Catholic Church 789: 779: 778: 583:North Macedonia 548:Northern Cyprus 355:Northern Cyprus 134: 124: 123: 122: 98: 97: 88:Confessionalism 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8954: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8721:Saffronisation 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8636:Hindu feminism 8633: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8523: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8489: 8484: 8482:Halachic state 8478: 8475: 8474: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444:Talibanization 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8267:Ultramontanism 8264: 8259: 8257:Temporal power 8254: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8104:Christian left 8101: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7937:State religion 7934: 7929: 7927:Spiritual left 7924: 7923: 7922: 7915: 7906:Secularization 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7765: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7719: 7717:Civil religion 7714: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7680: 7679: 7672: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7624: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7416:Lateran Treaty 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7249: 7241:Baroque period 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7210:Peter Canisius 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7185:Francis Xavier 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7149:Exsurge Domine 7145: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7089:Pope Clement V 7086: 7085: 7084: 7082:Avignon Papacy 7077:Western Schism 7074: 7069: 7067:Thomas Aquinas 7063: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6921:Saint Boniface 6918: 6913: 6908: 6906:Pope Gregory I 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6845:Biblical canon 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6799: 6797: 6778: 6774:Late antiquity 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6721:Pope Clement I 6711:Church Fathers 6708: 6702: 6700: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6567: 6565: 6550: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6472:Biblical canon 6467:Catholic Bible 6464: 6463: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6417: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6348: 6314:(3): 430–453. 6299: 6293: 6279:. p. 67. 6275:. Ithaca, NY: 6266: 6252: 6233: 6227:AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ 6224: 6210: 6195: 6186: 6180: 6163: 6137:(1): 118–134. 6126: 6100: 6094: 6088:, Touchstone, 6081: 6075: 6060: 6045: 6039: 6024: 6018: 6003: 5994: 5988: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5949: 5934: 5928: 5913: 5893:10.2307/128810 5887:(4): 426–441. 5876: 5870: 5855: 5836: 5827: 5818: 5813: 5795: 5761:(2): 161–172. 5750: 5744: 5727: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5681: 5667: 5655: 5641: 5626: 5607: 5598:(3): 355–369, 5587: 5581: 5566: 5560: 5545: 5536: 5528:Berenger, Jean 5524: 5515:Beevor, Antony 5511: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5477: 5460: 5441: 5423: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5218: 5204: 5181: 5162: 5136: 5104: 4920: 4905: 4889: 4883:, p. 92, 4873: 4855: 4848:Temperman 2010 4840: 4825: 4809: 4793: 4778: 4770:Zuckerman 2009 4762: 4744: 4728: 4710: 4694: 4678: 4663: 4655:Wessinger 2000 4647: 4632: 4606: 4599:Avramović 2007 4580: 4575:, p. 94, 4565: 4522: 4507: 4488: 4483:, p. 32, 4473: 4471:(1995), p. 266 4457: 4444: 4442:, p. 218. 4440:Williford 2005 4432: 4394: 4367: 4361:on 2008-09-07. 4341: 4334:on 2016-01-09. 4326: 4306: 4300:Burke, Edmund 4293: 4280: 4263: 4256: 4236: 4229: 4209: 4202: 4182: 4159: 4146: 4128: 4115: 4108: 4090: 4064: 4051: 4044: 4026: 4011: 3988: 3975: 3962: 3943: 3918: 3903: 3889: 3869: 3855: 3835: 3821: 3807: 3790: 3788:, p. 174. 3778: 3763: 3761:, p. 617. 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3692: 3690:, p. 612. 3673: 3666: 3642: 3614: 3599: 3586: 3569: 3567:, p. 102. 3557: 3545: 3522: 3508: 3477: 3455: 3433: 3419: 3399: 3373: 3359: 3339: 3305: 3291: 3271: 3247: 3234: 3227: 3204: 3194: 3176: 3166: 3148: 3139: 3133:Tallet, Frank 3126: 3114: 3107: 3089: 3073: 3066: 3048: 3041: 3023: 2999: 2986: 2966: 2940: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2873:Secularization 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2751: 2748: 2730:Main article: 2727: 2724: 2701: 2698: 2608: 2553: 2550: 2540:Following the 2492: 2489: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2416: 2413: 2404: 2401: 2397:excommunicated 2373: 2370: 2329: 2326: 2313: 2310: 2291:Alvaro Obregón 2265:Following the 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2221:Main article: 2218: 2215: 2207:Main article: 2204: 2201: 2161:Main article: 2158: 2155: 2145:Philip Jenkins 2137:public schools 2120: 2117: 2032:Parti canadien 2024: 2021: 1960:was recognized 1911: 1908: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1844: 1841: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1652: 1649: 1611: 1608: 1574:Janusz Palikot 1566: 1563: 1529:Prime Minister 1455: 1452: 1382:Kladderadatsch 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1336: 1333: 1211: 1210:Third Republic 1208: 1165:Cult of Reason 1118: 1115: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1000: 993: 985: 982: 981: 975: 974: 970: 969: 967:Zoroastrianism 964: 959: 954: 953: 952: 942: 941: 940: 935: 930: 920: 919: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 883: 873: 868: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 840: 839: 829: 828: 827: 812: 807: 802: 797: 791: 790: 785: 784: 781: 780: 775: 774: 773: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 744: 743: 739: 738: 737: 736: 728: 727: 721: 720: 719: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 640: 639: 633: 632: 631: 630: 628:United Kingdom 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 492: 491: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 304: 303: 297: 296: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 251: 250: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 144: 143: 135: 130: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 103:State religion 99: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 34: 33: 30: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8953: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8860:Imperial cult 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8837: 8833: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8676:Panun Kashmir 8673: 8670: 8669:Hindu Rashtra 8666: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631:Akhand Bharat 8629: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8453: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8394:Islamic state 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8372: 8371:In South Asia 8368: 8365: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8262:Theodemocracy 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223:Pillarisation 8221: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8211:Phoenicianism 8209: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:Christian law 8097: 8095: 8092: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7932:State atheism 7930: 7928: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7891:Secular state 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7827:Religious law 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7712:Caesaropapism 7710: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7663: 7658: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7623: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7475:Mother Teresa 7473: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7401:Pope Pius XII 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7367:Rerum novarum 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351:Pope Leo XIII 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321:United States 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7311:Pope Pius VII 7309: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6994:Scholasticism 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969:Pope Urban II 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745:Justin Martyr 6743: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6655:New Testament 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6618:Commissioning 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562:Apostolic Age 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6448:Papal primacy 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6383: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6294:9781501714856 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6253:9780815633884 6249: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6211:9780313351822 6207: 6203: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6181:9780815628095 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6117:on 2019-03-29 6113: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6095:0-671-75876-4 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6076:9789004181489 6072: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6040:9780810874527 6036: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6019:9781412981767 6015: 6011: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5989:9780822320708 5985: 5981: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5929:9780230594944 5925: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5871:9780271044354 5867: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5816: 5814:9780860120926 5810: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5799:Jedin, Hubert 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5745:9780801431098 5741: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5699:9780975801543 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677:The Economist 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5642:9781405389730 5638: 5634: 5633: 5627: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5582:9781847654557 5578: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5561:9780810879898 5557: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5394:Farzaneh 2015 5390: 5383: 5382:Farzaneh 2015 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5358:Farzaneh 2015 5354: 5347: 5342: 5335: 5332:محسن کدیور، " 5329: 5322: 5321:Farzaneh 2015 5317: 5310: 5309:Farzaneh 2015 5305: 5298: 5297:Farzaneh 2015 5293: 5286: 5285:Farzaneh 2015 5281: 5274: 5273:Farzaneh 2015 5269: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5207: 5205:0-300-03531-4 5201: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5190:Momen, Moojan 5185: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4913:Campbell 2015 4909: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4881:Leustean 2009 4877: 4871: 4864: 4863:Walaszek 1986 4859: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4414:on 2007-11-11 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320:. Zed Books. 4319: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4213: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4157:(2003), p. 33 4156: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4119: 4111: 4109:9780312187231 4105: 4101: 4094: 4079:on 2012-03-18 4078: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4047: 4045:9780761474050 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3933:on 2011-10-10 3932: 3928: 3922: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3746:, p. 355 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3667:0-7146-8529-1 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3612:(1997), p. 19 3611: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3579: 3578:Enlightenment 3573: 3566: 3565:Berenger 1990 3561: 3555:, p. 44. 3554: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3499:Austral Light 3492: 3486: 3485:Franklin 2006 3481: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3422: 3420:9780198269229 3416: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3362: 3360:9780521590907 3356: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3315:The Churchman 3309: 3294: 3292:9781859732496 3288: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3228:9780804730877 3224: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3195:9780313334467 3191: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3167:9781598849790 3163: 3159: 3152: 3143: 3136: 3130: 3123: 3122:Tallet (1991) 3118: 3110: 3108:9780534646028 3104: 3100: 3093: 3087: 3086:0-7876-4004-2 3083: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3019:0-8131-2339-9 3016: 3012: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828:Denis Diderot 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2582:Imam al-Mahdi 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473:state atheism 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459:State atheism 2437: 2431:State atheism 2428: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2376:The original 2369: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Dwight Morrow 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2233: 2230: 2229:Benito Juárez 2224: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2185:pre-Columbian 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2157:Latin America 2154: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2119:United States 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Nonconformist 2049: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1964:United States 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1893:Prior to the 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1695:Ferdinand VII 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595:'s newspaper 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:modern Polish 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:Your Movement 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Camillo Ruini 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532:Bettino Craxi 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1286:German Empire 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194:(1792–1797), 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1146:state atheism 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1110: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 987: 986: 984: 983: 980: 977: 976: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 951: 948: 947: 946: 943: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 921: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 884: 881: 877: 874: 872: 869: 865: 864:Protestantism 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 826: 823: 822: 821: 820:Christophobia 818: 817: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 788: 783: 782: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 745: 741: 740: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 726: 723: 722: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 641: 638: 635: 634: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 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61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 44: 41: 39: 36: 35: 28: 27: 24: 21: 20: 8906:State Shinto 8866:Ancient Rome 8785:969 Movement 8769:Buddhist law 8560:Jewish right 8418:Islamization 8252:Subsidiarity 8239:In Argentina 8191:Febronianism 7697: 7589: 7585:Pope Francis 7511:21st century 7460:Pope Paul VI 7437: 7425: 7378:20th century 7365: 7316:Pope Pius IX 7304:19th century 7280:Pope Pius VI 7274: 7147: 7019:Latin Empire 6989:Universities 6941:Pope Leo III 6808:Christianity 6793:state church 6785:Great Church 6586:Resurrection 6549:(30–325/476) 6546:Early Church 6531:Latin Church 6526:Papal States 6521:Vatican City 6352: 6311: 6307: 6271: 6238: 6200: 6190: 6167: 6134: 6130: 6119:. 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