Heraclius - Knowledge

1506: 1300: 1100: 2038: 1894: 1386: 3443: 3515: 816: 1646: 1883: 1166: 58: 1068:, even permitting Khosrow II to choose the emperor. In a letter delivered by his ambassadors, Heraclius acknowledged the Persian empire as superior, described himself as Khosrow II's "obedient son, one who is eager to perform the services of your serenity in all things", and even called Khosrow II the "supreme emperor". Khosrow II nevertheless rejected the peace offer, and arrested Heraclius' ambassadors. 959: 876:, deserted to Heraclius, and he entered the city without serious resistance. When Heraclius captured Phocas, he asked him "Is this how you have ruled, wretch?" Phocas's reply—"And will you rule better?"—so enraged Heraclius that he beheaded Phocas on the spot. He later had the genitalia removed from the body because Phocas had raped the wife of Photius, a powerful politician in the city. 1658: 1847:

El-Cheikh, he tried to convert the ruling class of the Empire, but they resisted so strongly that he reversed course and claimed that he was just testing their faith in Christianity. El-Cheikh notes that these accounts of Heraclius add "little to our historical knowledge" of the emperor; rather, they are an important part of "Islamic

776:, a general who had replaced Heraclius the Elder, wrote to him "to leave the army and return to his own city in Armenia". Kaldellis interprets it as the command headquarters of Heraclius the Elder, and not his hometown. Beyond that, there is little specific information known about his origin. His father was a general during Emperor 1193:. Heraclius exploited divisions within the Persian Empire, keeping Shahrbaraz neutral by convincing him that Khosrow had grown jealous of him and had ordered his execution. Late in 627 he launched a winter offensive into Mesopotamia, where, despite the desertion of his Turkish allies, he defeated the Persians under 1783:

at the time. Asked by Heraclius about the man claiming to be a prophet, Abu Sufyan responded, speaking favorably of Muhammad's character and lineage and outlining some directives of Islam. Heraclius was seemingly impressed by what he was told of Muhammad, and felt that Muhammad's claim to prophethood

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Of the characters conspicuous in history, that of Heraclius is one of the most extraordinary and inconsistent. In the first and last years of a long reign, the emperor appears to be the slave of sloth, of pleasure, or of superstition, the careless and impotent spectator of the public calamities. But

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Most Western academic historians view such traditions as biased and proclamatory and of little historical value. Furthermore, they argue that any messengers sent by Muhammad to Heraclius would not have received an imperial audience or recognition. According to Kaegi, there is no evidence outside of

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suggests that Heraclius may never have received it. He also advances that more positive sub-narratives surrounding the letter contain little credence. According to Nadia El Cheikh, Arab historians and chroniclers generally did not doubt the authenticity of Heraclius' letter due to the documentation

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going as far as to suggest that the True Cross was actually lost, and that the wood contained in the allegedly-still-sealed reliquary brought to Jerusalem by Heraclius in 629 was a fake. In his analysis, the hoax was designed to serve the political purposes of both Heraclius and his former foe, the

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convinced him to stay. Safe behind the walls of Constantinople, Heraclius was able to sue for peace in exchange for an annual tribute of a thousand talents of gold, a thousand talents of silver, a thousand silk robes, a thousand horses, and a thousand virgins to the Persian King. The peace allowed

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Roman governor, but were repulsed. Since the engagement was a Byzantine victory, there was no apparent reason to make changes to the military organization of the region. The Roman military wasn't accustomed to fighting Arab armies at scale, much like the Islamic forces of Hijaz who had no prior

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Footnote of the El-Cheikh (1999) reads: "Hamidullah discussed this controversy and tried to prove the authenticity of Heraclius' letter in his "La lettre du Prophete P Heraclius et le sort de I'original: Arabica 2(1955), pp. 97–1 10, and more recently, in Sir originaw des lettms du prophbte de

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Islamic historians often cite a letter in which they claim Heraclius wrote to Muhammad: "I have received your letter with your ambassador and I testify that you are the messenger of God found in our New Testament. Jesus, son of Mary, announced you." According to the Muslim sources reported by

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the languid mists of the morning and evening are separated by the brightness of the meridian sun; the Arcadius of the palace arose the Caesar of the camp; and the honor of Rome and Heraclius was gloriously retrieved by the exploits and trophies of six adventurous campaigns. Since the days of

1615:, he insisted on doing this as he entered Jerusalem, against the advice of the Patriarch. At first, when he was on horseback (shown above), the burden was too heavy, but after he dismounted and removed his crown it became miraculously light, and the barred city gate opened of its own accord. 1869:

to him as an ordinary-looking man who roams the market ensuring the strong fulfill the rights of the weak, and that he treats the strong and the weak equally. He then describes his physical features, and Heraclius states that there is a successor to the prophet Muhammad who is described as

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saying, "If you desire salvation and the orthodox way so that your empire remain firmly established, then follow this prophet," to the rejection of the council.. Heraclius eventually decided against conversion but the envoy was returned to Medina with the felicitations of the emperor..

1560:, who had been imprisoned by his father, and proclaimed him King on the night of 23–24 February, 628. Kavad, however, was mortally ill and was anxious that Heraclius should protect his infant son Ardeshir. So, as a goodwill gesture, he sent the True Cross with a negotiator in 628. 1162:, but the siege ended in failure (the victory was attributed to the icons of the Virgin which were led in procession by Sergius about the walls of the city), while a second Persian army under Shahin suffered another crushing defeat at the hands of Heraclius's brother Theodore. 1716:

of such letters in the majority of both early and later sources. Furthermore, she notes that the formulation and the wordings of different sources are very close and the differences are ones of detail: They concern the date on which the letter was sent and its exact phrasing.

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The Roman army proceeded to Armenia, inflicted a defeat on an army led by a Persian-allied Arab chief, and then won a victory over the Persians under Shahrbaraz. Heraclius would stay on campaign for several years. On 25 March 624, he again left Constantinople with his wife,

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Looking back at the reign of Heraclius, scholars have credited him with many accomplishments. He enlarged the Empire, and his reorganization of the government and military were great successes. His attempts at religious harmony failed, but he succeeded in returning the

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and was very unpopular. In the reign of Heraclius's two sons, the divisive Martina was to become the center of power and political intrigue. Despite widespread hatred for Martina in Constantinople, Heraclius took her on campaigns with him and refused attempts by

1418:, Heraclius still ranks among the great Roman emperors. His reforms of the government reduced the corruption which had taken hold in Phocas's reign, and he reorganized the military with great success. Ultimately, the reformed Imperial army halted the Muslims in 2088:Αὐτοκράτωρ καῖσαρ φλάβιος ἡράκλειος πιστὸς ἐν χριστῷ ἡμερότατος μέγιστος εὐεργέτης εἰρηνικὸς ἀλαμαννικὸς γοτθικὸς φραγγικὸς γερμανικὸς ἀντικὸς ἀλανικὸς οὐανδαλικὸς ἀφρικανὸς ἐρουλικὸς γηπεδικὸς εὐσεβὴς εὐτυχὴς ἔνδοξος νικητὴς τροπαιοῦχος ἀεισέβαστος αὔγουστος 1796:

Scholarly historians disagree with this account, arguing that any such messengers would have received neither an imperial audience or recognition, and that there is no evidence outside of Islamic sources suggesting that Heraclius had any knowledge of Islam.

1874:) like this. Heraclius then responded that he is fully convinced of this fulfilled prophecy, that he tried previously to convince the Romans and invite them to salvation (Islam), but none listened to him, and soon the Romans would be expelled from Syria. 1835:(d. 1373) went even further, stating that "Heraclius was one of the wisest men and among the most resolute, shrewd, deep and opinionated of kings. He ruled the Romans with great leadership and splendor." Historians such as Nadia Maria El-Cheikh and 1694:

and his victory against Sassanid empire was prophesied here. In the third and fourth verses, the Muslim community is promised that the Byzantines will reverse their defeat into a victory and retake Jerusalem "in a few years' time".

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During the last years of Heraclius's life, it became evident that a struggle was taking place between Heraclius Constantine and Martina, who was trying to position her son Heraclonas to assume the throne. When Heraclius died, he

1746:, come to a term equitable between us and you that we worship none but God and associate with Him nothing, and we take not one another as Lords apart from God. But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we peace makers." 1449:

by both sides of the dispute. For this reason, Heraclius was viewed as a heretic and a bad ruler by some later religious writers. After the Monophysite provinces were finally lost to the Muslims, Monotheletism rather lost its

1311:, previously too divided to pose a serious military challenge to the Byzantines or the Persians. They composed one of the most powerful states in the region. The first conflict between the Byzantines and the Arabs was the 1272:

over the succession to the throne. The war had been devastating, and left the Byzantines in a much-weakened state. Within a few years both empires were overwhelmed by the onslaught of the Arabs, ultimately leading to the

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him to rebuild the Empire's army by slashing non-military expenditure, devaluing the currency, and melting down, with the backing of Patriarch Sergius, Church treasures to raise the necessary funds to continue the war.

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considers Heraclius' Armenian origin "probable" and speculates that he was presumably "bilingual (Armenian and Greek) from an early age, but even this is uncertain". According to the 7th century Armenian historian

1771:. Islamic sources say that after the letter was read to him, he was so impressed by it that he gifted the messenger of the epistle with robes and coinage. Alternatively, he also put it on his lap. He then summoned 1205:

and was only prevented from attacking Ctesiphon by the destruction of the bridges on the Nahrawan Canal. Discredited by this series of disasters, Khosrow was overthrown and killed in a coup led by his son

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Thereafter, verily I call you to submit your will to God. Submit your will to God and you will be safe. God shall compensate your reward two-folds. But if you turn away, then upon you will sins of the

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The artist very likely used pre-existing portraits of Heraclius and his family. Heraclius is noted as being similar to how he's described in literary sources and how he appears in his early coinage.

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In early Islamic and Arab histories, Heraclius is the most popular Roman emperor, who is discussed at length. Owing to his role as Roman emperor at the time Islam emerged, he is remembered in

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had been restored to his throne by Maurice, and they had remained allies until the latter's death. Thereafter, Khosrow seized the opportunity to attack the Byzantine Empire and reconquer

1828:("The Book of Heraclius"). In that work, Heraclius is portrayed as declining the Prophet's request to renounce his belief in Christianity: he is therefore defeated by the Muslim forces. 625:

Heraclius's reign was marked by several military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on multiple frontiers. Heraclius immediately took charge of the

1231:, the Greek word for "sovereign", and that title was used by the Byzantine emperors for the next 800 years. The reason Heraclius chose this title over previous Roman terms such as 6875: 3538: 4176:. Chapter 32: "". "the emperor brought elders from Rome and baptized them and taught them fairly to perform the works of piety and expounded to them the faith of the Christians". 2198:(758–828): "So he died of this (disease) at the age of sixty-six after a reign of thirty years, four months, and six days". Other authors give only the month. The 13th century 1429:

The recovery of the eastern areas of the Roman Empire from the Persians once again raised the problem of religious unity centering on the understanding of the true nature of

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and a strong navy, and Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he initiated reforms to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of

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belongs the command before and after. And that day, ones who believe will be glad with the help of God. He helps whom He wills. And He is The Almighty, The Compassionate."

2024: 1720:, an Islamic research scholar, argues for the authenticity of the letter sent to Heraclius, and in a later work reproduces what is claimed to be the original letter. 970:

The war initially went the Persians' way, partly because of Phocas's brutal repression and the succession crisis that ensued as the general Heraclius sent his nephew

657:, who soon sued for a peace treaty, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territory. This way peaceful relations were restored to the two deeply strained empires. 6855: 4505: 2842: 1567:

on 21 March 629 or 630. For Christians of Western Medieval Europe, Heraclius was the "first crusader". The iconography of the emperor appeared in the sanctuary at

982:" (in its original meaning of the word, i.e. illegitimate king by the rules of succession), was eventually deposed by Heraclius, who sailed to Constantinople from 1268:, a grandson of Khosrow II, succeeded to the throne in 632 was there stability. But by then the Sasanid Empire was severely disorganised, having been weakened by 1071:

With the Persians at the very gate of Constantinople, Heraclius thought of abandoning the city and moving the capital to Carthage, but the powerful church figure

4319: 2536:. Heraclius arrived on 3 October, a Saturday. However, the chronicle later states that he entered the city on 6 October, "a Monday". The 5th is clearly intended. 1522: 1870:

black-eyed, tall, wheat-colored like a lion, and would expel his enemies from their lands. The Lakhmid spy responds that he has a companion (the second caliph,

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Islamic sources to suggest Heraclius ever heard of Islam, and it is possible that he and his advisors actually viewed the Muslims as some special sect of Jews.

3049:"Heraclius fell ill with fever, and died in the thirty-first year of his reign in the month Yakâtît of the Egyptians, that is, February of the Roman months." 1552:

from the Persians. As Heraclius approached the Persian capital during the final stages of the war, Khosrow fled from his favourite residence—Dastagird near

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in Nicomedia on 15 April, he campaigned in the Caucasus, winning a series of victories in Armenia against Khosrow and his generals Shahrbaraz, Shahin, and

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Heraclius's defeat of the Persians ended a war that had been going on intermittently for almost 400 years and led to instability in the Persian Empire.

978:, enabling his son Heraclius the younger to claim the throne in 610. Phocas, an unpopular ruler who is invariably described in historical sources as a " 4895: 3548: 1699:"The Romans were vanquished in the closer region, and they, after being vanquished, will prevail within a certain number of (from 3 to 9) years. To 1831:

In Muslim tradition, he is seen as a just ruler of great piety, who had direct contact with the emerging Islamic forces. The 14th-century scholar

6885: 1571:(ca. 1060), and then it became popular, especially in France, the Italian Peninsula, and the Holy Roman Empire. The story was included in the 993:, and in 611 they overran Syria and entered Anatolia. A major counter-attack led by Heraclius two years later was decisively defeated outside 768:

argues that there is no primary source that says that Heraclius was an Armenian and that the assertion is based on an erroneous reading of

1380: 289: 727:(commonly called Nestorian) was also involved in the process. Eventually, this project of unity was rejected by all sides of the dispute. 559: 1611:, traditionally responsible for the excavation of the cross. The scene usually shown is Heraclius carrying the cross; according to the 1901:

and his family, likely represented as Heraclius (left), his second wife Martina, his sister Epiphania, and his daughter Eudoxia, on a

1988: 1768: 922: 626: 5079:. Travaux et mémoires. Vol. 17. Paris: Association des amis du Centre d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. pp. 197–218. 4878: 3801: 5426: 6870: 6830: 5951: 1092:, and, after he revived their broken morale, he launched a new counter-offensive, which took on the character of a holy war; an 4899: 1505: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6745: 6613: 5223: 5167: 5084: 4850:[Heraclius and Ishoʿyav II: An Eastern Episode in the History of the 'Ecumenical' Project of the Byzantine Emperor]. 4776: 4704: 4543: 4520: 4414: 4392: 4227: 4114: 3938: 2450: 2423: 2349: 1495: 6778:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

2127:; pious, fortunate, renowned, victorious and triumphant, ever-venerable augustus"). Those exact victory titles were used by 1889:

showing Heraclius (middle, with the large beard) in his later reign flanked by his sons Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas

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The number and order of Heraclius's children by Martina is unsure, with some sources saying nine children and others ten.

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had been lost again. Heraclius died of an illness on 11 February 641; and most of Egypt had fallen by that time as well.

880: 195: 123: 107: 5287: 220: 4329: 3065:: "In the month of March, indiction 14, the emperor Herakleios died of dropsy after a reign of 30 years and 10 months." 1788:

to confirm if Muhammad's claim of prophethood was legitimate, and, after receiving the reply to his letter, called the

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The illegitimate son is recorded by a number of different spellings including: Atalarichos, Athalaric, At'alarik, etc.

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gives 11 January, a date that could be accepted if not for the corrupted and erroneous dates in the rest of the book.

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Heraclius (center) venerating the icon of Mary before campaigning against the Persians. Scene from the 12th century

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initiated diplomatic relations and dependencies with Heraclius. The Serbs, who briefly lived in Macedonia, became

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died only months after assuming the throne, plunging Persia into several years of dynastic turmoil and civil war.

6845: 6547: 6530: 6357: 6345: 1190: 1037: 696:. Heraclius responded with reforms which allowed his successors to combat the Arabs and avoid total destruction. 681: 629:. The first battles of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the 552: 3323:

Muhammad and Heraclius: A Study in Legitimacy, Nadia Maria El-Cheikh, Studia Islamica, No. 89. (1999), pp. 5–21.

1210:, who at once sued for peace, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territories. In 629 Heraclius restored the 1064:, that Heraclius had agreed to stand down and was about ready to allow the Byzantine Empire to become a Persian 6518: 6310: 6272: 6232: 6199: 5186: 4714: 3683: 2928: 2377: 2195: 1539:, no bolder enterprise has been attempted than that which Heraclius achieved for the deliverance of the empire. 1499: 884: 492: 458: 430: 4769:

Decline and fall of the Sasanian empire : the Sasanian-Parthian confederacy and the Arab conquest of Iran

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Kaegi, Walter Emil; Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Herakleios". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.).

1824:) and depicting the wars between the Muslims and Byzantines from the former's point of view, is also known as 1649:

Purported letter sent by Muhammad to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium; reproduction taken from Majid Ali Khan,

6733: 6559: 6386: 6352: 6316: 6205: 4666: 4315: 2385: 1925:) and at least nine with Martina, many of whom were sickly children. Of Martina's children at least two were 1839:

note that Islamic histories even go so far as claiming that Heraclius recognized Islam as the true faith and

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According to Islamic traditions, a letter was sent from Muhammad to Heraclius, through the Muslim envoy

837:, though neither of them explicitly claimed the imperial title at this time. Heraclius's younger cousin 6865: 6765: 6721: 6699: 6650: 6537: 6328: 6097: 5439: 5338: 5053: 5001: 4628: 4470: 3843:

Alexander, Suzanne Spain (April 1977). "Heraclius, Byzantine Imperial Ideology, and the David Plates".

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who reported the coming of the Muslim forces before The Battle of the Yarmuk. He described the caliph

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Arab-Byzantine troop movement from September 635 to just before the event of the Battle of the Yarmouk

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One of the most important legacies of Heraclius was changing the official language of the Empire from

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Purported letter sent by Muhammad to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium; original version of the letter.

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I'lslam (Paris, 1985), pp. 149.172, in which he reproduces what purports to be the original letter."

3081:"Mense ianuarii, xi die, defunctus est Eraclius imperator in infirmitate briky, hoc est disenteria". 6682: 6635: 6182: 5829: 5282: 4961: 4912: 4718: 4267: 4172: 4012: 3138: 2091:("Emperor Caesar Flavius Heraclius, faithful in Christ, most mild, greatest benefactor, peaceable; 2066: 2012: 1608: 1510: 1182: 1154:, resulting in the loss of one of the few minor provinces that had been conquered by the armies of 1020:

and Egypt (by mid-621, the whole province was in their hands) and to devastate Anatolia, while the

531: 393: 4848:Ираклий и Ишоʿйав II: Восточный эпизод в истории «экуменического» проекта византийского императора 3951:

Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection

1983:, who conspired against Heraclius with his cousin, the magister Theodorus, and the Armenian noble 849:

and secured the province. Meanwhile, the younger Heraclius sailed eastward with another force via

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Cameron, Averil (1979). "Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium".

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the empire to both Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas to rule jointly with Martina as empress.

1893: 1556:—without offering resistance. Meanwhile, some of the Persian grandees freed Khosrow's eldest son 1336:

at any length. The religious zeal of the Arab army, which was a recent development following the

1290: 1198: 646: 638: 4873: 6760: 6739: 6645: 5435: 4402: 4109:. The reign of Heraclius (610–641): crisis and confrontation. Leuven-Paris-Dudley MA: Peeters. 1548:

Heraclius was long remembered favourably by the Western church for his reputed recovery of the

1415: 1325: 793: 661: 4287: 3928: 2938: 2389: 6860: 6694: 6689: 6665: 6660: 6576: 6413: 6401: 6172: 5797: 5395: 5383: 4993: 4612: 4038: 3347:"Sahih al-Bukhari 2940, 2941 - Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad) - كتاب الجهاد والسير" 1898: 1776: 1629: 1588: 1577:, the famous 13th-century compendium of hagiography, and he is sometimes shown in art, as in 1394: 1005:, and the Roman position collapsed; the Persians devastated parts of Asia Minor and captured 963: 769: 587: 364: 355: 4488:

Kouymjian, Dickran (1983). "Ethnic Origins and the 'Armenian' Policy of Emperor Heraclius".

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Wāqidī, Muḥammad Ibn-ʿUmar al-; Kindî, Sulaymân al-; Wāqidī, Muḥammad Ibn-ʿUmar al- (2005).

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Although the territories recovered by his defeat of the Persians were annulled again by the

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in 636 resulted in a crushing defeat for the larger Byzantine army; within three years, the

1299: 6677: 6625: 6485: 6460: 6425: 6340: 6254: 6104: 5935: 3058: 1622: 1438: 1232: 1002: 3043: 2003:. Theodorus received the same treatment, but was sent to Gaudomelete (possibly modern-day 1084:

On 4 April 622, Heraclius left Constantinople, entrusting the city to Sergius and general

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Charanis, Peter (1959). "Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century".

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Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

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A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284–641: the transformation of the ancient world

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of Heraclius and his father in consular robes, struck during their revolt against Phocas

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The politics of usurpation in the seventh century: rhetoric and revolution in Byzantium

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for another 60 years, saving a core from which the empire's strength could be rebuilt.

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to his court, at the time an adversary to Muhammad but a signatory to the then-recent

1340:, ultimately contributed to the latter's success in its campaigns against the Romans. 788:, during 590. After the war, Maurice appointed Heraclius the Elder to the position of 6620: 6566: 6407: 6305: 6280: 6129: 5991: 5727: 5712: 5590: 5558: 5302: 5256: 5219: 5195: 5177: 5163: 5142: 5123: 5080: 5057: 5031: 5005: 4989: 4975: 4938: 4855: 4782: 4772: 4732: 4700: 4678: 4652: 4597: 4539: 4516: 4474: 4448: 4429: 4410: 4388: 4369: 4325: 4233: 4223: 4198: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4133: 4110: 4088: 4059: 4022: 3977: 3955: 3934: 3915: 3885:(2008). "Héraclius, l'Exaltation de la Croix et le Mont-Saint-Michel au XIe siècle". 3874: 3679: 3298: 3294: 2446: 2419: 2392: 2345: 2051: 1980: 1918: 1914: 1808: 1676: 1568: 1364: 1131: 1085: 932: 892: 777: 765: 761: 669: 517: 328: 203: 191: 186: 179: 5181: 5112: 4829:. Translated from Old Armenian by Robert Bedrosian. History Workshop. Archived from 3675:

The Islâmic conquest of Syria: the inspiring history of S̱aẖâbah's conquest of Syria

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on 4 July 638. They ruled for a few months in 641, but were eventually succeeded by

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Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century

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The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

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Speck, Paul (1984). "Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance".

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From Muhammad, servant of God and His apostle to Heraclius, premier of the Romans:

1158:. In 626 the Avars and Slavs supported by a Persian army commanded by Shahrbaraz, 6391: 6381: 6290: 6077: 5985: 5973: 5967: 5819: 5640: 5610: 5553: 5533: 5237: 5213: 5209: 5157: 4932: 4553: 4258: 4102: 4084: 4018:

The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text

4016: 2440: 2413: 2339: 2108: 1862: 1836: 1756: 1110: 1032:, bringing the Empire to the brink of destruction. In 613, the Persian army took 944: 846: 815: 785: 673: 4902:. Entry "Scope and content" is a summary of the plot of the poem. Archived from 4181:

El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (1999). "Muḥammad and Heraclius: A Study in Legitimacy".

3911: 3176: 1929:, which was seen as punishment for the illegality of the marriage: Fabius had a 1712: 1667:

Diplomatic career of Muhammad § Letter to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire

1509:

Heraclius returns the True Cross to Jerusalem, anachronistically accompanied by

6285: 6249: 6194: 6087: 6010: 5908: 5902: 5834: 5814: 5568: 5528: 5252: 5045: 4728: 3410:

Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah - The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume

1984: 1963: 1780: 1760: 1645: 1619: 1596: 1332:

praised for the variety of enemies it covers, does not mention warfare against

1316: 1093: 861: 821: 689: 634: 576: 448: 421: 264: 252: 244: 212: 164: 68: 63: 4237: 3503:. Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) 3431:. Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) 3353:. Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) 3188: 1099: 955:, and Khosrow demanded that the Byzantines accept this Theodosius as emperor. 645:

and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them decisively in 627 at the

6789: 6755: 6715: 6259: 6067: 5875: 5277: 5159:

Will, Action and Freedom: Christological Controversies in the Seventh Century

5107: 4859: 4786: 4583: 4311: 4202: 4063: 3919: 3882: 2092: 1996: 1910: 1604: 1573: 1517: 1475:

and were baptized at the request of Heraclius (before 626). At his request,

1442: 1348: 1337: 1265: 1222: 888: 781: 720: 255: 175: 4303: 2692: 1385: 1177:

With the Persian war effort disintegrating, Heraclius was able to bring the

864:, he made contact with prominent leaders and planned an attack to overthrow 6500: 6295: 6227: 6222: 6212: 6035: 5897: 5538: 4644: 4462: 4245:

Foss, Clive (1975). "The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity".

3284:

Abdel Haleem, M. A. 2004. The Qurʼan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 257.

2554: 2124: 2112: 1882: 1708: 1700: 1476: 1315:

in September 629. A small Arabs skirmishing force attacked the province of

1249: 1139: 1106:

and Heraclius receiving the submission of Khosrow II; plaque from a cross (

1065: 748: 716: 476: 4004: 1107: 1088:

as regents of his son. He assembled his forces in Asia Minor, probably in

6364: 6239: 6189: 6114: 5688: 5635: 5578: 4724: 4128:

The first seven ecumenical councils (325–787): their history and theology

3380: 2128: 2056: 1973: 1784:

was valid.. Later reportedly he wrote to a certain religious official in

1488: 1434: 1261: 1155: 948: 865: 744: 715:. He tried to repair the schism in the Christian church in regard to the 685: 677: 610:

from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father,

411: 402: 237: 4503:

Hitchner, R. Bruce (1991). "Cartagena". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.).

4356: 4340: 3949: 1201:. Continuing south along the Tigris he sacked Khosrow's great palace at 1165: 6420: 6335: 6300: 6265: 6177: 6092: 5852: 5845: 5792: 5772: 5717: 5682: 5675: 5620: 5585: 5448: 5360: 4625:"Drawing of Job and His Family Represented as Heraclius and His Family" 4210: 4071: 3969: 3866: 1949: 1938: 1926: 1832: 1634: 1549: 1419: 1403: 1390: 1253: 1211: 1049: 998: 940: 869: 650: 642: 383: 374: 270: 199: 148: 128: 111: 27: 5434: 4574: 4557: 6119: 6029: 6016: 5803: 5732: 5705: 5700: 5669: 5615: 5563: 5498: 5493: 2178: 1934: 1930: 1858: 1813: 1564: 1471: 1360: 1320: 1238: 1225:" after his victory. Later on, starting in 629, he styled himself as 1215: 1202: 1143: 1057: 1041: 1006: 901: 740: 630: 592: 249: 5072: 4194: 4055: 3895: 3858: 3755: 3753: 1600: 958: 57: 6435: 6217: 6109: 6062: 6022: 6004: 5924: 5859: 5839: 5809: 5782: 5777: 5762: 5752: 5722: 5630: 5625: 5573: 5548: 5543: 5508: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 3765: 2808: 2719: 2096: 1866: 1861:

recorded a story about a trader acting as a spy in Medina from the

1840: 1557: 1536: 1423: 1352: 1264:

all succeeded to the throne within months of each other. Only when

1245: 1227: 1207: 1194: 1178: 1122: 1089: 1033: 1010: 990: 983: 654: 31: 4854:(in Russian). 61: Syriaca-Arabica-Iranica. Paris-Moscow: 280–300. 3533: 3424: 3346: 2767: 6369: 6072: 5979: 5892: 5747: 5523: 4830: 4426:

Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture

3750: 2120: 1962:) on 22 January 613, at the age of 8 months. Heraclonas was made 1848: 1731: 1553: 1029: 994: 951:. Khosrow had at his court a man who claimed to be Maurice's son 834: 829:

In 608, Heraclius the Elder renounced his loyalty to the Emperor

712: 284: 6141: 5998: 5880: 5652: 5518: 5375: 5331: 5215:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

4988: 4818: 3496: 3194: 2820: 2617: 2182: 2104: 1691: 1680: 1670: 1592: 1584: 1458: 1446: 1430: 1368: 1344: 1319:

in response to the Arab ambassador's death at the hands of the

1186: 1151: 1135: 1118: 1103: 1061: 979: 936: 896: 854: 850: 830: 789: 753: 704: 619: 522: 97: 2709: 2707: 5742: 5513: 5503: 5483: 4795: 4220:

Ghost empire : a journey to the legendary Constantinople

3714: 2848: 2116: 2100: 2086: 1992: 1821: 1764: 1494:

Up to the 20th century he was credited with establishing the

1462: 1356: 1343:

The following year, the Arabs launched an offensive into the

1333: 1324:

experience in their engagements against the Romans. Even the

1308: 1257: 1114: 1079: 1025: 989:

By this time, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia and the

975: 708: 700: 580: 268: 3822: 3820: 2901: 2653: 1987:. When Heraclius discovered the plot, he had Athalarichos's 1851:," attempting to legitimize Muhammad's status as a prophet. 1769:

Byzantine defeat of the Persians and reconquest of Jerusalem

1563:

After a tour of the Empire, Heraclius returned the cross to

1016:

Over the following decade the Persians were able to conquer

5488: 5478: 3373:"The Events of the Seventh Year of Migration - The Message" 2779: 2704: 2665: 2641: 2629: 2004: 1937:. The latter married Nike, daughter of the Persian general 1871: 1785: 1688: 4385:

The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628

3974:

A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene

3738: 3477: 2488: 2486: 2268: 2062:

Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era

1657: 1498:

but modern scholarship now points more to the 660s, under

1441:. Heraclius tried to promote a compromise doctrine called 872:, an elite Imperial Guard unit led by Phocas's son-in-law 703:

to Greek. Heraclius entered diplomatic relations with the

3817: 3726: 3559: 3557: 3268: 3266: 1603:, Frankfurt). Both of these show scenes of Heraclius and 1221:

Heraclius took for himself the ancient Persian title of "

4288:"La Vraie Croix et les expéditions d'Héraclius en Perse" 3617: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3021: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2755: 2682: 2680: 2578: 2321: 2319: 4321:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

4105:(2002). Reinink, Gerrit J.; Stolte, Bernard H. (eds.). 3789: 3605: 3569: 3251: 3164: 3152: 3128: 3126: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2944: 2918: 2916: 2607: 2605: 2544: 2542: 2483: 2244: 1523:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

4801: 3554: 3263: 3239: 3227: 3113: 3111: 3096: 2968: 2510: 2459: 2256: 1976:, the son of Constantine III, by the end of the year. 1628:

Some scholars disagree with this narrative, Professor

1479:(640–642) sent Christian teachers and missionaries to 804: 4697:

When the Moon Split (A Biography of Prophet Muhammad)

4562:

Acta Ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia

3777: 3653: 3641: 3593: 3581: 3212: 2872: 2731: 2677: 2498: 2316: 2085:

His full imperial titulature is attested in Greek as

1406:, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem. 684:. Within a short period of time, the Arabs conquered 4170: 3948:

Bellinger, Alfred Raymond; Grierson, Philip (1992).

3933:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. 3144: 3123: 3009: 2992: 2980: 2956: 2913: 2889: 2743: 2602: 2590: 2539: 2341:

Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages

2292: 2033: 1843:

as its prophet, by comparing Islam to Christianity.

1307:

By 630, the Arabs had unified all the tribes of the

1096:

image of Christ was carried as a military standard.

907: 904:

Sergius to prevent and later dissolve the marriage.

739:, who, is almost universally recognized as being of 5249:

Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia

3629: 3108: 2566: 2471: 2358: 2304: 2280: 2007:) with additional instructions to cut off one leg. 1389:Battle between Heraclius's army and Persians under 5111: 4504: 4341:"Two Hermopolite Leases of the Reign of Heraclius" 4125: 3497:"Sahih al-Bukhari 7 - Revelation - كتاب بدء الوحى" 1944:Two of Heraclius's children would become emperor: 1755:According to Islamic reports, Muhammad dispatched 1732:In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful 1595:, and a similar sequence on a small altarpiece by 1433:. Most of the inhabitants of these provinces were 4934:The portrait in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts 3947: 3771: 3759: 3671: 2194:This is the date as given by the calculations of 6787: 4366:L'Iconoclasme Byzantin: le Dossier Archéologique 3084: 1968:on 1 January 632, aged 6, and was later crowned 6876:People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 4383:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). 3425:"Mishkat al-Masabih 3926 - Jihad - كتاب الجهاد" 1941:, or daughter of Niketas, cousin of Heraclius. 1913:, a daughter of Rogatus, and then to his niece 1150:, capital of the western Byzantine province of 1028:took advantage of the situation to overrun the 962:Heraclius in 613–616 (aged 38–41) with his son 891:. After her death in 612, he married his niece 743:origin. His mother, Epiphania, was probably of 4445:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071 4153:A history of early medieval Europe, 476 to 911 1800:This letter is mentioned in Sahih Al Bukhari. 986:with an icon affixed to the prow of his ship. 868:in the city. When he reached the capital, the 5420: 4871:. In Yarshater, Ehsan; Ashraf, Ahmad (eds.). 3195:Thomson, Howard-Johnston & Greenwood 1999 2140:His father is referred to retrospectively as 1979:Heraclius had at least one illegitimate son, 1543: 618:, led a revolt against the unpopular emperor 553: 5073:"Heraclius and the return of the Holy Cross" 4766: 4382: 3460: 3365: 2826: 2785: 2713: 2671: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2442:Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium 1946:Heraclius Constantine (Constantine III) 1640: 1381:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty 1237:has been attributed by some scholars to his 1134:, and his two children; after he celebrated 912: 895:in 613; this second marriage was considered 719:, by promoting a compromise doctrine called 6881:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant 6856:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 4930: 4691: 4614:Jus Graeco-Romanum: Novellae Constitutiones 4021:. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. 3896:"The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem" 3744: 3720: 3483: 3454: 1737:Peace unto whoever follows the guided path! 1060:in 615, it was at this point, according to 845:; by 609, he had defeated Phocas's general 5427: 5413: 4970:. Translated by Cyril Mango; Roger Scott. 4960: 4713: 4610: 4345:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3954:. Vol. 2, parts 1–2. Dumbarton Oaks. 3826: 3341: 3339: 3027: 2814: 2773: 2725: 2344:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 34. 2274: 1948:, his son with Eudokia, and Martina's son 1080:Byzantine counter-offensive and resurgence 1056:in 617 or 618. When the Sasanians reached 560: 546: 56: 5290:) – online encyclopedia of Roman Emperors 5070: 5044: 5018: 4998:The Armenian history attributed to Sebeos 4649:Lost wisdom: rethinking modernity in Iran 4573: 4552: 4487: 4180: 3842: 3732: 3698: 3623: 3611: 3575: 3563: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3272: 3257: 3221: 2907: 2866: 2761: 2445:. Harvard University Press. p. 183. 2438: 2382:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453 2250: 5024:A History of Byzantine State and Society 4866: 4845: 4665: 4529: 4502: 4146: 4035: 3926: 3795: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3158: 2934: 2838: 2492: 2376: 2310: 2262: 1892: 1881: 1656: 1644: 1504: 1384: 1298: 1164: 1098: 957: 883:in the Chapel of St. Stephen within the 814: 664:many of his newly regained lands to the 4920:Revista Digital de Iconografía Medieval 4827:Sebeos' History: A History of Heraclius 4745: 4442: 4078: 4011: 3990: 3417: 3336: 3102: 2854: 2737: 2516: 2412:Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (26 May 2000). 2411: 2298: 2160:in classical sources, sometimes called 1653:Islamic Book Service, New Delhi (1998). 653:was overthrown and executed by his son 6788: 5093:from the original on 10 February 2018. 4900:School of Oriental and African Studies 4881:from the original on 28 September 2013 4757: 4643: 4423: 4401: 4363: 4310: 4285: 4217: 4189:(89). Maisonneuve & Larose: 5–21. 4101: 3893: 3635: 3599: 3587: 3395: 3206: 3182: 3170: 2962: 2895: 2883: 2749: 2698: 2686: 2659: 2596: 2584: 2560: 2504: 1909:Heraclius was married twice: first to 1284: 764:considers his Armenian origin likely. 5408: 4967:The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor 4951: 4910: 4582: 4461: 4443:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1987). 4338: 4123: 3881: 3783: 3659: 3647: 3521: 3308: 3245: 3233: 3132: 3015: 3003: 2986: 2974: 2922: 2611: 2548: 2477: 2465: 2364: 2337: 2325: 2286: 1820:Island (off the shore of present-day 1687:. He is also indirectly mentioned in 1125:as Khosrow never submitted in person. 4911:Souza, Guilherme Queiroz de (2015). 4265: 4244: 3968: 3287: 3117: 3090: 2950: 2572: 1445:but this philosophy was rejected as 672:, the Muslims quickly conquered the 4956:. Rudolf Halbelt. pp. 175–210. 4894:SOAS: Swahili Manuscripts Project. 805:Revolt against Phocas and accession 676:. In 636, the Muslims marched into 67:of Emperor Heraclius (aged 35–38). 13: 5099: 4817: 4532:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 4507:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 4107:Heraclius in early Islamic Kerygma 3807: 1917:. He had two children with Fabia ( 1618:Local tradition suggests that the 1409: 1355:. Other raids penetrated into the 1009:across from Constantinople on the 273:καῖσαρ Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος αὐγουστος 14: 6897: 6886:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars 5271: 4913:"Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium" 4812:from the original on 22 May 2015. 4793: 4558:"The Barletta Colossos revisited" 3887:Cahiers de Civilisation médiévale 1491:, a comptroller of the treasury. 923:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 908:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 841:launched an overland invasion of 627:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 16:Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641 5077:Constructing the Seventh Century 4896:"Item Record (Utenzi wa Hirqal)" 4893: 3692: 3665: 3544: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2185:fell to the invaders in 622/623. 2036: 1897:An early 7th century drawing of 1487:. He also created the office of 939:in November 602 after a mutiny. 935:and his family were murdered by 889:Fabia, who took the name Eudokia 735:Heraclius was the eldest son of 680:, defeating Heraclius's brother 5137:El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). 4767:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2017). 4621: 4617:. T. O. Weigel. pp. 33–34. 4467:Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium 4447:. University of Toronto Press. 4048:Trustees for Harvard University 3704: 3534:https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2938 3527: 3489: 3326: 3278: 3068: 3052: 3033: 2791: 2522: 2432: 2405: 2370: 2188: 2171: 2146: 2134: 1903:5th century biblical manuscript 756:, Heraclius was related to the 6871:Leaders who took power by coup 6831:7th-century Byzantine emperors 5239:History of the Byzantine State 5187:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5071:Zuckerman, Constantin (2013). 4931:Spatharakis, Iohannis (1976). 4758:Olster, David Michael (1993). 4751:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 3927:Beckwith, Christopher (2009). 3379:. Al-Islam.org. Archived from 2331: 2196:Nikephoros I of Constantinople 2079: 2018: 1723:The account as transmitted by 1454:and was eventually abandoned. 1: 5139:Byzantium viewed by the Arabs 4954:Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4) 4611:Lingenthal, C. E. Z. (1857). 4247:The English Historical Review 3976:. Adamant Media Corporation. 3900:The English Historical Review 3772:Bellinger & Grierson 1992 3760:Bellinger & Grierson 1992 3678:. London: Ta-Ha. p. 32. 3185:, chap. 46, ii.914, 918. 2386:University of Wisconsin Press 2238: 2181:ceased operating in 613, and 2025:Heraclian dynasty family tree 1651:Muhammad The Final Messenger 1580:The History of the True Cross 1270:years of war and civil strife 1191:invaded Persian Transcaucasia 1113:over gilt copper, 1160–1170, 799: 600: 143: 6821:640s in the Byzantine Empire 6816:630s in the Byzantine Empire 6811:620s in the Byzantine Empire 6806:610s in the Byzantine Empire 5028:University of Stanford Press 4867:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). 4491:Revue des Études Arméniennes 4318:. In David Womersley (ed.). 2164:, "the Ever Victorious" (in 1763:" through the government of 1709:Dihyah bin Khalifah al-Kalbi 1279:fall of the Sasanian dynasty 1046:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 879:On 5 October 610, Heraclius 593: 7: 6841:Armenian Byzantine emperors 4846:Seleznev, Nicolay (2012). 4699:. Darussalam Publications. 4693:Mubarakpuri, Safi ar-Rahman 4292:Revue des études byzantines 3846:Medieval Academy of America 2439:Kaldellis, Anthony (2019). 2029: 1295:List of battles of Muhammad 1052:, and afterwards capturing 356:Constantine III (Heraclius) 10: 6902: 6700:Constantine XI Palaiologos 6651:Andronikos III Palaiologos 6538:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 5242:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 5054:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5002:Liverpool University Press 4629:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4471:Cambridge University Press 4259:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721 4124:Davis, Leo Donald (1990). 3894:Baynes, Norman H. (1912). 3835: 3413:. Oxford University Press. 2087: 2022: 1933:neck and Theodosius was a 1751:: Muhammad, Apostle of God 1727:is translated as follows: 1664: 1544:Recovery of the True Cross 1378: 1288: 1256:, and Khosrow's daughters 916: 808: 758:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia 730: 581: 269: 25: 21:Heraclius (disambiguation) 18: 6776: 6708: 6673:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 6641:Andronikos II Palaiologos 6466:Constantine IX Monomachos 6154: 6051: 5934: 5761: 5599: 5447: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5367: 5353: 5348:Constantine III Heraclius 5336: 5328: 5323: 5296: 4996:; Greenwood, Tim (1999). 4368:(in French). Flammarion. 4081:Visigothic Spain, 409–711 3912:10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287 3303:American Oriental Society 2817:, pp. 307.19–308.25. 2728:, pp. 303.12–304.13. 2701:, chap. 46, ii.914a. 1877: 1779:, who was trading in the 1759:to carry the epistle to " 1641:Islamic view of Heraclius 1481:Duke Porga and his Croats 1374: 1275:Muslim conquest of Persia 1146:succeeded in recapturing 913:Initial Persian advantage 318:Chalcedonian Christianity 313: 305: 295: 283: 243: 236: 232: 185: 171: 162:11 February 641 (aged 65) 158: 139: 135: 117: 103: 93: 83: 76: 55: 46: 41: 6636:Michael VIII Palaiologos 5283:De Imperatoribus Romanis 5162:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 4962:Theophanes the Confessor 4847: 4339:Gonis, Nikolaos (2003). 4286:Frolow, Anatole (1953). 4218:Fidler, Richard (2018). 4173:De Administrando Imperio 3889:(in French) (51): 03–20. 3146:De Administrando Imperio 2827:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 2786:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 2776:, pp. 304.25–306.7. 2714:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 2648:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 2636:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 2624:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 2563:, chap. 46, ii.902. 2338:Evans, Helen C. (2018). 2072: 2067:Revolt against Heraclius 1218:in a majestic ceremony. 1183:Western Turkic Khaganate 26:Not to be confused with 6491:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 6125:Tiberius II Constantine 5192:Oxford University Press 5156:Hovorun, Cyril (2008). 5120:Oxford University Press 4972:Oxford University Press 4771:. London: I.B. Tauris. 4594:Oxford University Press 4536:Oxford University Press 4513:Oxford University Press 4403:Haykal, Muhammad Husayn 4304:10.3406/rebyz.1953.1075 4272:Encyclopædia Britannica 4156:. Methuen young books. 4079:Collins, Roger (2004). 3305:, Vol 106, No. 3, p.531 2044:Byzantine Empire portal 1744:People of the Scripture 1160:besieged Constantinople 1142:. In the same year the 919:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 606:– 11 February 641) was 6846:Byzantine Cappadocians 6646:Michael IX Palaiologos 5247:Tarasov, Oleg (2004). 4994:Howard-Johnston, James 4364:Grabar, André (1984). 3407:Guillaume, A. (1955). 2857:, pp. 5–6, 20–22. 2418:. Wiley. p. 237. 2378:Vasiliev, Alexander A. 1989:nose and hands cut off 1950:Heraclius (Heraclonas) 1906: 1890: 1753: 1705: 1679:, such as the Islamic 1662: 1654: 1541: 1514: 1416:Early Muslim conquests 1398: 1326:Strategicon of Maurice 1304: 1174: 1126: 967: 826: 248: 6740:Thessalonian emperors 6734:Trapezuntine emperors 6695:John VIII Palaiologos 6690:Manuel II Palaiologos 6661:John VI Kantakouzenos 6577:Andronikos I Komnenos 6414:Constantine Lekapenos 5442:and empresses regnant 5396:Heraclius Constantine 5178:Kazhdan, Alexander P. 4906:on 30 September 2007. 4424:Haldon, John (1997). 4039:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 1896: 1885: 1777:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 1729: 1697: 1660: 1648: 1589:Piero della Francesca 1528: 1513:. 15th century, Spain 1508: 1395:Piero della Francesca 1388: 1359:, reaching as far as 1302: 1168: 1102: 1044:in 614, damaging the 964:Heraclius Constantine 961: 818: 770:Theophylact Simocatta 532:Twenty Years' Anarchy 71:mint. Struck 610–613. 49:Emperor of the Romans 6678:John VII Palaiologos 6626:Theodore II Laskaris 6486:Constantine X Doukas 6426:Nikephoros II Phokas 5194:. pp. 916–917. 4874:Encyclopædia Iranica 4747:Norwich, John Julius 4589:The Arabs in History 4407:The Life of Muhammad 4132:. Liturgical Press. 3059:Theophanes Confessor 2152:Also referred to as 1816:composed in 1728 at 1630:Constantin Zuckerman 1623:Colossus of Barletta 1439:Council of Chalcedon 1038:the help of the Jews 668:. Emerging from the 87:5 October 610 – 19:For other uses, see 6609:Theodore I Laskaris 6594:Alexios III Angelos 6572:Alexios II Komnenos 6496:Romanos IV Diogenes 6451:Romanos III Argyros 6397:Romanos I Lekapenos 5234:Ostrogorsky, George 4877:(online ed.). 4753:. Guild Publishing. 4651:. Mage Publishers. 4409:. The Other Press. 4005:10.1093/past/84.1.3 3549:"Scope and content" 2953:, pp. 746–747. 2910:, pp. 635–642. 2829:, pp. 202–205. 2626:, pp. 194–195. 2142:Heraclius the Elder 2131:and his successors. 1773:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb 1718:Muhammad Hamidullah 1625:depicts Heraclius. 1291:Arab–Byzantine wars 1285:Byzantine–Arab wars 1252:, Heraclius's ally 737:Heraclius the Elder 649:. The Persian Shah 612:Heraclius the Elder 300:Heraclius the Elder 6851:Byzantine generals 6836:7th-century rebels 6728:Britannic emperors 6722:Palmyrene emperors 6656:John V Palaiologos 6599:Alexios IV Angelos 6548:Constantine Doukas 6543:Alexios I Komnenos 6531:Constantine Doukas 6514:Michael VII Doukas 6476:Michael VI Bringas 6042:Romulus Augustulus 5665:Trebonianus Gallus 5658:Herennius Etruscus 5440:Byzantine emperors 5378:, 603, then lapsed 5368:Political offices 4990:Thomson, Robert W. 4869:"Sasanian Dynasty" 4833:on 9 December 2008 4316:"Fall in the East" 4148:Deanesly, Margaret 4103:Conrad, Lawrence I 4013:Charles, Robert H. 3970:Bury, John Bagnell 3297:to the end of the 3209:, pp. 88–105. 3076:Chronicon Altinate 2799:Chronicon Paschale 2530:Chronicon Paschale 2201:Chronicon Altinate 1954:crowned co-emperor 1952:. Constantine was 1907: 1891: 1663: 1655: 1515: 1467:Byzantine Dalmatia 1399: 1305: 1175: 1171:Manasses Chronicle 1127: 1048:and capturing the 968: 943:(Chosroes) of the 887:. He then married 827: 725:Church of the East 666:Rashidun Caliphate 639:impenetrable walls 167:, Byzantine Empire 6866:Byzantine consuls 6783: 6782: 6621:John III Vatatzes 6567:Manuel I Komnenos 6306:Michael I Rangabe 6150: 6149: 5992:Petronius Maximus 5591:Severus Alexander 5559:Septimius Severus 5403: 5402: 5391:Succeeded by 5354:Succeeded by 5339:Byzantine emperor 5303:Heraclian Dynasty 5225:978-0-88141-055-6 5169:978-90-04-16666-0 5114:Europe: A History 5086:978-2-916716-45-9 5020:Treadgold, Warren 4937:. Brill Archive. 4778:978-1-78453-747-0 4706:978-603-500-060-4 4667:Mitchell, Stephen 4575:10.5617/acta.5832 4545:978-0-19-504652-6 4522:978-0-19-504652-6 4416:978-983-9154-17-7 4394:978-0-415-46530-4 4229:978-1-68177-901-0 4222:. Pegasus Books. 4116:978-90-429-1228-1 3940:978-0-691-13589-2 3723:, pp. 14–20. 3701:, pp. 35–36. 3301:, Journal of the 3295:Arabic literature 3248:, pp. 27–38. 3236:, pp. 03–20. 3173:, pp. 208ff. 2977:, pp. 43–44. 2672:Pourshariati 2017 2468:, pp. 24–25. 2452:978-0-674-98651-0 2425:978-0-631-14372-7 2351:978-1-58839-660-0 2328:, pp. 21–22. 2277:, pp. 33–34. 2052:Cathedral of Mren 1981:John Athalarichos 1919:Eudoxia Epiphania 1826:Kyuo kya Hereḳali 1809:Utendi wa Tambuka 1725:Muslim historians 1677:Arabic literature 1569:Mont Saint-Michel 1437:who rejected the 1365:Battle of Yarmouk 1199:Battle of Nineveh 1073:Patriarch Sergius 860:As he approached 784:, usurper of the 766:Anthony Kaldellis 762:Elizabeth Redgate 670:Arabian Peninsula 647:Battle of Nineveh 637:was protected by 608:Byzantine emperor 590: 570: 569: 537: 536: 518:Justinian dynasty 330:Heraclian dynasty 323: 322: 279: 278: 204:John Athalarichos 192:Eudoxia Epiphania 78:Byzantine emperor 6893: 6631:John IV Laskaris 6604:Alexios V Doukas 6589:Isaac II Angelos 6555:John II Komnenos 6481:Isaac I Komnenos 6441:Constantine VIII 6431:John I Tzimiskes 6158:Byzantine Empire 5932: 5931: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5373:Preceded by 5329:Preceded by 5319: 5312: 5294: 5293: 5266: 5243: 5229: 5210:Meyendorff, John 5205: 5173: 5152: 5141:. Harvard CMES. 5133: 5117: 5094: 5067: 5041: 5015: 4985: 4957: 4948: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4863: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4814: 4813: 4790: 4763: 4754: 4742: 4723:. Translated by 4710: 4688: 4662: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4618: 4607: 4579: 4577: 4554:Kiilerich, Bente 4549: 4526: 4510: 4499: 4484: 4463:Kaegi, Walter E. 4458: 4439: 4420: 4398: 4379: 4360: 4335: 4307: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4266:Franzius, Enno. 4262: 4241: 4214: 4177: 4167: 4143: 4131: 4120: 4098: 4075: 4032: 4008: 3993:Past and Present 3987: 3965: 3944: 3923: 3906:(106): 287–299. 3890: 3878: 3830: 3824: 3815: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3774:, p. 216ff. 3769: 3763: 3757: 3748: 3745:Spatharakis 1976 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3721:Spatharakis 1976 3718: 3712: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3552: 3542: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3484:Mubarakpuri 2002 3481: 3475: 3468:Sahih al-Bukhari 3464: 3458: 3455:Mubarakpuri 2002 3452: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3383:on 5 August 2012 3377:www.al-islam.org 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3306: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3072: 3066: 3056: 3050: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2192: 2186: 2175: 2169: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2001:Princes' Islands 1633:Persian general 1483:, who practiced 1313:Battle of Mu'tah 1156:Justinian I 929:Balkan campaigns 811:Heraclian revolt 616:Exarch of Africa 605: 602: 598: 586: 584: 583: 562: 555: 548: 510: 509: 394:Tiberius (David) 331: 325: 324: 275: 274: 234: 233: 153:Byzantine Empire 145: 120: 60: 39: 38: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6772: 6716:Gallic emperors 6704: 6392:Constantine VII 6173:Constantine III 6160: 6157: 6146: 6055: 6047: 5986:Valentinian III 5974:Constantius III 5968:Priscus Attalus 5952:Constantine III 5938: 5930: 5820:Valerius Valens 5765: 5757: 5603: 5595: 5554:Didius Julianus 5534:Marcus Aurelius 5451: 5443: 5433: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5363: 5357:Constantine III 5344: 5342: 5334: 5318:11 February 641 5313: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5246: 5232: 5226: 5208: 5202: 5176: 5170: 5155: 5149: 5136: 5130: 5106: 5102: 5100:Further reading 5097: 5087: 5064: 5046:Weitzmann, Kurt 5038: 5012: 4982: 4945: 4915: 4884: 4882: 4849: 4836: 4834: 4806:The Noble Quran 4800: 4779: 4762:. A.M. Hakkert. 4739: 4707: 4685: 4675:Wiley-Blackwell 4659: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4604: 4546: 4523: 4481: 4455: 4436: 4417: 4395: 4376: 4332: 4276: 4274: 4230: 4195:10.2307/1596083 4183:Studia Islamica 4164: 4140: 4117: 4095: 4085:Wiley-Blackwell 4056:10.2307/1291127 4029: 3984: 3962: 3941: 3859:10.2307/2850511 3838: 3833: 3827:Nicephorus 1990 3825: 3818: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3555: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3405: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3309: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3073: 3069: 3057: 3053: 3038: 3034: 3028:Nicephorus 1990 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841:, p. 384, 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2815:Theophanes 1997 2813: 2809: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2774:Theophanes 1997 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2726:Theophanes 1997 2724: 2720: 2712: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2275:Lingenthal 1857 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2193: 2189: 2176: 2172: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2021: 1923:Constantine III 1880: 1863:Lakhmid kingdom 1837:Lawrence Conrad 1781:region of Syria 1757:Dihyah al-Kalbi 1747: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1673: 1643: 1546: 1496:Thematic system 1485:Slavic paganism 1422:and held on to 1412: 1410:Accomplishments 1383: 1377: 1297: 1289:Main articles: 1287: 1082: 945:Sasanian Empire 925: 915: 910: 813: 807: 802: 786:Sasanian Empire 772:. In a letter, 733: 674:Sasanian Empire 603: 566: 530: 520: 516: 497: 488: 487: 482: 472: 463: 454: 444: 435: 426: 417: 407: 398: 389: 379: 370: 365:Constantine III 360: 351: 329: 263: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 198: 196:Constantine III 194: 178: 163: 147: 127: 124:Constantine III 118: 110: 108:Constantine III 89:11 February 641 88: 72: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6899: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6675: 6670: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6535: 6511: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6471:Theodora (III) 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6367: 6362: 6350: 6338: 6333: 6321: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6286:Constantine VI 6283: 6278: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6250:Theodosius III 6247: 6242: 6237: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6195:Constantine IV 6192: 6187: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6053:Eastern Empire 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5936:Western Empire 5929: 5928: 5921: 5909:Magnus Maximus 5905: 5903:Valentinian II 5900: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5835:Constantius II 5832: 5830:Constantine II 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5698: 5693: 5685: 5680: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Antoninus Pius 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5452:27 BC – AD 235 5445: 5444: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5392: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5355: 5352: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5324:Regnal titles 5321: 5320: 5300: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5273: 5272:External links 5270: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5253:Reaktion Books 5244: 5230: 5224: 5206: 5200: 5174: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5134: 5128: 5108:Davies, Norman 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5068: 5062: 5042: 5036: 5016: 5010: 4986: 4980: 4958: 4949: 4943: 4928: 4908: 4891: 4864: 4843: 4815: 4802:"Surah Al-Rum" 4791: 4777: 4764: 4755: 4743: 4737: 4729:Dumbarton Oaks 4711: 4705: 4689: 4683: 4663: 4657: 4641: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4584:Lewis, Bernard 4580: 4550: 4544: 4527: 4521: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4440: 4434: 4421: 4415: 4399: 4393: 4380: 4374: 4361: 4336: 4331:978-0140433937 4330: 4312:Gibbon, Edward 4308: 4298:(11): 88–105. 4283: 4263: 4242: 4228: 4215: 4178: 4168: 4162: 4144: 4138: 4121: 4115: 4099: 4093: 4076: 4033: 4027: 4009: 3988: 3982: 3966: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3924: 3891: 3883:Baert, Barbara 3879: 3853:(2): 217–237. 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3816: 3800: 3788: 3786:, p. 120. 3776: 3764: 3762:, p. 385. 3749: 3737: 3735:, p. 230. 3733:Alexander 1977 3725: 3713: 3699:Weitzmann 1979 3691: 3684: 3664: 3662:, p. 229. 3652: 3650:, p. 236. 3640: 3628: 3624:El-Cheikh 1999 3616: 3612:El-Cheikh 1999 3604: 3602:, p. 402. 3592: 3590:, p. 120. 3580: 3576:El-Cheikh 1999 3568: 3564:El-Cheikh 1999 3553: 3537: 3526: 3514: 3488: 3486:, p. 420. 3476: 3459: 3442: 3416: 3394: 3364: 3335: 3325: 3307: 3299:Umayyad period 3293:Irfan Shahid, 3286: 3277: 3273:El-Cheikh 1999 3262: 3258:Kiilerich 2018 3250: 3238: 3226: 3222:Zuckerman 2013 3211: 3199: 3197:, p. 221. 3187: 3175: 3163: 3161:, p. 491. 3151: 3149:, ch. 32. 3137: 3135:, p. 319. 3122: 3120:, p. 251. 3107: 3105:, p. 128. 3095: 3083: 3067: 3051: 3032: 3020: 3018:, p. 233. 3008: 3006:, p. 230. 2991: 2989:, p. 231. 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2927: 2925:, p. 227. 2912: 2908:Kouymjian 1983 2900: 2888: 2886:, p. 288. 2871: 2869:, p. 298. 2867:Treadgold 1997 2859: 2847: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2790: 2788:, p. 199. 2778: 2766: 2764:, p. 294. 2762:Treadgold 1997 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2716:, p. 198. 2703: 2691: 2689:, p. 159. 2676: 2674:, p. 141. 2664: 2652: 2650:, p. 197. 2640: 2638:, p. 196. 2628: 2616: 2614:, p. 178. 2601: 2589: 2577: 2575:, p. 722. 2565: 2553: 2551:, p. 106. 2538: 2521: 2519:, p. 177. 2509: 2507:, p. 133. 2497: 2495:, p. 411. 2482: 2470: 2458: 2451: 2431: 2424: 2404: 2397: 2369: 2357: 2350: 2330: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2289:, p. 260. 2279: 2267: 2265:, p. 916. 2255: 2253:, p. 308. 2251:Treadgold 1997 2242: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2187: 2170: 2145: 2133: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2031: 2028: 2023:Main article: 2020: 2017: 1985:David Saharuni 1879: 1876: 1790:Roman assembly 1642: 1639: 1597:Adam Elsheimer 1545: 1542: 1411: 1408: 1376: 1373: 1286: 1283: 1121:). This is an 1094:acheiropoietos 1081: 1078: 914: 911: 909: 906: 862:Constantinople 809:Main article: 806: 803: 801: 798: 780:war with Shah 732: 729: 635:Constantinople 568: 567: 565: 564: 557: 550: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 525: 506: 505: 501: 500: 499: 498: 495: 489: 485: 483: 480: 473: 470: 464: 461: 455: 452: 449:Constantine IV 445: 442: 436: 433: 427: 424: 422:Constantine IV 418: 415: 408: 405: 399: 396: 390: 387: 380: 377: 371: 368: 361: 358: 352: 349: 339: 338: 334: 333: 321: 320: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 277: 276: 241: 240: 230: 229: 213:David Tiberius 206:(illegitimate) 189: 183: 182: 173: 169: 168: 165:Constantinople 160: 156: 155: 141: 137: 136: 133: 132: 121: 115: 114: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 74: 73: 69:Constantinople 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6898: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 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6353:Theodora (II) 6351: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6260:Constantine V 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6245:Anastasius II 6243: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6068:Theodosius II 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876:Valentinian I 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5798:Constantine I 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Constantius I 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5397: 5386: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5264: 5262:1-86189-118-0 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5201:0-19-504652-8 5197: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5148:0-932885-30-6 5144: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5129:0-19-820171-0 5125: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5063:0-87099-179-5 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5037:0-8047-2630-2 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5011:0-85323-564-3 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4981:0-19-822568-7 4977: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4944:90-04-04783-2 4940: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4844: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4738:0-88402-184-X 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4720:Short history 4716: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4684:1-4051-0857-6 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4658:0-934211-89-2 4654: 4650: 4646: 4645:Milani, Abbas 4642: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4603:0-19-280310-7 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4480:0-521-81459-6 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4454:0-8020-6667-4 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4435:0-521-31917-X 4431: 4428:. Cambridge. 4427: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387:. Routledge. 4386: 4381: 4377: 4375:2-08-081634-9 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4163:0-416-29970-9 4159: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139:0-8146-5616-1 4135: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4094:0-631-18185-7 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4028:9781889758879 4024: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3983:1-4021-8368-2 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3961:0-88402-024-X 3957: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3829:, p. 73. 3828: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3798:, p. 34. 3797: 3796:Charanis 1959 3792: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3747:, p. 19. 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3626:, p. 54. 3625: 3620: 3614:, p. 14. 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3578:, p. 12. 3577: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3260:, p. 55. 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3159:Deanesly 1969 3155: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3041: 3040:John of Nikiû 3036: 3030:, p. 77. 3029: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2965:, p. 15. 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2935:Beckwith 2009 2931: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2898:, p. 46. 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2840: 2839:Hitchner 1991 2835: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2752:, p. 37. 2751: 2746: 2740:, p. 23. 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2668: 2662:, ii.908–909. 2661: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2599:, p. 41. 2598: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2493:Mitchell 2007 2489: 2487: 2480:, p. 24. 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2400: 2398:9780299809256 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2367:, p. 36. 2366: 2361: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2312: 2311:Seleznev 2012 2307: 2301:, p. 24. 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2263:Kazhdan 1991b 2259: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2168:: خسرو پرویز) 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2034: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1999:, one of the 1998: 1994: 1991:, and he was 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:Fabia Eudokia 1904: 1900: 1895: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1613:Golden Legend 1610: 1606: 1605:Constantine I 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1574:Golden Legend 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1518:Edward Gibbon 1512: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1452:raison d'être 1448: 1444: 1443:Monothelitism 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:Lake Tiberias 1346: 1341: 1339: 1338:rise of Islam 1335: 1331: 1330:manual of war 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1266:Yazdegerd III 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223:King of Kings 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 965: 960: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 924: 920: 905: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 824: 823: 817: 812: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Bahram Chobin 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 746: 742: 738: 728: 726: 722: 721:monothelitism 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 597: 596: 589: 578: 574: 563: 558: 556: 551: 549: 544: 543: 541: 540: 533: 529: 526: 524: 519: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 503: 502: 496:706–711 494: 490: 486:705–711 484: 481:685–695 479: 478: 474: 471:668–681 469: 465: 462:668–681 460: 456: 453:668–685 451: 450: 446: 443:659–668 441: 437: 434:659–668 432: 428: 425:654–668 423: 419: 416:641–668 414: 413: 409: 404: 400: 395: 391: 386: 385: 381: 376: 372: 367: 366: 362: 359:613–641 357: 353: 350:610–641 348: 347: 343: 342: 341: 340: 336: 335: 332: 327: 326: 319: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 298: 294: 291: 288: 286: 282: 272: 266: 262: 261: 257: 254: 251: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 201: 197: 193: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 166: 161: 157: 154: 150: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 122: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 86: 82: 79: 75: 70: 66: 65: 59: 54: 51: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 29: 22: 6861:Dhul-Qarnayn 6683:Andronikos V 6681: 6664: 6612: 6580: 6558: 6546: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6505: 6499: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6373: 6356: 6344: 6327: 6315: 6309: 6296:Nikephoros I 6271: 6270: 6264: 6231: 6228:Justinian II 6223:Tiberius III 6213:Justinian II 6204: 6198: 6181: 6167: 6133: 6105:Anastasius I 6096: 6040: 6036:Julius Nepos 6028: 6021: 6009: 5997: 5990: 5978: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5898:Theodosius I 5885: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5815:Maximinus II 5802: 5704: 5687: 5674: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5577: 5539:Lucius Verus 5393:Lapsed, then 5384:Roman consul 5382: 5345: 5337: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5281: 5248: 5238: 5214: 5185: 5182:"Herakleios" 5158: 5138: 5113: 5076: 5049: 5023: 4997: 4966: 4953: 4933: 4926:(14): 27–38. 4923: 4919: 4904:the original 4883:. Retrieved 4872: 4851: 4835:. Retrieved 4831:the original 4826: 4823:"Chapter 29" 4805: 4794: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4719: 4696: 4670: 4648: 4632:. Retrieved 4627:. New York: 4613: 4588: 4565: 4561: 4531: 4506: 4495: 4489: 4466: 4444: 4425: 4406: 4384: 4365: 4348: 4344: 4320: 4295: 4291: 4275:. Retrieved 4271: 4250: 4246: 4219: 4186: 4182: 4171: 4152: 4127: 4106: 4080: 4043: 4037: 4017: 3996: 3992: 3973: 3950: 3929: 3903: 3899: 3886: 3850: 3844: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3709:"Drawing..." 3694: 3674: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3566:, p. 9. 3540: 3529: 3517: 3505:. Retrieved 3500: 3491: 3479: 3466: 3462: 3433:. Retrieved 3428: 3419: 3409: 3385:. Retrieved 3381:the original 3376: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3350: 3328: 3289: 3280: 3275:, p. 7. 3253: 3241: 3229: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3145: 3140: 3103:Collins 2004 3098: 3086: 3070: 3054: 3044: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2930: 2903: 2891: 2862: 2855:Cameron 1979 2850: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2797: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2738:Cameron 1979 2733: 2721: 2694: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2528: 2524: 2517:Charles 2007 2512: 2500: 2473: 2461: 2441: 2434: 2414: 2407: 2381: 2372: 2360: 2340: 2333: 2306: 2299:Jenkins 1987 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2199: 2190: 2177:The mint of 2173: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2136: 2081: 2009: 1978: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1943: 1921:and Emperor 1908: 1886: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1830: 1825: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1754: 1730: 1722: 1706: 1698: 1674: 1650: 1627: 1620:Late Antique 1617: 1612: 1609:Saint Helena 1583:sequence of 1578: 1572: 1562: 1547: 1529: 1521: 1516: 1511:Saint Helena 1493: 1477:Pope John IV 1470: 1456: 1451: 1435:Monophysites 1428: 1413: 1400: 1393:. Fresco by 1342: 1306: 1250:Ardashir III 1243: 1233: 1226: 1220: 1176: 1140:Shahraplakan 1128: 1083: 1070: 1066:client state 1015: 988: 969: 926: 885:Great Palace 878: 859: 828: 820: 749:Walter Kaegi 734: 717:Monophysites 698: 659: 624: 594: 572: 571: 527: 513: 477:Justinian II 475: 447: 410: 382: 363: 345: 344: 62: 47: 36: 6742:(1224–1242) 6736:(1204–1461) 6525:Konstantios 6402:Christopher 6375:Constantine 6365:Michael III 6346:Constantine 6329:Constantine 6311:Theophylact 6240:Philippicus 6190:Constans II 6115:Justinian I 6011:Severus III 5959:Constans II 5713:Claudius II 5689:Silbannacus 5636:Gordian III 5611:Maximinus I 5579:Diadumenian 5278:"Heraclius" 4725:Cyril Mango 4351:: 203–206. 4324:. Penguin. 4277:11 February 4268:"Heraclius" 3812:ch. 29 3636:Conrad 2002 3600:Haykal 1994 3588:Conrad 2002 3524:, p. . 3457:, p. . 3207:Frolow 1953 3183:Gibbon 1994 3171:Haldon 1997 3079:107, 21–25: 2963:Milani 2004 2896:Haldon 1997 2884:Baynes 1912 2843:"Cartagena" 2750:Grabar 1984 2699:Gibbon 1994 2687:Fidler 2018 2660:Gibbon 1994 2597:Haldon 1997 2585:Gibbon 1994 2561:Gibbon 1994 2505:Olster 1993 2154:Chosroes II 2129:Justinian I 2093:victor over 2057:Flavia gens 2019:Family tree 2005:Gozo Island 1974:Constans II 1711:, although 1587:painted by 1500:Constans II 1489:sakellarios 1262:Azarmidokht 949:Mesopotamia 927:During his 881:was crowned 866:aristocrats 745:Cappadocian 686:Mesopotamia 678:Roman Syria 528:Followed by 514:Preceded by 412:Constans II 403:Constans II 238:Regnal name 119:Co-emperors 94:Predecessor 6826:641 deaths 6801:575 births 6790:Categories 6519:Andronikos 6507:Nikephoros 6456:Michael IV 6421:Romanos II 6341:Theophilos 6336:Michael II 6317:Staurakios 6301:Staurakios 6273:Nikephoros 6266:Artabasdos 6178:Heraclonas 6135:Theodosius 6093:Basiliscus 5853:Nepotianus 5846:Magnentius 5840:Constans I 5793:Severus II 5773:Diocletian 5718:Quintillus 5683:Aemilianus 5676:Volusianus 5621:Gordian II 5586:Elagabalus 5449:Principate 5361:Heraclonas 5298:Heraclius 4898:. London: 4837:22 October 4715:Nicephorus 4253:: 721–47. 4238:1023526060 3784:Kaegi 2003 3685:1842000675 3660:Kaegi 2003 3648:Kaegi 2003 3522:Kaegi 2003 3501:sunnah.com 3429:sunnah.com 3351:sunnah.com 3246:Souza 2015 3234:Baert 2008 3133:Kaegi 2003 3016:Kaegi 2003 3004:Kaegi 2003 2987:Kaegi 2003 2975:Lewis 2002 2937:, p. 2923:Kaegi 2003 2612:Speck 1984 2549:Kaegi 2003 2478:Kaegi 2003 2466:Kaegi 2003 2388:. p. 2365:Kaegi 2003 2326:Kaegi 2003 2287:Davis 1990 2239:References 1939:Shahrbaraz 1833:Ibn Kathir 1767:after the 1665:See also: 1635:Shahrbaraz 1607:'s mother 1550:True Cross 1420:Asia Minor 1404:True Cross 1397:, ca. 1452 1391:Khosrow II 1379:See also: 1254:Shahrbaraz 1212:True Cross 1050:True Cross 999:Shahrbaraz 974:to attack 953:Theodosius 941:Khosrow II 931:, Emperor 917:See also: 897:incestuous 870:Excubitors 800:Early life 660:Heraclius 651:Khosrow II 643:Asia Minor 604: 575 595:Hērákleios 504:Succession 384:Heraclonas 375:Heraclonas 337:Chronology 271:Αὐτοκράτωρ 258:Heraclius 217:Theodosius 200:Heraclonas 149:Cappadocia 129:Heraclonas 112:Heraclonas 28:Heraclitus 6796:Heraclius 6761:Classical 6746:Empresses 6730:(286–296) 6724:(267–273) 6718:(260–274) 6461:Michael V 6387:Alexander 6200:Heraclius 6168:Heraclius 6120:Justin II 6030:Glycerius 6017:Anthemius 5887:Procopius 5825:Martinian 5804:Maxentius 5733:Florianus 5706:Saloninus 5701:Gallienus 5670:Hostilian 5646:Philip II 5616:Gordian I 5564:Caracalla 5499:Vespasian 5494:Vitellius 4885:17 August 4860:0222-1292 4787:953439586 4568:: 55–72. 4314:(1994) . 4203:0585-5292 4064:0070-7546 4050:: 23–44. 4015:(2007) . 3920:0013-8266 3875:161886591 3703:See also 3507:19 August 3435:19 August 3387:25 August 3357:18 August 3118:Bury 2005 3045:Chronicle 2951:Foss 1975 2587:, ii.906. 2573:Foss 1975 2415:Armenians 2179:Nicomedia 2158:Xosrov II 1935:deaf-mute 1931:paralyzed 1859:Al-Waqidi 1814:epic poem 1740:peasants. 1565:Jerusalem 1526:, wrote: 1472:foederati 1447:heretical 1351:, taking 1347:south of 1321:Ghassanid 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The 1345:Arabah 1317:Arabia 1189:, who 1187:Ziebel 1152:Spania 1136:Easter 1119:Louvre 1111:enamel 1104:Cherub 1062:Sebeos 1003:Shahin 980:tyrant 937:Phocas 855:Cyprus 851:Sicily 831:Phocas 794:Africa 790:Exarch 754:Sebeos 723:. 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