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their god orders them to do, he said his god orders him to cut his mustache and grow his beard. After he took control of the conversation like that, he went back on-topic and asked them to come back to him the next day. When they did, he informed them that
Khosrow II had been killed by his son. Badhan's men responded angrily, threatening Muhammad to tell Badhan what he is saying about Khosrow II. To that, he responded by encouraging them to write to Badhan and to also tell him that Islam and its power will reach all that Khosrow II has ever ruled over. A few days later, Badhan received confirmation from Persia that Khosrow II was dead. As a consequence, he is said to have accepted Islam, and Muhammad kept him as a ruler over his people.
1548:, who both supported this faith. Khosrow also dispensed money or gifts to Christian shrines. Khosrow's great tolerance to Christianity and friendship with the Christian Byzantines even made some Armenian writers think that Khosrow was a Christian. His positive policy toward Christians (which, however, was probably politically motivated) made him unpopular with the Zoroastrian priests, and also made Christianity greatly spread around the Sasanian Empire. During Khosrow's war with the Byzantines, Christian elites and organizations were incorporated into the Sasanian system, as part of his attempt to absorb the Byzantine realm into his expanded empire. The condition of the Christian nobility reached its pinnacle under Khosrow.
1869:"In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, to Kisra, the great (leader/head) of the Persians. Peace be upon him, who seeks truth and expresses belief in Allah and in His Prophet and testifies that there is no god but Allah and that He has no partner, and who believes that Muhammad is His servant and Prophet. Under the Command of Allah, I invite you to Him. He has sent me for the guidance of all people so that I may warn them all of His wrath and may present the unbelievers with an ultimatum. Embrace Islam so that you may remain safe (in this life and the next). And if you refuse to accept Islam, you will be responsible for the sins of the
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illustrious, the victor, the one who rises with the sun and who lends the night his eyesight, the one famed through his ancestors, the king who hates, the benefactor who engaged the
Sasanians and saved the Iranians their kingship—to Bahram, the general of the Iranians, our friend.... We have also taken over the royal throne in a lawful manner and have upset no Iranian customs.... We have so firmly decided not to take off the diadem that we even expected to rule over other worlds, if this were possible.... If you wish your welfare, think about what is to be done."
1719:
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839:, where he was received honorably by the Khagan of the Turks, who was most likely Birmudha—the same Turkic prince that Bahram Chobin had defeated and captured a few years earlier during his wars against the Turks. Bahram Chobin entered his service, and was appointed as a commander in the army, achieving further military accomplishments there. Bahram Chobin became a highly popular figure after saving the Khagan from a conspiracy instigated by the latter's brother Byghu (conceivably an incorrect translation of
46:
920:, which was the traditional homeland of the Ispahbudhan. Soon, however, Khosrow changed his intentions: trying to disassociate himself from his father's murder, he decided to execute his uncles. The Sasanian monarchs' traditional mistrust of over-powerful magnates and Khosrow's personal resentment of Vinduyih's patronising manner certainly contributed to this decision. Vinduyih was soon put to death, according to a Syriac source captured while trying to flee to his brother in the East.
1771:
627:, both "equally hated Hormizd". The two brothers overthrew Hormizd in a seemingly bloodless palace revolution. They had Hormizd blinded with a red-hot needle, and put Khosrow II on the throne. Sometime in the summer of 590, the two brothers then had Hormizd killed, with at least the implicit approval of Khosrow II. Nevertheless, Bahram Chobin continued his march to Ctesiphon, now with the pretext of claiming to avenge Hormizd.
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1151:. He then tried to negotiate peace with Khosrow II by sending diplomats to his court. Khosrow, however, rejected their offer and said: "That kingdom belongs to me, and I shall enthrone Maurice's son, Theodosius, as emperor. , he went and took the rule without our order and now offers us our own treasure as gifts. But I shall not stop until I have him in my hands." Khosrow then had the diplomats executed.
562:
957:. You Sasanians deceitfully gained superiority over us and usurped our right, and treated us with injustice. Your ancestor Sasan was no more than a shepherd." Vistahm's revolt, like Bahrams's shortly before, found support and spread quickly. Local magnates as well as the remnants of Bahram Chobin's armies flocked to him, especially after he married Bahram's sister
845:). Khosrow II, however, could not feel safe as long as Bahram Chobin lived, and succeeded in having him assassinated. The assassination was reportedly achieved through distribution of presents and bribes between the members of the Turkic royal family, notably the queen. What remained of Bahram Chobin's supporters went back to northern Iran and joined the
1754:
870:—was the most influential of his wives, playing an important role in the royal favour that the Mesopotamian Christians enjoyed. She had a church and monastery constructed near the palace in Ctesiphon, which was used to receive a portion of the treasury for the wages of the clergy and their vestments. The Arab
1357:
were easily defended against the siege towers and engines. Another reason was that the
Persians and Slavs did not have a strong enough navy to skirt the sea walls and establish a channel of communication. The lack of supplies for the Avars eventually caused them to abandon the siege. As this maneuver
1252:
He ordered that a huge elephant be adorned and brought to the chamber. He commanded that
Varaztirots' (who was called Javitean Khosrow by the king), be seated atop . And he ordered treasures scattered on the crowd. He wrote a hrovartak great satisfaction and summoned him to court with great honor
658:
near
Ctesiphon, where he fought Khosrow's men, who were heavily outnumbered, but managed to hold Bahram Chobin's men back in several clashes. However, Khosrow's men eventually began losing their morale, and were in the end defeated by Bahram Chobin's forces. Khosrow, together with his two uncles, his
1524:
Khosrow II, like all other
Sasanian rulers, was an adherent of Zoroastrianism. Since the 5th-century, the Sasanian monarchs had been made aware of the significance of the religious minorities in the realm, and as a result tried to homogenize them into a structure of administration where according to
1000:. During the battle, Vistahm was murdered by Pariowk at Khosrow's urging (or, according to an alternative account, by his wife Gordiya). Nevertheless, Vistahm's troops managed to repel the royal army at Qumis, and it required another expedition by Smbat in the next year to finally end the rebellion.
815:
invaded
Adurbadagan. Bahram Chobin tried to disrupt the force by writing a letter to Mushegh II, the letter said: "As for you Armenians who demonstrate an unseasonable loyalty, did not the house of Sasan destroy your land and sovereignty? Why otherwise did your fathers rebel and extricate themselves
1893:
and talked to
Muhammad, ordering him to accompany them back to Khosrow II. Muhammad reportedly changed the subject, made it obvious he did not like their appearance, and responded by asking why they shave their beards and leave their mustaches to grow and be that large. When they said that's what
634:
attitude, and wrote a message to Bahram Chobin, stressing his rightful claim to the
Sasanian kingship: "Khosrow, kings of kings, ruler over the ruling, lord of the peoples, prince of peace, salvation of men, among gods the good and eternally living man, among men the most esteemed god, the highly
1700:, i.e. kingly glory. On the left side panel, a boar hunt scene is depicted, portraying Khosrow on a boat whilst aiming a bow. On the right, there is a deer hunt scene. The relief, however, is unfinished, probably due to Khosrow's setback in the later stages of the war and his eventual downfall.
1463:
Kavad shortly proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including the heir
Mardanshah, who was Khosrow's favourite son. The murder of all his brothers, "all well-educated, valiant, and chivalrous men", stripped the Sasanian dynasty of a future competent ruler, and has been
1459:
was taking place. Sheroe, with Aspad Gushnasp leading his army, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow II in the house of a certain Mehr-Sepand (also known as Maraspand). Sheroe, who had now assumed the dynastic name of Kavad II, then ordered Aspad Gushnasp to lead the charge of accusations
816:
from their service, fighting up until today for your country?" Bahram Chobin in his letter promised that the Armenians would become partners of the new Iranian empire ruled by a Parthian dynastic family if he accepted his proposal to betray Khosrow II. Mushegh, however, rejected the offer.
885:
The Iranians and the Byzantines enjoyed good relations with each other for the first eleven years. This was apparent in their management of the issues that had risen in Armenia. In the 590s, many Armenian nobles and their supporters sought asylum in Iran to avoid being conscripted for
723:
to stop their resistance against the Byzantines, but with no avail. He then sent a message to Maurice, and requested his help to regain the Sasanian throne, which the Byzantine emperor agreed with; in return, the Byzantines would re-gain sovereignty over the cities of
890:. The open borders between the two empires meant that nobles could freely immigrate to Iran and get promoted. However, when they showed signs of aspiring to fight the Byzantines, the Iranians worked together with the Byzantines to deal with the issue.
359:, started a risky but successful counterattack deep into Persia's heartland. Dissatisfied with the war, the feudal families of the empire supported a coup in which Khosrow II was deposed and killed by his estranged son Sheroe, who took power as
1889:(Muhammad) to him. When Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi told Muhammad how Khosrow had torn his letter to pieces, Muhammad promised the destruction of Khosrow II stating, "Even so, Allah shall destroy his kingdom." Later, Badhan's men arrived in
1570:, possibly the most vital and contested area of the Sasanian realm. As a reward for his accomplishments in the east, Smbat was appointed the leader of the military jurisdiction in the Caucasus. Furthermore, his aristocratic house–the
4863:
977:, Shaug and Pariowk. The date of Vistahm's uprising is uncertain. From his coinage, it is known that his rebellion lasted for seven years. The commonly accepted dates are ca. 590–596, but some scholars like J.D. Howard–Johnston and
1558:, is the first and only Christian nobleman that is praised by courtly historiographers, due to his rejection of the enticements of Bahram Chobin. His decision to choose Khosrow over his native Armenia, gained him a place in the
1491:
Due to Kavad's actions, his reign is seen as a turning point in Sasanian history, and has been argued by some scholars as playing a key role in the fall of the Sasanian Empire. The overthrow and death of Khosrow culminated in a
1024:
in marriage and insulting Persian women. Afterwards the central government took over the defense of the western frontiers to the desert, and the buffer state of the Lakhmids vanished. This ultimately facilitated the Muslim
1341:, the combined Sassanid, Slavic and Avar forces failed to capture the Byzantine capital city. The Avars did not have the patience or technology to conquer the city. On top of that, the Iranians, who were
1393:
1116:
in 604, and recaptured lost territory in the north, which made the Sasanian–Byzantine borders go back to the pre-591 frontier before Khosrow gave Maurice territory in return for military aid against
663:
of 30 nobles, thereafter fled to Byzantine territory, while Ctesiphon fell to Bahram Chobin. Bahram Chobin declared himself king of kings in the summer of 590, asserting that the first Sasanian king
692:'s millennium, chaos and destructive wars with the Hephthalites/Huns and the Romans occurs and then a savior would appear. Indeed, the Sasanians had misidentified Zoroaster's era with that of the
1812:)–was also restored on his coins. According to Shayegan, Khosrow's adoption of the title was "undoubtedly a consequence of his Byzantine policy," and was signifying a resurrection of the ancient
696:(312 BC), which put Bahram Chobin's life almost at the end of Zoroaster's millennium, he was therefore hailed by many as the promised savior Kay Bahram Varjavand. Bahram was to re-establish the
1476:
reportedly criticized and scolded Kavad for his barbaric actions, which made him filled with remorse. With the support of the Iranian nobles, Kavad then made peace with the Byzantine emperor
4871:
616:. This was now, however, disputed by Bahram Chobin, thus marking the first time in Sasanian history that a Parthian dynast challenged the legitimacy of the Sasanian family by rebelling.
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in 602, ostensibly to avenge the murder of his ally Maurice. Persian forces captured much of the Byzantine Empire's territories, earning Khosrow II the epithet "the Victorious". A
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in February, where Khosrow was re-proclaimed king. Shortly after this, Khosrow sent one of his Iranian supporters, Mahbodh, to capture Ctesiphon, which he managed to accomplish.
961:. Vistahm repelled several loyalist efforts to subdue him, and he soon held sway in the entire eastern and northern quadrants of the Iranian realm, a domain stretching from the
788:
and Martyropolis quickly defected to them, and Bahram Chobin's commander Zatsparham was defeated and killed. One of Bahram Chobin's other commanders, Bryzacius, was captured in
807:
Map of the Roman-Sasanian frontier during Late Antiquity, including the 591 border that was established between the two empires after Khosrow II's victory over Bahram Chobin.
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With Khosrow's rule now restored, his aim was to now consolidate his grip over his realm, which included showing tolerance and support to his Christian subjects. His wife
1877:
Islamic tradition further states that Khosrow II tore up Muhammad's letter saying, "A pitiful slave among my subjects dares write his name before mine" and commanded
1544:
Christians. Khosrow favored the Monophysites, and ordered all his subjects to adhere to Monophysitism, perhaps under the influence of Shirin and the royal physician
394:, a famous tragic romance and a highly elaborated fictional version of Khosrow's life made him one of the greatest heroes of the culture, as much a lover as a king.
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1194:
fell to the Sasanians, threatening a naval assault on Constantinople. Such was the despair in Constantinople that Heraclius considered moving the government to
5672:
1730:
1680:
carved in a cliff. The ayvan is split into an upper and lower section; the upper section depicts a divine investiture scene, with the Zoroastrian divinities
1100:
throne, Khosrow launched an offensive against Constantinople: ostensibly to avenge Maurice's death, but his aim clearly included the annexation of as much
988:, Khosrow sent several armies against his uncle, but failed to achieve a decisive result: Vistahm and his followers retreated to the mountainous region of
1496:, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian (
700:
and commenced a new millennium of dynastic rule. He started minting coins, where he is on the front imitated as an exalted figure, bearded and wearing a
1706:
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1226:
in central Iran. Smbat, with the aid of an Iranian prince named Datoyean, repelled the Turko-Hephthalites from Iran, and plundered their domains in
992:, while several Armenian contingents of the royal army rebelled and defected to Vistahm. Finally, Khosrow called upon the services of the Armenian
6489:
1508:) noble-families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation. The civil war finally ended when Khosrow's eight year old grandson,
6354:
5796:
643:
583:, and due to his noble status and great military knowledge, was joined by his soldiers and many others. He then appointed a new governor for
1692:. The lower section depicts Khosrow II on horseback, wearing full body armor, whilst holding a lance and shield. His head is encircled by a
6299:
5708:
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1865:, along with a letter in which Khosrow was asked to preach the religion of Islam. The account as transmitted by Muslim tradition reads:
1274:, from a plaque on a 12th-century French cross. This is only allegorical, as Khosrau II never actually submitted in person to Heraclius.
708:
flanked by two attendants. Regardless, many nobles and priests still chose to side with the inexperienced and less dominant Khosrow II.
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59:
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Khosrow restored the practice of erecting rock reliefs, after an absence of nearly three centuries, the last one being erected under
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to execute Khosrow. However, after the regicide of his father, Kavad also proceeded to have Mihr Hormozd killed. Khosrow's daughters
1047:
344:
1512:, ascended the throne. The young king, however, inherited a disintegrating empire, which was dealt its last blow in 651 during the
4985:
4268: – a primary source containing detailed information about the early reign of Khosrow II and his relationship with the Romans.
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and had his nose and ears cut off, and was thereafter sent to Khosrow, where he was killed. Khosrow II and the Byzantine general
1120:. After having reclaimed lost territory, Khosrow withdrew from the battlefield and handed military operations to Shahrbaraz and
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in 618. The Byzantines could offer but little resistance, as they were torn apart by internal dissensions, and pressed by the
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constructed. However, this did not help the Zoroastrian church, which was in a heavy decline during his reign. According to
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The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE
505:, were to have a profound influence in Khosrow II's early life. Khosrow's paternal grandfather was the famed Sasanian shah
321:
312:, which began five years after his execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with the help of the Byzantine emperor
5020:
Piras, Andrea (2022). "Apocalyptic Imagery and Royal Propaganda in Khosrow II's Letter to the Byzantine Emperor Maurice".
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Baca-Winters, Keenan. "From Rome to Iran: Identity and Xusro II." PhD. diss., University of California, Irvine, 2015.
780:, who was also raising an army in Armenia. After some time, Khosrow, along with the Byzantine commander of the south,
772:
and prepared to invade Bahram Chobin's territories in Mesopotamia, while Vistahm and Vinduyih were raising an army in
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5862:
4679:
4602:
4402:
4365:
4108:
1924:
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364:
329:
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The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
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1585:, the Zoroastrian church under Khosrow "was noted for its devotion to luxury more than its devotion to thought."
1453:, which would usually shout the name of the reigning shah, shouted the name of Sheroe instead, which indicated a
1009:
1793:("he has increased"), making the full inscription thus read as: "Khosrow, he has increased the royal splendor" (
6261:
5746:
4529:
1862:
949:) heritage: "You are not worthier to rule than I am. Indeed, I am more deserving on account of my descent from
1760:
This folio from Walters manuscript W.659 depicts Mount Bistun and the carvings of Khusraw, Shirin, and Farhad.
1230:, where Smbat is said to have killed their king in single combat. Khosrow then gave Smbat the honorific title
619:
Meanwhile, Hormizd tried to come to terms with his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih, who according to the
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who had rebelled against Khosrow. Heraclius then began sacking several cities and temples, including the
166:
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Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
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1601:. Before Khosrow II there were many other Sasanian kings that showed particular interest in music, like
1533:
and (notably) Christians had accepted the concept of Iran and considered themselves part of the nation.
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6499:
6108:
6085:
6061:
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5338:
1405:
After the capture of Dastagird, the son of Khosrow, Sheroe, was released by the feudal families of the
946:
494:
1052:
760:
6437:
4986:"The Letters of Shahrbarāz and Middle Persian Historiography on the Last Great War of Late Antiquity"
1972:
1919:
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1513:
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532:. During his stay there, he served as the governor of the kingdom, and managed to put an end to the
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At the same time a force of 8,000 Iranians under Vistahm and Vinduyih and 12,000 Armenians under
251:
1672:, Khosrow mimicked and magnified the rock relief of Shapur III. His relief, known as the "Great
1566:
likewise led an illustrious career under Khosrow, rising to the office of frontier commander of
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5700:
1913:
The battles between Heraclius and Khosrow are depicted in a famous early Renaissance fresco by
1366:
879:
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A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity
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East Rome, Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity: Historiographical And Historical Studies
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1914:
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where their Slavic and Avar allies were located, due to heavy guarding of the strait by the
945:, Vistahm sent a letter to Khosrow announcing his claim to the throne through his Parthian (
720:
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6207:
4786:
4435:
he Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
4299:. Volume 3 Part 1. The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods. Cambridge University Press.
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1968:
1944:
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846:
803:
490:
224:
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1480:, which made the Byzantines regain all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a
8:
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6459:
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6192:
5933:
5903:
5786:
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Morony, M. (1980). "Kisra". In C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; B. Lewis; C. Pellat (eds.).
2772:
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954:
820:
4499:
1299:
402:, who becomes his queen after a lengthy courtship strewn with mishaps and difficulties.
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in the empire and the reversal of all Sasanian gains in the war against the Byzantines.
45:
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2034:. All these persons except Shahriyar would later become the monarch of Iran during the
1956:
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704:-shaped crown with two crescents of the moon, whilst the reverse shows the traditional
624:
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experts, were unable to transport their troops and equipment to the other side of the
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The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594
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1995:
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push its outbreak later, in 594/5, to coincide with the Armenian Vahewuni rebellion.
712:
529:
525:
455:
313:
186:
4755:
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Frye, R. N. (1983). "Chapter 4: The political history of Iran under the Sasanians".
1838:), refrained from using the title, seemingly in order distance themselves from him.
1748:
Drawing of an unfinished rock relief on the right side panel, depicting a deer hunt.
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was able to take the field with a powerful force. In 624, he advanced into northern
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1976:
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1227:
1223:
1211:
1148:
1085:
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308:(reigned 531–579). He was the last king of Iran to have a lengthy reign before the
276:
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against the deposed shah. Khosrow, however, dismissed all accusations one by one.
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63:
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In 622, despite the major progress the Sasanians were making in the area of the
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At the news of his brother's murder, Vistahm rose in open revolt. According to
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Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992).
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2003:
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1696:, which according to Howard-Johnston, is most likely a representation of his
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Bahram Chobin, however, ignored his warning—a few days later, he reached the
576:
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91:
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paintings depict events in his life, like his battles or his assassination.
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725:
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4272:
Foss, Clive (1975). "The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity".
2979:
1955:. Khosrow also had two cousins from the Ispahbudhan family whom were named
1907:
1828:
1677:
1669:
1578:
1541:
1465:
1219:
1183:
701:
4763:
Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). "Sasanian Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
3581:
1770:
1449:. On the night of 25 February, the night-watch of the Sasanian capital of
1084:
Toward the beginning of his reign, Khosrow II had good relations with the
6413:
5548:
5518:
5368:
5318:
5288:
5268:
2763:
2732:
2023:
1885:, to dispatch two valiant men to identify, seize and bring this man from
1789:("royal splendor") on his coins. He combined this together with the word
1681:
1642:
1473:
1464:
described as a "mad rampage" and "reckless". Three days later he ordered
1410:
1334:
1287:
1020:, presumably because of the Arab king's refusal to give him his daughter
997:
974:
970:
781:
773:
545:
420:
317:
1358:
failed, Shahrbaraz' forces were defeated, and he withdrew his army from
6200:
6134:
5618:
5578:
5568:
5508:
5438:
5298:
5258:
5238:
5188:
5086:
4513:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 272.
4317:(1984). "The reforms of Chosroes Anushirvan ('Of the Immortal soul')".
2895:
2314:
2044:
2019:
1940:
1774:
1658:
1610:
1606:
1594:
1485:
1430:
1426:
1381:(near Ctesiphon), without offering resistance. Heraclius then captured
1314:
1279:
1267:
1191:
1163:
1129:
1105:
950:
913:
836:
740:. Furthermore, Iran was required to stop intervening in the affairs of
705:
685:
664:
602:
569:
486:
301:
213:
81:
50:
3709:
3697:
2038:. Khosrow had a sister named Mirhran, who was married to the Sasanian
796:
then penetrated deeper into Bahram's territory, seizing Dara and then
6225:
5893:
5608:
5428:
5328:
5308:
5278:
5228:
5208:
4476:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641
4357:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
3244:
2074:
2007:
1602:
1559:
1477:
1450:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1346:
1322:
1318:
1283:
1271:
1166:
was carried away in triumph. Soon afterwards, Shahin marched through
1159:
1140:
1133:
1101:
1073:
935:
867:
857:
693:
689:
648:
588:
506:
380:
352:
305:
153:
3441:
3312:
3102:
3100:
898:
After his victory, Khosrow rewarded his uncles with high positions:
764:
Illustration of the forces of Bahram Chobin and Khosrow II fighting.
5816:
5488:
5348:
5218:
5198:
5130:
4133:
He Did Not Fear: Xusro Parviz, King of Kings of the Sasanian Empire
2989:
2721:
2343:
1999:
1964:
1952:
1858:
1817:
1782:
1567:
1554:
1446:
1442:
1359:
1306:
1195:
1167:
1155:
942:
899:
871:
824:
823:, forcing him to flee with 4,000 men eastwards. He marched towards
498:
454:. His name in combination with the epithet "Parviz" is attested in
375:
360:
117:
4154:
3395:
3393:
969:
in the west. He even campaigned in the east, where he subdued two
579:
disgraced and dismissed. Bahram, infuriated by Hormizd's actions,
5913:
5877:
5872:
5811:
5741:
5628:
5478:
5418:
5398:
5378:
4177:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
3097:
3000:
2328:
2040:
1948:
1846:
1802:
1786:
1697:
1685:
1646:
1622:
1618:
1577:
Khosrow also paid attention to the Zoroastrians, and had various
1501:
1414:
1310:
1017:
1013:
966:
958:
931:
908:
903:
875:
785:
745:
660:
597:
521:
502:
432:
337:
324:
of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the
198:
171:
3910:
3429:
1975:. However, this is most likely wrong since Kavad's mother was a
827:, where he defeated a pursuing army as well as an army led by a
398:
tells the story of his love for the originally Aramean princess
285:, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great
6077:
5943:
5408:
5388:
5248:
4791:"Armmenia and Iran iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language"
4498:
3622:
3598:
3495:
3453:
3417:
3390:
3348:
2011:
1890:
1689:
1650:
1637:
1614:
1245:
1187:
1144:
1113:
1093:
1026:
863:
841:
797:
749:
729:
517:
447:
399:
176:
3405:
3365:
3363:
3302:
3300:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
6398:
6393:
5857:
5588:
5528:
3922:
3554:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
2564:
1960:
1886:
1882:
1673:
1469:
1257:
1179:
989:
789:
541:
4577:
Nicholson, Oliver; Canepa, Matthew; Daryaee, Touraj (2018).
1641:
A divine investiture scene, with the Zoroastrian divinities
1525:
legal principles, all would be treated straightforwardly as
561:
423:
variant of his name used by scholars; his original name was
297:, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.
262:
6403:
5168:
4736:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".
4069:
4057:
4033:
3755:
3646:
3530:
3465:
3360:
3336:
3297:
3285:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3221:
1870:
1530:
1030:
962:
516:), whilst his paternal grandmother was the daughter of the
316:, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the
294:
290:
4337:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363–628
3900:
3898:
3896:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3165:
3136:
3040:
3027:
Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".
2996:
Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era
1736:
Rock relief on the left side panel, depicting a boar hunt.
4811:. London et al.: Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 514–522.
4674:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
4360:. New York and London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
3946:"Chapter 42: The Events of the Seventh Year of Migration"
3687:
3685:
3153:
1154:
In 613 and 614, General Shahrbaraz besieged and captured
1041:
540:. Furthermore, Khosrow II also served as the governor of
524:. Khosrow is first mentioned in the 580s, when he was at
4912:"Kayāniān vii. Kauui Haosrauuah, Kay Husrōy, Kay Ḵosrow"
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3796:
3794:
3670:
3324:
3256:
3124:
1613:. Notable musicians during the reign of Khosrow II were
1574:–was made the pillar of Sasanian authority in the area.
1170:, defeating the Byzantines numerous times; he conquered
612:) and his family following the latter's conquest of the
556:
438:("he who has good fame"). The name is transliterated in
4711:
The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World
3893:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3194:
1588:
711:
In order to get the attention of the Byzantine emperor
595:
was based on acceptance that the halo of kingship, the
4993:
Journal of Late Antique, Islamic and Byzantine Studies
4738:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
4576:
4233:
From Oxus to Euphrates: The World of Late Antique Iran
3811:
3809:
3767:
3682:
3106:
1234:("the Joy or Satisfaction of Khosrow"), while his son
719:, and sent a message to the Sasanian occupied city of
4472:
4045:
3992:
3990:
3874:
3791:
3592:
3380:
3378:
3318:
1536:
During his reign there was constant conflict between
1488:
and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614.
587:, and afterwards set out for the Sasanian capital of
3845:
3833:
3658:
3634:
3610:
3508:
3506:
3504:
1712:
The relief stone of Khosrow II during the coronation
1076:' army and the Persians under Khosrow II. Fresco by
1036:
26:
3862:
3821:
3806:
3542:
3477:
2018:. Khosrow also had other children whom were named:
1857:Transliteration: Kisra) was a Persian king to whom
1369:in 627, Heraclius defeated the Iranian army at the
1147:and killed him, crowning himself as Emperor of the
1003:
3779:
3518:
3375:
3273:
3112:
3085:
1841:
1104:territory as was feasible. Khosrow II, along with
878:and its surroundings, could now openly convert to
858:Domestic affairs and relations with the Byzantines
681:Bahram Chobin tried to support his cause with the
466:, writing around the year 800) and in Armenian as
4125:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
3501:
1124:. The Sasanian armies then invaded and plundered
776:under the observation of the Byzantine commander
6451:
4229:
3411:
1971:, who later fought against the Arabs during the
1849:tradition tells a story in which Khosrow II (in
6495:People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
5680:
4452:
4411:
4387:
4354:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).
4335:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2005).
4201:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
3939:
3937:
3560:
3471:
3079:
1519:
1377:. Khosrow II fled from his favorite residence,
1182:, who were invading the Empire from across the
647:Bahram Chobin fighting Sasanian loyalists near
351:of Constantinople in 626 was unsuccessful, and
6355:Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights
4983:
4257:, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing,
4117:
4091:
3928:
3715:
3703:
3250:
1108:and his other best generals, quickly captured
852:
5666:
5154:
4781:
4230:Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2016).
3130:
1201:
784:, invaded Mesopotamia. During this invasion,
575:In 590, Hormizd IV had his prominent general
551:
548:sometime before his accession to the throne.
280:
6300:The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade
4643:
4353:
4334:
4075:
4063:
4039:
3934:
3761:
3652:
3628:
3604:
3536:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3399:
3369:
3354:
3342:
3306:
3291:
3215:
1781:Khosrow, during his second reign, added the
1437:family, the Armenian faction represented by
1253:and pomp. died in the 28th year of reign .
1033:, less than a decade after Khosrow's death.
678:, and that he now was restoring their rule.
5709:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night
4557:
4012:
2982:, an African migration myth that historian
16:Shah of the Sasanian Empire from 590 to 628
5673:
5659:
5161:
5147:
4929:: A Reassessment of Sasanian Rock Reliefs"
4453:Landau-Tasseron, Ella (15 December 1996).
4097:al-Raheeq al-Makhtoom, "The Sealed Nectar"
4024:
1270:being vanquished by the Byzantine Emperor
1258:Byzantine counter-offensive and resurgence
4962:
4927:Looking through The Two Eyes of the Earth
4829:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (15 December 2004b).
4828:
4795:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4–5
4735:
4707:
4543:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
4479:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4148:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rp8c11b
4051:
3676:
3330:
3267:
1190:and several other islands in the eastern
4922:
4886:
4861:
4841:
4822:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5
4815:
4808:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5
4801:
4762:
4173:
4119:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
3916:
3904:
3616:
3238:
3203:
3188:
3147:
1906:Capital with depiction of Khosrau II at
1901:
1769:
1636:
1392:
1261:
1059:
1051:
922:
902:became treasurer and first minister and
802:
759:
642:
601:, was given to the first Sasanian shah,
560:
5737:Abu al-Husn and His Slave-Girl Tawaddud
4969:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 7
4909:
4868:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 2
4584:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
4381:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3
4374:
4194:
3943:
3800:
3721:
3566:
3159:
3091:
819:Bahram Chobin was then defeated at the
304:(reigned 579–590), and the grandson of
6490:One Thousand and One Nights characters
6452:
6347:The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor
4538:
4517:
4152:
3996:
3887:
3664:
1986:Khosrow married three times: first to
1967:, a Sasanian nobleman from one of the
1388:
1042:Initial Iranian invasion and dominance
835:. Constantly troubled, he crossed the
5654:
5142:
5019:
4848:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
4664:
4622:
4493:
4418:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
4121:(1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.).
3856:
3839:
3785:
3742:
3640:
3572:
3512:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2742:
2731:
2720:
2718:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2453:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
1617:(Khosrow's favorite court musician),
882:without angering the Sasanian court.
557:Overthrow of Hormizd IV and accession
5772:The Sisters Envious of Their Cadette
5717:Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit
4688:
4650:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
4601:
4313:
4292:
4280:. Oxford University Press: 721–747.
4271:
3944:Subhani, Ja'far (27 December 2012).
3868:
3827:
3815:
3727:
3548:
3483:
3118:
3107:Nicholson, Canepa & Daryaee 2018
1593:Khosrow II's reign was considered a
1589:Music during the reign of Khosrow II
1529:, i.e. "man/woman of the country".
893:
255:
27:
6293:Recollections of the Arabian Nights
4893:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
4765:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
4587:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4558:Mubarakpuri, Safiur-Rahman (2009).
4431:
3773:
3691:
3593:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992
3524:
3384:
3319:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992
3279:
1854:
1401:illustration of Khosrow II's arrest
489:and an unnamed noblewoman from the
281:
13:
5121:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
5094:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
4977:
4923:Soudavar, Abolala (January 2012).
4870:. pp. 180–182. Archived from
4521:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. V
4159:. University of California Press.
37:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
14:
6526:
4500:"Chosroes s.v. Chosroes II"
4103:. Riyadh: Darussalam publishers.
2002:. Then to Gordiya, the sister of
1947:noblewoman who was the sister of
1206:In ca. 606/607, Khosrow recalled
1048:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
1037:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
1029:' invasion and conquest of Lower
755:
715:(r. 582–602), Khosrow II went to
6505:Governors of the Sasanian Empire
4727:
4614:
4221:
1963:. He had a brother-in-law named
1753:
1741:
1729:
1724:Equestrian statue of Khosrow II.
1717:
1705:
1004:Abolition of the Lakhmid dynasty
748:, effectively ceding control of
674:) had usurped the throne of the
44:
5982:The Adventures of Prince Achmed
4984:Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2022).
4671:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium
4644:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
4412:Howard-Johnston, James (2010).
4018:
3963:
3736:
3489:
1842:Khosrow II in Islamic tradition
1833:
1822:
1807:
1777:of Khosrow II, minted in 625/6.
1663:
1632:
1088:. However, when in 602 Emperor
669:
607:
511:
5747:Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
4740:. Edinburgh University Press.
4581:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
4541:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest
4093:al-Mubarakpuri, Saif-ur-Rahman
3021:
3004:Khosrow's highly admired horse
2986:argued was based on Khosrow II
2054:
1863:Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi
1339:siege of Constantinople in 626
349:siege of the Byzantine capital
1:
6480:7th-century Sasanian monarchs
6475:6th-century Sasanian monarchs
6143:Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights
5066:
5022:Journal of Persianate Studies
4958:– via www.soudavar.com.
4910:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2000).
4891:. In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
4889:"Sasanian political ideology"
4296:The Cambridge History of Iran
4274:The English Historical Review
3034:
2036:Sasanian civil war of 628-632
1562:, the national epic of Iran.
984:As Vistahm began to threaten
479:
473:
131:
6373:Stories (Burton translation)
6323:The Eighth Voyage of Sindbad
4948:10.1080/00210862.2011.595976
4816:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004).
4689:Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2014).
4629:. Univ of California Press.
4101:Islamic University of Medina
3412:Daryaee & Rezakhani 2016
1801:–missing since the reign of
1520:Religious policy and beliefs
1238:received the honorific name
1092:was murdered by his General
1056:Sasanian territories in 620s
1008:In 600, Khosrow II executed
874:, a client state located at
345:a war against the Byzantines
263:
151:28 February 628 (aged 57–58)
53:of Khosrow II, minted in 611
7:
5863:Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani
5757:The Fisherman and the Jinni
5683:One Thousand and One Nights
5643:usurpers or rival claimants
4895:. Oxford University Press.
4887:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2013).
4805:(1988). "Bahram VI Cobin".
4767:. Oxford University Press.
4539:Morony, Michael G. (2005).
4320:The History of Ancient Iran
4153:Canepa, Matthew P. (2018).
4025:Ibn Kathir, Ismail (1367).
2958:
1290:, where he was welcomed by
1222:, who had raided as far as
1132:, and in 608 advanced into
1096:(602–610), who usurped the
996:, who engaged Vistahm near
853:Consolidation of the empire
365:a civil war and interregnum
330:struggling against usurpers
191:
10:
6531:
4708:Rawlinson, George (2004).
4623:Payne, Richard E. (2015).
4286:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721
4084:
1765:
1305:In 626 Heraclius captured
1214:and sent him to repel the
1202:Turko-Hephthalite invasion
1045:
912:of the East, encompassing
888:Maurice's Balkan campaigns
849:(590/1–596 or 594/5–600).
688:belief that by the end of
552:Rebellion of Bahram Chobin
495:Seven Great Houses of Iran
409:
300:Khosrow II was the son of
6438:The Thief and the Cobbler
6386:
6365:
6284:
6253:
6243:Mârouf, savetier du Caire
6184:
6177:
6126:
6096:
6054:A Thousand and One Nights
5968:
5961:
5886:
5845:
5804:
5795:
5727:
5690:
5641:
5183:
5127:
5118:
5110:
5100:
5091:
5083:
5051:
5034:10.1163/18747167-bja10018
4608:Europe, 476–918, Volume 1
4330:– via fordham.edu/.
3976:, vol. II, pp. 295, 296;
3959:– via Al-Islam.org.
3131:Schmitt & Bailey 1986
2874:
2872:
2864:
2862:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2810:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2356:
2320:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2203:
2201:
2149:
2147:
2135:
2133:
1973:Muslim invasion of Persia
1934:
1920:History of the True Cross
1897:
1649:each giving Khosrow II a
1325:and attempted to capture
1313:). Later that same year,
768:In 591, Khosrow moved to
231:
219:
209:
197:
185:
159:
140:
127:
123:
113:
105:
97:
87:
77:
69:
58:
43:
34:
23:
6485:Leaders ousted by a coup
5005:10.3366/jlaibs.2022.0005
4204:. I.B. Tauris. pp.
4174:Crawford, Peter (2013).
4123:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
3919:, pp. 806, 812–813.
3537:Greatrex & Lieu 2005
3450:, pp. 132–133, 135.
3343:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
3307:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
3292:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
3014:
1439:Varaztirots II Bagratuni
1282:, the Byzantine Emperor
1248:describes the event as:
1236:Varaztirots II Bagratuni
638:
591:. The legitimacy of the
6339:Arabian Nights and Days
5899:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
4510:Encyclopædia Britannica
4375:Hansman, J. F. (1986).
4136:. Gorgias Press, 2019.
1939:Khosrow was the son of
1923:cycle in the church of
1552:, a prominent Armenian
1355:walls of Constantinople
1070:Battle of Nineveh (627)
965:river to the region of
478:Khosrow II was born in
405:
310:Muslim conquest of Iran
6218:Der Barbier von Bagdad
5701:Les mille et une nuits
4963:Tafazzoli, A. (1987).
4579:"Khosrow I Anoshirvan"
4397:. Ashgate Publishing.
4389:Howard-Johnston, James
4130:Baca-Winters, Keenan.
3980:, vol. II, p. 81; and
1910:
1881:, his vassal ruler of
1875:
1861:had sent a messenger,
1816:. His two successors,
1778:
1688:each giving Khosrow a
1654:
1402:
1367:Third Perso-Turkic War
1275:
1255:
1081:
1057:
938:
880:Nestorian Christianity
808:
765:
651:
581:responded by rebelling
572:
431:, itself derived from
320:, conquering the rich
250:in classical sources;
4916:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4862:Shahbazi, A. (1989).
4842:Shahbazi, A. (2005).
4835:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4432:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
3595:, pp. 1363–1364.
2992:, Ruler of Alexandria
2047:, and later bore him
1925:San Francesco, Arezzo
1915:Piero della Francesca
1905:
1867:
1773:
1640:
1550:Mushegh II Mamikonian
1514:Arab conquest of Iran
1409:, which included the
1396:
1373:and advanced towards
1265:
1250:
1242:("Eternal Khosrow").
1078:Piero della Francesca
1063:
1055:
979:Parvaneh Pourshariati
951:Darius, son of Darius
926:
906:received the post of
813:Mushegh II Mamikonian
806:
763:
646:
564:
271:), commonly known as
101:591 – 25 February 628
6510:Shahnameh characters
6070:The Thief of Baghdad
6038:The Thief of Baghdad
5949:Zubaidah bint Ja'far
4874:on 22 September 2013
4756:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8
4459:Encyclopædia Iranica
4027:Al Bidaya Wal Nihaya
3561:Howard-Johnston 2006
3472:Landau-Tasseron 1996
3438:, pp. 132, 134.
3080:Howard-Johnston 2010
2970:Behistun Inscription
2905:Farrukhzad Khosrow V
2032:Farrukhzad Khosrow V
1990:, a daughter of the
1969:seven Parthian clans
1795:Khūsrōkhwarrah abzōt
1122:Shahin Vahmanzadegan
1068:illustration of the
847:rebellion of Vistahm
630:Khosrow then took a
507:Khosrow I Anushirvan
491:House of Ispahbudhan
485:; he was the son of
6378:Works influenced by
6193:Le calife de Bagdad
6022:The Thief of Bagdad
5990:The Thief of Bagdad
5974:The Thief of Bagdad
5904:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
5787:Ahmed and Paribanou
5539:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
4824:. pp. 466–467.
4803:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
4797:. pp. 445–465.
4560:When The Moon Split
4383:. pp. 277–278.
3929:al-Mubarakpuri 2002
3776:, pp. 284–285.
3716:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
3704:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
3694:, pp. 255–256.
3631:, pp. 152–153.
3607:, pp. 153–154.
3462:, pp. 136–137.
3426:, pp. 131–132.
3402:, pp. 133–134.
3357:, pp. 128–129.
3251:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
3241:, pp. 180–182.
3191:, pp. 514–522.
3162:, pp. 277–278.
3150:, pp. 466–467.
2773:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2049:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
1447:Kanārangīyān family
1389:Overthrow and death
1353:. Furthermore, the
821:Battle of Blarathon
752:to the Byzantines.
536:and make it into a
6307:New Arabian Nights
6046:Baghdad Gaja Donga
5924:Ibrahim al-Mawsili
5868:Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan
5827:Old Man of the Sea
4844:"Sasanian dynasty"
4666:Kaegi, Walter Emil
3984:, vol. XX, p. 389.
3972:, vol. I, p. 360;
2899:(629–630, 631–632)
2558:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp
2354:Unnamed noblewoman
1957:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp
1911:
1779:
1655:
1564:Smbat IV Bagratuni
1403:
1385:and plundered it.
1276:
1208:Smbat IV Bagratuni
1082:
1058:
939:
866:—a Christian from
809:
766:
652:
625:Joshua the Stylite
573:
396:Khosrow and Shirin
391:Khosrow and Shirin
372:Persian literature
6515:Executed monarchs
6500:Caucasian Albania
6447:
6446:
6280:
6279:
6122:
6121:
6014:La Rosa di Bagdad
5957:
5956:
5837:Sinbad the Sailor
5767:Sinbad the Sailor
5648:
5647:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5603:
5593:
5583:
5573:
5563:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5503:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5443:
5433:
5423:
5413:
5403:
5393:
5383:
5373:
5363:
5353:
5343:
5333:
5323:
5313:
5303:
5293:
5283:
5273:
5263:
5253:
5243:
5233:
5223:
5213:
5203:
5193:
5178:
5137:
5136:
5128:Succeeded by
5101:Succeeded by
4864:"Bestām O Bendôy"
4714:. Gorgias Press.
4657:978-1-84511-645-3
4594:978-0-19-866277-8
4569:978-603-500-060-4
4550:978-15-93333-15-7
4486:978-0-521-20160-5
4445:978-1-61069-391-2
4346:978-1-134-75646-9
4306:978-0-521-20092-9
4263:978-1-889758-88-6
4236:. H&S Media.
4187:978-1-84884-612-8
4180:. Pen and Sword.
4142:978-1-4632-3927-5
4076:Pourshariati 2008
4064:Pourshariati 2008
4040:Pourshariati 2008
3762:Pourshariati 2008
3653:Pourshariati 2008
3629:Pourshariati 2008
3605:Pourshariati 2008
3460:Pourshariati 2008
3448:Pourshariati 2008
3436:Pourshariati 2008
3424:Pourshariati 2008
3400:Pourshariati 2008
3370:Pourshariati 2008
3355:Pourshariati 2008
3216:Pourshariati 2008
2956:
2955:
1943:, and an unnamed
1929:Persian miniature
1814:Achaemenid Empire
1546:Gabriel of Sinjar
1527:mard / zan ī šahr
1494:chaotic civil war
1484:, along with the
1423:Rostam Farrokhzad
1421:and his two sons
1371:Battle of Nineveh
1329:with the help of
1296:Rostam Farrokhzad
1143:revolted against
1098:Roman (Byzantine)
894:Revolt of Vistahm
538:Sasanian province
534:Kingdom of Iberia
530:Caucasian Albania
528:, the capital of
446:(Χοσρόης) and in
419:"Khosrow" is the
357:allied with Turks
343:Khosrow II began
261:
241:
240:
6522:
6182:
6181:
6159:Thief of Baghdad
6030:Baghdad Thirudan
5966:
5965:
5934:Ja'far ibn Yahya
5929:Ishaq al-Mawsili
5802:
5801:
5777:The Three Apples
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5634:
5631:
5624:
5621:
5614:
5611:
5604:
5601:
5594:
5591:
5584:
5581:
5574:
5571:
5564:
5561:
5554:
5551:
5544:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5524:
5521:
5514:
5511:
5504:
5501:
5494:
5491:
5484:
5481:
5474:
5471:
5464:
5461:
5459:Bahram VI Chobin
5454:
5451:
5444:
5441:
5434:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5414:
5411:
5404:
5401:
5394:
5391:
5384:
5381:
5374:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5344:
5341:
5334:
5331:
5324:
5321:
5314:
5311:
5304:
5301:
5294:
5291:
5284:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5254:
5251:
5244:
5241:
5234:
5231:
5224:
5221:
5214:
5211:
5204:
5201:
5194:
5191:
5176:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5111:Preceded by
5084:Preceded by
5079:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5058:Sasanian dynasty
5049:
5048:
5045:
5028:(1–2): 178–195.
5016:
4990:
4972:
4959:
4933:
4919:
4906:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4838:
4825:
4812:
4798:
4778:
4759:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4704:
4685:
4661:
4640:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4598:
4573:
4554:
4535:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4449:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4408:
4384:
4371:
4350:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4310:
4289:
4247:
4226:
4225:
4219:
4191:
4170:
4126:
4114:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4016:
4013:Mubarakpuri 2009
4010:
4004:
3994:
3985:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3804:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3740:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3192:
3186:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3028:
3025:
2059:
2058:
1856:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1811:
1809:
1797:). The title of
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1667:
1665:
1337:allies. In this
1240:Javitean Khosrow
1228:eastern Khorasan
1212:Sasanian Armenia
1149:Byzantine Empire
872:Lakhmids/Nasrids
673:
671:
632:carrot and stick
611:
609:
515:
513:
497:. Her brothers,
484:
481:
326:Byzantine Empire
284:
283:
266:
260:romanized:
259:
257:
150:
148:
136:
133:
48:
30:
29:
21:
20:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6382:
6361:
6315:Slaves of Sleep
6276:
6249:
6173:
6118:
6092:
6006:Baghdad Ka Chor
5953:
5919:Harun al-Rashid
5882:
5873:Shaddad ibn 'Ad
5841:
5791:
5762:Hassan of Basra
5752:The Ebony Horse
5723:
5686:
5679:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5627:
5617:
5607:
5597:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5559:Farrukh Hormizd
5557:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5327:
5317:
5307:
5297:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5257:
5247:
5237:
5227:
5217:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5179:
5174:Sasanian Empire
5167:
5133:
5124:
5116:
5106:
5097:
5089:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5061:
5054:
4988:
4980:
4978:Further reading
4975:
4936:Iranian Studies
4931:
4903:
4877:
4875:
4852:
4850:
4775:
4748:
4726:
4722:
4701:
4682:
4658:
4637:
4613:
4595:
4570:
4551:
4532:
4487:
4463:
4461:
4446:
4422:
4420:
4405:
4368:
4347:
4325:
4323:
4307:
4244:
4220:
4216:
4196:Daryaee, Touraj
4188:
4167:
4111:
4087:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4007:
3995:
3988:
3974:Tarikh-i Tabari
3970:Tabaqat-i Kubra
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3894:
3886:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3741:
3737:
3726:
3722:
3718:, v. 5: p. 399.
3714:
3710:
3706:, v. 5: p. 398.
3702:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3009:Ganj-e Badavard
2975:Behistun Palace
2965:Babai the Great
2961:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2775:
2766:
2746:
2735:
2724:
2523:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2317:
2088:
2077:
2057:
2014:, who bore him
2006:, who bore him
1998:, who bore him
1979:princess named
1937:
1900:
1844:
1832:
1821:
1806:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1725:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1662:
1635:
1591:
1583:Richard N. Frye
1522:
1419:Farrukh Hormizd
1407:Sasanian Empire
1391:
1292:Farrukh Hormizd
1260:
1204:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1006:
994:Smbat Bagratuni
896:
860:
855:
758:
668:
641:
614:Parthian Empire
606:
559:
554:
510:
482:
476:
464:Pseudo-Juansher
460:K‛asre Ambarvez
417:
408:
388:'s (1141–1209)
322:Roman provinces
181:
152:
146:
144:
134:
64:Sasanian Empire
54:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6528:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6296:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6266:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6239:
6230:
6222:
6214:
6205:
6197:
6188:
6186:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6151:Arabian Nights
6147:
6139:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6086:Arabian Nights
6082:
6074:
6066:
6062:Arabian Nights
6058:
6050:
6042:
6034:
6026:
6018:
6010:
6002:
5998:Arabian Nights
5994:
5986:
5978:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5713:
5705:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5375:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5335:
5325:
5315:
5305:
5295:
5285:
5275:
5265:
5255:
5245:
5235:
5225:
5215:
5205:
5195:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5166:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5099:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5017:
4999:(1–2): 65–93.
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4965:"Asfād Jošnas"
4960:
4920:
4907:
4902:978-0190668662
4901:
4884:
4859:
4839:
4826:
4813:
4799:
4779:
4774:978-0199733309
4773:
4760:
4747:978-1474400305
4746:
4733:
4721:978-1593331719
4720:
4705:
4700:978-1472425522
4699:
4686:
4680:
4662:
4656:
4641:
4636:978-0520961531
4635:
4620:
4599:
4593:
4574:
4568:
4562:. Darussalam.
4555:
4549:
4536:
4530:
4515:
4505:Chisholm, Hugh
4491:
4485:
4470:
4450:
4444:
4429:
4409:
4403:
4385:
4372:
4366:
4351:
4345:
4332:
4311:
4305:
4290:
4269:
4253:, translator,
4251:Edward Walford
4248:
4243:978-1780835778
4242:
4227:
4215:978-0857716668
4214:
4192:
4186:
4171:
4166:978-0520964365
4165:
4150:
4144:
4128:
4115:
4109:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4078:, p. 205.
4068:
4066:, p. 236.
4056:
4052:Shahbazi 2004b
4044:
4042:, p. 179.
4032:
4017:
4005:
3986:
3978:Tarikh-i Kamil
3962:
3933:
3931:, p. 417.
3921:
3909:
3907:, p. 837.
3892:
3890:, p. 361.
3873:
3871:, p. 172.
3861:
3859:, p. 168.
3844:
3842:, p. 200.
3832:
3830:, p. 171.
3820:
3818:, p. 166.
3805:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3764:, p. 219.
3754:
3735:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3681:
3679:, p. 743.
3677:Tafazzoli 1987
3669:
3657:
3655:, p. 173.
3645:
3643:, p. 140.
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3580:
3565:
3553:
3551:, p. 725.
3541:
3539:, p. 197.
3529:
3527:, p. 223.
3517:
3500:
3488:
3486:, p. 330.
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3389:
3387:, p. 242.
3374:
3372:, p. 129.
3359:
3347:
3345:, p. 174.
3335:
3333:, p. 509.
3331:Rawlinson 2004
3323:
3321:, p. 251.
3311:
3309:, p. 173.
3296:
3294:, p. 172.
3284:
3282:, p. 241.
3272:
3270:, p. 178.
3268:Rezakhani 2017
3255:
3253:, v. 5: p. 49.
3243:
3220:
3208:
3206:, p. 810.
3193:
3164:
3152:
3135:
3123:
3121:, p. 341.
3111:
3096:
3084:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Kavad Gushnasp
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
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2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
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2406:
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2402:
2400:
2398:
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2390:
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2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2053:
1936:
1933:
1917:, part of the
1899:
1896:
1843:
1840:
1836: 628–630
1825: 628–628
1810: 459–484
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1666: 383–388
1634:
1631:
1590:
1587:
1521:
1518:
1441:, and finally
1390:
1387:
1365:Following the
1362:later in 628.
1351:Byzantine navy
1327:Constantinople
1266:Sassanid King
1259:
1256:
1203:
1200:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1012:, King of the
1005:
1002:
895:
892:
859:
856:
854:
851:
757:
756:Return to Iran
754:
698:Arsacid Empire
672: 224–242
656:Nahrawan Canal
640:
637:
610: 224–242
593:House of Sasan
558:
555:
553:
550:
514: 531–579
475:
472:
468:Aprouēž Xosrov
425:Middle Persian
410:Main article:
407:
404:
386:Nizami Ganjavi
363:. This led to
273:Khosrow Parviz
256:𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩
252:Middle Persian
239:
238:
236:Zoroastrianism
233:
229:
228:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
204:House of Sasan
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
169:
163:
161:
157:
156:
142:
138:
137:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
56:
55:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6527:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6265:Op. 35 (1888)
6264:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Badroulbadour
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5640:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5599:Yazdegerd III
5596:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5114:Bahram Chobin
5109:
5105:
5104:Bahram Chobin
5096:
5095:
5088:
5082:
5077:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:Bailey, H. W.
4784:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:. Routledge.
4692:
4687:
4683:
4681:0-521-81459-6
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4603:Oman, Charles
4600:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:. E.J.Brill.
4523:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:Meyer, Eduard
4492:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4404:0-86078-992-6
4400:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4367:0-415-14687-9
4363:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:. Routledge.
4338:
4333:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4110:1-59144-071-8
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3982:Biharul Anwar
3979:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3917:Shayegan 2013
3913:
3906:
3905:Schindel 2013
3901:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3803:, p. 56.
3802:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3667:, p. 92.
3666:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3617:Soudavar 2012
3613:
3606:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3563:, p. 33.
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3414:, p. 43.
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3239:Shahbazi 1989
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3218:, p. 96.
3217:
3212:
3205:
3204:Shayegan 2013
3200:
3198:
3190:
3189:Shahbazi 1988
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3148:Shahbazi 2004
3144:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:Leo Frobenius
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2801:
2799:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2745:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2608:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2559:
2522:
2510:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2345:
2330:
2316:
2300:
2297:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2186:
2184:
2118:
2116:
2076:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:Bahram Chobin
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1799:King of Kings
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:GDH, meaning
1784:
1776:
1772:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:Yazdegerd III
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:war indemnity
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1397:17th-century
1395:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:siege warfare
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:Adur Gushnasp
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Bahram Chobin
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:anachronistic
1062:
1054:
1049:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Al-Nu'man III
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:, who fought
952:
948:
944:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
910:
905:
901:
891:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
850:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
814:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:John Mystacon
775:
771:
762:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:
679:
677:
666:
662:
659:wives, and a
657:
650:
645:
636:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
604:
600:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Bahram Chobin
571:
567:
563:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:, one of the
492:
488:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
414:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
334:Bahram Chobin
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
278:
274:
270:
265:
253:
249:
245:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
162:
158:
155:
143:
139:
130:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:Bahram Chobin
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:Bahram Chobin
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
42:
39:
38:
33:
22:
19:
6436:
6429:
6409:Magic carpet
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6268:
6262:Scheherazade
6260:
6241:
6233:
6224:
6216:
6208:
6199:
6191:
6165:
6157:
6149:
6141:
6133:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6060:
6052:
6044:
6036:
6028:
6020:
6012:
6004:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5938:
5853:Hatim al-Tai
5832:Scheherazade
5715:
5707:
5699:
5692:Translations
5681:
5499:Ardashir III
5468:
5448:
5359:Yazdegerd II
5119:
5092:
5078:February 628
5075:
5063:
5056:
5025:
5021:
4996:
4992:
4968:
4942:(1): 29–58.
4939:
4935:
4926:
4915:
4892:
4876:. Retrieved
4872:the original
4867:
4851:. Retrieved
4847:
4834:
4821:
4818:"Hormozd IV"
4807:
4794:
4764:
4737:
4710:
4690:
4670:
4646:
4625:
4611:. Macmillan.
4607:
4582:
4559:
4540:
4520:
4508:
4475:
4462:. Retrieved
4458:
4438:. ABC-CLIO.
4434:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:
4393:
4380:
4356:
4336:
4324:. Retrieved
4319:
4294:
4277:
4273:
4254:
4232:
4200:
4176:
4155:
4131:
4122:
4096:
4071:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4026:
4020:
4008:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3955:13 September
3953:. Retrieved
3949:
3924:
3912:
3864:
3835:
3823:
3801:Daryaee 2014
3788:, p. 2.
3781:
3769:
3757:
3738:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3498:, chapter 24
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3287:
3275:
3246:
3211:
3160:Hansman 1986
3155:
3126:
3114:
3092:Skjærvø 2000
3087:
3023:
3003:
2980:Kisra legend
2520:
2039:
1985:
1938:
1918:
1912:
1908:Taq-e Bostan
1876:
1868:
1845:
1829:Ardashir III
1794:
1790:
1780:
1678:barrel vault
1670:Taq-e Bostan
1656:
1633:Rock reliefs
1592:
1579:fire temples
1576:
1553:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1466:Mihr Hormozd
1462:
1454:
1413:
1404:
1364:
1317:advanced on
1304:
1294:and his son
1277:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1232:Khosrow Shun
1231:
1220:Hephthalites
1205:
1186:. In 622/3,
1184:Danube River
1153:
1138:
1083:
1007:
983:
940:
934:, minted at
907:
897:
884:
861:
840:
831:nobleman at
818:
810:
767:
738:Martyropolis
721:Martyropolis
710:
702:crenellation
680:
653:
629:
618:
596:
574:
477:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
428:
418:
412:
395:
389:
379:
374:such as the
370:In works of
369:
342:
299:
272:
268:
247:
243:
242:
35:
18:
6465:570s births
6432:(franchise)
6414:Open sesame
6331:Dunyazadiad
6273:(1918–1919)
6211:(Cherubini)
6167:1001 Nights
6162:(2000–2001)
6138:(1993–1997)
5782:Abou Hassan
5720:(1926–1932)
5712:(1885–1888)
5704:(1704–1717)
5632:(pretender)
5622:(pretender)
5612:(pretender)
5549:Azarmidokht
5519:Khosrow III
5422:(498/9–531)
5412:(496–498/9)
5369:Hormizd III
5319:Yazdegerd I
5289:Ardashir II
5269:Adur Narseh
5053:Khosrow II
4783:Schmitt, R.
4414:"Kosrow II"
4315:Frye, R. N.
4015:, p. .
3997:Morony 1980
3950:The Message
3888:Canepa 2018
3745:, pp.
3665:Morony 2005
2764:Khosrow III
2733:Azarmidokht
2055:Family tree
2024:Azarmidokht
1945:Ispahbudhan
1682:Ahura Mazda
1676:", is in a
1643:Ahura Mazda
1609:, and even
1572:Bagratunids
1538:Monophysite
1474:Azarmidokht
1456:coup d'état
1411:Ispahbudhan
1288:Adurbadagan
1198:in Africa.
975:Transoxiana
973:princes of
971:Hephthalite
782:Comentiolus
774:Adurbadagan
686:apocalyptic
683:Zoroastrian
546:Mesopotamia
421:New Persian
318:Achaemenids
277:New Persian
248:Chosroes II
225:Ispahbudhan
106:Predecessor
78:Predecessor
6470:628 deaths
6460:Khosrow II
6454:Categories
6419:Roc (rukh)
6285:Literature
6201:Abu Hassan
6135:Alif Laila
6127:Television
5939:Khosrow II
5887:Historical
5797:Characters
5619:Bahram VII
5579:Khosrow IV
5569:Hormizd VI
5509:Shahrbaraz
5469:Khosrow II
5449:Khosrow II
5439:Hormizd IV
5299:Shapur III
5259:Hormizd II
5239:Bahram III
5189:Ardashir I
5087:Hormizd IV
5070: 570
4831:"HORMOZĀN"
4531:9004060561
4423:9 November
3999:, p.
3857:Payne 2015
3840:Payne 2015
3786:Payne 2015
3743:Kaegi 2003
3730:, p.
3641:Kaegi 2003
3575:, p.
3573:Kaegi 2003
3513:Meyer 1911
3035:References
2896:Borandukht
2744:Mardanshah
2521:Khosrow II
2336:594/5–600)
2332:(590/1–596
2315:Hormizd IV
2045:Shahrbaraz
2020:Borandukht
2016:Mardanshah
2010:. Then to
1941:Hormizd IV
1775:Gold dinar
1659:Shapur III
1611:Ardashir I
1607:Bahram Gur
1595:golden age
1486:True Cross
1431:Shahrbaraz
1427:Farrukhzad
1315:Shahrbaraz
1280:Aegean Sea
1268:Khosrau II
1164:True Cross
1162:, and the
1130:Asia Minor
1106:Shahrbaraz
1086:Byzantines
1080:, ca. 1452
1046:See also:
914:Tabaristan
837:Oxus river
770:Constantia
706:fire altar
665:Ardashir I
603:Ardashir I
570:Hormizd IV
487:Hormizd IV
483: 570
474:Background
436:Haosrauuah
302:Hormizd IV
282:خسرو پرویز
244:Khosrow II
227:noblewoman
214:Hormizd IV
135: 570
82:Hormizd IV
60:Shahanshah
51:Gold dinar
24:Khosrow II
6226:La statue
6097:Templates
5909:Al-Ma'mun
5894:Abu Nuwas
5846:Legendary
5805:Fictional
5609:Peroz III
5602:(632–651)
5592:(631–632)
5582:(630–636)
5572:(630–632)
5562:(630–631)
5552:(630–631)
5502:(628–630)
5482:(591–596)
5472:(591–628)
5462:(590–591)
5442:(579–590)
5432:(531–579)
5429:Khosrow I
5402:(488–496)
5392:(484–488)
5382:(459–484)
5372:(457–459)
5362:(438–457)
5352:(420–438)
5329:Shapur IV
5322:(399–420)
5312:(388–399)
5309:Bahram IV
5302:(383–388)
5292:(379–383)
5282:(309–379)
5279:Shapur II
5262:(303–309)
5252:(293–303)
5232:(274–293)
5229:Bahram II
5222:(271–274)
5212:(270–271)
5209:Hormizd I
5202:(240–270)
5192:(224–242)
5177:(224–651)
5042:251787417
5013:263274105
4956:154699256
4878:13 August
4464:8 January
3869:Frye 1983
3828:Frye 1983
3816:Frye 1983
3728:Oman 1893
3549:Foss 1975
3484:Frye 1984
3119:Rapp 2014
2914:Shahriyar
2787:Anoshagan
2755:Javanshir
2736:(630–631)
2524:(590–628)
2318:(579–590)
2078:(531–579)
2075:Khosrow I
2028:Shahriyar
2008:Javanshir
1992:Byzantine
1977:Byzantine
1603:Khosrow I
1560:Shahnameh
1542:Nestorian
1478:Heraclius
1451:Ctesiphon
1399:Shahnameh
1383:Dastagird
1379:Dastagird
1375:Ctesiphon
1347:Bosphorus
1323:Bosphoros
1319:Chalcedon
1284:Heraclius
1272:Heraclius
1160:Jerusalem
1141:Heraclius
1134:Chalcedon
1102:Byzantine
1074:Heraclius
1022:al-Ḥurqah
955:Alexander
868:Khuzestan
694:Seleucids
690:Zoroaster
649:Ctesiphon
589:Ctesiphon
381:Shahnameh
353:Heraclius
306:Khosrow I
246:(spelled
192:See below
154:Ctesiphon
147:628-02-28
114:Successor
98:2nd reign
88:Successor
70:1st reign
6424:Shahrokh
6302:" (1845)
6295:" (1830)
6236:(Lecocq)
6234:Ali-Baba
6209:Ali Baba
6114:Ali Baba
5817:Ali Baba
5489:Kavad II
5349:Bahram V
5219:Bahram I
5199:Shapur I
5131:Kavad II
5125:591–628
4853:30 March
4789:(1986).
4668:(2003).
4605:(1893).
4497:(1911).
4455:"Ḏū Qār"
4391:(2006).
4377:"Arbela"
4198:(2014).
4127:40 vols.
4095:(2002).
3774:Kia 2016
3692:Kia 2016
3525:Kia 2016
3385:Kia 2016
3280:Kia 2016
2990:Muqawqis
2959:See also
2722:Kavad II
2344:Vinduyih
2089:(† 580s)
2000:Kavad II
1994:emperor
1965:Hormuzan
1953:Vinduyih
1859:Muhammad
1818:Kavad II
1783:ideogram
1555:nakharar
1502:Parthian
1443:Kanadbak
1360:Anatolia
1307:Lazistan
1302:temple.
1196:Carthage
1168:Anatolia
1156:Damascus
1139:In 610,
1072:between
1014:Lakhmids
943:Dinawari
918:Khorasan
900:Vinduyih
825:Nishapur
750:Lazistan
676:Arsacids
585:Khorasan
499:Vinduyih
456:Georgian
444:Chosroes
376:Ferdowsi
361:Kavad II
332:such as
287:Sasanian
232:Religion
223:Unnamed
118:Kavad II
6430:Aladdin
6387:Related
6270:Aladdin
6104:Aladdin
5914:Baibars
5878:Solomon
5812:Aladdin
5742:Aladdin
5729:Stories
5629:Narsieh
5479:Vistahm
5419:Kavad I
5399:Kavad I
5379:Peroz I
5339:Khosrow
5172:of the
4507:(ed.).
4326:7 March
4085:Sources
3751:189–190
3001:Shabdiz
2944:Tamahij
2922:Unknown
2917:(† 628)
2747:(† 628)
2552:Mirhran
2359:Jushnas
2329:Vistahm
2323:Unknown
2041:spahbed
1996:Maurice
1949:Vistahm
1927:. Many
1847:Islamic
1803:Peroz I
1787:xwarrah
1766:Coinage
1698:xwarrah
1686:Anahita
1647:Anahita
1623:Sarkash
1619:Bamshad
1445:of the
1433:of the
1415:spahbed
1321:on the
1311:Colchis
1090:Maurice
1027:Caliphs
1018:Al-Hira
967:Ardabil
959:Gordiya
947:Arsacid
932:Vistahm
928:Drachma
909:spahbed
904:Vistahm
876:al-Hira
829:Karenid
786:Nisibis
746:Armenia
730:Carrhae
713:Maurice
661:retinue
623:writer
598:xwarrah
566:Drachma
522:Khazars
520:of the
503:Vistahm
433:Avestan
413:Khosrow
338:Vistahm
314:Maurice
269:Khosrau
172:Gordiya
160:Consort
62:of the
6358:(2015)
6350:(1991)
6342:(1979)
6334:(1972)
6326:(1964)
6318:(1939)
6310:(1882)
6246:(1914)
6238:(1887)
6229:(1861)
6221:(1858)
6213:(1833)
6204:(1811)
6196:(1800)
6185:Operas
6170:(2011)
6154:(2000)
6146:(1994)
6109:Sinbad
6089:(2015)
6081:(1991)
6078:Ajooba
6073:(1978)
6065:(1974)
6057:(1969)
6049:(1968)
6041:(1961)
6033:(1960)
6025:(1952)
6017:(1949)
6009:(1946)
6001:(1942)
5993:(1940)
5985:(1926)
5977:(1924)
5944:Shirin
5409:Jamasp
5389:Balash
5249:Narseh
5170:Rulers
5074:
5040:
5011:
4954:
4899:
4771:
4754:
4744:
4718:
4697:
4678:
4654:
4633:
4591:
4566:
4547:
4528:
4483:
4442:
4401:
4364:
4343:
4303:
4261:
4240:
4212:
4208:–240.
4184:
4163:
4140:
4107:
3496:Sebeos
2794:Bistam
2087:Shapur
2012:Shirin
1935:Family
1898:In art
1891:Medina
1879:Badhan
1851:Arabic
1827:) and
1690:diadem
1668:). At
1651:diadem
1627:Nagisa
1625:, and
1615:Barbad
1568:Gorgan
1506:Pahlav
1500:) and
1498:Parsig
1435:Mihran
1335:Slavic
1246:Sebeos
1224:Spahan
1192:Aegean
1188:Rhodes
1145:Phocas
1114:Edessa
1094:Phocas
864:Shirin
842:yabghu
798:Mardin
794:Narses
742:Iberia
621:Syriac
542:Arbela
526:Partaw
518:khagan
448:Arabic
429:Husraw
415:(word)
400:Shirin
355:, now
289:king (
220:Mother
210:Father
177:Shirin
6399:Ifrit
6394:Ghoul
6366:Lists
6254:Other
6178:Music
5962:Films
5858:Khidr
5589:Boran
5542:(630)
5532:(630)
5529:Boran
5522:(630)
5512:(630)
5492:(628)
5452:(590)
5342:(420)
5332:(420)
5272:(309)
5242:(293)
5076:Died:
5064:Born:
5038:S2CID
5009:S2CID
4989:(PDF)
4952:S2CID
4932:(PDF)
4752:JSTOR
4503:. In
3015:Notes
2908:(631)
2776:(630)
2767:(630)
2725:(628)
2565:Narsi
2547:Kavad
1988:Maria
1981:Maria
1961:Narsi
1887:Hijaz
1883:Yemen
1791:abzōt
1674:Ayvan
1599:music
1470:Boran
1216:Turko
1210:from
1180:Slavs
1176:Avars
1172:Egypt
1126:Syria
998:Qumis
990:Gilan
986:Media
833:Qumis
790:Mosil
726:Amida
717:Syria
639:Fight
452:Kisra
440:Greek
293:) of
264:Husrō
199:House
187:Issue
167:Maria
6404:Jinn
5098:590
4897:ISBN
4880:2013
4855:2014
4769:ISBN
4742:ISBN
4716:ISBN
4695:ISBN
4676:ISBN
4652:ISBN
4631:ISBN
4589:ISBN
4564:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4526:ISBN
4481:ISBN
4466:2012
4440:ISBN
4425:2013
4399:ISBN
4362:ISBN
4341:ISBN
4328:2020
4301:ISBN
4259:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4182:ISBN
4161:ISBN
4138:ISBN
4105:ISBN
3957:2023
2030:and
1959:and
1951:and
1871:Magi
1855:كسرى
1694:halo
1684:and
1645:and
1540:and
1531:Jews
1472:and
1425:and
1333:and
1331:Avar
1178:and
1158:and
1128:and
1112:and
1110:Dara
1031:Iraq
963:Oxus
916:and
744:and
736:and
734:Dara
501:and
406:Name
384:and
336:and
328:and
295:Iran
291:shah
267:and
141:Died
128:Born
5030:doi
5001:doi
4944:doi
4282:doi
4001:185
3747:178
3732:212
1597:in
1064:An
1016:of
936:Ray
930:of
568:of
544:in
458:as
450:as
442:as
378:'s
73:590
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5067:c.
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5007:.
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4991:.
4967:.
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4938:.
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4833:.
4820:.
4793:.
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4750:.
4457:.
4416:.
4379:.
4278:90
4276:.
4265:.
4099:.
3989:^
3948:.
3936:^
3895:^
3876:^
3847:^
3808:^
3793:^
3749:,
3684:^
3583:^
3577:88
3503:^
3392:^
3377:^
3362:^
3299:^
3258:^
3223:^
3196:^
3167:^
3138:^
3099:^
3042:^
2334:or
2051:.
2026:,
2022:,
1983:.
1873:."
1853::
1834:r.
1823:r.
1808:r.
1664:r.
1629:.
1621:,
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732:,
728:,
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6298:"
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