1442:(887–940), the Jews launched an expedition against Tyre. Bands of Jews from Jerusalem, Tiberias, Galilee, Damascus, and even from Cyprus, united and undertook an incursion against Tyre, having been invited by the 4,000 Jewish inhabitants of that city to surprise and massacre the Christians on Easter night. The Jewish army is said to have consisted of 20,000 men. The expedition, however, miscarried, as the Christians of Tyre learned of the impending danger, and seized the 4,000 Tyrian Jews as hostages. The Jewish invaders destroyed the churches around Tyre, an act which the Christians avenged by killing two thousand of their Jewish prisoners. The besiegers, to save the remaining prisoners, withdrew, having had to suffer the humiliation of watching the heads of the Jewish captives as they were thrown over the walls.
84:
1143:, having been invited by the 4,000 Jewish inhabitants of that city to surprise and massacre the Christians on Easter night. The Jewish army is said to have consisted of 20,000 men. The expedition, however, miscarried, as the Christians of Tyre learned of the impending danger, and seized the 4,000 Tyrian Jews as hostages. The Jewish invaders destroyed the churches around Tyre, an act which the Christians avenged by killing two thousand of their Jewish prisoners. The besiegers, to save the remaining prisoners, withdrew. The Jews had hoped that
452:
1213:, near the site where Strategius recorded the massacre took place. The human remains were in poor condition containing a minimum of 526 individuals. Other mass burial sites have also been found although they cannot be accurately dated to the Persian conquest of Jerusalem. Yet, excavations of Jerusalem show a continuous habitation in Jerusalem neighborhoods and essentially little impact of population during the period of Persian governorship. As stated by archaeologist Gideon Avni:
225:
1046:
25:
1475:, but Kavad II would only have a brief reign. The conquered city and the Cross would remain in Sasanian hands until they were returned by Shahrbaraz. On 21 March 630, Heraclius marched in triumph into Jerusalem with the True Cross. Ancient manuscripts date Heraclius' entry into Jerusalem as 21 March 629. Modern scholars increasingly doubt this date for a number of reasons.
2957:
1551:(887-940), the Christians population and monks of Jerusalem convinced the Emperor to break his word. Some modern scholars ascribe the story of the "Oath of Heraclius" to the realm of legend, doubting that Heraclius ever made such a promise, or else view his alleged reluctance to break the oath as a product of later apologists.
1580:
imperial conversion campaign. The rarity of such campaigns is thought to be due to
Christian theological constraints. In Christian apocalyptic literature, some Jews must remain until the end of time. Christian theologians of the time also had other core theological reasons for rejecting the forced conversion of Jews.
1579:
suggests that
Heraclius’ change of heart in 630 cannot be separated from the "Jewish Question" and the anti-Jewish world view ubiquitous to Christian thought at that time. He sees the decision as being based more on politics than religion. Heraclius is one of the few Byzantine emperors to have had an
1223:
Demographic continuity might have resulted from population exchange by the victorious Jewish rebels, but apparently also the
Christian habitation remained relatively constant, despite the disturbance by the Persian conquest, and no significant impact on the population of Jerusalem was made during the
1194:
Some historians believe the war reduced and weakened the
Christian population not just in Jerusalem but across the Near East, allowing the success of the following Arab invasion. However, over the past thirty years the archaeological evidence has not supported the ancient manuscripts which record the
1135:
the siege resulted in a total
Christian death toll of 17,000, Christian sources later exaggerated the extent of the massacre, claiming a death toll as high as 90,000. In addition, 35,000 or 37,000 people including the patriarch Zacharias are said to have been deported to Mesopotamia. The city is said
3035:
In atonement for the violation of an oath to the Jews, the monks pledged themselves to a fast, which the Copts still observe; while the
Syrians and the Melchite Greeks ceased to keep it after the death of Heraclius; Elijah of Nisibis ("Beweis der Wahrheit des Glaubens," translation by Horst, p. 108,
1559:
Jews were expelled from
Jerusalem and were not allowed to settle within a three-mile radius. A general massacre of the Jewish population ensued. The massacre devastated the Jewish communities of the Galilee and Jerusalem. Only those Jews who could flee to the mountains or Egypt are said to have been
1173:
made peace with
Heraclius, but Kavad II would only have a brief reign. It is said that Benjamin, a man of immense wealth and one of the leaders of the failed revolt, accompanied Heraclius on his voyage to Jerusalem, was persuaded to convert, and obtained a general pardon for himself and the Jews. On
3064:
the emperor
Heraclius, on his way to Jerusalem, promised his protection to the Jews of Palestine. (Abu Salih the Armenian, Abu al-Makarim, ed. Evetts 1895, p. 39, Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia: Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia. Semitic series--pt. VII) (Abu Salih the Armenian was just the Book's
1639:
records that the Jews of the
Byzantine Empire would be converted in one hundred and twenty years, seeming to refer to these occurrences, since about one hundred and twenty years elapsed from the time of the Persian war under Anastasius, in 505, to the victory of Heraclius in 628. Some scholars see
1517:
and another of his brothers came to live at the Byzantine court, having been held for a time in central Mesopotamia practically as hostages. They arrived along with the True Cross. The Holy Sponge was attached to the cross in a special ceremony in Constantinople on 14 September 629. The Holy Lance
1483:
Walter Emil Kaegi puts the death of Kavad II in September 629. The Persian succession between 628 and 632 becomes confused and different historians give different succession timelines. In the period following the death of Kavad II, up to six different individual are said to have reigned, these are
1271:
in 1957 questioned the reliability of the number of Jewish combatants recorded in ancient texts and the population estimates based on these texts, although he does not discount the estimate altogether. He reasons that the 43 Jewish settlements Avi-Yonah lists may indeed be supportive of a minority
1130:
would shortly capture Jerusalem without resistance.After only a few months a Christian revolt occurred. Nehemiah ben Hushiel and his council of sixteen people were killed along with many other Jews, some throwing themselves off the city walls. Christians were able to briefly retake the city before
1454:
in exchange for their support. However they were too few to make this a reality. For a time they are said to have enjoyed relative dominance in Jerusalem, although it may have been in a state of anarchy. By 617 CE the Persians had reversed their policy and sided with the Christians over the Jews,
1406:
argues that the massacre occurred in the context of the returning Jews attempting to round up the ring leaders who had led the earlier pogrom. Christian sources later exaggerated the extent of the massacre, claiming a death toll as high as 90,000. In addition 35,000 or 37,000 people including the
1508:
gives a date of July 629 at Arabissos. Walter Emil Kaegi sees this July 629 meeting as representing an earlier negotiation with Shahrbaraz preceding the death of Kavad II. Nikephoros exaggerated and confused the record by claiming that Hormizd succeeded Kavad II. Claiming Hormizd sent his son to
1455:
probably because of pressure from Mesopotamian Christians in Persia itself. Further Jewish settlers were banned from settling in or around Jerusalem and a small synagogue on the Temple Mount was also demolished. Instead of supporting the Jews, Khosrow is said to have imposed heavy taxes on them.
1542:
Heraclius came as victor into the country and the Jews of Tiberias and Nazareth, under the leadership of Benjamin of Tiberias, surrendered and asked for his protection. It is said that Benjamin even accompanied Heraclius on his voyage to Jerusalem and Benjamin was persuaded to convert, Benjamin
1418:
Unlike Sebeos, Antiochus uses polemical language. Antiochus wrote that the Jews offered to help the Christian captives escape death if they "become Jews and deny Christ." They refused. In anger, the Jews then purchased Christians to kill them. A significant number of burial sites were allocated
1198:
Jerusalem is said to have been burnt down. However, neither widespread burning nor destruction of churches have been found in the archaeological record. Despite the claims of large scale destruction, the archaeological evidence does not reveal layers of destruction associated with the Persian
1324:, the administrative capital of the Palaestina Prima province. When Shahrbaraz had entered Galilee, a significant Jewish revolt took place with some 20,000 Jewish rebels joining him in the war against the Byzantines. Depending on the chronicler figures of either 20,000 or 26,000 are given.
1583:
In another legend, Heraclius' astrologers are said to have revealed to him that a circumcised people would conquer his empire. Heraclius set out to forcibly convert the Jews of the Byzantine Empire, reportedly advising his friend Dagobert, king of the Franks, to do likewise.
1518:
followed reaching Constantinople on 28 October 629. It is probable that at this time, Niketas converted to Christianity; as he was his father's heir-apparent, this opened the prospect of the Christianization of Persia should Shahrbaraz be able to maintain his power there.
2681:
Biblical researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea a journal of travels in the year 1838 by E. Robinson and E. Smith, undertaken in reference to Biblical geography; drawn up from the original diaries, with historical illustrations by Edward
1598:
Following the defeat of the Persian Empire the territory would not remain in Byzantine hands for long. By 638, the Arabs would conquer Jerusalem. Caesarea would remain under Byzantine control until 640. The Arab Islamic Empire under Caliph
1407:
patriarch Zacharias are said to have been deported to Mesopotamia. The city is said to have been burnt down. However, neither wide spread burning nor destruction of churches have been found in the archaeological record. The search for the
1181:
Archaeological work doesn't support the written sources, which claim that the conflict led to large-scale massacres perpetrated against Christian and Jewish communities in Jerusalem and the destruction of churches in the city (see
1387:. Christians were able to briefly retake the city before the walls were breached by Shahrbaraz's forces who lay siege to the city. Sources vary on how long the siege lasted. Depending on the source it lasted 19, 20 or 21 days.
1615:
The events of the Persian-Byzantine struggle in the Levant and the consequent Arab conquest inspired several apocalyptic Jewish writings of the early Middle Ages. Helping to popularize the idea of a war messiah, the
1512:
Heraclius was in Constantinople in 629 where he issued a "novel", or law, that went into effect on 1 April 629. At Arabissos Heraclius and Shahrbaraz would agree on new borders. To seal the deal Shahrbaraz's son
313:
1151:
in exchange for their support. By 617 CE the Persians had reversed their policy and sided with the Christians over the Jews, probably because of pressure from Mesopotamian Christians in Persia itself.
1380:
After only a few months a Christian revolt occurred. Nehemiah ben Hushiel and his council of sixteen righteous were killed along with many other Jews, some throwing themselves off the city walls.
1174:
21 March 630, Emperor Heraclius marched in triumph into Jerusalem with the True Cross. A general massacre of the Jewish population ensued. The massacre devastated the Jewish communities of the
1263:
estimates that if ten percent of the Jewish population joined the revolt and the figure of 20,000 rebels is correct then 200,000 Jews were living in the territory at the time. Likewise
306:
3941:
1547:
in the house of Eustathios, an influential Christian. However once Heraclius reached Jerusalem he was persuaded to go back on his promise to Benjamin of Tiberias. According to
1529:
assassinated and took control of the Persian Empire from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630. The 630 date would also have the advantage of matching the date for the Fast of Heraclius.
1276:
similarly accepts this estimate. In 1950 Israel Cohen gave an estimate of double these values, estimating that between 300,000 and 400,000 Jews were in the land. More recently
299:
3055:"History of Churches and Monasteries", Abu Salih the Armenian c. 1266 - Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia: Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia. [Semitic series--pt. VII]
1504:. Negotiations continued with Shahrbaraz being the real power. Antiochus records that Heraclius made an agreement with Ardashir III with Shahrbaraz acting as intermediary,
1267:
used the figure of Jewish combatants to arrive at an estimate of the total Jewish population. He gives a figure of 150,000 to 200,000 living in 43 Jewish settlements.
1218:... all excavated sites in Jerusalem show a clear pattern of continuity, with no evidence for destruction by the Persian conquest of 614 or the Arab conquest of 636.
337:
1287:
during this time period. The Galilee is said to have contained several cities which are thought to have been populated largely by a homogenous Jewish demographic,
1563:
In atonement for the violation of the emperor's oath to the Jews, the monks are said to have pledged themselves to a yearly fast, which is still observed by the
3370:
974:
2523:
1343:
and the mountain cities of Galilee, and together with a band of Arabs and additional Jews from southern parts of the country they marched on Jerusalem.
3946:
2727:
3956:
1575:
In 628, Heraclius reportedly rescinded a decision made by his brother which would have exterminated the Jews of Edessa for supporting the Persians.
3966:
1430:
near the site, where Antiochus recorded the massacre took place. The human remains were in poor condition containing a minimum of 526 individuals.
1357:
The Persian army reinforced by Jewish forces led by Nehemiah ben Hushiel and Benjamin of Tiberias would capture Jerusalem without resistance.
2540:
2106:
989:
168:
115:
3936:
3863:
3770:
3604:
1961:
1074:
2634:
1136:
to have been burnt down. However, neither widespread burning nor destruction of churches have been found in the archaeological record.
42:
3976:
3792:
2043:
1252:
in 610. The Jews of Tyre were massacred in reprisal. Unlike in earlier times when Jews had supported Christians in the fight against
1092:
959:
323:
75:
3951:
3848:
3705:
3375:
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and Benjamin of Tiberias. Nehemiah was then appointed the ruler of Jerusalem. He began making arrangements for the building of the
362:
3991:
3853:
3843:
3599:
1708:
1654:
875:
1360:
The capture of Jerusalem was interpreted by Jewish writers in a messianic context. Sacrifices may even have been renewed on the
3078:
2377:
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34:
3292:
2340:
3921:
3916:
3758:
3753:
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3182:
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3004:
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2216:
2180:
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2008:
1971:
1927:
1850:
3986:
3981:
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2659:
Israel Cohen (1950). Contemporary Jewry: a survey of social, cultural, economic, and political conditions. Methuen. p. 310.
2464:. Terra antique balcanica et mediterranea, Miscellanea in Honour of Alexander Minchev, Acta Museii Varnaensis, VIII-1, 2011
1139:
Bands of Jews from Jerusalem, Tiberias, Galilee, Damascus, and even from Cyprus, united and undertook an incursion against
894:
3438:
3420:
2749:
1131:
the walls were breached by Shahrbaraz's forces who lay siege to the city. According to the Armenian bishop and historian
916:
584:
552:
3458:
3258:
1703:
2884:
1548:
1439:
3206:
2485:
1593:
1122:, the administrative capital of the Palaestina Prima province. The Persian army reinforced by Jewish forces led by
1119:
352:
2916:
1525:
had encounter resistance at Edessa and Heraclius would not have exposed himself to similar danger. Shahrbaraz had
3926:
3763:
3700:
3614:
3395:
1522:
1067:
260:
2782:
1772:
1505:
1352:
936:
409:
357:
3609:
399:
372:
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2140:
3931:
3780:
3619:
3365:
3335:
3107:
3020:
2825:
2679:
1998:
1280:
has postulated that the combined Jewish and Samaritan population was a majority in the early 7th century.
3971:
3629:
3624:
3468:
3448:
1521:
Heraclius would not have entered Jerusalem while the Persian troop presence persisted. Heraclius brother
904:
614:
594:
382:
83:
46:
3172:
2170:
3961:
3410:
3405:
2095:
by Gideon Avni, Director of the Excavations and Surveys Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority.
1664:
1383:
Following the outburst of violence in Jerusalem, the surviving Jews fled to Shahrbaraz's encampment at
1060:
969:
858:
431:
367:
1178:
and Jerusalem. Only those Jews who could flee to the mountains or Egypt are said to have been spared.
3552:
2791:
1463:
By 622 CE, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius had assembled an army to retake the territory lost to the
921:
1202:
A significant number of burial sites were allocated according to Strategius. A mass burial grave at
1629:
1621:
1260:
964:
954:
641:
539:
465:
2498:
1394:
the siege resulted in a total Christian death toll of 17,000, 4,518 prisoners were massacred near
3720:
3385:
3380:
3328:
3059:
1411:
is said to have involved the torture of clergymen. Once found, the True Cross was carried off to
1321:
1313:
1107:
1032:
994:
909:
697:
414:
342:
2273:
3746:
3547:
404:
196:
3144:
2636:
Social and Religious History of the Jews, Volume 3: High Middle Ages: Heirs of Rome and Persia
2566:
1919:
3818:
3797:
3736:
3731:
3557:
3491:
2996:
2989:
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2602:
East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End of Antiquity: Historiographical and Historical Studies
1840:
1659:
1403:
1027:
207:
1199:
conquest. There was also no hard evidence found for the widespread destruction of churches.
3478:
3463:
2206:
1365:
1332:
1328:
1268:
1259:
The territory is said to have had a substantial indigenous Jewish population at this time.
1127:
1123:
979:
799:
632:
229:
219:
2458:"Archaeology Versus Written Sources: the Case of the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614"
1320:
led his forces through Palaestina Secunda and into Palaestina Prima provinces. Shahrbaraz
1244:
in 608 would lead to a Jewish revolt in 610 which was crushed. Jews also revolted in both
8:
3996:
3823:
3663:
3496:
3112:
1514:
1493:
1399:
926:
880:
754:
111:
3053:
2827:
Eucherius about certain holy places: The library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
1240:
elements. In several cases Jews tried to help support the Sasanian advance. A pogrom in
3838:
3453:
3433:
2878:
2525:
JEWISH RULE OF JERUSALEM 614-617 C.E. Jewish Revolt Against Byzant with Persian Support
2092:
1738:
1617:
1232:
Jews and Samaritans were persecuted frequently by the Byzantines resulting in numerous
1115:
984:
766:
683:
148:
2267:
3870:
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3579:
3542:
3506:
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3178:
3148:
3137:
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2730:. Translated by John C. Reeves. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 2013-04-24
2640:
2606:
2572:
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2212:
2176:
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2004:
1967:
1923:
1912:
1846:
1690:
1670:
1384:
1264:
1233:
1155:
702:
661:
493:
478:
440:
387:
2705:
3651:
3537:
3532:
3511:
3443:
3390:
2800:
1625:
1292:
1100:
819:
761:
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678:
671:
604:
503:
488:
483:
392:
291:
144:
107:
3813:
3643:
3591:
3567:
3562:
2564:
2420:
1636:
1501:
1464:
1162:
1022:
853:
809:
733:
473:
377:
200:
173:
152:
3833:
3501:
3400:
3351:
3049:
2804:
1838:
1713:
1451:
1148:
1012:
788:
729:
498:
243:
2870:
1624:, which is partially attributed to the events between the Persian conquest of
1620:, who would die paving the way for the Messiah ben David. Among these are the
3910:
3858:
2751:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Volume 4
1576:
1273:
1245:
1140:
1050:
848:
784:
224:
3895:
3516:
3134:
2953:
2850:
2541:"The Religious Policy of Emperor Heraclius (610-641) in regards to Hebrews"
1873:
1526:
1485:
1424:
1395:
1369:
1361:
1249:
1237:
1207:
931:
780:
1640:
similarities between these Christian works and their Jewish counterparts.
2966:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 362.
1604:
1497:
1427:
1210:
651:
570:
2747:
2422:
History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire
2093:
The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem (614 CE) – an archeological assessment
3875:
3428:
1543:
obtained a general pardon for himself and the Jews. He was baptized in
1489:
1408:
1335:(a man of immense wealth), who enlisted and armed Jewish soldiers from
1317:
1166:
1144:
1111:
863:
566:
508:
451:
250:
214:
3213:. Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group
2565:
Robert Bonfil; Oded Ishai; Guy G. Stroumsa; Rina Talgam, eds. (2012).
2269:
Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion
3668:
3572:
1676:
1472:
1412:
1277:
1158:
191:
3047:
2786:
2211:. Oxford University Press. p. 2: Anastasian Landscapes page 8.
3828:
3688:
2787:"Antiochus Strategos' Account of the Sack of Jerusalem in A.D. 614"
2457:
2241:
1963:
Judaica Minora: Geschichte und Literatur des rabbinischen Judentums
1468:
1340:
1336:
1296:
1288:
1253:
1170:
131:
2379:
Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World
2244:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars Ad 363-628, Part 2
2142:
Jewish Encyclopedia CHOSROES (KHOSRU) II. PARWIZ ("The Conqueror")
1372:, and sorting out genealogies to establish a new High Priesthood.
3683:
3678:
3320:
2107:"When and how the Jews were Dispossessed from the Land of Israel"
1420:
1284:
1241:
1203:
1175:
1017:
870:
524:
2499:"Revolt Against Heraclius - 620 Words | Internet Public Library"
3785:
3693:
3673:
2568:
Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures
1544:
1391:
1132:
1096:
885:
529:
515:
2200:
2198:
1450:
The Jews had hoped that Khosrow II would give them all of the
534:
3170:
1839:
R. W. THOMSON; JAMES HOWARD-JOHNSTON; TIM GREENWOOD (1999).
1291:
being a center of Jewish learning. In fact the title of the
2748:
Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda, eds. (1996).
2195:
1600:
1564:
268:
177:
127:
1774:
a history of the jews in babylonia v. later sasanian times
1295:
is something of a misnomer as it was actually compiled in
1161:
had assembled an army to retake the territory lost to the
2486:"Human Skeletal Remains from the Mamilla cave, Jerusalem"
16:
Jewish rebellion during Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
3232:
Silver, Abba Hillel (2003). "II The Mohammedan Period".
3135:
Glen Warren Bowersock; Peter Brown; Oleg Grabar (1999).
2991:
God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215
2334:
2332:
1992:
1990:
1118:
and into Palaestina Prima provinces. In 614, Shahrbaraz
2830:. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London
2237:
2235:
2138:
3174:
Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective After Two Millennia
1909:
1256:, the Byzantines had now become viewed as oppressors.
3290:
2598:
2545:
Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Orthodoxa
2481:
2479:
2329:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1987:
1195:
devastation of the Christian community in Jerusalem.
3297:. University of California Press. pp. 180–181.
2632:
2265:
2242:
Michael H. Dodgeon; Samuel N. C. Lieu, eds. (2002).
2232:
2175:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 353–354.
2000:
Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
1740:
A history of Palestine from 135 A.D. to modern times
321:
2677:
3139:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
3136:
2988:
2668:Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine: 634–1099, p. 3.
2605:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 124–125, 142.
2476:
2371:
2369:
2290:
2123:
1911:
1467:. In 628, following the deposition of Khosrow II,
1283:Jews are thought to have been concentrated in the
1236:. Byzantine religious propaganda developed strong
3076:
2914:
2301:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1959:
1570:
3942:Battles of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
3908:
3256:
2948:
2671:
1458:
3260:Judaism and Imperial Ideology in Late Antiquity
3022:Jewish Encyclopedia BYZANTINE EXPIRE: Heraclius
2366:
2041:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1419:according to Antiochus. A mass burial grave at
1390:According to the Armenian bishop and historian
3263:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–58.
3102:
3100:
3065:owner, the author is actually Abu al-Makarim.)
2157:
2069:
1996:
1445:
3336:
3171:Avnēr Rabbān; Kenneth G. Holum, eds. (1996).
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2455:
2338:
1770:
1068:
307:
3013:
2819:
2817:
2204:
1747:
1736:
1610:
1433:
3198:
3097:
3083:. Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2342:Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria
2308:. Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
3343:
3329:
3234:History of Messianic Speculation in Israel
3052:(1895). Basil Thomas Alfred Evetts (ed.).
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2639:. Columbia University Press. p. 237.
2551:
2451:
2449:
2418:
2375:
2168:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1537:
1478:
1075:
1061:
314:
300:
2855:. : Pen and Sword Military. p. 224.
2823:
2814:
2781:
2775:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2246:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 227–228.
1842:The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos
3957:Jews and Judaism in the Byzantine Empire
2403:
2048:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 542–543.
2024:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1685:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus
1224:following period of Sassanid dominance.
3967:Rebellions against the Byzantine Empire
2891:
2848:
2446:
1890:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1709:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
1655:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
1554:
1423:cave was discovered in 1989 by Israeli
1346:
1307:
1206:cave was discovered in 1989 by Israeli
1183:
201:
3909:
3231:
3225:
3036:Colmar, 1886) mocks at the observance.
2250:
2104:
1375:
1299:, as Jews were banned from Jerusalem.
1165:. In 628, following the deposition of
3324:
3204:
3070:
2986:
2852:Military History of Late Rome 602–641
2754:. Taylor & Francis. p. 193.
2685:. Crocker in Boston. pp. 268–270
1946:
1327:The Sasanian Persians were joined by
1189:
295:
3487:Timeline of the Second Temple period
3236:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 49.
3143:. Harvard University Press. p.
2626:
2571:. Hotei Publishing the Netherlands.
2172:A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews
1918:. Harvard University Press. p.
1789:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1364:. Control of the city was handed to
47:move details into the article's body
18:
3294:The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition
2720:
1095:and is considered the last serious
13:
3937:Jewish Persian and Iranian history
3371:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine
3350:
2521:
2139:Kaufmann Kohler; A. Rhine (1906).
2003:. Simon and Schuster. p. 15.
1704:List of conflicts in the Near East
14:
4008:
3947:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
2538:
2382:. Random House Publishing Group.
2345:. Osprey Publishing. p. 93.
1725:
1093:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
76:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
3977:Religion in the Byzantine Empire
2703:
1567:, called the Fast of Heraclius.
1044:
450:
223:
82:
23:
3952:Holy Land during Byzantine rule
3701:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
3459:Judah's revolts against Babylon
3284:
3250:
3205:Blidstein, Prof. Dr. Gerald J.
3164:
3128:
3080:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
3041:
2980:
2942:
2918:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
2842:
2741:
2697:
2662:
2653:
2592:
2532:
2515:
2491:
2425:. University Press of America.
2305:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
2098:
1910:Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (1976).
1874:"Byzantine – Tiberias | Israel"
1089:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
69:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
3992:Judaism in the Sasanian Empire
3291:Paul Julius Alexander (1985).
2921:. Cambridge University Press.
2678:E. Robinson; E. Smith (1841).
2599:J. D. Howard-Johnston (2006).
2456:Yuri Stoyanov (January 2011).
1914:A History of the Jewish People
1866:
1845:. Liverpool University Press.
1571:Conversion policy of Heraclius
1353:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
1272:Jewish presence of 10 to 15%.
1099:attempt to regain autonomy in
722:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages
1:
3207:"Messiah in Rabbinic Thought"
3108:"Byzantine Empire: Heraclius"
2883:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2633:Salo Wittmayer Baron (1957).
2266:Alfred Joshua Butler (1902).
1719:
1459:Byzantine return to Jerusalem
1227:
3922:620s in the Byzantine Empire
3917:610s in the Byzantine Empire
3781:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
3058:. Clarendon Press. pp.
1649:Jewish and Samaritan revolts
1594:Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)
1587:
1532:
7:
3987:620s in the Sasanian Empire
3982:610s in the Sasanian Empire
3025:. Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906
2272:. Clarendon Press. p.
2208:Palestine in Late Antiquity
2105:Haykin, Adin (2021-11-05).
1643:
1446:Jewish control of Jerusalem
1322:conquered Caesarea Maritima
1302:
1147:would give them all of the
1120:conquered Caesarea Maritima
151:temporarily annexed to the
10:
4013:
3077:Walter Emil Kaegi (2003).
2915:Walter Emil Kaegi (2003).
2302:Walter Emil Kaegi (2003).
1960:Günter Stemberger (2010).
1591:
1350:
3886:
3806:
3719:
3642:
3590:
3525:
3477:
3419:
3358:
3257:Alexei Sivertsev (2011).
3116:. Funk and Wagnalls. 1906
2792:English Historical Review
1611:In apocalyptic literature
1607:, the Levant, and Egypt.
1434:Jewish expedition to Tyre
333:
277:
235:
184:
162:
90:
81:
73:
68:
3711:Revolt against Heraclius
3439:Ancient Israel and Judah
3421:Ancient Israel and Judah
3048:Abu Salih the Armenian;
2805:10.1093/ehr/xxv.xcix.502
2042:Edward Lipiński (2004).
1630:Muslim conquest of Syria
1622:Apocalypse of Zerubbabel
609:10th century BCE–587 BCE
599:10th century BCE–720 BCE
553:Ancient Israel and Judah
540:Late Bronze Age collapse
3396:Expulsions and exoduses
2849:Syvänne, Ilkka (2022).
1997:Jane S. Gerber (1994).
1603:conquered the lands of
1538:Reconciliation attempts
1479:Dating Byzantine return
1114:led his forces through
1103:prior to modern times.
579:12th–10th centuries BCE
3927:7th-century rebellions
3747:Invasion of Banu Nadir
3548:First Jewish-Roman War
3177:. BRILL. p. 187.
2958:"Benjamin of Tiberias"
2339:David Nicolle (1994).
1771:Jacob Neusner (1970).
1665:First Jewish–Roman War
405:Third Perso-Turkic War
197:Zacharias of Jerusalem
185:Commanders and leaders
3798:Medieval antisemitism
3737:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
3732:Siege of Banu Qurayza
3706:Revolt against Gallus
3492:Second Temple Judaism
2987:Lewis, David (2008).
2963:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2706:"Byzantian Jerusalem"
2205:Hagith Sivan (2008).
2145:. Jewish Encyclopedia
1941:nehemiah ben hushiel.
1737:James Parkes (1949).
1404:James Howard-Johnston
965:Historical literature
960:Historical population
922:Arab–Israeli conflict
278:Casualties and losses
208:Modestus of Jerusalem
3759:Sephardic Golden Age
3553:Battle of Beth Horon
3479:Second Temple period
3464:Babylonian captivity
2045:Itineraria Phoenicia
1555:Massacre of the Jews
1366:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
1347:Capture of Jerusalem
1333:Benjamin of Tiberias
1329:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
1308:Galilee and Caesarea
1269:Salo Wittmayer Baron
1128:Benjamin of Tiberias
1124:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
937:Iran–Israel conflict
800:Kingdom of Jerusalem
781:Early Islamic period
755:Byzantine Palaestina
633:Second Temple period
400:Constantinople (626)
230:Benjamin of Tiberias
220:Nehemiah ben Hushiel
3932:7th-century Judaism
3497:Hellenistic Judaism
3406:Political movements
3159:arab 638 jerusalem.
3113:Jewish Encyclopedia
2708:. Boston University
2419:Elli Kohen (2007).
2376:David Keys (2000).
2169:Avner Falk (1996).
1494:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
1400:Antiochus Strategos
1376:Christian rebellion
112:Diocese of the East
3972:Medieval Jerusalem
3454:Assyrian Captivity
3434:Origins of Judaism
3376:Population history
2995:. Norton. p.
2950:Berenbaum, Michael
2824:Eutychius (1896).
2728:"Sefer Zerubbabel"
1743:. Victor Gollancz.
1618:Messiah ben Joseph
1509:Heraclius' court.
1190:Demographic impact
1116:Palaestina Secunda
652:Hellenistic period
466:Prehistoric Levant
324:Byzantine–Sasanian
3962:Jewish rebellions
3904:
3903:
3896:WP:Jewish history
3754:Under Muslim rule
3742:Battle of Khaybar
3657:Synagogal Judaism
3638:
3637:
3580:Bar Kokhba revolt
3543:Jewish-Roman Wars
3507:Hasmonean kingdom
3449:Kingdom of Israel
3304:978-0-520-04998-7
3270:978-1-107-00908-0
3243:978-0-7661-3514-7
3184:978-90-04-10378-8
3154:978-0-674-51173-6
3090:978-0-521-81459-1
3006:978-0-393-06472-8
2973:978-0-02-866097-4
2928:978-0-521-81459-1
2862:978-1-3990-7568-8
2761:978-1-884964-03-9
2646:978-0-231-08840-4
2612:978-0-86078-992-5
2578:978-90-04-20355-6
2539:Mihai, Feraru R.
2432:978-0-7618-3623-0
2389:978-0-345-44436-3
2352:978-1-85532-414-5
2315:978-0-521-81459-1
2218:978-0-19-160867-4
2182:978-0-8386-3660-2
2055:978-90-429-1344-8
2010:978-0-02-911574-9
1973:978-3-16-150571-3
1929:978-0-674-39731-6
1852:978-0-85323-564-4
1691:Samaritan revolts
1671:Bar Kokhba revolt
1660:Jewish–Roman wars
1396:Mamilla reservoir
1314:Battle of Antioch
1265:Michael Avi-Yonah
1156:Byzantine Emperor
1108:Battle of Antioch
1085:
1084:
1051:Israel portal
900:
845:
828:
827:
713:
712:
703:Jewish-Roman Wars
662:Hasmonean dynasty
623:
622:
595:Kingdom of Israel
520:
470:
423:
422:
410:Tbilisi (627-628)
353:Caesarea Maritima
290:
289:
286:Tens of thousands
283:Tens of thousands
267:20,000 or 26,000
158:
157:
64:
63:
43:length guidelines
4004:
3892:
3728:Mohammedan Wars
3652:Rabbinic Judaism
3605:Byzantine Empire
3558:Galilee campaign
3538:Judean Civil War
3533:Maccabean Revolt
3526:Wars and revolts
3523:
3522:
3512:Herodian kingdom
3469:Babylonian Yehud
3444:Kingdom of Judah
3381:Military history
3345:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3142:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2994:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2912:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2821:
2812:
2808:
2783:Conybeare, F. C.
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2522:Graupe, Daniel.
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:. Mohr Siebeck.
1957:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1917:
1907:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1836:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1768:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1471:made peace with
1293:Jerusalem Talmud
1101:Palaestina Prima
1091:was part of the
1077:
1070:
1063:
1049:
1048:
1047:
970:Economic history
898:
843:
820:Mamluk Sultanate
745:Syria Palaestina
726:
725:
672:Herodian dynasty
638:
637:
605:Kingdom of Judah
589:10th century BCE
558:
557:
519:
469:
454:
444:
426:
425:
373:Cappadocia (622)
363:Asia Minor (615)
328:
316:
309:
302:
293:
292:
227:
203:
169:Byzantine Empire
145:Palaestina Prima
116:Byzantine Empire
108:Palaestina Prima
92:
91:
86:
66:
65:
59:
56:
50:
41:Please read the
27:
26:
19:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3882:
3871:Israeli history
3814:Jewish question
3802:
3715:
3644:Rabbinic period
3634:
3586:
3568:Diaspora revolt
3563:Siege of Masada
3521:
3473:
3415:
3386:Genetic history
3354:
3349:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3046:
3042:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2956:, eds. (2007).
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2913:
2892:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2815:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2704:Zank, Michael.
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2563:
2552:
2537:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2488:by Yossi Nagar.
2484:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2454:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2417:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2374:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2337:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2291:
2285:Egypt jews 630.
2278:
2276:
2264:
2251:
2240:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2167:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2040:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1958:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1908:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1837:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1777:. Brill Archive
1769:
1748:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1646:
1637:Tiburtine Sibyl
1628:and subsequent
1613:
1596:
1590:
1573:
1557:
1540:
1535:
1502:Farrukh Hormizd
1481:
1465:Sasanian Empire
1461:
1448:
1436:
1378:
1355:
1349:
1310:
1305:
1230:
1192:
1163:Sasanian Empire
1154:By 622 CE, the
1081:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1023:Hebrew calendar
1008:
1000:
999:
955:Historical maps
950:
942:
941:
895:State of Israel
881:British Mandate
838:
830:
829:
810:Ayyubid dynasty
734:Rabbinic period
723:
715:
714:
635:
625:
624:
615:Babylonian rule
585:United Monarchy
555:
545:
544:
462:
442:
435:
424:
419:
368:Egypt (618–621)
329:
325:
322:
320:
228:
218:
206:
195:
176:
174:Sasanian Empire
153:Sasanian Empire
140:
119:
60:
54:
51:
40:
37:may be too long
32:This article's
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3834:Reform Judaism
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3793:Ottoman Empire
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Yehud Medinata
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Historiography
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3352:Jewish history
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3303:
3283:
3269:
3249:
3242:
3224:
3197:
3183:
3163:
3153:
3127:
3096:
3089:
3069:
3050:Abu al-Makarim
3040:
3012:
3005:
2979:
2972:
2941:
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1698:Related topics
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1312:Following the
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1106:Following the
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1577:Robert Bonfil
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1274:Jacob Neusner
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859:Mutasarrifate
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642:Persian Yehud
640:
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608:
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471:
468:
467:
461:Early history
458:
457:
453:
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
433:
428:
427:
416:
415:Nineveh (627)
413:
411:
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401:
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389:
386:
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384:
381:
379:
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371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:Jewish revolt
346:
344:
343:Antioch (613)
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
327:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
297:
294:
285:
282:
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270:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:Sasanian army
257:
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109:
105:
102:
101:
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94:
93:
89:
85:
80:
77:
72:
67:
58:
55:December 2016
48:
44:
38:
36:
30:
21:
20:
3854:World War II
3844:Soviet Union
3824:Emancipation
3819:Disabilities
3710:
3600:Roman Empire
3517:Roman Judaea
3308:. Retrieved
3293:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3259:
3252:
3233:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3210:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3173:
3166:
3158:
3138:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3111:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3043:
3034:
3027:. Retrieved
3021:
3015:
2990:
2982:
2961:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2917:
2851:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2826:
2796:
2790:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2750:
2743:
2732:. Retrieved
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2680:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2635:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2601:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2567:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2517:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:
2493:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:academia.edu
2461:
2436:. Retrieved
2421:
2393:. Retrieved
2378:
2356:. Retrieved
2341:
2319:. Retrieved
2304:
2284:
2277:. Retrieved
2268:
2243:
2222:. Retrieved
2207:
2186:. Retrieved
2171:
2147:. Retrieved
2141:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2059:. Retrieved
2044:
2014:. Retrieved
1999:
1977:. Retrieved
1962:
1940:
1933:. Retrieved
1913:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1841:
1779:. Retrieved
1773:
1739:
1693:, 484–572 CE
1679:, 115–117 CE
1673:, 132–136 CE
1634:
1614:
1597:
1582:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1541:
1527:Ardashir III
1520:
1511:
1486:Ardashir III
1482:
1462:
1449:
1437:
1425:archeologist
1417:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1370:Third Temple
1362:Temple Mount
1359:
1356:
1326:
1311:
1282:
1261:James Parkes
1258:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1208:archeologist
1201:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1153:
1138:
1105:
1088:
1086:
932:Silicon Wadi
917:Independence
893:
892:
849:Ottoman rule
840:
698:Roman Judaea
514:
513:
464:
347:
259:
258:
242:
241:
213:
190:
163:Belligerents
74:Part of the
52:
35:lead section
33:
3721:Middle Ages
3630:Mesopotamia
3276:17 December
2799:: 502–517.
2503:www.ipl.org
1979:17 December
1605:Mesopotamia
1498:Azarmidokht
1428:Ronny Reich
1238:anti-Jewish
1211:Ronny Reich
1028:Archaeology
844:(1517–1948)
709:6 CE–136 CE
692:37 BCE–6 CE
656:333–164 BCE
646:538–333 BCE
619:587–538 BCE
571:Philistines
561:Iron Age I
441:History of
139:Territorial
3997:True Cross
3911:Categories
3876:New Yishuv
3864:Resistance
3429:Israelites
3310:29 January
3217:2 December
3120:28 January
3029:28 January
2871:1350421702
2834:28 January
2734:2014-01-17
2689:28 January
2584:17 January
2508:2024-05-20
2468:27 January
2438:28 January
2395:28 January
2321:28 January
2188:2014-03-10
2149:20 January
2116:2024-04-11
2016:27 January
1935:19 January
1883:2024-05-20
1858:17 January
1720:References
1667:, 66–73 CE
1626:Palaestina
1506:Nikephoros
1490:Borandukht
1409:True Cross
1318:Shahrbaraz
1228:Background
1167:Khosrow II
1145:Khosrow II
1112:Shahrbaraz
864:Old Yishuv
666:164–37 BCE
567:Israelites
509:Ghassulian
215:Shahrbaraz
3771:Byzantium
3669:Sanhedrin
3573:Kitos War
3391:Languages
3359:Overviews
2879:cite book
1677:Kitos War
1588:Aftermath
1549:Eutychius
1533:Discourse
1473:Heraclius
1440:Eutychius
1413:Ctesiphon
1278:Moshe Gil
1159:Heraclius
980:Jerusalem
927:Austerity
824:1260–1517
814:1174–1260
804:1099–1291
684:Tetrarchy
494:Yarmukian
479:Mushabian
358:Jerusalem
251:Christian
192:Heraclius
45:and help
3891:See also
3776:Crusades
3764:Kairouan
3689:Savoraim
3615:Carthage
3592:Diaspora
3411:Timeline
3190:21 March
2934:12 March
2785:(1910).
2767:12 March
2712:15 March
2682:Robinson
2618:14 March
2358:21 March
2279:21 March
2224:28 March
2061:11 March
1781:11 March
1687:, 352 CE
1644:See also
1560:spared.
1523:Theodore
1469:Kavad II
1385:Caesarea
1341:Nazareth
1337:Tiberias
1316:in 613,
1303:Timeline
1297:Tiberias
1289:Tiberias
1254:Shapur I
1171:Kavad II
1110:in 613,
949:By topic
905:Timeline
794:638–1099
785:Filastin
504:Nizzanim
489:Harifian
484:Natufian
432:a series
430:Part of
383:Caucasus
338:Caesarea
236:Strength
210:(in 617)
132:Sasanian
103:Location
3839:Zionism
3684:Amoraim
3679:Tannaim
3401:Schisms
3211:MESSIAH
1515:Niketas
1421:Mamilla
1285:Galilee
1242:Antioch
1234:revolts
1204:Mamilla
1176:Galilee
1033:Museums
1018:Yahwism
1007:Related
985:Zionism
975:Judaism
871:Zionism
775:395–638
767:Secunda
749:136–395
679:Kingdom
525:Retjenu
474:Kebaran
388:Archesh
199: (
149:Secunda
141:changes
134:victory
110:of the
3807:Modern
3786:Anusim
3694:Geonim
3674:Chazal
3625:Persia
3610:Greece
3301:
3267:
3240:
3181:
3151:
3087:
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2970:
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2869:
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2643:
2609:
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2312:
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2179:
2111:Medium
2052:
2007:
1970:
1926:
1849:
1545:Nablus
1392:Sebeos
1133:Sebeos
1097:Jewish
886:Yishuv
854:Eyalet
789:Urdunn
739:70–638
530:Habiru
516:Canaan
499:Lodian
443:Israel
434:on the
393:Ganzak
271:rebels
269:Jewish
253:rebels
222:
180:allies
178:Jewish
128:Jewish
124:Result
3620:Egypt
1565:Copts
1184:below
910:Years
762:Prima
535:Shasu
378:Sarus
3664:Nasi
3312:2015
3299:ISBN
3278:2014
3265:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3219:2012
3192:2014
3179:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3122:2015
3085:ISBN
3031:2015
3001:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2936:2014
2923:ISBN
2885:link
2867:OCLC
2857:ISBN
2836:2015
2769:2014
2756:ISBN
2714:2014
2691:2015
2641:ISBN
2620:2014
2607:ISBN
2586:2014
2573:ISBN
2470:2015
2440:2015
2427:ISBN
2397:2015
2384:ISBN
2360:2014
2347:ISBN
2323:2015
2310:ISBN
2281:2014
2226:2014
2213:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2151:2014
2063:2014
2050:ISBN
2018:2015
2005:ISBN
1981:2014
1968:ISBN
1937:2014
1924:ISBN
1860:2014
1847:ISBN
1783:2014
1635:The
1601:Umar
1500:and
1398:per
1331:and
1250:Acre
1248:and
1246:Tyre
1141:Tyre
1126:and
1087:The
876:OETA
147:and
95:Date
3145:525
3062:–.
2801:doi
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1920:362
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