580:
1227:. Modestos' letter gives the impression that the reconstruction of these sites was already completed. However this is unlikely to be the case. By 617 CE the Persians had reversed their policy and sided with the Christians over the Jews, probably because of pressure from Mesopotamian Christians in Persia itself. However it does not appear that Jews were violently expelled from Jerusalem, as Sebeos thought. Instead Modestos' letter and other sources seem to imply that further Jewish settlers were banned from settling in or around Jerusalem. A small synagogue on the Temple Mount was also demolished. Following the change in policy the condition of the Mesopotamian deportees also improved. Sebeos records that they were each resettled according to their prior trade.
1267:(887–940), the Christians population and monks of Jerusalem convinced the Emperor to break his word. Some modern scholars ascribe the story of the "Oath of Heraclius" to the realm of legend doubting that Heraclius ever made such a promise, instead ascribing this as a product of later apologists. In atonement for the violation of the emperor's oath to the Jews, the monks are said to have pledged themselves to a yearly fast, which is still observed by the Copts, called the Fast of Heraclius. Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and were not allowed to settle within a three-mile radius. A general massacre of the Jewish population ensued.
37:
343:
197:
1289:
Khoream, Erazmiozan and
Xorheam However they are all thought to refer to Shahrbaraz, who was known to Armenian sources as Khoream. Shahrbaraz's campaigns are well documented by other sources helping to put time constraints on the siege. Shahrbaraz assembled his troops and went and encamped around Jerusalem and besieged it for 19 days. The walls were breached by undermining the foundations. The Christian death toll of 17,000 was later corrupted to 57,000 in
2565:
1571:
floor. Given dating, Dr. Mazar suggested the items were abandoned following the
Christian re-establishment of control of the city. Since there was only a small Jewish presence in Jerusalem during the Byzantine period, Mazar thinks the treasure was brought to the city by Jewish emissaries after the Persian conquest in 614 CE.
1487:"The Romans have been defeated in the lowest part of the earth, and they, after their defeat, will be victorious. In a few years -- God's is the command before and after that -- and on that day the believers will rejoice, with the Help of God. He helps whom He pleases; and He is the Mighty, the Merciful." Qur'an 30:1-6
1549:
Demographic continuity might have resulted from population exchange by the victorious Jewish rebels, but apparently also the
Christian habitation remained relatively constant, despite the disturbance by the Persian conquest, and no significant impact on the population of Jerusalem was made during the
2702:
In atonement for the violation of an oath to the Jews, the monks pledged themselves to a fast, which the Copts still observe; while the
Syrians and the Melchite Greeks ceased to keep it after the death of Heraclius; Elijah of Nisibis ("Beweis der Wahrheit des Glaubens," translation by Horst, p. 108,
1557:
In 2013, a treasure was found in the Old City of
Jerusalem by archaeologists, containing a large hoard of Persian coins from the 5th to early 7th centuries and a golden medallion. According to Hebrew University archaeologist Dr. Eilat Mazar, the contents of the discovery in early September 2013 were
1405:
takes' possession of
Jerusalem he proceeds to sorts out Israel's genealogical lists according to their families. He is killed in the fifth year which would be 619 during the month of Av (July – August). The Sefer Zerubbabel states that Shiroi King of Persia will stab Nehemiah ben Hushiel and Israel.
1284:
wrote an account of the fall of
Jerusalem. Sebeos' account does not use the polemical language of Antiochus. Sebeos writes that at first the inhabitants of Jerusalem voluntarily submitted to the Jews and Persians, however after a few months the governor appointed by Khosrau II to rule Jerusalem was
1258:
and the Jews of
Tiberias and Nazareth, under the leadership of Benjamin of Tiberias, surrendered and asked for his protection. It is said that Benjamin even accompanied Heraclius on his voyage to Jerusalem and Benjamin was persuaded to convert, Benjamin obtained a general pardon for himself and the
1173:
where he mustered a force from the
Byzantine troops which were garrisoned there. However, once the Byzantine troops caught sight of the overwhelming Persian army encamped outside the city walls, they fled, fearing a suicidal battle. Sources vary on how long the siege lasted. Depending on the source
2803:
the emperor
Heraclius, on his way to Jerusalem, promised his protection to the Jews of Palestine. (Abu Salih the Armenian, Abu al-Makarim, ed. Evetts 1895, p. 39, Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia: Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia. Semitic series--pt. VII) (Abu Salih the Armenian was just the Book's
1570:
as a breast plate. The find was discovered in a ruined Byzantine public structure a mere 50 meters from the Temple Mount's southern wall. The way the items were found suggests one bundle was carefully hidden underground, whereas the second was apparently abandoned in haste and scattered across the
1194:
estimates a death toll of 60,000 people before the Persian authorities put an end to the killing. In addition, around 35,000 to 37,000 people, including the patriarch Zacharias, are said to have been deported to be sold into slavery. The city is said to have been burnt down, however, neither wide
1538:
near the site where Strategos recorded the massacre took place. The large number of bones "suggests that thousands of people were buried there," though the poor preservation permitted the identification of only 526 individuals. Other mass burial sites have also been found although they cannot be
1297:. 35,000 people including the patriarch Zacharias were deported to Mesopotamia. For three days the Persian forces slaughtered and plundered the inhabitants of the city. The city was burnt down. The Jews were then driven from the city and an archpriest named Modestos was appointed over the city.
1313:
were used to bring down the walls. According to Antiochus, shortly after the Persian army entered Jerusalem, an "unprecedented looting and sacrilege" took place. In his words "church after church was burned down alongside the innumerable Christian artifacts, which were stolen or damaged by the
1288:
Various dates for the revolt have been given: 9 April or 19 May 614, and 25 June 615. Sebeos writes that during the revolt many Jews were killed. Some throwing themselves off the city walls to escape. The remaining Jews fled to the Sasanian general. Different names are given for this general:
1457:
A third piyyut titled "Oto ha-yom" is dated later, as the Persians have been defeated by the Byzantines. However, a king from Arabia then invades. This poem is thought to data from the early years of the Arab invasion. Nehemiah ben Hushiel is not mentioned. The Messiah ben David of the Sefer
1308:
was a 7th-century Byzantine Greek monk living in Palestine. Again dates for the start of the siege vary. Dates given are April 13 614, April 15 614, May 3 614 or May 5 614. On the twentieth day or according to the Georgian text the twenty-first day the walls were breached.
1539:
accurately dated to the Persian conquest of Jerusalem. Yet, excavations of Jerusalem show a continuous habitation in Jerusalem neighborhoods and essentially little impact of population during the period of Persian governorship. As stated by archaeologist Gideon Avni:
1505:
both report that the search for fragments of the true cross involved torturing clergymen. The Opusculum de Persica captivitate is a document attributed to Modestos. It gives a death toll of 65,000. This number may give an idea of the total Christian
1523:
While the claims of large scale destruction of churches and other religious sites have not been confirmed with archaeological evidence, there does exist archaeological evidence of widespread killings during the time of the Persian invasion.
1322:
and the Jews offered to help them escape death if they "become Jews and deny Christ". The Christian captives refused, and the Jews in anger purchased the Christians from the Persians and massacred them on the spot. Antiochus wrote:
1338:
24,518 corpses; many more than were found anywhere else in the city. Other copies of Strategos's manuscripts report fewer corpses were found at Mamilla, 4,518 or 4,618 corpses. Antiochus' work was originally written in Greek. Only
1381:
is a medieval Hebrew apocalypse written in the style of biblical visions (e.g. Daniel, Ezekiel) placed into the mouth of Zerubbabel. It is thought to have been written at least partially during the beginning of the 7th century.
540:
removed the ban on Jews entering the city. However, following violent Christian opposition the ban was reinstated. The ban on settlement was maintained until the Arab conquest, except during the reign of the emperor
1206:
Modestos was appointed over the city. Damage was done to many Christian churches and other buildings. By the first half of 616 order had been restored in Jerusalem and Modestos had authorized the reoccupation of
1328:
Then the Jews... as of old they bought the Lord from the Jews with silver, so they purchased Christians out of the reservoir; for they gave the Persians silver, and they bought a Christian and slew him like a
374:
1514:
is notable because it does not accuse the Jews of Anti-Christian violence or sedition during the fall of Jerusalem in 614. It is loosely dated to June 614. Another important document is Modestos' Letter.
1247:
giving Palaestina Prima and the True Cross back to the Byzantines. The conquered city and the Holy Cross would remain in Sasanian hands until they were returned by Shahrbaraz. Shahrbaraz and his son
1150:. After only a few months, a Christian revolt occurred. Nehemiah ben Hushiel and his council of sixteen righteous were killed along with many other Jews, some throwing themselves off the city walls.
1447:
The first is believed to be dated between 629 and 634. In the text the Jews set up an altar and offer sacrifices, however they are not allowed to erect a sanctuary. The Jewish leader who is called
1186:
the siege resulted in a total Christian death toll of 17,000. However, other sources put the number much higher, claiming over 60,000 dead. Similarly, estimates on the number massacred near the
1251:, who converted to Christianity, would control Jerusalem until at least the late summer/early autumn of 629. On March 21 630 Heraclius marched in triumph into Jerusalem with the True Cross.
1495:
Historians have been able to piece together the events following the fall of Jerusalem based on other sources as well. A brief abridged list of the many relevant documents is given below.
367:
334:. By mid-614, the Jews and the Sasanians had captured the city, but sources vary on whether this occurred without resistance or after a siege and breaching of the wall with artillery.
3182:
1334:
Some versions of Antiochus' manuscript record a total Christian death tolls as high as 66,509. Other copies report approximately half this number. The greatest number were found at
2043:
1263:
in the house of Eustathios, an influential Christian. However once Heraclius reached Jerusalem he was persuaded to go back on his promise to Benjamin of Tiberias. According to
360:
1033:
1544:... all excavated sites in Jerusalem show a clear pattern of continuity, with no evidence for destruction by the Persian conquest of 614 or the Arab conquest of 636.
398:
3149:
80:
545:
and from 614–617 under the Persians. Due to these circumstances Jerusalem is thought to have had only a small Jewish population prior to the events of 614.
662:
1912:
Jerusalem Sights: A Travel Guide to the Top 30 Attractions in Jerusalem, Israel. Includes Detailed Tourist Information about the Old City: The Golden Gate
652:
3132:
2241:
290:. By this time, the grand inner harbour had silted up and was useless, but the city continued to be an important maritime hub after Byzantine emperor
3087:
1558:
two bundles containing thirty-six gold coins, gold and silver jewelry, and a gold medallion, ten centimeters in diameter, adorned with images of a
1451:
arises among them and within three months reaches the top. However he is killed by the Persian chief commander in a small sanctuary shortly after.
1161:. Christians were able to briefly retake the city before the walls were breached by Shahrbaraz's forces who lay siege to the city. According to
579:
3217:
3232:
3222:
1410:
enters Jerusalem on the 14th day of the new year during the month of Nisan. Assuming the year is 628. This would coincide to March 28 628.
143:
2047:
1121:
1406:
His thoroughly crushed corpse will be thrown down before the gates of Jerusalem. And sixteen of the righteous shall be killed with him.
622:
512:
in 610. The Jews of Tyre were massacred in reprisal. Unlike in earlier times when Jews had supported Christians in the fight against
384:
253:
28:
3212:
423:
3154:
2948:. Cambridge university press. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo. 2006. pp. 108–109.
2104:
3192:
3163:
2986:
2953:
2927:
2880:
2671:
2635:
2579:
2534:
2485:
2449:
2412:
2378:
2326:
2286:
2215:
2148:
2114:
2080:
1991:
1957:
1920:
1852:
1782:
1358:'s account was written much later in the 9th century. It gives a body count of 90,000. This number is thought to be dubious.
960:
705:
642:
3197:
709:
3045:
2138:
1595:
986:
2870:
1763:
1585:
1224:
1264:
3062:
1507:
934:
784:
413:
283:
2201:
1947:
1369:
another 9th-century author records that "some say it was 90,000" in reference to the number of Christians killed.
1551:
1114:
554:
408:
303:
214:
152:
892:
470:
294:
ordered the reconstruction of the outer harbour. Successfully capturing the city and the harbour had given the
1088:
928:
460:
433:
1882:
1195:
spread burning nor destruction of churches have been found in the archaeological record. The search for the
3227:
3207:
2687:
1498:
1212:
1142:. Nehemiah was then appointed the ruler of Jerusalem. He began making arrangements for the building of the
887:
882:
2596:
828:
751:
746:
741:
443:
2439:
2602:
1107:
774:
761:
756:
682:
428:
2349:
2903:
Theophanes the Confessor; Roger Scott (1997). Cyril A. Mango; Roger Scott; Geoffrey Greatrex (eds.).
1028:
996:
804:
799:
794:
789:
3111:
2822:
2721:
1701:
1590:
1527:
A significant number of burial sites were allocated according to Strategos. A mass burial grave at
1366:
1093:
1023:
955:
950:
612:
1981:
1654:
Avni, Gideon (2010). "The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem (614 C.E.)—An Archaeological Assessment".
3187:
3010:"The Holy Quran Arabic text with Translation in English text and Search Engine - Al Islam Online"
2798:
1199:
is said to have involved the torture of clergymen. Once found, the True Cross was carried off to
877:
475:
403:
346:
279:
3027:
2747:
1625:
1470:
The fall of Palaestina Prima to the Persians was mentioned as a contemporary event in the 30th
1355:
1083:
1063:
902:
465:
170:
2943:
2475:
2402:
2272:
2205:
2018:
1910:
1844:
3009:
2976:
2660:
2570:
2368:
1983:
East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End of Antiquity: Historiographical and Historical Studies
1772:
1768:
1580:
1454:
In a second piyyut, which is undatable, Messiah ben Joseph is named as Nehemiah ben Hushiel.
1344:
1166:
1147:
1078:
598:
529:
2070:
3028:"The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Word by Word Grammar, Syntax and Morphology of the Holy Quran"
2771:
2524:
1402:
1394:
1190:
varies, with separate sources providing numbers of 4,518 and 24,518. Israeli archaeologist
1139:
1135:
1073:
991:
846:
814:
592:
311:
307:
291:
191:
187:
36:
504:
in 608 would lead to a Jewish revolt in 610 which was crushed. Jews also revolted in both
8:
1887:
1502:
1315:
1305:
1248:
1162:
1058:
978:
809:
692:
330:. In total, between 20,000 and 26,000 Jewish rebels took part in the Sasanian assault on
271:
2788:
2598:
Eucherius about certain holy places: The library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
2244:. Translated by John C. Reeves. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 24 April 2013
500:
elements. In several cases Jews tried to help support the Sasanian advance. A pogrom in
2810:
2709:
1671:
1619:
1511:
1459:
1448:
1437:
1053:
1001:
945:
912:
672:
563:
492:
Jews and Samaritans were persecuted frequently by the Byzantines resulting in numerous
2741:
1806:
3159:
2982:
2949:
2923:
2905:
The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern history, AD 284-813
2876:
2667:
2631:
2575:
2557:
2530:
2481:
2445:
2408:
2374:
2322:
2282:
2211:
2144:
2110:
2076:
1987:
1953:
1916:
1848:
1837:
1778:
1764:
1675:
1158:
1068:
965:
525:
493:
448:
299:
2172:
2106:
One a Day: An Anthology of Jewish Historical Anniversaries for Every Day of the Year
1877:
41:
Territory controlled by the Byzantines (purple) and the Sasanians (yellow) in 600 CE
2044:"Western Wall: This remnant of the Second Temple is an important symbol in Judaism"
1663:
1566:
and a Torah scroll. The item is thought to have been a decoration to hang around a
1559:
1441:
1378:
860:
632:
542:
453:
352:
287:
275:
126:
74:
3118:
2794:
2625:
2316:
2312:
1945:
1878:
1708:
907:
537:
438:
295:
148:
1134:
Following the unopposed capture of Jerusalem, control of the city was handed to
2784:
1484:. It went on to predict the imminent defeat of the Persians by the Byzantines:
1386:
1290:
1255:
841:
836:
209:
3176:
2872:
The Chronicle of Seert: Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq
2404:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Volume 4
2014:
1013:
1008:
533:
505:
342:
196:
95:
82:
3202:
2561:
2471:
2278:
1532:
1319:
1187:
1153:
Following the outburst of violence in Jerusalem the surviving Jews fled to
1143:
872:
865:
851:
509:
497:
1667:
2783:
2574:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 362.
1567:
1535:
1191:
2627:
History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire
2400:
2435:
1421:
1236:
1196:
1154:
261:
257:
182:
176:
58:
2844:
2743:
Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion
1946:
Robert Bonfil; Oded Ishai; Guy G. Stroumsa; Rina Talgam, eds. (2012).
256:, having taken place in early 614. Amidst the conflict, Sasanian king
2790:"History of Churches and Monasteries", Abu Salih the Armenian c. 1266
2787:
aka Abu Salih the Armenian (1895). Basil Thomas Alfred Evetts (ed.).
1417:
1413:
1310:
1244:
1240:
1200:
571:
331:
165:
70:
2072:
Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey Through the Roman Empire
2902:
2507:
2274:
Judaica Minora: Geschichte und Literatur des rabbinischen Judentums
1398:
1208:
1018:
532:
allowed Jews to enter for one day each year, during the holiday of
513:
327:
323:
2510:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars Ad 363-628, Part 2
3124:
1528:
1407:
1335:
1220:
1216:
1170:
897:
855:
501:
319:
266:
1949:
Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures
1563:
1481:
1433:
1390:
1340:
1281:
1260:
1183:
278:. Under Shahrbaraz, the Sasanian army had secured victories at
54:
302:. The Sasanians' advance was accompanied by the outbreak of a
2140:
The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament
1771:(historical commentary); Greenwood, Tim (assistance) (1999).
1477:
1472:
2401:
Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda, eds. (1996).
1318:
further claimed that captive Christians were gathered near
315:
2020:
A history of the Jews in Babylonia V. Later Sasanian Times
1211:. Reconstruction on the following churches was under way:
3063:"Human Skeletal Remains from the Mamilla cave, Jerusalem"
1809:. Institute of Archaeology Hebrew University of Jerusalem
2918:
Silver, Abba Hillel (2003). "II The Mohammedan Period".
2662:
God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215
548:
3121:, English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. 502–517.
1424:. Armilus is thought to be a cryptogram for Heraclius.
528:
in 135 CE Jews were prohibited from entering the city.
1834:
516:, the Byzantines had now become viewed as oppressors.
2739:
1979:
1656:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1230:
487:
2508:
Michael H. Dodgeon; Samuel N. C. Lieu, eds. (2002).
2370:
Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
1621:
A history of Palestine from 135 A.D. to modern times
382:
3088:"Israeli archeologists strike gold at Temple Mount"
1440:are thought to be based on an early version of the
3114:The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD
3085:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
2659:
2270:
2102:
1986:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 124–125, 142.
1836:
1711:, English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. 502-517.
1704:The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD
496:. Byzantine religious propaganda developed strong
2523:Hagith Sivan (2008). "2: Anastasian Landscapes".
2480:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 185, 189.
2068:
1146:, and sorting out genealogies to establish a new
3183:Battles of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
3174:
2974:
2945:Jewish Martyrs in the Pagan and Christian Worlds
2556:
2311:
2200:
1883:"Chosroes (Khosru) II. Parwiz ("The Conqueror")"
3068:
2978:Judaism and Imperial Ideology in Late Antiquity
2444:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 353.
2366:
2136:
1908:
1598:, list of sieges for, and battles of, Jerusalem
2804:owner, the author is actually Abu al-Makarim.)
2013:
1804:
2470:
1427:
1115:
368:
16:Part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
2680:
2522:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
1941:
1939:
1617:
270:(army chief), to lead an offensive into the
2868:
2623:
2434:
2307:
2305:
2109:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 246.
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
2981:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
2920:History of Messianic Speculation in Israel
2041:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1518:
1122:
1108:
375:
361:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2594:
2512:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 227–228.
2321:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2187:
1936:
1774:The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos
242:66,509 Christians killed during the siege
3150:"Jerusalem, Persian sack and occupation"
3147:
2875:. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
2617:
2302:
2210:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 542–543.
2075:. Oxford University Press. p. 207.
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1682:
341:
3155:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2007:
1821:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1531:cave was discovered in 1989 by Israeli
1177:
3175:
2917:
2911:
2829:
2728:
2703:Colmar, 1886) mocks at the observance.
2342:
2255:
2236:
2234:
2046:. MyJewishLearning.com. Archived from
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1361:
1295:History of the House of the Artsrunik'
3218:Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire
2657:
2464:
2407:. Taylor & Francis. p. 193.
1350:
1300:
549:Jewish rebellion and Sasanian advance
356:
3223:Sieges involving the Sasanian Empire
2922:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 49.
2441:A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews
1952:. Hotei Publishing the Netherlands.
1843:. Harvard University Press. p.
1714:
1653:
1613:
1611:
1462:, is now called Messiah ben Joseph.
1235:In 628, following the deposition of
710:Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem
519:
3158:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2231:
1632:
1596:Siege of Jerusalem (disambiguation)
1372:
240:4,518 Jews killed during the revolt
13:
3141:
3105:
2842:
2373:. Simon and Schuster. p. 15.
2143:. Liturgical Press. pp. 3–4.
1586:List of conflicts in the Near East
1508:population in and around Jerusalem
1280:The Armenian bishop and historian
1275:
1270:
1254:Heraclius came as victor into the
1231:Byzantine–Sasanian peace agreement
488:Persecution of Jews and Samaritans
306:; the Sasanian army was joined by
14:
3244:
3086:Daniel K. Eisenbud (2013-09-09).
2318:A History of the Crusades, Vol. I
1608:
254:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
29:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
3233:Sieges of the Roman–Persian Wars
2170:
1490:
1221:the 'mother of churches' at Sion
578:
286:, the administrative capital of
195:
35:
3213:Holy Land during Byzantine rule
3056:
3038:
3020:
3002:
2968:
2936:
2907:. Clarendon Press. p. 431.
2896:
2862:
2777:
2764:
2651:
2630:. University Press of America.
2588:
2550:
2516:
2501:
2477:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
2428:
2394:
2360:
2164:
2130:
2096:
2062:
2035:
1973:
1835:Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (1976).
1465:
555:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
304:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
252:was a significant event in the
3152:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
2740:Butler, Alfred Joshua (1902).
1980:J. D. Howard-Johnston (2006).
1902:
1871:
1839:A History of the Jewish People
1798:
1777:. Liverpool University Press.
1397:will be hidden in the city of
1285:killed in a Christian revolt.
250:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
129:annexed by the Sasanian Empire
22:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
1:
2858:– via Robert Bedrosian.
1602:
1174:it lasted 19, 20 or 21 days.
337:
3193:610s in the Byzantine Empire
1499:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
1213:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
888:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
7:
3198:610s in the Sasanian Empire
3148:Greatrex, Geoffery (2018).
2746:. Clarendon Press. p.
2689:BYZANTINE EXPIRE: Heraclius
2529:. Oxford University Press.
2526:Palestine in Late Antiquity
2271:Stemberger, GĂĽnter (2010).
2103:J Abraham P. Bloch (1987).
1624:. Victor Gollancz. p.
1574:
349:likely built around 520 CE.
218:20,000–26,000 Jewish rebels
10:
3249:
2603:Palestine Exploration Fund
2069:Elizabeth Speller (2004).
1428:Poems by Eleazar ben Kalir
1420:in 628 after the reign of
552:
322:, including the cities of
2975:Alexei Sivertsev (2011).
2605:in London. pp. 48–49
1552:Sassanid-Jewish dominance
1259:Jews. He was baptized in
394:
314:, who enlisted and armed
239:
222:
203:
158:
137:
45:
34:
26:
21:
2367:Gerber, Jane S. (1994).
2137:Leslie J. Hoppe (2000).
1909:MobileReference (2011).
1591:Monastery of the Virgins
1385:In the Sefer Zerubbabel
1367:Theophanes the Confessor
961:Greek Orthodox Patriarch
536:. In 438 CE the Empress
298:strategic access to the
1805:Joseph Patrich (2011).
1519:Archaeological evidence
1225:Chapel of the Ascension
2666:. Norton. p. 69.
2566:"Benjamin of Tiberias"
1769:Howard-Johnston, James
1356:Dionysius of Tel Mahre
1347:translations survive.
1332:
987:Religious significance
466:Third Perso-Turkic War
350:
159:Commanders and leaders
53:April–May 614 CE (per
3112:Antiochus Strategos,
2658:Lewis, David (2008).
2571:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2350:"Massacre at Mamilla"
2173:"Byzantian Jerusalem"
1881:; Rhine, A. (1906).
1702:Antiochus Strategos,
1668:10.1086/BASOR27805159
1618:James Parkes (1949).
1325:
345:
223:Casualties and losses
2869:Philip Wood (2013).
2624:Kohen, Elli (2007).
2207:Itineraria Phoenicia
1866:nehemiah ben hushiel
1550:following period of
1403:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
1395:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
1178:Christian casualties
1140:Benjamin of Tiberias
1136:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
623:Second Temple Period
461:Constantinople (626)
312:Benjamin of Tiberias
308:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
292:Anastasius I Dicorus
192:Benjamin of Tiberias
188:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
3228:Sieges of Jerusalem
3208:7th-century Judaism
2601:. Committee of the
2175:. Boston University
1915:. MobileReference.
1888:Jewish Encyclopedia
1807:"Caesarea Maritima"
1503:Khuzistan Chronicle
1362:Theophanes' account
1316:Antiochus Strategos
1306:Antiochus Strategos
1163:Antiochus Strategos
935:Demographic history
272:Diocese of the East
153:Anti-Heraclian Jews
92: /
2595:Eutychius (1896).
2558:Berenbaum, Michael
2242:"Sefer Zerubbabel"
1512:Chronicon Paschale
1460:Menahem ben Ammiel
1449:Messiah ben Joseph
1438:Eleazar ben Killir
1351:Dionysius' account
1301:Antiochus' account
913:Al-Quds University
385:Byzantine–Sasanian
351:
3165:978-0-19-866277-8
3126:Sebeos chapter 24
2988:978-1-107-00908-0
2955:978-1-139-44602-0
2929:978-0-7661-3514-7
2882:978-0-19-967067-3
2770:Kaegi (2003), p.
2673:978-0-393-06472-8
2637:978-0-7618-3623-0
2581:978-0-02-866097-4
2536:978-0-19-160867-4
2487:978-0-521-81459-1
2451:978-0-8386-3660-2
2414:978-1-884964-03-9
2380:978-0-02-911574-9
2328:978-0-521-06161-2
2288:978-3-16-150571-3
2217:978-90-429-1344-8
2150:978-0-8146-5081-3
2116:978-0-88125-108-1
2082:978-0-19-517613-1
1993:978-0-86078-992-5
1959:978-90-04-20355-6
1922:978-1-61198-031-8
1854:978-0-674-39731-6
1784:978-0-85323-564-4
1581:Jewish–Roman wars
1320:Mamilla reservoir
1188:Mamilla reservoir
1157:'s encampment at
1132:
1131:
1069:Greater Jerusalem
893:Hebrew University
736:Before Common Era
720:
719:
526:Bar Kokhba revolt
520:Bar Kokhba revolt
484:
483:
471:Tbilisi (627-628)
414:Caesarea Maritima
300:Mediterranean Sea
284:Caesarea Maritima
246:
245:
133:
132:
96:31.783°N 35.217°E
3240:
3169:
3134:Sefer Zerubbabel
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3083:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3046:"The Holy Quran"
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:corpus.quran.com
3024:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2737:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2313:Runciman, Steven
2309:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2202:Lipiński, Edward
2198:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2050:on 24 March 2015
2042:Larry Domnitch.
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1879:Kohler, Kaufmann
1875:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1842:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1761:
1712:
1699:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1630:
1629:
1615:
1442:Sefer Zerubbabel
1416:made peace with
1379:Sefer Zerubbabel
1373:Sefer Zerubbabel
1314:ensuing arson".
1243:made peace with
1124:
1117:
1110:
979:Political status
861:Dome of the Rock
633:Aelia Capitolina
609:
608:
582:
559:
558:
434:Cappadocia (622)
424:Asia Minor (615)
389:
377:
370:
363:
354:
353:
288:Palaestina Prima
276:Byzantine Empire
199:
144:Byzantine Empire
127:Palaestina Prima
115:Sasanian victory
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
75:Byzantine Empire
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3144:
3142:Further reading
3119:F. C. Conybeare
3108:
3106:Primary sources
3103:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3069:
3065:by Yossi Nagar.
3061:
3057:
3050:www.alislam.org
3044:
3043:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3014:www.alislam.org
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2989:
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2969:
2960:
2958:
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2942:
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2897:
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2885:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2795:Clarendon Press
2782:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2752:
2750:
2738:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2564:, eds. (2007).
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2356:. 2 March 2006.
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2310:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2269:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2199:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2171:Zank, Michael.
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2023:. Brill Archive
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1876:
1872:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1833:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1762:
1715:
1709:F. C. Conybeare
1700:
1683:
1652:
1633:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1577:
1521:
1493:
1468:
1430:
1375:
1364:
1353:
1303:
1291:T'ovma Artsruni
1278:
1276:Sebeos' account
1273:
1271:Written sources
1233:
1180:
1148:High Priesthood
1128:
1099:
1098:
1094:Historical maps
1049:
1048:
1039:
1038:
982:
981:
970:
969:
942:
941:
931:
918:
917:
908:Tomb of Lazarus
832:
831:
820:
819:
766:
732:
731:
722:
721:
693:British Mandate
606:
605:
595:
557:
551:
522:
490:
485:
480:
429:Egypt (618–621)
390:
386:
383:
381:
347:The Golden Gate
340:
296:Sasanian Empire
241:
217:
190:
186:
180:
169:
151:
149:Sasanian Empire
121:
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
77:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:610s conflicts
3185:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3067:
3055:
3037:
3019:
3001:
2987:
2967:
2954:
2935:
2928:
2910:
2895:
2881:
2861:
2828:
2785:Abu al-Makarim
2776:
2763:
2759:Egypt Jews 630
2727:
2679:
2672:
2650:
2636:
2616:
2587:
2580:
2549:
2535:
2515:
2500:
2486:
2463:
2450:
2427:
2413:
2393:
2379:
2359:
2354:Jerusalem Post
2341:
2327:
2301:
2287:
2254:
2230:
2216:
2186:
2163:
2149:
2129:
2115:
2095:
2081:
2061:
2034:
2015:Neusner, Jacob
2006:
1992:
1972:
1958:
1935:
1921:
1901:
1870:
1853:
1820:
1797:
1783:
1765:Thomson, R. W.
1713:
1681:
1631:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1547:
1546:
1520:
1517:
1492:
1489:
1467:
1464:
1436:attributed to
1429:
1426:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1302:
1299:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1256:Land of Israel
1232:
1229:
1179:
1176:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:US recognition
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
983:
977:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
966:Crusader kings
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
925:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
869:
868:
866:Al-Aqsa Mosque
863:
849:
844:
839:
833:
827:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
770:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
737:
733:
729:
728:
727:
724:
723:
718:
717:
714:
713:
702:Modern period
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
669:
668:
665:
659:
658:
655:
649:
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635:
629:
628:
625:
619:
618:
615:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
589:
588:
587:
584:
583:
575:
574:
568:
567:
553:Main article:
550:
547:
524:Following the
521:
518:
489:
486:
482:
481:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
457:
456:
451:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
392:
391:
387:War of 602–628
380:
379:
372:
365:
357:
339:
336:
282:as well as at
260:had appointed
244:
243:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
212:
210:Byzantine army
206:
205:
201:
200:
173:
161:
160:
156:
155:
146:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:Jerusalem and
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
101:31.783; 35.217
69:
67:
63:
62:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2711:
2704:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2562:Skolnik, Fred
2559:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2472:Kaegi, Walter
2467:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2174:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1808:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
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3092:. Retrieved
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2944:
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2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2871:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:
2845:"Chapter 24"
2802:
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2766:
2758:
2751:. Retrieved
2742:
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2317:
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2279:Mohr Siebeck
2273:
2246:. Retrieved
2221:. Retrieved
2206:
2177:. Retrieved
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2139:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2105:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2071:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1982:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1948:
1926:. Retrieved
1911:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1886:
1873:
1865:
1858:. Retrieved
1838:
1811:. Retrieved
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1773:
1703:
1659:
1655:
1620:
1568:Torah scroll
1556:
1548:
1543:
1533:archeologist
1526:
1522:
1497:
1494:
1486:
1482:SĹ«rat ar-RĹ«m
1471:
1469:
1466:In the Quran
1458:Zerubbabel,
1456:
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1333:
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1165:, the abbot
1152:
1144:Third Temple
1133:
1064:Municipality
1047:Other topics
1029:Islamization
997:Christianity
903:Biblical Zoo
873:Western Wall
852:Temple Mount
779:
653:Early Muslim
523:
491:
418:
318:from across
265:
249:
247:
233:
228:
181:
175:
164:
138:Belligerents
27:Part of the
3090:. JPost.com
2994:17 December
2819:|work=
2797:. pp.
2718:|work=
2436:Falk, Avner
2334:19 November
2294:17 December
1536:Ronny Reich
1387:Aaron's rod
1192:Ronny Reich
1169:set out to
1024:Judaization
956:Grand Mufti
951:Chief Rabbi
530:Constantine
498:anti-Jewish
120:Territorial
99: /
3177:Categories
2961:2014-01-10
2888:18 January
2854:17 January
2696:28 January
2643:28 January
2457:2014-03-10
2386:27 January
2248:2014-01-17
1965:17 January
1894:20 January
1860:19 January
1790:17 January
1603:References
1422:Khosrau II
1237:Khosrau II
1197:True Cross
1155:Shahrbaraz
878:Synagogues
769:Common Era
647:325–638 CE
637:130–325 CE
534:Tisha B'Av
338:Background
262:Shahrbaraz
258:Khosrow II
183:Shahrbaraz
177:Khosrow II
2821:ignored (
2811:cite book
2720:ignored (
2710:cite book
1676:166897278
1662:: 35–48.
1418:Heraclius
1414:Kavadh II
1311:Ballistae
1265:Eutychius
1245:Heraclius
1241:Kavadh II
1201:Ctesiphon
1084:Transport
1079:City Line
706:Jordanian
697:1917–1948
687:1517–1917
677:1187–1517
667:1099–1187
643:Byzantine
572:Jerusalem
419:Jerusalem
332:Jerusalem
171:Zacharias
166:Heraclius
71:Jerusalem
59:Antiochus
3094:15 March
2843:Sebeos.
2753:21 March
2542:28 March
2493:12 March
2474:(2003).
2438:(1996).
2420:12 March
2315:(1951).
2223:11 March
2204:(2004).
2179:15 March
2156:29 March
2122:15 March
2088:15 March
2054:15 March
2027:11 March
2017:(1975).
1999:14 March
1928:14 March
1813:13 March
1575:See also
1501:and the
1401:. After
1399:Tiberias
1345:Georgian
1217:Golgotha
1209:St Sabas
1167:Modestos
1159:Caesarea
1019:Quds Day
847:Old City
663:Crusader
657:638–1099
617:1000 BCE
599:Timeline
564:a series
562:Part of
514:Shapur I
444:Caucasus
399:Caesarea
328:Nazareth
324:Tiberias
234:Disputed
229:Disputed
204:Strength
66:Location
2849:History
2609:28 June
1560:menorah
1529:Mamilla
1476:of the
1408:Armilus
1336:Mamilla
1249:Niketas
1171:Jericho
1074:Cuisine
992:Judaism
898:Knesset
883:Mosques
856:Al-Aqsa
752:587 BCE
747:597 BCE
742:701 BCE
683:Ottoman
593:History
538:Eudocia
502:Antioch
494:revolts
449:Archesh
320:Galilee
280:Antioch
274:of the
267:spahbod
122:changes
87:35°13′E
84:31°47′N
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2879:
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1990:
1956:
1919:
1851:
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1674:
1564:shofar
1510:. The
1478:Qur'an
1434:piyyut
1432:Three
1391:Elijah
1341:Arabic
1329:sheep.
1282:Sebeos
1261:Nablus
1184:Sebeos
1059:Emblem
929:People
829:Places
762:37 BCE
757:63 BCE
730:Sieges
543:Julian
454:Ganzak
264:, his
194:
112:Result
55:Sebeos
1672:S2CID
1473:sūrah
1293:work
1089:Songs
1054:Names
1002:Islam
946:Mayor
716:1948-
439:Sarus
3160:ISBN
3096:2014
2996:2014
2983:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2890:2014
2877:ISBN
2856:2014
2823:help
2755:2014
2722:help
2698:2015
2668:ISBN
2645:2015
2632:ISBN
2611:2015
2576:ISBN
2544:2014
2531:ISBN
2495:2014
2482:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2422:2014
2409:ISBN
2388:2015
2375:ISBN
2336:2020
2323:ISBN
2296:2014
2283:ISBN
2225:2014
2212:ISBN
2181:2014
2158:2014
2145:ISBN
2124:2014
2111:ISBN
2090:2014
2077:ISBN
2056:2014
2029:2014
2001:2014
1988:ISBN
1967:2014
1954:ISBN
1930:2014
1917:ISBN
1896:2014
1862:2014
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1815:2014
1792:2014
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1562:, a
1393:and
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810:1917
805:1834
800:1244
795:1187
790:1099
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510:Acre
508:and
506:Tyre
326:and
316:Jews
310:and
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57:and
50:Date
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