29:
107:
1292:
1480:, further exacerbated the problem. The Italians proved uncontrollable by imperial authority: in 1162, for instance, the Pisans together with a few Venetians raided the Genoese quarter in Constantinople, causing much damage. Emperor Manuel subsequently expelled most of the Genoese and Pisans from the city, thus giving the Venetians a free hand for several years.
1487:
of all
Venetians throughout the Empire and the confiscation of their property. There were also mass rapes and the burning of houses. A subsequent Venetian expedition in the Aegean failed: a direct assault was impossible due to the strength of the imperial forces, and the Venetians agreed to
1562:
The massacre further worsened the image of the
Byzantines in the West, and although regular trade agreements were soon resumed between Byzantium and Latin states, the underlying hostility would remain, leading to a spiraling chain of hostilities: a Sicilian expedition under
1546:
Although
Andronikos himself had no particular anti-Latin attitude, he allowed the massacre to proceed unchecked. Andronikos had managed to incite the anti-Latin sentiment of Constantinopolitans, on the grounds that the empress and the
1534:
Many had anticipated the events and escaped by sea. The ensuing massacre was indiscriminate: neither women nor children were spared, and Latin patients lying in hospital beds were murdered. Houses, churches, and charities were
1531:, who entered the city in a wave of popular support. Almost immediately, the celebrations spilled over into violence towards the hated Latins, and after entering the city's Latin quarter a mob began attacking the inhabitants.
1473:, who in turn increasingly amassed large estates. Together with the perceived arrogance of the Italians, it fueled popular resentment amongst the middle and lower classes both in the countryside and in the cities.
1278:
1468:
The predominance of the
Italian merchants caused economic and social upheaval in Byzantium: it accelerated the decline of the independent native merchants in favour of big exporters, who became tied to the
1320:
1594:
notes that "Historians who wax eloquent and indignant—with considerable reason—about the sack of
Constantinople ... rarely if ever mention the massacre of the Westerners in ... 1182."
1503:. Relations were only gradually normalized: there is evidence of a treaty in 1179, although a full restoration of relations would only be reached in the mid-1180s. Meanwhile, the
1590:
in 1204, which led to the permanent alienation of
Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics. The massacre itself however remains relatively obscure, and Catholic historian
1313:
417:
252:
1306:
1052:
1483:
In early 1171, however, when the
Venetians attacked and largely destroyed the Genoese quarter in Constantinople, the Emperor retaliated by ordering the
599:
772:
957:
932:
147:
1527:. Her regency was notorious for the favoritism shown to Latin merchants and the big aristocratic land-owners, and was overthrown in April 1182 by
1495:
The
Venetians and the Empire remained at war, with the Venetians prudently avoiding direct confrontation but sponsoring Serb uprisings, besieging
1461:. Gradually, all four Italian cities were also allowed to establish their own quarters in the northern part of Constantinople itself, towards the
157:
2158:
182:
352:
162:
2138:
1376:
and financial sector. Although precise numbers are unavailable, the bulk of the Latin community, estimated at 60,000 at the time by
2168:
1625:
2123:
1047:
987:
2173:
2054:
1944:
1892:
1766:
1728:
1680:
1090:
1714:
1488:
negotiations, which the
Emperor stalled intentionally. As talks dragged on through the winter, the Venetian fleet waited at
1431:, had started appearing in the East. The first had been the Venetians, who had secured large-scale trading concessions from
2022:
2008:
1449:, wishing to reduce their influence, began to reduce the privileges of Venice while concluding agreements with her rivals:
1273:
927:
563:
1057:
1511:
profited from the dispute with Venice, and by 1180, it is estimated that up to 60,000 Latins lived in
Constantinople.
2102:
2078:
1974:
1799:
2143:
506:
2128:
1114:
1077:
1583:
1203:
1067:
782:
752:
207:
2003:
1720:
1404:
1243:
1005:
538:
93:
2153:
1576:
1120:
747:
292:
476:
1568:
1268:
1128:
792:
742:
2148:
1442:
at the time resulted in a virtual maritime monopoly and stranglehold over the Empire by the Venetians.
1377:
1223:
481:
471:
2064:
1610:
543:
385:
142:
115:
972:
797:
696:
432:
187:
152:
2070:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
2163:
2133:
676:
1758:
1752:
1439:
427:
1966:
1133:
1107:
1062:
737:
666:
332:
1791:
2178:
1884:
1615:
1554:
During the massacre Empress Maria was put under house arrest, before finally being executed.
1528:
803:
702:
312:
86:
1958:
1783:
1620:
1572:
1564:
1477:
626:
605:
458:
392:
962:
843:
823:
422:
33:
Map of Constantinople in the Byzantine period. The Latin quarters are captioned in purple.
8:
1524:
1416:
1263:
1072:
892:
671:
558:
553:
548:
787:
533:
1470:
1435:
1420:
1296:
937:
732:
528:
517:
511:
2098:
2074:
2050:
2043:
2018:
1970:
1959:
1940:
1888:
1877:
1795:
1784:
1762:
1724:
1676:
1500:
1454:
1446:
1432:
1424:
1381:
873:
810:
777:
682:
631:
345:
262:
257:
1520:
1450:
1428:
1393:
1385:
1366:
1362:
1338:
853:
848:
817:
689:
523:
372:
272:
220:
123:
46:
1551:
had bought the Latin support by promising them the chance of plundering the city.
1543:, was beheaded and his head was dragged through the streets at the tail of a dog.
2092:
2068:
1458:
1400:
1158:
907:
879:
868:
641:
247:
200:
128:
982:
1591:
1587:
1373:
1358:
1346:
1183:
1023:
977:
967:
836:
581:
267:
42:
1388:
communities especially were devastated, and some 4,000 survivors were sold as
28:
2117:
1499:, Byzantium's last stronghold in Italy, and signing a treaty with the Norman
1036:
897:
863:
2088:
1540:
1354:
1153:
1102:
902:
712:
636:
621:
465:
452:
285:
240:
175:
64:
1476:
The religious differences between the two sides, who viewed each other as
106:
1484:
1462:
1399:
The massacre further worsened relations and increased enmity between the
1196:
1146:
1097:
950:
858:
646:
616:
611:
576:
397:
1372:
The Roman Catholics of Constantinople at that time dominated the city's
1598:
1519:
Following the death of Manuel I in 1180, his widow, the Latin princess
886:
707:
486:
2041:
Ducellier, Alain (1986). "The death throes of Byzantium: 1080–1261".
1539:. Latin clergymen received special attention, and Cardinal John, the
1016:
2014:
1291:
1163:
76:
2094:
Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
1415:
From the late 11th century, Western merchants, primarily from the
1407:
churches, and a sequence of hostilities between the two followed.
1536:
1040:
1000:
725:
592:
1438:. Subsequent extensions of these privileges and Byzantium's own
1508:
1496:
1256:
1236:
1216:
1176:
765:
445:
410:
90:
2045:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 950-1250
1961:
Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204
1504:
1489:
1389:
920:
659:
499:
365:
325:
305:
1597:
The Italian-born translator and Byzantine chancery official
1571:, the Empire's second largest city, and the German emperors
1492:, until an outbreak of the plague forced them to withdraw.
418:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
253:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
1696:
1694:
1692:
1582:
The worsening relationship culminated with the brutal
2073:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1832:
1901:
1856:
1844:
1716:
History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453, Volume II
1689:
1053:
List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation
2042:
1983:
1926:, Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, pp. 157, 131
1876:
1820:
1808:
600:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
16:1182 massacre of Roman Catholics in Constantinople
1514:
773:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
2115:
2049:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 489–524.
1786:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180
1601:was among the Latins who survived the massacre.
933:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
1279:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions
1314:
183:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
1754:History of the Byzantine Empire. 2, Volume 2
1965:. London and New York: Routledge. pp.
1781:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
353:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State
163:Persecution of Christians in the modern era
1918:
1916:
1579:both threatened to attack Constantinople.
1321:
1307:
2097:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2040:
1757:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1658:
153:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism
1750:
1712:
1637:
783:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990
1956:
1913:
1879:Enrico Dandolo & the Rise of Venice
1670:
1380:, was wiped out or forced to flee. The
2116:
1874:
1868:
1737:
1369:population of the city in April 1182.
1048:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
148:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958
2159:Anti-Catholicism in Eastern Orthodoxy
2087:
1907:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1700:
2063:
2011:, Volume 64: Latilla–Levi Montalcini
2009:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1989:
1523:, acted as regent to her infant son
1353:) was a large-scale massacre of the
1274:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
928:Violence against Christians in India
143:Historical persecution of Christians
2015:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
1626:Catholic-Eastern Orthodox relations
564:Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
13:
1584:sack of the city of Constantinople
1058:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
677:Persecution of Christians in China
14:
2190:
2139:Massacres in the Byzantine Empire
1675:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 309.
1357:(called "Latin") inhabitants of
1290:
507:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
105:
27:
2001:
1995:
1950:
1929:
1713:Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1964).
1115:Oregon Compulsory Education Act
1078:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2169:Attacks on hospitals in Europe
1775:
1706:
1664:
1515:Death of Manuel I and massacre
1204:Catholic Church in North Korea
1068:Dissolution of the Monasteries
208:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
1:
2124:1180s in the Byzantine Empire
1782:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002).
1721:University of Wisconsin Press
1631:
1410:
1244:2021 Canadian church burnings
1006:Religious violence in Nigeria
539:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate
158:Eastern Catholic persecutions
2174:Attacks on hospitals in Asia
1751:Vasiliev, Aleksandr (1958).
1121:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
293:Christianity in Saudi Arabia
7:
1604:
1269:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy
1129:Philadelphia nativist riots
10:
2195:
2034:
1937:Byzantium and the Crusades
1875:Madden, Thomas F. (2003).
1394:(Turkish) Sultanate of Rum
1378:Eustathius of Thessalonica
1224:Anti-Catholicism in Norway
793:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs
482:Anti-clericalism in Mexico
1935:Harris, Jonathan (2006).
1671:Gregory, Timothy (2010).
1557:
1350:
386:European wars of religion
82:
70:
60:
52:
38:
26:
21:
1924:The Glory of Christendom
1922:Carroll, Warren (1993).
1184:Murder of Andrea Santoro
697:Ad Apostolorum principis
433:Massacre in the Rue Haxo
188:Diocletianic Persecution
2144:Mass murder in Istanbul
1957:Garland, Lynda (1999).
988:1989 murders of Jesuits
2129:12th-century massacres
1883:. JHU Press. pp.
1673:A History of Byzantium
1342:
1335:Massacre of the Latins
1297:Catholicism portal
1134:Ursuline Convent riots
1063:Irish Catholic Martyrs
958:Four U.S. missionaries
667:Martyr Saints of China
333:Maspero demonstrations
228:Massacre of the Latins
22:Massacre of the Latins
2002:Antonio Rigo (2005).
1616:Battle of Demetritzes
1611:Venetian–Genoese Wars
1529:Andronikos I Komnenos
1361:, the capital of the
804:In Poloniae annalibus
753:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
703:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
313:Christianity in Sudan
2065:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
2013:(in Italian). Rome:
1573:Frederick Barbarossa
1565:William II of Sicily
627:Bernhard Lichtenberg
606:Mit brennender Sorge
544:José María of Manila
477:José Sánchez del Río
459:Iniquis afflictisque
428:Martyrs of Compiègne
2154:Anti-Catholic riots
1661:, pp. 506–508.
1569:sacked Thessalonica
1525:Alexios II Komnenos
1445:Alexios' grandson,
1417:Italian city-states
1343:Massacro dei Latini
1264:Martyrs of Pratulin
973:Ignacio Martín-Baró
672:Auguste Chapdelaine
559:522 Spanish Martyrs
554:498 Spanish Martyrs
549:233 Spanish Martyrs
87:Andronikos Komnenos
1790:. BRILL. pp.
1471:landed aristocracy
1436:Alexios I Komnenos
938:Devasahayam Pillai
733:Vietnamese Martyrs
529:Martyrs of Daimiel
518:Dilectissima Nobis
201:Neo-Persian Empire
2149:Conflicts in 1182
2056:978-0-521-26645-1
1945:978-1-85285-501-7
1894:978-0-8018-7317-1
1841:, pp. 97–99.
1768:978-0-299-80926-3
1730:978-0-299-80926-3
1682:978-1-4051-8471-7
1501:Kingdom of Sicily
1447:Manuel I Komnenos
1433:Byzantine emperor
1405:Eastern Christian
1351:Σφαγὴ τῶν Λατίνων
1331:
1330:
963:Ignacio Ellacuría
874:Aloysius Stepinac
844:József Mindszenty
824:Jerzy Popiełuszko
811:Gloriosam Reginam
778:Maksymilian Kolbe
738:Andrew of Phú Yên
683:Ad Sinarum gentem
632:Max Josef Metzger
423:War in the Vendée
393:Thirty Years' War
346:Islamic terrorism
263:Assyrian genocide
258:Armenian genocide
100:
99:
94:Eastern Christian
2186:
2108:
2089:Nicol, Donald M.
2084:
2060:
2048:
2029:
2028:
2024:978-8-81200032-6
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1789:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1621:East–West Schism
1521:Maria of Antioch
1367:Eastern Orthodox
1363:Byzantine Empire
1352:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1294:
854:Severian Baranyk
849:Eugene Bossilkov
818:Invicti athletae
788:Stefan Wyszyński
743:Nguyễn Văn Thuận
690:Cupimus Imprimis
534:Bartolomé Blanco
524:Martyrs of Turon
373:Martyrs of Japan
273:Kosheh massacres
248:Muslim conquests
221:Byzantine Empire
109:
102:
101:
47:Byzantine Empire
31:
19:
18:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2081:
2057:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2004:"Leone Toscano"
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1955:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1749:
1738:
1731:
1723:. p. 379.
1711:
1707:
1699:
1690:
1683:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1638:
1634:
1607:
1560:
1517:
1440:naval impotence
1413:
1327:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1159:Pedro Calungsod
1149:
1139:
1138:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1043:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1003:
993:
992:
953:
943:
942:
923:
913:
912:
908:Theodore Romzha
880:Meminisse iuvat
869:Zynoviy Kovalyk
839:
829:
828:
768:
758:
757:
748:Trương Bửu Diệp
728:
718:
717:
662:
652:
651:
642:Erich Klausener
595:
585:
584:
579:
569:
568:
502:
492:
491:
448:
438:
437:
413:
403:
402:
388:
378:
377:
368:
358:
357:
348:
338:
337:
328:
318:
317:
308:
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288:
278:
277:
243:
233:
232:
223:
213:
212:
203:
193:
192:
178:
168:
167:
138:
129:Catholic Church
126:
73:
65:Roman Catholics
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:1182 in Europe
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Constantinople
2131:
2126:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2085:
2079:
2061:
2055:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2023:
1994:
1982:
1975:
1949:
1928:
1912:
1910:, p. 106.
1900:
1893:
1867:
1865:, p. 101.
1855:
1853:, p. 100.
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1800:
1774:
1767:
1736:
1729:
1705:
1703:, p. 107.
1688:
1681:
1663:
1659:Ducellier 1986
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1592:Warren Carroll
1588:Fourth Crusade
1559:
1556:
1516:
1513:
1412:
1409:
1374:maritime trade
1359:Constantinople
1355:Roman Catholic
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1299:
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1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1034:
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1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:Stanley Rother
1020:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
985:
980:
978:Segundo Montes
975:
970:
968:Rutilio Grande
965:
960:
954:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
935:
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924:
919:
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900:
895:
893:Sára Salkaházi
890:
883:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
837:Eastern Europe
835:
834:
831:
830:
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582:Titus Brandsma
580:
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561:
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541:
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531:
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2179:1182 in Asia
2111:
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2007:
1997:
1985:
1960:
1952:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1903:
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1541:papal legate
1533:
1518:
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1475:
1467:
1444:
1414:
1398:
1371:
1334:
1332:
1154:Lorenzo Ruiz
1119:
1108:
1103:Know Nothing
983:Óscar Romero
903:Pietro Leoni
885:
878:
816:
809:
802:
713:Dominic Tang
695:
688:
681:
637:Karl Leisner
622:Rupert Mayer
604:
516:
466:Acerba animi
464:
457:
453:Cristero War
286:Saudi Arabia
241:Muslim world
227:
176:Roman Empire
124:Persecutions
83:Perpetrators
1485:mass arrest
1478:schismatics
1463:Golden Horn
1197:North Korea
1147:Philippines
1098:James Coyle
951:El Salvador
859:Josef Beran
647:Kulturkampf
617:Alois Grimm
612:Alfred Delp
577:Netherlands
398:Reformation
72:Attack type
2118:Categories
1908:Nicol 1988
1863:Nicol 1988
1851:Nicol 1988
1839:Nicol 1988
1827:Nicol 1988
1815:Nicol 1988
1701:Nicol 1988
1632:References
1599:Leo Tuscus
1411:Background
1109:The Menace
1073:Penal Laws
887:Anni sacri
708:Beda Chang
512:Red Terror
487:Miguel Pro
56:April 1182
2067:(1994) .
1990:Fine 1994
1365:, by the
1017:Guatemala
2091:(1988).
1605:See also
1577:Henry VI
1567:in 1185
1164:Gomburza
798:Policies
137:Overview
116:a series
114:Part of
77:Massacre
39:Location
2035:Sources
1586:by the
1505:Genoese
1401:Western
1392:to the
1382:Genoese
1339:Italian
1041:Ireland
1001:Nigeria
726:Vietnam
593:Germany
127:of the
2101:
2077:
2053:
2021:
1973:
1943:
1891:
1798:
1765:
1727:
1679:
1558:Impact
1537:looted
1509:Pisans
1497:Ancona
1459:Amalfi
1421:Venice
1390:slaves
1257:Russia
1237:Canada
1217:Norway
1177:Turkey
766:Poland
472:Saints
446:Mexico
411:France
61:Target
1887:–83.
1490:Chios
1455:Genoa
1425:Genoa
1386:Pisan
1347:Greek
921:India
660:China
500:Spain
366:Japan
326:Egypt
306:Sudan
91:Greek
2099:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1575:and
1507:and
1457:and
1451:Pisa
1429:Pisa
1427:and
1403:and
1384:and
1333:The
1039:and
53:Date
1967:208
1759:446
1419:of
96:mob
2120::
2017:.
2006:.
1969:.
1939:,
1915:^
1885:82
1794:.
1792:39
1761:.
1739:^
1719:.
1691:^
1639:^
1465:.
1453:,
1423:,
1396:.
1349::
1345:;
1341::
118:on
89:,
45:,
2107:.
2083:.
2059:.
2027:.
1979:.
1897:.
1804:.
1771:.
1733:.
1685:.
1337:(
1322:e
1315:t
1308:v
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