2911:
235:, these became known as the "Armenian" themes in contrast to the older, larger "Roman" themes. From ca. 970 until the mid-11th century, another military and administrative level appeared: regional commands which grouped several themes under a general termed duke (
147:, the old provinces continued to serve as the main administrative and fiscal units. Gradually however, the themes superseded the provinces, the last vestiges of which were abolished in the early 9th century inspired in part by the Hellenistic pagarchies and
23:(330–1453). The Empire had a developed administrative system, which can be divided into three major periods: the late Roman/early Byzantine, which was a continuation and evolution of the system begun by the emperors
361:
Byzantine administrative terminology was initially based on Roman terms for various administrative offices and units, with common variants in both Latin and Greek languages. Since the Roman conquest, the
1080:
220:) that came under Byzantine authority were usually allowed some form of limited self-governance under archons of their own. By the 10th century however, most of the archontates and
1790:
227:
With the great military expansion of the 10th and early 11th centuries, new themes were established as land was recovered from the Arabs in the East and after the conquest of
398:). That term was used both colloquially and officially, in Roman legal acts that were issued in the Greek language. In the same time, provincial governor was called
76:(r. 527–565) undertook his administrative reforms. He effectively abolished the dioceses, merged smaller provinces and created new types of jurisdictions like the
2023:
272:, which were tied to specific agencies and bureaux of the fiscal bureaucracy, as well as to individual magnates. The Komnenian system survived until the
1003:
2899:
1253:
1154:
231:. Many of the new themes in the East were smaller than the old, comprising only a fortified town and its immediate area. Garrisoned chiefly by
2938:
2587:
1164:
1097:
1112:
1107:
2188:
1174:
1149:
923:"Dyrrhachion und die Küsten von Epirus und Dalmatien im frühen Mittelalter - Beobachtungen zur Entwicklungder byzantinischen Oberhoheit"
2539:
2522:
1179:
1159:
2238:
2084:
2056:
1700:
1692:
1169:
1102:
303:
and the post-1261 restored
Byzantine Empire as a generic term for a territorial and fiscal circumscription. These were divided into
2434:
1795:
176:
Alongside the themes, other types of provincial units existed. Peripheral territories, often with a strong maritime character like
2283:
2763:
2288:
871:
Byzantium on the
Balkans: Studies on the Byzantine administration and the Southern Slavs from the VIIth to the XIIth centuries
2687:
1447:
1440:
996:
2439:
2298:
258:
at their head. However, mainly in Greece, the themes dissolved into the smaller local fiscal and administrative units, the
1430:
2768:
2181:
2869:
1435:
39:, and the late Byzantine, where the structure was more varied and decentralized and where feudal elements appeared.
1932:
989:
438:, the city's urban prefect. Since the 7th century, the old provincial administration was gradually replaced by the
940:"Military, Administrative and Religious Strongholds on the Danubian Frontier: The Example of Morava and Braničevo"
2904:
2726:
1258:
1026:
82:, which combined civil with military authority, thus overturning the main principle of the Diocletianic system.
456:. Thereafter, eparchs were usually appointed as city governors, the most important amongst them still being the
2874:
2864:
2736:
2657:
2475:
2343:
1915:
1859:
1780:
1647:
953:"Dacia Mediterranea and Macedonia Secunda in the Sixth Century: A Question of Influence on Church Architecture"
612:
378:) had an equivalent in eastern, Greek-speaking parts of the Empire. In the Greek language, province was called
273:
210:
109:
The traditional administrative system faced a severe challenge in the first half of the 7th century, when the
2731:
2721:
2636:
2391:
2176:
137:) were established. Initially these were simply military jurisdictions, reflecting the area that each of the
1611:
151:
of late Roman Egypt. Each theme had a regular and simple structure, being divided along military lines into
2805:
2773:
2677:
2386:
2358:
2166:
1705:
2529:
2171:
2018:
1775:
1526:
2849:
2795:
2534:
2406:
2396:
2096:
1976:
1854:
1785:
1673:
1642:
1485:
1425:
594:
439:
311:
126:
2709:
2233:
2089:
1874:
1765:
1652:
907:
671:
165:
952:
446:
remained in use until the 9th century as designation for the senior administrative official of each
2008:
1760:
1247:
1126:
457:
435:
121:
led to extensive territorial loss. The only major contiguous territory remaining to the Empire was
319:
were sometimes grouped into larger jurisdictions which were then placed under a "universal head" (
2914:
2338:
2064:
1884:
1770:
2839:
2429:
2271:
1715:
1521:
1495:
1490:
1263:
1239:
1235:
1202:
335:
228:
110:
798:
2557:
2411:
1601:
1511:
1475:
1360:
1090:
1085:
529:
431:
66:
36:
28:
2800:
2783:
2604:
2363:
2328:
2211:
2148:
2143:
1678:
1621:
460:, whose office had wide-ranging powers and functioned continuously until the 13th century.
94:
974:
The
Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare
8:
1710:
1626:
1616:
1480:
1243:
1231:
1118:
553:
342:
185:
98:
78:
913:
The Early
Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
815:
The
Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century
2788:
2778:
2652:
2323:
2206:
2123:
1986:
1338:
1318:
1298:
1288:
1054:
784:
419:
49:
334:
for members of the imperial family, the most famous and long-lasting of which was the
2910:
2844:
2749:
2682:
2662:
2630:
2562:
2549:
2470:
2465:
2216:
1981:
1831:
1350:
1303:
1293:
1283:
86:
2714:
2507:
2455:
2401:
2368:
2318:
2111:
2101:
1879:
1567:
1459:
1382:
1365:
1343:
1328:
1313:
1227:
1012:
300:
293:
251:
193:
20:
2859:
2692:
2672:
2667:
2622:
2612:
2572:
2567:
2517:
2512:
2293:
1899:
1816:
1811:
1551:
1541:
1377:
1371:
1355:
1333:
1323:
1308:
972:
911:
897:
880:
869:
856:
843:
824:
813:
802:
788:
2697:
2577:
2310:
2069:
1963:
1949:
1748:
1452:
1207:
423:
403:
383:
371:
367:
363:
289:
277:
138:
58:
2932:
2617:
2494:
2460:
2198:
2133:
2106:
1991:
1606:
1546:
510:
62:
2378:
2353:
2333:
2138:
2116:
1971:
1219:
1214:
1048:
689:
353:
remained extant, and formed the country's sole administrative subdivision.
305:
54:
32:
981:
72:
The late Roman administrative system remained intact until the 530s, when
2879:
2854:
2348:
2158:
1925:
1531:
1516:
73:
2153:
2013:
2003:
1836:
1826:
1536:
629:
264:
122:
24:
2702:
2582:
2074:
1942:
1889:
1821:
571:
452:
327:
232:
205:
143:
90:
939:
309:, which usually were little more than a town, where the governor or
247:) and hence usually rendered as duchies or catepanates in English.
2228:
2128:
2079:
1937:
1869:
1657:
922:
331:
243:
216:
159:
761:
430:, "eparch of the praetorium"), who were in charge of the Empire's
2594:
2480:
2421:
1920:
1894:
1572:
483:
350:
148:
114:
296:
successor states maintained many of its features and structure.
2223:
1998:
1864:
650:
189:
181:
153:
31:, which gradually evolved into the middle Byzantine, where the
946:. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studie. pp. 103–107.
804:
The
Byzantine Provincial Administration under the Palaiologoi
655:
634:
576:
534:
489:
408:
388:
177:
173:
however was only a military, not an administrative division.
118:
2502:
288:
Following the dissolution of the
Byzantine state after the
826:
315:("head") resided, with its surrounding countryside. Minor
141:'s field armies occupied; underneath the themes and their
47:
The classical administrative model, as exemplified by the
749:
237:
101:, which became effectively semi-autonomous territories.
902:. Venezia: Deputazione di storia patria per le Venezie.
861:
Actes du XIIe Congrès international d'études byzantines
89:(r. 582–602), this was carried a step further with the
713:
848:
Actes du X. Congrès international d'études byzantines
737:
725:
944:
916:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
850:. İstanbul: Comité d'organisation. pp. 307–315.
104:
857:"Sur la date de la création du thème de Dyrrachium"
283:
326:The 14th century also saw the creation of several
42:
2930:
1372:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
208:, distinct border provinces were created, the
997:
818:. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies.
254:, the themes continued to exist, now with a
125:, and there in the period 640–660 the first
1011:
783:
755:
719:
1004:
990:
881:"Les iles dalmates dans l'Empire byzantin"
811:
797:
743:
731:
196:times and are hence known as archontates (
920:
418:). Similar terms were employed for later
937:
2260:
950:
899:L'amministrazione Bizantina in Dalmazia
895:
878:
867:
863:. Beograd: Naučno delo. pp. 83–92.
854:
841:
204:). Along the eastern frontier with the
2931:
970:
224:had been raised to themes themselves.
35:predominated alongside a restructured
2828:
2259:
2044:
1736:
1403:
1024:
985:
822:
767:
541:large supra-regional circumscription
2939:Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire
2045:
906:
442:. Even after that however, the term
17:Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire
1747:
499:traditional rendering of the Roman
13:
835:
536:ἐπαρχότης / ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων
61:, which in turn were grouped into
14:
2950:
2870:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
214:. In the Balkans, Slavic tribes (
105:Middle period: 7th–12th centuries
21:Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire
19:were administrative units of the
2909:
284:Late period: 13th–15th centuries
1259:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1081:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
43:Early period: 4th–7th centuries
2344:Great Palace of Constantinople
2085:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1404:
790:History of the Byzantine State
356:
1:
770:, p. 81, 84-86, 138-139.
707:
589:698 (Carthage)/751 (Ravenna)
2806:University of Constantinople
2387:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
1737:
1537:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1226:Byzantine successor states (
951:Snively, Carolyn S. (2005).
518:regional group of provinces
7:
2476:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1532:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1527:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1025:
812:Krsmanović, Bojana (2008).
641:small-scale local district
299:The themes survived in the
10:
2955:
2865:Neo-Byzantine architecture
2829:
1486:Comes sacrarum largitionum
977:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
938:Komatina, Predrag (2016).
908:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.
793:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
776:
656:
635:
577:
535:
490:
409:
389:
2892:
2835:
2824:
2745:
2645:
2603:
2548:
2493:
2448:
2435:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2420:
2377:
2309:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2255:
2197:
2055:
2051:
2040:
1962:
1908:
1847:
1804:
1756:
1743:
1732:
1691:
1666:
1635:
1594:
1585:
1560:
1504:
1468:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1272:
1188:
1135:
1066:
1037:
1033:
1020:
921:Kislinger, Ewald (2011).
885:Byzantinische Forschungen
844:"L'archontat de Dalmatie"
427:
407:
387:
2009:Droungarios of the Fleet
971:Whitby, Michael (1988).
896:Ferluga, Jadran (1978).
879:Ferluga, Jadran (1977).
868:Ferluga, Jadran (1976).
855:Ferluga, Jadran (1964).
842:Ferluga, Jadran (1957).
697:military-civil province
680:military-civil province
662:military-civil province
602:military-civil province
583:military-civil province
561:military-civil province
458:Eparch of Constantinople
436:Eparch of Constantinople
113:and the invasion of the
2523:Early Byzantine mosaics
1885:Domestic of the Schools
823:Mason, Hugh J. (1974).
2840:Byzantine commonwealth
1602:Praetorian prefectures
1522:Logothetes tou genikou
1496:Quaestor sacri palatii
1491:Comes rerum privatarum
1264:Fall of Constantinople
1203:Sack of Constantinople
450:, under the governing
432:praetorian prefectures
428:ἔπαρχος τοῦ πραιτωρίου
375:
336:Despotate of the Morea
274:sack of Constantinople
67:praetorian prefectures
2540:Komnenian renaissance
2535:Macedonian period art
2440:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2412:Walls of Thessaloniki
1512:Logothetes tou dromou
1127:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1091:Valentinianic dynasty
1086:Constantinian dynasty
874:. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
807:. Amstardam: Hakkert.
530:praetorian prefecture
29:Constantine the Great
2737:Units of measurement
2471:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2364:Pammakaristos Church
2212:Corpus Juris Civilis
2163:Missionary activity
1622:Exarchate of Ravenna
1448:Imperial bureaucracy
799:Maksimović, Ljubomir
2261:Culture and society
2124:Ecumenical councils
1627:Exarchate of Africa
1617:Quaestura exercitus
1481:Magister officiorum
1476:Praetorian prefects
1119:Byzantine Dark Ages
829:. Toronto: Hakkert.
785:Ostrogorsky, George
554:quaestura exercitus
420:praetorian prefects
343:Empire of Trebizond
79:quaestura exercitus
53:, divided the late
37:central bureaucracy
2678:Flags and insignia
2324:Baths of Zeuxippus
2207:Codex Theodosianus
2097:Oriental Orthodoxy
1055:Later Roman Empire
620:military province
547:6th/7th centuries
524:6th/7th centuries
505:early 9th century
434:, and also to the
50:Notitia Dignitatum
2926:
2925:
2888:
2887:
2845:Byzantine studies
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2631:Alexander Romance
2489:
2488:
2466:Nea Moni of Chios
2329:Blachernae Palace
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2217:Code of Justinian
2065:Eastern Orthodoxy
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
1958:
1957:
1832:Scholae Palatinae
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1693:Foreign relations
1687:
1686:
1581:
1580:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1194:(1204–1453)
960:Niš and Byzantium
705:
704:
321:katholike kephale
2946:
2913:
2826:
2825:
2769:Imperial Library
2715:Byzantine Greeks
2456:Daphni Monastery
2407:Panagia Chalkeon
2402:Hagios Demetrios
2369:Prison of Anemas
2319:Basilica Cistern
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2256:
2112:West Syriac Rite
2102:Alexandrian Rite
2053:
2052:
2046:Religion and law
2042:
2041:
1977:Maritime themata
1933:Palaiologan army
1786:Military manuals
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1592:
1591:
1568:Megas logothetes
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1274:By modern region
1195:
1142:
1141:(717–1204)
1073:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1013:Byzantine Empire
1006:
999:
992:
983:
982:
978:
967:
957:
947:
934:
917:
903:
892:
875:
864:
851:
830:
819:
808:
794:
771:
765:
759:
756:Ostrogorsky 1956
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
720:Ostrogorsky 1956
717:
659:
658:
638:
637:
580:
579:
538:
537:
493:
492:
463:
462:
429:
413:
412:
411:
393:
392:
391:
349:of the theme of
301:Empire of Nicaea
252:Komnenian period
111:Muslim conquests
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2884:
2860:Cyrillic script
2831:
2812:
2757:
2741:
2641:
2623:Digenes Akritas
2599:
2544:
2485:
2449:Other locations
2444:
2416:
2373:
2305:
2294:Cross-in-square
2262:
2243:
2193:
2047:
2028:
1954:
1904:
1900:Varangian Guard
1843:
1817:East Roman army
1812:Late Roman army
1800:
1739:
1720:
1683:
1662:
1631:
1577:
1556:
1552:Epi ton deeseon
1542:Epi tou eidikou
1500:
1464:
1406:
1387:
1374:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1254:Palaiologan era
1196:
1193:
1184:
1155:Nikephorian era
1143:
1140:
1131:
1074:
1072:(330–717)
1071:
1062:
1042:
1029:
1016:
1010:
955:
838:
836:Further reading
833:
779:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
744:Krsmanović 2008
742:
738:
732:Maksimović 1988
730:
726:
718:
714:
710:
657:τούρμα / τοῦρμα
496:civil province
440:thematic system
359:
294:Byzantine Greek
286:
194:classical Greek
107:
45:
12:
11:
5:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Byzantine Bath
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2311:Constantinople
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Byzantine Rite
2061:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1950:Grand domestic
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:Komnenian army
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:Military units
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Battle tactics
1757:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1453:Medieval Greek
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:Fourth Crusade
1199:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Macedonian era
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:Theodosian era
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1001:
994:
986:
980:
979:
968:
948:
935:
918:
904:
893:
876:
865:
852:
837:
834:
832:
831:
820:
809:
795:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:
760:
758:, p. 221.
748:
736:
724:
711:
709:
706:
703:
702:
700:
698:
695:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
678:
675:
668:
667:
665:
663:
660:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
639:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
618:
615:
609:
608:
606:
603:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
574:
568:
567:
565:
562:
559:
557:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
532:
526:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
507:
506:
503:
497:
494:
487:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
358:
355:
290:Fourth Crusade
285:
282:
278:Fourth Crusade
241:) or catepan (
139:Byzantine army
106:
103:
65:and then into
44:
41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2951:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Encyclopedias
2762:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Hellenization
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:Everyday life
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:Acritic songs
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Hosios Loukas
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Monophysitism
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Armenian Rite
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2025:
2024:Naval battles
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Protasekretis
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Komnenian era
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:Heraclian era
1111:
1109:
1108:Justinian era
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
987:
984:
976:
975:
969:
965:
961:
954:
949:
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
914:
909:
905:
901:
900:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
872:
866:
862:
858:
853:
849:
845:
840:
839:
828:
827:
821:
817:
816:
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:
769:
764:
757:
752:
745:
740:
733:
728:
721:
716:
712:
701:
699:
696:
694:κατεπανίκιον
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
643:
640:
633:
631:
628:
627:
624:
622:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
585:
582:
575:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
558:
556:
555:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
502:
498:
495:
488:
486:("province")
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
421:
417:
405:
401:
397:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
297:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:chartoularata
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
167:
162:
161:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
80:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2629:
2397:Hagia Sophia
2379:Thessalonica
2354:Hagia Sophia
2334:Chora Church
2272:Architecture
2149:Great Schism
2139:Paulicianism
2117:Miaphysitism
1972:Karabisianoi
1586:
1276:or territory
1236:Thessalonica
1220:Latin Empire
1215:Frankokratia
1190:
1150:Isaurian era
1137:
1068:
1053:
1049:Roman Empire
1039:
973:
963:
959:
943:
930:
926:
912:
898:
888:
884:
870:
860:
847:
825:
814:
803:
789:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
690:katepanikion
552:
500:
451:
447:
443:
415:
399:
395:
379:
360:
346:
340:
325:
320:
316:
310:
304:
298:
287:
269:
263:
259:
255:
249:
242:
236:
226:
221:
215:
209:
201:
197:
188:were run by
175:
170:
164:
158:
152:
142:
134:
130:
108:
84:
77:
71:
55:Roman Empire
48:
46:
33:theme system
16:
15:
2880:Megali Idea
2855:Byzantinism
2558:Agriculture
2349:Hagia Irene
2182:Kievan Rus'
2159:Mount Athos
1982:Cibyrrhaeot
1926:Vestiaritai
1781:Mercenaries
1658:Catepanates
1517:Sakellarios
1436:Family tree
1361:Mesopotamia
1180:Angelid era
1160:Amorian era
674:("banner")
469:Greek name
357:Terminology
306:katepanikia
265:episkepseis
186:Cephallenia
74:Justinian I
2875:Third Rome
2801:University
2784:Philosophy
2774:Inventions
2637:Historians
2605:Literature
2588:Varangians
2430:San Vitale
2359:Hippodrome
2339:City Walls
2239:Mutilation
2234:Hexabiblos
2154:Bogomilism
2144:Iconoclasm
2014:Megas doux
2004:Greek fire
1987:Aegean Sea
1860:Kleisourai
1837:Excubitors
1827:Bucellarii
1679:Despotates
1648:Kleisourai
1587:Provincial
1431:Coronation
1405:Governance
1170:Doukid era
1103:Leonid era
966:: 213–224.
933:: 313–352.
927:Millennium
768:Mason 1974
708:References
630:archontate
617:κλεισούρα
605:640s/660s
586:580s/590s
515:διοίκησις
345:, the old
328:despotates
222:kleisourai
211:kleisourai
198:archontiai
149:nomarchies
123:Asia Minor
91:exarchates
25:Diocletian
2703:Octoechos
2583:Silk Road
2075:Hesychasm
1943:Paramonai
1890:Hetaireia
1822:Foederati
1711:Diplomacy
1706:Diplomats
1612:Provinces
1441:Empresses
1244:Trebizond
1040:Preceding
910:(1991) .
613:kleisoura
578:ἐξαρχᾶτον
572:exarchate
501:provincia
453:strategos
376:provincia
366:term for
332:appanages
280:in 1204.
233:Armenians
206:Caliphate
202:archontia
144:strategoi
59:provinces
2933:Category
2796:Scholars
2789:Rhetoric
2779:Medicine
2754:Learning
2653:Calendar
2530:Painters
2229:Basilika
2167:Bulgaria
2129:Arianism
2080:Hayhurum
2057:Religion
2019:Admirals
1938:Allagion
1870:Droungos
1776:Generals
1738:Military
1701:Treaties
1607:Dioceses
1426:Emperors
1339:Sardinia
1319:Dalmatia
1299:Bulgaria
1289:Anatolia
1248:Theodoro
1242: /
1238: /
1230: /
891:: 35–71.
801:(1988).
787:(1956).
636:ἀρχοντία
416:eparchos
396:eparchia
368:province
317:kephalai
244:katepano
229:Bulgaria
217:Sclaveni
200:, sing.
171:droungos
160:droungoi
133:, sing.
63:dioceses
2905:Outline
2850:Museums
2750:Science
2727:Slavery
2683:Gardens
2663:Cuisine
2595:Dynatoi
2563:Coinage
2550:Economy
2518:Mosaics
2481:Mystras
2422:Ravenna
2284:Secular
2172:Moravia
1921:Pronoia
1895:Akritai
1880:Tagmata
1855:Themata
1796:Revolts
1766:Battles
1674:Kephale
1643:Themata
1573:Mesazon
1415:Central
1351:Maghreb
1304:Corsica
1294:Armenia
1284:Albania
1027:History
777:Sources
677:βάνδον
511:diocese
491:ἐπαρχία
484:eparchy
410:ἔπαρχος
390:ἐπαρχία
380:eparchy
351:Chaldia
341:In the
312:kephale
276:by the
250:In the
190:archons
154:tourmai
131:themata
117:by the
115:Balkans
87:Maurice
2915:Portal
2830:Impact
2710:People
2658:Cities
2508:Enamel
2289:Sacred
2224:Ecloga
2090:Saints
1999:Dromon
1875:Bandon
1865:Tourma
1848:Middle
1771:Beacon
1653:Bandon
1636:Middle
1505:Middle
1460:Senate
1383:Thrace
1366:Serbia
1344:Sicily
1329:Greece
1314:Cyprus
1232:Epirus
1228:Nicaea
1138:Middle
1015:topics
672:bandon
651:tourma
475:First
444:eparch
400:eparch
292:, its
192:as in
182:Crimea
169:. The
127:themes
99:Africa
85:Under
2900:Index
2732:Death
2722:Women
2693:Music
2673:Dress
2668:Dance
2613:Novel
2573:Trade
2568:Mints
2513:Glass
2503:Icons
2299:Domes
2177:Serbs
1992:Samos
1805:Early
1595:Early
1469:Early
1378:Syria
1356:Malta
1334:Italy
1324:Egypt
1309:Crete
1240:Morea
1069:Early
956:(PDF)
599:θέμα
595:thema
544:330s
521:290s
478:Last
472:Type
466:Name
448:thema
424:Greek
404:Greek
384:Greek
372:Latin
364:Latin
347:banda
260:horia
178:Crete
166:banda
135:thema
119:Slavs
95:Italy
57:into
2698:Lyra
2578:silk
2189:Jews
1964:Navy
1909:Late
1749:Army
1716:Wars
1667:Late
1561:Late
1191:Late
564:536
323:).
268:and
256:doux
238:doux
163:and
97:and
27:and
2495:Art
2199:Law
338:.
330:as
184:or
93:of
69:.
2935::
962:.
958:.
942:.
929:.
925:.
887:.
883:.
859:.
846:.
426::
414:,
406::
394:,
386::
374::
262:,
180:,
157:,
1250:)
1246:–
1234:–
1121:"
1117:"
1005:e
998:t
991:v
964:3
931:8
889:5
746:.
734:.
722:.
422:(
402:(
382:(
370:(
129:(
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